Silicon electrical steel Fe-Si
Fe-Si: iron with silicon, balance Fe. Fully processed non-oriented family: 1.0 to 2.20 % Si, 0.10 to 0.4 % Mn, 0.55 % max Al, 0.18 % max P, 0.03 % max C (SIJ Acroni SDS). Grain-oriented: about 3 % Si, up to 3.2 mass % (DOE). Electrical steel generally: about 1 to 3.5 % Si (Wikipedia)
Silicon electrical steel is an iron alloy with about 1 to 3.5 % silicon, rolled into thin strip and stacked as the laminated core of transformers, inductors, motors and generators.
Evidence level
2 of 5
Lab-measured
- 0Predicted only. No one has made it, or no measurement exists.
- 1Calculated. Only calculated or predicted values from sources.
- 2Lab-measured. Measured properties with their conditions stated.
- 3Space-relevant tests. Measured in conditions relevant to space, such as vacuum or atomic oxygen.
- 4Ground-qualified. Qualified for an application on the ground.
- 5Flown or field-proven. Flight or field results exist.
Low loss at mains frequency
2.11 W/kg at 1.5 T and 50 Hz
Flux density
1.65 T at 5000 A/m
Resistivity
59 µΩ·cm at 23 C
Density
7.6 kg/dm3
Recipe, share of the weight
- Fe balance of the alloyIron
- Si 1.0 to 2.20 % in the SIJ non-oriented family; up to 3.2 mass % in the DOE grain-oriented core; about 3 % in grain-oriented grades (Wikipedia)Silicon
- Mn 0.10 to 0.4 %Manganese
- Al 0.55 % maxAluminium
- P 0.18 % maxPhosphorus
- C 0.03 % maxCarbon
Best for
Laminated cores for transformers, inductors and rotating machines at 50 to 60 Hz, where low iron loss and a high flux density matter (Tata NO35-1750H, DOE)
Weakest at
Corrosion and strength: no corrosion rate was found, and the non-oriented grade has a typical yield strength of 435 MPa (Tata)
Risk at a glance
- People None found. Not hazardous as a solid
- If it fails Moderate. Rust during storage in air and water
- Corrosion No data. No corrosion data recorded
Quick facts: Fe-Si
| Property | Value | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 7.6 to 7.85 g/cm³ | 3 sourced values across conditions |
| Yield strength | 435 MPa | 1 sourced value |
| Tensile strength | 535 MPa | 1 sourced value |
| Young's modulus | 185 GPa | 1 sourced value |
| Thermal conductivity | 21 W/(m·K) | 1 sourced value |
| Thermal expansion (CTE) | 12 ppm/K | 1 sourced value |
| Electrical resistivity | 4.8e-7 to 5.9e-7 Ω·m | 2 sourced values across conditions |
What is the density of Silicon electrical steel (Fe-Si)?
Silicon electrical steel (Fe-Si) has a density of 7.6 to 7.85 g/cm³. The range covers 3 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What is the thermal conductivity of Silicon electrical steel (Fe-Si)?
Silicon electrical steel (Fe-Si) has a thermal conductivity of 21 W/(m·K). The source and test conditions are listed in the properties table on this page.
What is the coefficient of thermal expansion of Silicon electrical steel (Fe-Si)?
Silicon electrical steel (Fe-Si) has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 12 ppm/K. The source and test conditions are listed in the properties table on this page.
What is the yield strength of Silicon electrical steel (Fe-Si)?
Silicon electrical steel (Fe-Si) has a yield strength of 435 MPa. The source and test conditions are listed in the properties table on this page.
What is the tensile strength of Silicon electrical steel (Fe-Si)?
Silicon electrical steel (Fe-Si) has a tensile strength of 535 MPa. The source and test conditions are listed in the properties table on this page.
What is Silicon electrical steel (Fe-Si) used for?
