Young's modulus of materials: steels, aluminium, titanium, polymers compared
properties/youngs-modulus-of-materialsYoung's modulus (stiffness) of metals, polymers and ceramics ranked from sourced values, with density and yield strength. Ranked by the column you pick. Measured values come first; calculated values are labeled, and predictions are never mixed in as measurements.
| # | Material | Young's modulus | Density | Yield strength | Data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFAmorphous fluoropolymer (Teflon AF) | 1.6 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.15 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 27.4 to 28.4 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Al2O3Alumina | 370 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3.72 to 3.9 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| 1050Aluminium alloy 1050 | 68 to 69 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.71 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 75 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 2011Aluminium alloy 2011 | 70 to 71 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.82 to 2.83 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 140 to 300 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 2014Aluminium alloy 2014 | 71 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.82 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 225 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 2017Aluminium alloy 2017 | 72 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.79 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 69 to 276 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 2024Aluminium alloy 2024 | 73.1 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.78 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 260 to 324 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 2219Aluminium alloy 2219 | 73.8 x10^3 N/mm2measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.84 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 290 to 345 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 2017AAluminium alloy 2017A | 72 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.79 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 69 to 276 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 2618AAluminium alloy 2618A | 71 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.75 to 2.76 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 320 to 350 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 3003Aluminium alloy 3003 | 69.5 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.73 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 34.5 to 165 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 5019Aluminium alloy 5019 | 69 to 79 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.64 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| 5052Aluminium alloy 5052 | 70.3 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.68 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 89.6 to 255 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 3103Aluminium alloy 3103 | 69.5 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.73 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 110 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 5056Aluminium alloy 5056 | 69 to 79 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.64 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| 5083Aluminium alloy 5083 | 72 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.65 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 125 to 215 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| AlMg2Aluminium alloy 5251 | 70 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.68 to 2.69 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 60 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| AlMg3Aluminium alloy 5754 | 68 to 70 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.66 to 2.67 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 80 to 245 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 5XXXAluminium-magnesium alloys (5XXX series) | 57.2 to 72 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.65 to 2.76 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 89.6 to 255 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 6013Aluminium alloy 6013 | 71 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.71 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 350 to 379 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 6061Aluminium alloy 6061 | 68.9 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.7 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 276 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 6063Aluminium alloy 6063 | 69.5 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.7 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 90 to 214 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 6082Aluminium alloy 6082 | 70 to 71 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.7 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 85 to 310 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 7075-T6Aluminium alloy 7075-T6 | 71 to 71.7 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.8 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 503 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| AA7050Aluminium alloy 7050 | 71.5 to 71.7 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.83 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 400 to 479 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| AA8011Aluminium alloy 8011 | 69 to 79 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.71 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| C630Aluminium bronze C63000 (wrought, CuAl10Ni5Fe4) | 115 to 117 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.58 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 250 to 530 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 2195 (Al-Cu-Li)Aluminium-lithium alloy 2195 | 75 to 75.8 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.66 to 2.72 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 252 to 510 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| AlNAluminium nitride | 276 to 330 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3.25 to 3.3 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| AlAluminium | 69 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.7 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 29 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| AluminosilicateAluminosilicate glass | 71.5 to 78 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.38 to 2.48 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| AsArsenic | 8 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 5.73 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| SbAntimony | 54.7 to 55 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 6.68 to 6.7 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| BaBarium metal | 13 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3.51 to 3.62 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| BeCuBeryllium copper | 131 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.36 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 130 to 1,380 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| BeBeryllium | 290 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.85 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 207 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| B4CBoron carbide | 440 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.5 gm/cm3measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| BiBismuth | 32 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 9.78 to 9.8 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| h-BNHexagonal boron nitride | 47 to 80 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2 to 2.1 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| C510Phosphor bronze C51000 (CuSn5P) | 110 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.86 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 550 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| C954Aluminium bronze C95400 | 107 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.45 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 205 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| BBoron | 428 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.35 to 2.61 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| CdCadmium | 50 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.69 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| CsICaesium iodide (CsI), with thallium and sodium doped scintillator grades | 5.3 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.51 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| CaF2Calcium fluoride (single-crystal CaF2, fluorite) | 75.8 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3.18 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| CFCarbon fibre (PAN-based, pitch-based) and carbon/carbon | 135 to 634 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.77 to 2.12 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| CNTCarbon nanotubes | 14 to 68 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | no data | 1 of 3 | |
| C260Cartridge brass 70/30 | 110 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.53 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 103 to 359 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| CaCalcium | 20 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.54 to 1.57 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| CFRPCarbon-fibre reinforced epoxy (CFRP) | 11.7 to 230 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.3 to 1.8 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Ni-10Cr (Chromel-P)Chromel | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.72 to 8.73 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 220 to 310 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Cr alloysChromium-rich binary alloys | 279 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.1 to 7.19 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| CrNChromium nitride | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 5.9 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| CrChromium | 279 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.14 to 7.19 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| UNS R30605Cobalt-chromium alloys (Haynes 25 / L-605 and CoCrMo medical grades) | 225 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.3 to 9.13 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 379 to 827 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| CoFe / Co-W / Co-Ti / Co-AlCobalt-iron and cobalt intermetallic alloys (Co-Fe, Co-Ti, Co-W, Co-Al) | 397 to 440 GPacalculatedcalculated (hidden) | 7.9 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| CoCobalt | 209 to 211 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.9 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| CuNiConstantan | 162 to 165 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.9 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| COCCyclic olefin copolymer | 2.6 to 3.2 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.01 to 1.02 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| CuCopper | 117 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.9 to 8.96 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 69 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PCTFE (CTFE, Kel-F)Polychlorotrifluoroethylene | 5.65 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.13 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| CuCrZrCopper-chromium-zirconium (CuCrZr) | 108 to 130 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.75 to 8.94 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 233 to 500 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| SG iron (ASTM A536, EN-GJS)Ductile iron (nodular iron, SG iron) | 169 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 276 to 621 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2 of 3 | |
| 2101Lean duplex stainless steel 2101 (UNS S32101) | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.8 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 450 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| E-glassE-glass fibre | 73 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.59 to 2.62 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| DyDysprosium | 61 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.54 to 8.55 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| ECTFE (Halar)Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene | 1.65 to 1.7 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.65 to 1.71 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Fe-SiSilicon electrical steel | 185 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.6 to 7.85 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 435 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| EPEpoxy (epoxide) | 2.75 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.11 to 1.16 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| ErErbium | 69.9 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 9.01 to 9.06 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| ETFEEthylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer | 1.08 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.7 to 1.74 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| EuEuropium | 18 to 18.2 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 5.25 to 5.26 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Ni-Cr-Al-Cu precision resistance alloyEvanohm | 221 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.1 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 300 to 1,620 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| SiO2 glassFused silica | 72.7 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.2 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| GdGadolinium | 54.8 to 56.2 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.89 to 7.9 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 179 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| C21000Gilding metal 95/5 | 117 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.8 to 8.86 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| GeGermanium | 103 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 5.33 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| GCGlassy carbon | 35 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.42 to 1.54 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| AuSnGold-tin eutectic solder (Au80Sn20) | 68 to 88 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 14.7 -measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| GO, rGOGraphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide | 6 to 250 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | no data | 1 of 3 | |