Uses recorded in the sources include Power transformers and inductors, grain-oriented sheet of about 3 % silicon; Rotating electric machines, non-oriented fully processed sheet.
Why it exists
Silicon electrical steel is used as the laminated core of transformers, inductors, motors and generators (DOE, SIJ). Silicon adds electrical resistivity, which limits eddy-current loss at 50 to 60 Hz (DOE). The grain-oriented grade is used mainly for static equipment such as transformers and inductors, and the non-oriented grade for rotating machines (DOE, SIJ).
Where it's used
Power transformers and inductors
The DOE NETL datasheet says 3 % silicon steel is best used in electrical power transformers and inductors, and that silicon up to 3.2 mass % reduces eddy-current loss.
Electric motors and generators
The SIJ Acroni data sheet says non-oriented electrical steels are used in electric equipment with rotating magnetic fields.
Recipe
Fe-Si: iron with silicon, balance Fe. Fully processed non-oriented family: 1.0 to 2.20 % Si, 0.10 to 0.4 % Mn, 0.55 % max Al, 0.18 % max P, 0.03 % max C (SIJ Acroni SDS). Grain-oriented: about 3 % Si, up to 3.2 mass % (DOE). Electrical steel generally: about 1 to 3.5 % Si (Wikipedia)
Silicon electrical steel is iron with about 1 to 3.5 % silicon (Wikipedia). The grain-oriented grade is usually about 3 % silicon, and the sheet is textured during cold rolling so the best magnetic properties form along the rolling direction (DOE, Wikipedia). The fully processed non-oriented family in the SIJ Acroni data sheet has 1.0 to 2.20 % silicon, with small manganese, aluminium, carbon and phosphorus, and the rest iron.
| Ingredient | Share of the weight | What it does |
|---|---|---|
| Iron Fe | balance of the alloy | Base metal, the balance of the composition. |
| Silicon Si | 1.0 to 2.20 % in the SIJ non-oriented family; up to 3.2 mass % in the DOE grain-oriented core; about 3 % in grain-oriented grades (Wikipedia) | Raises the electrical resistivity, which cuts eddy-current loss. |
| Manganese Mn | 0.10 to 0.4 % | Minor element in the composition table. |
| Aluminium Al | 0.55 % max | Minor element in the non-oriented family. |
| Phosphorus P | 0.18 % max | Minor element in the non-oriented family. |
| Carbon C | 0.03 % max | Minor element; the composition table gives a maximum only. |
Weight shares are as printed in the sources.
What it can do
Low loss at mains frequency
2.11 W/kg at 1.5 T and 50 Hz
measured
The Tata NO35-1750H grade, 0.35 mm thick, has a typical total loss of 2.11 W/kg at 1.5 T and 50 Hz, and 0.88 W/kg at 1.0 T.
Flux density
1.65 T at 5000 A/m
measured
The same grade gives a typical peak polarisation of 1.56 T at 2500 A/m and 1.65 T at 5000 A/m at 50 Hz, with guaranteed minimums of 1.52 T and 1.62 T.
Resistivity
59 µΩ·cm at 23 C
measured
Silicon raises resistivity. The NO35-1750H grade has 59 µΩ·cm at 23 C, and the grain-oriented listing has 48 µΩ·cm at 23.0 C.
Density
7.6 kg/dm3
measured
The NO35-1750H grade has an assumed density of 7.6 kg/dm3. The safety data sheet gives 7.65 to 7.85 kg/dm3, and the grain-oriented listing gives 7.65 g/cm3.
How it compares
Among the sources read, the non-oriented Tata grade has a typical total loss of 2.11 W/kg at 1.5 T and 50 Hz and a typical relative peak permeability of 820 at 1.5 T. The grain-oriented listing gives a lower resistivity than the non-oriented grade at 23 C, 48 µΩ·cm against 59 µΩ·cm, and a density of 7.65 g/cm3. The grain-oriented core-loss value could not be taken with a printed unit in this run, so the two grades cannot be compared on loss here.