| Gray iron (ASTM A48, EN-GJL, GG 25)Gray cast iron (flake graphite iron) | 103 to 118 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.2 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 165 to 228 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Gr-SStructural graphite | 14 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.72 to 2.27 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| HfHafnium | 137 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 13.1 to 13.3 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 151 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Ni-MoHastelloy B-3 | 216 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 9.22 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 400 to 421 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| C-276 (UNS N10276)Hastelloy C-276 | 205 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.89 to 8.9 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 283 to 415 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| C-22Hastelloy C-22 | 206 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.69 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 310 to 403 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| X (UNS N06002)Hastelloy X | 205 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.22 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 340 to 945 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| UNS R30004Havar | 203 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.3 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 483 to 2,068 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| UNS N07214Haynes 214 | 218 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.05 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 438 to 577 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| H230 (UNS N06230)Haynes 230 | 209 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.97 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 383 to 417 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| HDPEHigh-density polyethylene | 0.75 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 0.95 to 0.96 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 18 to 28.4 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| HoHolmium | 64.8 to 65 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.79 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| UNS N08800Incoloy 800 | 197 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.94 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 250 to 690 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Alloy 825 (UNS N08825)Incoloy 825 | 196 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.14 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 240 to 889 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Alloy 600 (UNS N06600, W.Nr. 2.4816)Inconel 600 | 214 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.47 to 8.5 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 170 to 345 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Alloy 601Inconel 601 | 207 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.11 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 205 to 310 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Alloy 617Inconel 617 | 211 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.36 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 300 to 368 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| IN625 (UNS N06625)Inconel 625 | 205 to 208 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.44 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 290 to 655 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| X-750 (UNS N07750)Inconel X-750 | 214 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.28 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 393 to 793 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| InIndium | 10.6 to 11 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.3 to 7.31 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| FeNi36Invar 36 | 140 to 141 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.05 to 8.13 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 276 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| IN718 (UNS N07718)Inconel 718 | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.22 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1,179 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| IrIridium | 528 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 22.6 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 93 to 1,618 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PPD-T (Kevlar)Kevlar para-aramid fibre | 70.5 to 112 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.44 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Fe2O3, Fe3O4Iron oxide | 120 to 180 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.7 to 5.24 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Fe-Ni-CoKovar | 138 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.36 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 200 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| LaLanthanum | 36.6 to 37 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 6.14 to 6.17 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| CW614NLeaded free-machining brass CW614N (CuZn39Pb3, UNS C38500) | 97 to 105 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.44 to 8.47 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 150 to 420 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| LiFLithium fluoride (single-crystal LiF) | 65 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.64 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| LLZOLithium lanthanum zirconium oxide | 140 to 154 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 5.09 g/cm³calculatedcalculated (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| LuLutetium | 84 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 9.84 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| MGCMacor | 66.9 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.52 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| MgOMagnesium oxide (magnesia) | 249 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3.58 to 3.6 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| AZ31BMagnesium alloy AZ31B | 45 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.8 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| EV31AMagnesium alloy EV31A (Elektron 21) | 44.8 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.82 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 99 to 170 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| MgMagnesium (pure metal) | 45 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.74 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| MnManganese | 198 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.21 to 7.47 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| CuMn12NiManganin | 124 to 159 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.4 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| MAXMAX phase ceramics | 265 GPacalculatedcalculated (hidden) | 4.47 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 100 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| MGMetallic glass (amorphous metal ribbons) | 100 to 110 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.18 to 7.59 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1,986 to 2,073 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| TM boridesMetal borides (transition-metal diborides and boride layers) | 248 to 489 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 5.56 to 12.6 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| MoSi2Molybdenum disilicide | 407 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 5.6 to 6.5 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| MoSe2Molybdenum diselenide | 90 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 6 to 9.32 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Alloy 400 (UNS N04400)Monel 400 | 179 to 180 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.8 to 8.83 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 172 to 345 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| K-500Monel K-500 | 179 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.44 to 8.45 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 276 to 827 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Ni-Fe-MoMu-metal | 190 to 221 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.7 to 8.75 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 160 to 450 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| MBCMycelium-bound composite | 0.00051 to 0.0012 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 0.06 to 0.32 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| NdNeodymium | 41 to 41.4 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 6.8 to 7.01 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Ni3Al, NiAlNickel aluminide | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.5 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| NiBe2Nickel-beryllium alloy 360 (UNS N03360) | 195 to 210 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.27 to 8.36 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 280 to 1,590 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| NiNickel | 205 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.89 to 8.91 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 105 to 210 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| C75200Nickel silver C75200 | 135 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.7 to 8.75 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| UNS N07090 (W. Nr. 2.4632)Nimonic 90 | 204 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.18 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 461 to 752 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Nb alloysNiobium alloys (Nb-1Zr, C-103, FS-85) | 90 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.57 to 8.85 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 276 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| NbNiobium | 90 to 105 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.58 to 8.86 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 276 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| NiTiNitinol | 28 to 83 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 6.45 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 70 to 690 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Nitronic 60Nitronic 60 stainless steel | 180 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.62 gm/cm3measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 345 to 393 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| OsOsmium | 559 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 22.5 to 22.6 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| PA 11Polyamide 11 (nylon 11, PA11) | 0.35 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.03 to 1.05 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 26 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PA 12Polyamide 12 (nylon 12, PA12) | 1.7 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 0.9 to 0.95 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| PAIPolyamide-imide | 4.14 to 6.83 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.41 to 1.45 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Pd-AgPalladium-silver alloys | 114 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 10.9 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 150 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PA 46Polyamide 46 (nylon 46) | 1 to 16 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.18 to 1.19 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 55 to 100 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PdPalladium | 121 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 12 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| PBIPolybenzimidazole | 5.9 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.28 to 1.3 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| PBO (Zylon)Poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) fibre (Zylon) | 137 to 270 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.4 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| PBTPolybutylene terephthalate (PBT) | 2.4 to 2.6 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.3 to 1.33 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 51 to 55 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PEIPolyetherimide | 3.2 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.27 to 1.34 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 110 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PEKPolyetherketone | 4.2 to 4.3 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.3 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 100 to 115 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PEKKPolyetherketoneketone | 1.06 to 4 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.29 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 110 to 120 