The same measurements for each material, so you can compare them. Each row names the key condition under the value; the full conditions and methods are in the numbered notes under Technical details. Other materials are shown beside it; each was measured under its own conditions, so open its page before comparing closely. Compare every grade in the family.
| Measurement | Fe-Si | NdFeB | SmCo | Alnico | FeCoV | CoFe / Co-W / Co-Ti / Co-Al | Ni-Fe-Mo | Ni-Fe-Mo | MG | NbTi | MgB2, REBCO, BSCCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thermal behavior and safety | |||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity at 23 C, NO35-1750H | 21 W/(m·K)5 | 5.3 kcal/(m h °C) | 11.6 to 12.8 W/m °C | no data | 29.83 W/(m·°C) | no data | 0.32 W/cm K | 19 W/(m·K) | no data | no data | no data |
| Physical and electrical | |||||||||||
| Density, assumed, NO35-1750H | 7.6 kg/dm31 | 7.6 g/cm³ | 8.2 to 8.4 g/cm³ | 6.9 to 7.3 g/cm³ | 8.12 g/cm³ | 7.9 g/cm³ | 8.7 g/cm³ | 8.7 g/cm³ | 7.18 g/cm³ | 6.4 to 6.5 g/cm³ | 2.57 g/cm³ |
| Density, electrical steel sheet familyRange printed in a safety data sheet | 7.65 to 7.85 kg/dm3 | 7.6 g/cm³ | 8.2 to 8.4 g/cm³ | 6.9 to 7.3 g/cm³ | 8.12 g/cm³ | 7.9 g/cm³ | 8.7 g/cm³ | 8.7 g/cm³ | 7.18 g/cm³ | 6.4 to 6.5 g/cm³ | 2.57 g/cm³ |
| Density, grain-oriented Powercore C 150-30 | 7.65 g/cm³2 | 7.6 g/cm³ | 8.2 to 8.4 g/cm³ | 6.9 to 7.3 g/cm³ | 8.12 g/cm³ | 7.9 g/cm³ | 8.7 g/cm³ | 8.7 g/cm³ | 7.18 g/cm³ | 6.4 to 6.5 g/cm³ | 2.57 g/cm³ |
| Electrical resistivity at 23 C, NO35-1750H | 59 µΩ·cm3 | 150 uohm cm | 80 to 90 uohm cm | 45 to 75 uohm cm | 0.401 Ω·mm²/m | 0.3 µΩm | 55 µΩcm | 60 µΩ·cm | 1.3 µΩm | no data | no data |
| Electrical resistivity at 23 C, grain-oriented | 48 µΩ·cm4 | 150 uohm cm | 80 to 90 uohm cm | 45 to 75 uohm cm | 0.401 Ω·mm²/m | 0.3 µΩm | 55 µΩcm | 60 µΩ·cm | 1.3 µΩm | no data | no data |
| Other measurements | |||||||||||
| Thermal expansion, 0 to 100 C, NO35-1750H | 12 10-6/C6 | 7 1e-6 per °C (dL/L) | 8 to 10 1e-6 per °C | 11 to 13 1e-6 per °C | 9.4 ppm/K | no data | 12 10-6/K | 12 10-6/K | 7.6 x10-6/°C | no data | no data |
| Young's modulus, NO35-1750H, rolling direction | 185 GPa7 | no data | 1.2 10^11 N/m2 | no data | 190 to 210 GPa | 440 GPa | 190 to 221 kN/mm2 | 190 to 221 kN/mm2 | 110 GPa | no data | 149 to 186 GPa |
| Yield strength Rp0.2, typical, NO35-1750H | 435 MPa8 | no data | no data | no data | 250 MPa | no data | 170 N/mm2 | 200 to 450 N/mm2 | 1986 MPa | no data | 694 to 957 MPa |
| Tensile strength Rm, typical, NO35-1750H | 535 MPa9 | no data | no data | no data | 350 MPa | no data | 450 N/mm2 | 500 to 700 N/mm2 | 2000 N/mm2 | no data | no data |
| Elongation at fracture A80, typical, NO35-1750H | 17 %10 | no data | no data | no data | < 3 % | no data | 30 % | > 25 % | no data | no data | no data |
| Specific total loss at 1.5 T and 50 Hz, typical | 2.11 W/kg11 | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data |
| Specific total loss at 1.0 T and 50 Hz, typical | 0.88 W/kg12 | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data |
| Peak magnetic polarisation at 2500 A/m and 50 Hz, typical | 1.56 T13 | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data |
| Peak magnetic polarisation at 5000 A/m and 50 Hz, typical | 1.65 T14 | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data |
| Relative peak permeability at 1.5 T and 50 Hz, typical | 820 -15 | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data |
Why choose it, and why not
Good for
- Laminated cores for power transformers and inductors at 50 to 60 Hz, as the DOE datasheet describes.