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PENPolyethylene naphthalate (PEN), biaxially oriented film and engineering resin | 2.2 to 5.5 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.33 to 1.36 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 80 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Ni-Fe-MoPermalloy 80 | 190 to 221 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.7 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 170 to 450 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| FeCoVPermendur (Hiperco 50) | 190 to 215 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.12 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 250 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PESPolyethersulfone | 2.64 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.37 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 86 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PETPolyethylene terephthalate (PET), including biaxially oriented film (Mylar) | 3.8 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.35 to 1.39 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| PFAPerfluoroalkoxy alkane | 0.48 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.14 to 2.15 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 12 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PGPyrolytic graphite | 4.8 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.25 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| PHBPolyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), with the PHB/PHV copolymer (PHBV) for comparison | 3.3 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.22 to 1.23 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| C521Phosphor bronze C52100 (CuSn8) | 115 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.79 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 350 to 725 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| UNS R30003Phynox | 186 to 221 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.3 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1,800 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PI (Upilex-S)Upilex-S polyimide film (BPDA) | 9.1 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.39 to 1.47 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| PLAPolylactic acid (PLA), polylactide, including Ingeo grades for injection moulding, extrusion and 3D printing | 2.31 to 3.5 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.22 to 1.24 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 51 to 65 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Pt-IrPlatinum-iridium alloy | 202 to 255 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 21.5 to 21.7 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 220 to 920 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Pt-RhPlatinum-rhodium alloys | 208 to 276 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 17.6 to 20 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 180 to 950 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Pt-W, Pt-CuPlatinum-tungsten and platinum-copper alloys | 230 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 21.3 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 400 to 1,000 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PtPlatinum | 168 to 170 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 21.4 to 21.5 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 70 to 290 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PMP (TPX)Polymethylpentene | 1.9 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 0.83 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 30 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PEPolyethylene | 0.8 to 1.27 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 0.93 to 0.96 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 17 to 28.4 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PCPolycarbonate (bisphenol-A) | 2.35 to 2.4 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.19 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 65 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PPSPolyphenylene sulfide | 5.77 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.36 to 1.68 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 94.5 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PPAPolyphthalamide | 11.5 to 12.1 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.45 to 1.47 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| PPSUPolyphenylsulfone | 2.34 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.29 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 74 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PrPraseodymium | 37.3 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 6.71 to 6.77 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| PSGeneral-purpose polystyrene (GPPS) and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) | 1.86 to 3.3 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.04 to 1.05 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 20.3 to 55 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PSUPolysulfone | 2.48 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.22 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| PVCPolyvinyl chloride | 2.3 to 3.72 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.18 to 1.62 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 38.2 to 53.4 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| PVF (white Tedlar)Crystalline polyvinyl fluoride with white pigment | 2.66 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.37 to 1.72 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| ReRhenium | 460 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 21 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 200 to 500 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| RhRhodium | 380 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 12.4 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| RuRuthenium | 447 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 12.2 to 12.4 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| SmSamarium | 50 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.35 to 7.52 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Al2O3Sapphire (single-crystal alpha-alumina) | 335 to 470 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3.97 to 3.98 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| ScScandium | 74 to 74.4 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.98 to 2.99 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| SRCSelf-reinforced polymer composites and aramid composites | 0.55 to 112 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 0.91 to 1.44 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| SeSelenium | 10 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.81 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| AlN-BNShapal | 176 to 186 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.88 to 2.95 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| C655Silicon bronze C65500 (CuSi3Mn1) | 103 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.53 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 145 to 427 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| SiCSilicon carbide | 370 to 421 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 to 3.17 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Si3N4Silicon nitride | 180 to 320 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.53 to 3.37 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Ag alloysSilver alloys (brazing, silver-gold and contact alloys) | 80 to 85 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 10 to 10.9 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 272 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| SmCoSamarium-cobalt sintered magnet alloy | 1.2 to 1.6 10^11 N/m2measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.2 to 8.5 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Soda-limeSoda-lime glass | 72 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.5 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| SAC305SAC305 solder (Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu) | 6.9 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.35 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 22 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 15-7 PHPH 15-7 Mo stainless steel | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.67 to 7.8 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 380 to 1,515 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 1.4418 (X4CrNiMo16-5-1)Martensitic stainless steel (EN 1.4418, X4CrNiMo16-5-1) | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.7 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 550 to 920 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 2507 (UNS S32750)Super duplex stainless steel 2507 | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.8 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 530 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 17-7 PH (UNS S17700, EN 1.4568, Type 631)17-7 PH stainless steel | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.65 to 7.81 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 310 to 1,896 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 301 (UNS S30100)Stainless steel 301 | 174 to 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.88 to 8.03 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 205 to 1,103 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 17-4 PH (UNS S17400, Type 630)17-4 PH stainless steel | 196 to 201 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.75 to 7.86 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 725 to 1,262 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 2205 (UNS S32205)Duplex stainless steel 2205 | 190 to 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.8 to 7.82 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 450 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 302AISI 302 stainless steel (UNS S30200, EN 1.4310) | 193 to 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.9 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 195 to 338 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 303 (UNS S30300)Stainless steel 303 | 193 to 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.89 to 8.03 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 172 to 207 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 2304 (UNS S32304, EN 1.4362)Lean duplex stainless steel 2304 | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.8 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 400 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 304L (UNS S30403)Stainless steel 304L | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.9 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 170 to 241 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 309AISI 309 stainless steel | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.03 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 207 to 290 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 310S (UNS S31008, EN 1.4845)Stainless steel 310S | 195 to 196 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.8 to 8.03 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 205 to 290 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 321AISI 321 stainless steel (UNS S32100, EN 1.4541) | 193 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.92 to 8.09 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 205 to 320 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 317LAISI 317L stainless steel | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.03 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 200 to 260 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 316 (UNS S31600)Stainless steel 316 | 190 to 205 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.87 to 8.07 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 193 to 213 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 347AISI 347 stainless steel | 193 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.96 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 205 to 250 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 347HAISI 347H stainless steel | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.9 to 7.98 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 205 to 252 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 409 (UNS S40900, EN 1.4512)Stainless steel 409 | 208 to 220 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.6 to 7.75 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 170 to 255 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 316L (UNS S31603)Stainless steel 316L | 193 to 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.99 to 8.03 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 170 to 290 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 410 (UNS S41000)Stainless steel 410 | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.73 to 7.75 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 205 to 1,089 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 410S (UNS S41008)Stainless steel 410S | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.73 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 207 to 290 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 420Stainless steel 420 | 200 to 215 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.7 to 7.75 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 355 to 1,311 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 416AISI 416 stainless steel | 190 to 215 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.7 to 7.81 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 276 to 951 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 431 (UNS S43100, EN 1.4057)Stainless steel 431 | 200 to 215 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.8 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 600 to 1,034 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 430 (UNS S43000)Stainless steel 430 | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.7 to 7.74 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 207 to 386 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 430F (UNS S43020)Stainless steel 430F | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.7 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 379 to 500 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 440C (UNS S44004)Stainless steel 440C | 200 to 210 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.61 to 7.7 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1,896 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 444 (UNS S44400)Stainless steel 444 | 215 to 220 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.7 to 7.75 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 275 to 350 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 904L (UNS N08904, EN 1.4539)Super-austenitic stainless steel 904L | 190 to 195 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.95 to 8 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 220 to 270 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 304 (UNS S30400)Stainless steel 304 | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.85 to 8.06 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 205 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| S41500 (F6NM forged, CA6NM cast)Martensitic stainless steel 13Cr-4Ni (UNS S41500) | 190 to 215 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.61 to 8.1 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 517 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 1010 (UNS G10100, AISI 1010)Carbon steel 1010 | 190 to 210 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.9 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 170 to 345 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 1018 (UNS G10180, AISI 1018)Carbon steel 1018 | 190 to 210 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.67 to 7.9 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 240 to 370 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 1045 (UNS G10450, AISI 1045)Carbon steel 1045 | 190 to 210 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 300 to 540 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2 of 3 | |
| MgO-SiO2Steatite | 120 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.5 to 3.1 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| 1070 (UNS G10700, AISI 1070, SAE 1070)Carbon steel 1070 | 190 to 210 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.7 to 8.03 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 390 to 495 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 1215 (UNS G12150, AISI 1215)Carbon steel 1215 | 190 to 210 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.67 to 7.87 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 415 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 4130 (UNS G41300)Alloy steel AISI 4130 (chromium-molybdenum) | 205 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.85 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 435 to 1,330 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 4140 (UNS G41400)Alloy steel AISI 4140 (chromium-molybdenum) | 205 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.85 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 570 to 1,235 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| 4340 (UNS G43400)Alloy steel AISI 4340 (nickel-chromium-molybdenum) | 190 to 210 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.7 to 8.03 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 665 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| A36 (UNS K02600)ASTM A36 structural carbon steel | 200 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.8 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 220 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| MgB2, REBCO, BSCCOSuperconducting wire composites (MgB2, REBCO and Bi-2223 tapes) | 149 to 186 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 2.57 to 6.4 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 694 to 957 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Cu-TeTellurium copper | 117 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.94 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 205 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| TeTellurium | 43 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 6 to 6.25 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| TbTerbium | 55.7 to 56 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.23 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| TCThermocouple wire alloys (Types J, T, E and N) | 117 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.86 to 8.9 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 69 to 310 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| WT20Thoriated tungsten (WT20) | 411 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 11.7 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| TmThulium | 56 to 74 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 9.32 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Ti-6Al-4VTitanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) | 114 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.43 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 830 to 1,100 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Sn-Sb-CuTin-antimony babbitt (tin-base bearing metal) | 52 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 6.68 to 7.39 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| SnTin | 49.9 to 50 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 5.77 to 7.31 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Sn/CuTinned copper | 50 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.28 to 10.5 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Beta 3Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3), with Beta C and Ti-15-3 | 82 to 111 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.78 to 5.07 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 793 to 1,172 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| TiAlGamma titanium aluminide (TiAl), Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb turbine-blade alloy | 110 to 207 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3.8 to 8.3 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 326 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| TiB2Titanium diboride | 500 to 565 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.5 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Ti Grade 11Commercially pure titanium with palladium, Grade 11 (UNS R52250) | 112 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.51 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 138 to 310 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| TiCTitanium carbide | 444 GPacalculatedcalculated (hidden) | 4.93 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| CP Ti Grade 2Commercially pure titanium, Grade 2 (UNS R50400) | 103 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.51 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 275 to 352 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Ti Gr 12Titanium grade 12, Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni (UNS R53400) | 103 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.51 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 345 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Ti-6Al-4V ELITitanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Grade 23) | 107 to 122 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.42 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 759 to 908 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| CP Ti Grade 3Commercially pure titanium, Grade 3 (UNS R50550) | 103 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.51 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 380 to 462 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| CP Ti Grade 7Commercially pure titanium, Grade 7 (UNS R52400, Ti-0.15Pd) | 112 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.51 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | at least 275 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9)Titanium Grade 9, Ti-3Al-2.5V (UNS R56320) | 91 to 110 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.48 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 483 to 860 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| TiNTitanium nitride | 500 GPacalculatedcalculated (hidden) | no data | no data | 1 of 3 | |
| Ti minor alloysMinor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si and Ti-Ga binaries, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al and Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C) | 103 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.54 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 793 to 1,282 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| A2 (UNS T30102, EN 1.2363)AISI A2 air-hardening cold-work tool steel (EN 1.2363, X100CrMoV5) | 190 to 210 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.86 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| 1.2738 (P20+Ni)1.2738 plastic mould steel (40CrMnNiMo8-6-4, AISI P20+Ni) | 205 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.8 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 826 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| H13 (EN 1.2344)AISI H13 hot-work tool steel (EN 1.2344, X40CrMoV5-1) | 210 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.8 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1,280 to 1,520 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| P20 (UNS T51620)P20 plastic mould steel (AISI P20, UNS T51620, EN 1.2311) | 190 to 210 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.83 to 7.86 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 827 to 862 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| D2 (UNS T30402, EN 1.2379)AISI D2 cold-work tool steel (EN 1.2379, X153CrMoV12) | 190 to 210 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.7 to 8 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| WCTungsten carbide (cemented carbide) | 530 to 700 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 14.4 to 15.6 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| W-CuTungsten-copper | 280 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 14.5 to 15.5 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| WS2Tungsten disulfide | 160 to 170 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 7.5 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| WHATungsten heavy alloy | 330 to 385 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 16.9 to 18.9 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 517 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| WTungsten | 411 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 19.3 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| UHMWPEUltra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene | 0.55 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 0.93 to 0.97 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 19.3 to 2,400 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| TZMTZM molybdenum alloy | 300 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 10.2 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 750 to 900 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| V alloysVanadium alloys (V-4Cr-4Ti, V-Ti, V-Nb) | 126 GPacalculatedcalculated (hidden) | 6.05 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 402 MPacalculatedcalculated (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| VVanadium | 128 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 6.11 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| -Wood's metal | 12.7 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 10.2 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 26.2 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| UNS N07001Waspaloy | 211 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 8.19 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 586 to 1,434 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| YbYtterbium | 17.8 to 24 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 6.54 to 6.98 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 65.5 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| YYttrium | 63.5 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.47 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Y2O3Yttrium oxide | 160 to 188 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.84 to 5.01 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| ZnSeZinc selenide (polycrystalline optical material) | 67.2 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 5.27 to 5.42 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| ZnSZinc sulphide (CVD multispectral and IR grades) | 74.5 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4.08 to 4.09 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Mg-PSZ, ATZ, ZTAMagnesia-stabilised zirconia and other zirconia grades | 200 to 360 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 4 to 5.74 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| Zr alloysZirconium alloys (Zircaloy, ZIRLO, Zr-2.5Nb, Zr-Al) | 99.3 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 6.55 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 468 to 998 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 | |
| ZrCZirconium carbide | 435 to 464 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 6.73 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| YSZYttria-stabilised zirconia | 195 to 210 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 6.02 to 6.07 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 2 of 3 | |
| ZrZirconium and Zircaloy | 94.7 to 99.3 GPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 6.51 to 6.64 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 207 to 506 MPameasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 3 of 3 |
No materials match.