- Rotating machine cores using the fully processed non-oriented grade, as the SIJ data sheet describes.
Watch out for
- Iron loss rises with flux density: the NO35-1750H grade goes from 0.88 W/kg at 1.0 T to 2.11 W/kg at 1.5 T at 50 Hz.
- No corrosion rate was found. A trade magazine article says transformer laminations are especially susceptible in service.
- Dust can form an explosive mixture in air, according to the safety data sheet.
Silicon electrical steel is the lamination material for transformer and motor cores. Silicon lowers eddy-current loss. The grain-oriented grade serves transformers and inductors, and the fully processed grade serves rotating machines. The sources read give typical magnetic and mechanical values for a 0.35 mm non-oriented grade, density and resistivity for a grain-oriented listing, and a safety data sheet that treats the solid sheet as non-hazardous. No corrosion data and no space flight record were found in this run.
Technical details
For scientists and researchers. Everything above comes from the record below: every number with its method, its conditions and its source.
Notes
The method, full conditions and any caveat for the numbered rows above.
| # | Measurement | Method | Conditions | Caveat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Density, assumed, NO35-1750H | Assumed density printed in a manufacturer datasheet | grade NO35-1750H, 0.35 mm nominal thicknessbasis assumed density printed in the datasheet | — |
| 2 | Density, grain-oriented Powercore C 150-30 | Value printed on a third-party product listing that does not name its maker | grade Powercore C 150-30, grain-orientedtemperature 23.0 C | — |
| 3 | Electrical resistivity at 23 C, NO35-1750H | Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet | grade NO35-1750Htemperature 23 C | — |
| 4 | Electrical resistivity at 23 C, grain-oriented | Printed as 4.8 x 10^-7 ohm m and converted by Space Mushroom to µΩ·cm (1 ohm m equals 100 ohm cm, so 4.8 x 10^-7 ohm m equals 48 µΩ·cm) | grade Powercore C 150-30, grain-orientedtemperature 23.0 Cunit in source 4.8 x 10^-7 ohm m | — |
| 5 | Thermal conductivity at 23 C, NO35-1750H | Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet | grade NO35-1750Htemperature 23 C | — |
| 6 | Thermal expansion, 0 to 100 C, NO35-1750H | Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet | grade NO35-1750Htemperature 0 to 100 C | — |
| 7 | Young's modulus, NO35-1750H, rolling direction | Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet | grade NO35-1750Hdirection rolling direction; transverse direction about 2 % higher | — |
| 8 | Yield strength Rp0.2, typical, NO35-1750H | Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet | grade NO35-1750Hmeasure Rp0.2direction rolling directionbasis typical; guaranteed minimum 390 MPa in the same table | — |
| 9 | Tensile strength Rm, typical, NO35-1750H | Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet | grade NO35-1750Hdirection rolling directionbasis typical; guaranteed minimum 500 MPa in the same table | — |
| 10 | Elongation at fracture A80, typical, NO35-1750H | Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet | grade NO35-1750Hgauge length A80basis typical; guaranteed minimum 12 % in the same table | — |
| 11 | Specific total loss at 1.5 T and 50 Hz, typical | Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet | grade NO35-1750Hflux density 1.5 Tfrequency 50 Hzbasis typical; no guaranteed maximum printed | — |
| 12 | Specific total loss at 1.0 T and 50 Hz, typical | Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet | grade NO35-1750Hflux density 1.0 Tfrequency 50 Hzbasis typical; no guaranteed maximum printed | — |