These values come from different cells and tests, so the order is a guide, not a verdict. Hover a value, or open the material, to see its conditions.
Hover a value to see its conditions. Open a material for the method and the source. Want a missing value? Add a result. Download this comparison as CSV.
What each material can do wrong, and how much we still do not know. Open a material for the full detail and sources.
| Material | Hazards | Failure risks | Worst severity | Known gaps |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFAmorphous fluoropolymer (Teflon AF) | 5 | 3 | none listed | 9 |
| Al2O3Alumina | 2 | 3 | moderate | 8 |
| 1050Aluminium alloy 1050 | 2 | 3 | high | 17 |
| 2011Aluminium alloy 2011 | 3 | 2 | moderate | 15 |
| 2014Aluminium alloy 2014 | 2 | 3 | critical | 10 |
| 2017Aluminium alloy 2017 | 2 | 3 | moderate | 11 |
| 2024Aluminium alloy 2024 | 2 | 3 | high | 23 |
| 2219Aluminium alloy 2219 | 1 | 1 | high | 8 |
| 2017AAluminium alloy 2017A | 2 | 3 | moderate | 11 |
| 2618AAluminium alloy 2618A | 3 | 3 | high | 14 |
| 3003Aluminium alloy 3003 | 2 | 1 | moderate | 23 |
| 5019Aluminium alloy 5019 | 3 | 2 | moderate | 13 |
| 5052Aluminium alloy 5052 | 2 | 2 | moderate | 13 |
| 3103Aluminium alloy 3103 | 2 | 2 | high | 16 |
| 5056Aluminium alloy 5056 | 3 | 2 | moderate | 14 |
| 5083Aluminium alloy 5083 | 3 | 2 | none listed | 21 |
| AlMg2Aluminium alloy 5251 | 2 | 3 | moderate | 11 |
| AlMg3Aluminium alloy 5754 | 3 | 2 | moderate | 12 |
| 5XXXAluminium-magnesium alloys (5XXX series) | 2 | 4 | moderate | 13 |
| 6013Aluminium alloy 6013 | 1 | 1 | moderate | 15 |
| 6061Aluminium alloy 6061 | 2 | 4 | high | 10 |
| 6063Aluminium alloy 6063 | 3 | 1 | none listed | 13 |
| 6082Aluminium alloy 6082 | 3 | 2 | moderate | 12 |
| 7075-T6Aluminium alloy 7075-T6 | 4 | 2 | high | 13 |
| AA7050Aluminium alloy 7050 | 2 | 2 | moderate | 13 |
| AA8011Aluminium alloy 8011 | 2 | 2 | high | 13 |
| C630Aluminium bronze C63000 (wrought, CuAl10Ni5Fe4) | 2 | 3 | moderate | 18 |
| 2195 (Al-Cu-Li)Aluminium-lithium alloy 2195 | 3 | 2 | moderate | 10 |
| AlNAluminium nitride | 2 | 2 | moderate | 15 |
| AlAluminium | 5 | 3 | moderate | 12 |
| AluminosilicateAluminosilicate glass | 1 | 4 | high | 15 |
| AsArsenic | 3 | 3 | high | 10 |
| SbAntimony | 3 | 2 | moderate | 12 |
| BaBarium metal | 4 | 3 | high | 12 |
| BeCuBeryllium copper | 5 | 2 | moderate | 13 |
| BeBeryllium | 3 | 3 | high | 12 |
| B4CBoron carbide | 2 | 2 | moderate | 16 |
| BiBismuth | 2 | 3 | moderate | 11 |
| h-BNHexagonal boron nitride | 2 | 5 | high | 16 |
| C510Phosphor bronze C51000 (CuSn5P) | 2 | 2 | moderate | 13 |
| C954Aluminium bronze C95400 | 2 | 3 | moderate | 19 |
| BBoron | 2 | 3 | high | 13 |
| CdCadmium | 3 | 2 | high | 9 |
| CsICaesium iodide (CsI), with thallium and sodium doped scintillator grades | 1 | 4 | high | 17 |
| CaF2Calcium fluoride (single-crystal CaF2, fluorite) | 5 | 3 | high | 15 |
| CFCarbon fibre (PAN-based, pitch-based) and carbon/carbon | 2 | 3 | high | 11 |
| CNTCarbon nanotubes | 3 | 1 | none listed | 12 |
| C260Cartridge brass 70/30 | 1 | 2 | moderate | 17 |
| CaCalcium | 3 | 3 | high | 9 |
| CFRPCarbon-fibre reinforced epoxy (CFRP) | 2 | 3 | none listed | 13 |
| Ni-10Cr (Chromel-P)Chromel | 4 | 3 | moderate | 15 |
| Cr alloysChromium-rich binary alloys | 3 | 2 | high | 13 |
| CrNChromium nitride | 2 | 2 | moderate | 16 |
| CrChromium | 3 | 3 | high | 11 |
| UNS R30605Cobalt-chromium alloys (Haynes 25 / L-605 and CoCrMo medical grades) | 1 | 3 | moderate | 13 |
| CoFe / Co-W / Co-Ti / Co-AlCobalt-iron and cobalt intermetallic alloys (Co-Fe, Co-Ti, Co-W, Co-Al) | 1 | 0 | none listed | 14 |
| CoCobalt | 2 | 3 | high | 11 |
| CuNiConstantan | 2 | 2 | moderate | 13 |
| COCCyclic olefin copolymer | 5 | 3 | moderate | 11 |
| CuCopper | 2 | 3 | moderate | 13 |
| PCTFE (CTFE, Kel-F)Polychlorotrifluoroethylene | 3 | 2 | none listed | 11 |
| CuCrZrCopper-chromium-zirconium (CuCrZr) | 2 | 3 | high | 14 |
| SG iron (ASTM A536, EN-GJS)Ductile iron (nodular iron, SG iron) | 3 | 1 | moderate | 15 |
| 2101Lean duplex stainless steel 2101 (UNS S32101) | 4 | 3 | moderate | 16 |
| E-glassE-glass fibre | 2 | 0 | none listed | 12 |
| DyDysprosium | 2 | 3 | critical | 15 |
| ECTFE (Halar)Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene | 3 | 2 | high | 11 |
| Fe-SiSilicon electrical steel | 2 | 1 | moderate | 13 |
| EPEpoxy (epoxide) | 2 | 2 | none listed | 5 |
| ErErbium | 3 | 4 | critical | 16 |
| ETFEEthylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer | 1 | 2 | moderate | 7 |
| EuEuropium | 3 | 4 | critical | 11 |
| Ni-Cr-Al-Cu precision resistance alloyEvanohm | 4 | 2 | moderate | 13 |
| SiO2 glassFused silica | 1 | 2 | moderate | 11 |
| GdGadolinium | 5 | 4 | critical | 14 |
| C21000Gilding metal 95/5 | 1 | 2 | moderate | 16 |
| GeGermanium | 2 | 2 | high | 12 |
| GCGlassy carbon | 1 | 3 | moderate | 10 |
| AuSnGold-tin eutectic solder (Au80Sn20) | 1 | 3 | moderate | 13 |
| GO, rGOGraphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide | 3 | 3 | moderate | 14 |
| Gray iron (ASTM A48, EN-GJL, GG 25)Gray cast iron (flake graphite iron) | 1 | 3 | none listed | 13 |
| Gr-SStructural graphite | 2 | 2 | moderate | 11 |
| HfHafnium | 3 | 4 | critical | 16 |
| Ni-MoHastelloy B-3 | 3 | 4 | high | 14 |
| C-276 (UNS N10276)Hastelloy C-276 | 3 | 6 | high | 15 |
| C-22Hastelloy C-22 | 3 | 3 | moderate | 15 |
| X (UNS N06002)Hastelloy X | 2 | 4 | high | 13 |
| UNS R30004Havar | 3 | 4 | critical | 16 |
| UNS N07214Haynes 214 | 1 | 3 | high | 11 |
| H230 (UNS N06230)Haynes 230 | 2 | 4 | high | 11 |
| HDPEHigh-density polyethylene | 3 | 2 | high | 10 |
| HoHolmium | 5 | 4 | critical | 16 |
| UNS N08800Incoloy 800 | 2 | 3 | moderate | 11 |
| Alloy 825 (UNS N08825)Incoloy 825 | 3 | 4 | moderate | 17 |
| Alloy 600 (UNS N06600, W.Nr. 2.4816)Inconel 600 | 1 | 5 | high | 13 |
| Alloy 601Inconel 601 | 2 | 3 | moderate | 14 |
| Alloy 617Inconel 617 | 2 | 4 | moderate | 10 |
| IN625 (UNS N06625)Inconel 625 | 3 | 4 | high | 13 |
| X-750 (UNS N07750)Inconel X-750 | 3 | 4 | high | 11 |
| InIndium | 4 | 3 | moderate | 13 |
| FeNi36Invar 36 | 2 | 3 | moderate | 8 |
| IN718 (UNS N07718)Inconel 718 | 2 | 2 | high | 18 |
| IrIridium | 2 | 3 | moderate | 12 |
| PPD-T (Kevlar)Kevlar para-aramid fibre | 5 | 3 | moderate | 8 |
| Fe2O3, Fe3O4Iron oxide | 4 | 2 | moderate | 14 |
| Fe-Ni-CoKovar | 2 | 2 | moderate | 11 |
| LaLanthanum | 6 | 4 | high | 14 |
| CW614NLeaded free-machining brass CW614N (CuZn39Pb3, UNS C38500) | 2 | 3 | high | 20 |
| LiFLithium fluoride (single-crystal LiF) | 4 | 2 | moderate | 12 |
| LLZOLithium lanthanum zirconium oxide | 2 | 2 | high | 9 |
| LuLutetium | 3 | 3 | high | 12 |
| MGCMacor | 3 | 3 | high | 11 |
| MgOMagnesium oxide (magnesia) | 3 | 3 | high | 10 |
| AZ31BMagnesium alloy AZ31B | 1 | 4 | high | 13 |
| EV31AMagnesium alloy EV31A (Elektron 21) | 1 | 4 | high | 11 |
| MgMagnesium (pure metal) | 3 | 4 | high | 12 |
| MnManganese | 4 | 2 | high | 15 |
| CuMn12NiManganin | 2 | 3 | moderate | 20 |
| MAXMAX phase ceramics | 1 | 3 | moderate | 13 |
| MGMetallic glass (amorphous metal ribbons) | 2 | 3 | high | 15 |
| TM boridesMetal borides (transition-metal diborides and boride layers) | 5 | 2 | moderate | 14 |
| MoSi2Molybdenum disilicide | 2 | 2 | moderate | 15 |
| MoSe2Molybdenum diselenide | 6 | 2 | moderate | 17 |
| Alloy 400 (UNS N04400)Monel 400 | 2 | 7 | high | 17 |
| K-500Monel K-500 | 2 | 2 | moderate | 10 |
| Ni-Fe-MoMu-metal | 1 | 2 | moderate | 12 |
| MBCMycelium-bound composite | 1 | 2 | moderate | 14 |
| NdNeodymium | 4 | 3 | high | 11 |
| Ni3Al, NiAlNickel aluminide | 2 | 2 | high | 13 |
| NiBe2Nickel-beryllium alloy 360 (UNS N03360) | 3 | 3 | moderate | 13 |
| NiNickel | 4 | 4 | high | 13 |
| C75200Nickel silver C75200 | 3 | 3 | moderate | 19 |
| UNS N07090 (W. Nr. 2.4632)Nimonic 90 | 2 | 4 | moderate | 14 |
| Nb alloysNiobium alloys (Nb-1Zr, C-103, FS-85) | 2 | 3 | critical | 13 |
| NbNiobium | 3 | 3 | critical | 13 |
| NiTiNitinol | 2 | 4 | high | 11 |
| Nitronic 60Nitronic 60 stainless steel | 3 | 3 | high | 20 |
| OsOsmium | 3 | 3 | high | 11 |
| PA 11Polyamide 11 (nylon 11, PA11) | 2 | 3 | moderate | 17 |
| PA 12Polyamide 12 (nylon 12, PA12) | 2 | 3 | high | 14 |
| PAIPolyamide-imide | 2 | 4 | high | 17 |
| Pd-AgPalladium-silver alloys | 4 | 3 | high | 11 |
| PA 46Polyamide 46 (nylon 46) | 2 | 3 | high | 16 |
| PdPalladium | 3 | 2 | high | 12 |
| PBIPolybenzimidazole | 2 | 2 | none listed | 7 |
| PBO (Zylon)Poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) fibre (Zylon) | 2 | 3 | critical | 11 |
| PBTPolybutylene terephthalate (PBT) | 3 | 4 | high | 10 |
| PEIPolyetherimide | 1 | 2 | critical | 9 |
| PEKPolyetherketone | 0 | 3 | high | 13 |
| PEKKPolyetherketoneketone | 0 | 3 | high | 15 |
| PENPolyethylene naphthalate (PEN), biaxially oriented film and engineering resin | 2 | 2 | moderate | 13 |
| Ni-Fe-MoPermalloy 80 | 1 | 2 | moderate | 14 |
| FeCoVPermendur (Hiperco 50) | 1 | 2 | moderate | 13 |
| PESPolyethersulfone | 2 | 3 | moderate | 12 |
| PETPolyethylene terephthalate (PET), including biaxially oriented film (Mylar) | 4 | 3 | moderate | 10 |
| PFAPerfluoroalkoxy alkane | 3 | 2 | high | 4 |
| PGPyrolytic graphite | 2 | 1 | low | 8 |
| PHBPolyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), with the PHB/PHV copolymer (PHBV) for comparison | 1 | 3 | moderate | 15 |
| C521Phosphor bronze C52100 (CuSn8) | 2 | 2 | moderate | 16 |
| UNS R30003Phynox | 2 | 1 | moderate | 16 |
| PI (Upilex-S)Upilex-S polyimide film (BPDA) | 2 | 1 | none listed | 7 |
| PLAPolylactic acid (PLA), polylactide, including Ingeo grades for injection moulding, extrusion and 3D printing | 6 | 5 | moderate | 18 |
| Pt-IrPlatinum-iridium alloy | 3 | 1 | low | 12 |
| Pt-RhPlatinum-rhodium alloys | 1 | 3 | high | 11 |
| Pt-W, Pt-CuPlatinum-tungsten and platinum-copper alloys | 3 | 1 | moderate | 15 |
| PtPlatinum | 2 | 2 | low | 16 |
| PMP (TPX)Polymethylpentene | 2 | 2 | moderate | 12 |
| PEPolyethylene | 1 | 1 | moderate | 10 |
| PCPolycarbonate (bisphenol-A) | 3 | 1 | moderate | 9 |
| PPSPolyphenylene sulfide | 2 | 1 | moderate | 15 |
| PPAPolyphthalamide | 3 | 4 | moderate | 11 |
| PPSUPolyphenylsulfone | 3 | 4 | high | 11 |
| PrPraseodymium | 6 | 4 | critical | 17 |
| PSGeneral-purpose polystyrene (GPPS) and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) | 1 | 2 | moderate | 11 |
| PSUPolysulfone | 2 | 1 | none listed | 8 |
| PVCPolyvinyl chloride | 3 | 3 | moderate | 18 |
| PVF (white Tedlar)Crystalline polyvinyl fluoride with white pigment | 3 | 2 | none listed | 9 |
| ReRhenium | 3 | 3 | high | 13 |
| RhRhodium | 3 | 3 | moderate | 15 |
| RuRuthenium | 2 | 2 | moderate | 13 |
| SmSamarium | 2 | 2 | high | 11 |
| Al2O3Sapphire (single-crystal alpha-alumina) | 3 | 2 | moderate | 14 |
| ScScandium | 5 | 4 | critical | 16 |
| SRCSelf-reinforced polymer composites and aramid composites | 4 | 4 | high | 16 |
| SeSelenium | 4 | 4 | high | 11 |
| AlN-BNShapal | 1 | 3 | moderate | 12 |
| C655Silicon bronze C65500 (CuSi3Mn1) | 4 | 3 | moderate | 13 |
| SiCSilicon carbide | 1 | 2 | moderate | 10 |
| Si3N4Silicon nitride | 2 | 1 | none listed | 8 |
| Ag alloysSilver alloys (brazing, silver-gold and contact alloys) | 2 | 0 | none listed | 15 |
| SmCoSamarium-cobalt sintered magnet alloy | 4 | 4 | high | 13 |
| Soda-limeSoda-lime glass | 1 | 4 | high | 13 |
| SAC305SAC305 solder (Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu) | 3 | 3 | moderate | 13 |
| 15-7 PHPH 15-7 Mo stainless steel | 1 | 2 | high | 9 |
| 1.4418 (X4CrNiMo16-5-1)Martensitic stainless steel (EN 1.4418, X4CrNiMo16-5-1) | 3 | 3 | moderate | 17 |
| 2507 (UNS S32750)Super duplex stainless steel 2507 | 3 | 4 | high | 11 |
| 17-7 PH (UNS S17700, EN 1.4568, Type 631)17-7 PH stainless steel | 2 | 4 | high | 19 |
| 301 (UNS S30100)Stainless steel 301 | 6 | 3 | high | 15 |
| 17-4 PH (UNS S17400, Type 630)17-4 PH stainless steel | 4 | 5 | high | 16 |
| 2205 (UNS S32205)Duplex stainless steel 2205 | 3 | 6 | high | 18 |
| 302AISI 302 stainless steel (UNS S30200, EN 1.4310) | 1 | 3 | moderate | 16 |
| 303 (UNS S30300)Stainless steel 303 | 3 | 5 | high | 16 |
| 2304 (UNS S32304, EN 1.4362)Lean duplex stainless steel 2304 | 3 | 7 | high | 12 |
| 304L (UNS S30403)Stainless steel 304L | 2 | 3 | high | 21 |
| 309AISI 309 stainless steel | 3 | 4 | moderate | 12 |
| 310S (UNS S31008, EN 1.4845)Stainless steel 310S | 1 | 4 | critical | 11 |
| 321AISI 321 stainless steel (UNS S32100, EN 1.4541) | 1 | 2 | moderate | 12 |
| 317LAISI 317L stainless steel | 3 | 4 | high | 16 |
| 316 (UNS S31600)Stainless steel 316 | 3 | 2 | high | 17 |
| 347AISI 347 stainless steel | 3 | 3 | moderate | 14 |
| 347HAISI 347H stainless steel | 4 | 3 | moderate | 19 |
| 409 (UNS S40900, EN 1.4512)Stainless steel 409 | 2 | 3 | moderate | 21 |
| 316L (UNS S31603)Stainless steel 316L | 3 | 3 | high | 20 |
| 410 (UNS S41000)Stainless steel 410 | 1 | 3 | high | 17 |
| 410S (UNS S41008)Stainless steel 410S | 1 | 1 | moderate | 13 |
| 420Stainless steel 420 | 2 | 4 | high | 12 |
| 416AISI 416 stainless steel | 3 | 5 | critical | 14 |
| 431 (UNS S43100, EN 1.4057)Stainless steel 431 | 1 | 4 | moderate | 15 |
| 430 (UNS S43000)Stainless steel 430 | 2 | 7 | high | 15 |
| 430F (UNS S43020)Stainless steel 430F | 2 | 6 | high | 19 |
| 440C (UNS S44004)Stainless steel 440C | 1 | 5 | high | 18 |
| 444 (UNS S44400)Stainless steel 444 | 2 | 4 | high | 22 |
| 904L (UNS N08904, EN 1.4539)Super-austenitic stainless steel 904L | 4 | 4 | moderate | 12 |
| 304 (UNS S30400)Stainless steel 304 | 2 | 3 | high | 16 |
| S41500 (F6NM forged, CA6NM cast)Martensitic stainless steel 13Cr-4Ni (UNS S41500) | 2 | 4 | high | 14 |
| 1010 (UNS G10100, AISI 1010)Carbon steel 1010 | 2 | 2 | none listed | 17 |
| 1018 (UNS G10180, AISI 1018)Carbon steel 1018 | 2 | 2 | none listed | 17 |
| 1045 (UNS G10450, AISI 1045)Carbon steel 1045 | 2 | 3 | none listed | 13 |
| MgO-SiO2Steatite | 2 | 3 | moderate | 12 |
| 1070 (UNS G10700, AISI 1070, SAE 1070)Carbon steel 1070 | 1 | 3 | moderate | 9 |
| 1215 (UNS G12150, AISI 1215)Carbon steel 1215 | 4 | 3 | none listed | 11 |
| 4130 (UNS G41300)Alloy steel AISI 4130 (chromium-molybdenum) | 3 | 4 | high | 20 |
| 4140 (UNS G41400)Alloy steel AISI 4140 (chromium-molybdenum) | 2 | 3 | high | 18 |
| 4340 (UNS G43400)Alloy steel AISI 4340 (nickel-chromium-molybdenum) | 3 | 1 | moderate | 22 |
| A36 (UNS K02600)ASTM A36 structural carbon steel | 2 | 4 | high | 12 |
| MgB2, REBCO, BSCCOSuperconducting wire composites (MgB2, REBCO and Bi-2223 tapes) | 3 | 3 | high | 13 |
| Cu-TeTellurium copper | 3 | 2 | moderate | 12 |
| TeTellurium | 5 | 3 | high | 15 |
| TbTerbium | 5 | 4 | high | 16 |
| TCThermocouple wire alloys (Types J, T, E and N) | 2 | 5 | high | 12 |
| WT20Thoriated tungsten (WT20) | 2 | 2 | moderate | 11 |
| TmThulium | 4 | 4 | high | 15 |
| Ti-6Al-4VTitanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) | 2 | 2 | none listed | 13 |
| Sn-Sb-CuTin-antimony babbitt (tin-base bearing metal) | 3 | 2 | high | 13 |
| SnTin | 2 | 2 | moderate | 13 |
| Sn/CuTinned copper | 3 | 4 | high | 11 |
| Beta 3Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3), with Beta C and Ti-15-3 | 2 | 0 | none listed | 15 |
| TiAlGamma titanium aluminide (TiAl), Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb turbine-blade alloy | 2 | 4 | high | 15 |
| TiB2Titanium diboride | 2 | 2 | moderate | 13 |
| Ti Grade 11Commercially pure titanium with palladium, Grade 11 (UNS R52250) | 2 | 0 | none listed | 15 |
| TiCTitanium carbide | 2 | 2 | high | 18 |
| CP Ti Grade 2Commercially pure titanium, Grade 2 (UNS R50400) | 2 | 4 | high | 17 |
| Ti Gr 12Titanium grade 12, Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni (UNS R53400) | 1 | 3 | moderate | 14 |
| Ti-6Al-4V ELITitanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Grade 23) | 1 | 2 | moderate | 14 |
| CP Ti Grade 3Commercially pure titanium, Grade 3 (UNS R50550) | 3 | 2 | moderate | 20 |
| CP Ti Grade 7Commercially pure titanium, Grade 7 (UNS R52400, Ti-0.15Pd) | 2 | 3 | moderate | 17 |
| Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9)Titanium Grade 9, Ti-3Al-2.5V (UNS R56320) | 3 | 3 | moderate | 19 |
| TiNTitanium nitride | 2 | 2 | moderate | 13 |
| Ti minor alloysMinor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si and Ti-Ga binaries, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al and Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C) | 1 | 0 | none listed | 15 |
| A2 (UNS T30102, EN 1.2363)AISI A2 air-hardening cold-work tool steel (EN 1.2363, X100CrMoV5) | 3 | 0 | none listed | 17 |
| 1.2738 (P20+Ni)1.2738 plastic mould steel (40CrMnNiMo8-6-4, AISI P20+Ni) | 4 | 8 | moderate | 22 |
| H13 (EN 1.2344)AISI H13 hot-work tool steel (EN 1.2344, X40CrMoV5-1) | 4 | 10 | none listed | 20 |
| P20 (UNS T51620)P20 plastic mould steel (AISI P20, UNS T51620, EN 1.2311) | 3 | 5 | moderate | 17 |
| D2 (UNS T30402, EN 1.2379)AISI D2 cold-work tool steel (EN 1.2379, X153CrMoV12) | 3 | 5 | moderate | 17 |
| WCTungsten carbide (cemented carbide) | 4 | 1 | moderate | 18 |
| W-CuTungsten-copper | 3 | 2 | moderate | 11 |
| WS2Tungsten disulfide | 3 | 3 | high | 15 |
| WHATungsten heavy alloy | 1 | 1 | moderate | 13 |
| WTungsten | 3 | 2 | moderate | 11 |
| UHMWPEUltra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene | 4 | 4 | high | 13 |
| TZMTZM molybdenum alloy | 2 | 2 | critical | 12 |
| V alloysVanadium alloys (V-4Cr-4Ti, V-Ti, V-Nb) | 2 | 2 | high | 13 |
| VVanadium | 3 | 3 | high | 14 |
| -Wood's metal | 5 | 2 | high | 11 |
| UNS N07001Waspaloy | 2 | 3 | moderate | 10 |
| YbYtterbium | 4 | 4 | critical | 15 |
| YYttrium | 5 | 4 | critical | 16 |
| Y2O3Yttrium oxide | 3 | 4 | moderate | 13 |
| ZnSeZinc selenide (polycrystalline optical material) | 4 | 3 | high | 12 |
| ZnSZinc sulphide (CVD multispectral and IR grades) | 4 | 2 | moderate | 16 |
| Mg-PSZ, ATZ, ZTAMagnesia-stabilised zirconia and other zirconia grades | 2 | 5 | critical | 14 |
| Zr alloysZirconium alloys (Zircaloy, ZIRLO, Zr-2.5Nb, Zr-Al) | 0 | 4 | high | 11 |
| ZrCZirconium carbide | 2 | 4 | high | 15 |
| YSZYttria-stabilised zirconia | 2 | 4 | moderate | 14 |
| ZrZirconium and Zircaloy | 3 | 5 | high | 13 |
Severity is the editors' reading of the cited sources, not a safety certification. "none listed" means no sourced failure risk has been entered, which is not the same as safe.
How to read this
- Measured values come from a test or a flight. Calculated values are worked out from the material's formula. Prediction values come from a model.
- no data means nobody has published a value we could source. It does not mean zero.
- Material values describe the active material. Cell values describe a finished cell, which varies by manufacturer. Check the conditions before comparing cell values.
- Every value links to its source, with the place in the source where it can be found.
The measurements
| Measurement | Better when | How it is tested |
|---|---|---|
| Young's modulus | depends on the use | |
| DensityMass per volume, which sets volumetric energy | depends on the use | Crystallographic or tap density |
| Yield strength | depends on the use |