| 13 | Peak magnetic polarisation at 2500 A/m and 50 Hz, typical | Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet | grade NO35-1750Hfield 2500 A/mfrequency 50 Hzbasis typical; guaranteed minimum 1.52 T | — |
| 14 | Peak magnetic polarisation at 5000 A/m and 50 Hz, typical | Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet | grade NO35-1750Hfield 5000 A/mfrequency 50 Hzbasis typical; guaranteed minimum 1.62 T | — |
| 15 | Relative peak permeability at 1.5 T and 50 Hz, typical | Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet | grade NO35-1750Hflux density 1.5 Tfrequency 50 Hz | — |
Corrosion and compatibility
What happens when it meets other materials and environments.
| Environment | Concern | What happens |
|---|---|---|
| Air and water, semi-processed sheet | not rated | The safety data sheet lists air and water as materials to avoid for semi-processed sheet, with no rate given.1 |
| Dry-type transformer core, indoor and outdoor | not rated | The core laminations are said to be especially susceptible to corrosion in service.2 |
| Strong acids, including hydrofluoric acid | not rated | The sheet dissolves in hydrofluoric acid and gives off hydrogen with strong acids.3 |
| # | Environment | Details | Test conditions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Air and water, semi-processed sheet | SIJ Acroni lists air and water among the materials to avoid for semi-processed electrical steel sheets. It says no specific storage procedure is needed for bulk solid steel products. No corrosion rate, humidity test or change in magnetic properties is printed in the source. | grade semi-processed electrical steel sheetexposure not statedbasis one-line statement in a safety data sheet |
| 2 | Dry-type transformer core, indoor and outdoor | The article says dry-type transformers are often exposed to corrosive conditions indoors and outdoors. It says rain, snow, dust, pollution, ultraviolet light and sea salt break down the protective coating, and that laminations are especially susceptible when high operating temperature and vibration act with those factors. It gives no test data, no rate and no coating type. | basis qualitative introduction of a trade magazine article; the rest is behind a subscription wall |
| 3 | Strong acids, including hydrofluoric acid | The safety data sheet says the sheet dissolves in hydrofluoric acid, and that a reaction with strong acids generates hydrogen gas and heat. No rate or concentration is given. | acid hydrofluoric acid and strong acids; concentration not stated |
Risks and side effects
Hazards to people, what happens when a cell overheats, and how the material is handled and stored.
For people
The safety data sheet treats the solid sheet as an article that is not hazardous. The risk comes from fumes and dust made during processing.
- Solid sheet
- The SIJ Acroni data sheet classifies the solid sheet as non-hazardous, with no GHS label.
- Cutting and welding
- Cutting, grinding, melting or welding can give off metal oxide fumes that cause metal fume fever, and dust can irritate the eyes, skin and airways.
- Dust
- The same data sheet says dust can form an explosive mixture in air and may cause sensitization.
If it fails
The sources read here give a storage and corrosion risk and no flight failure record.
- Rust
- The safety data sheet lists air and water as materials to avoid for semi-processed sheet. No rate is given.
- Transformer core
- A trade magazine article says the laminations of dry-type transformers are especially susceptible to corrosion in service, but it gives no test data.
Handling and storage
- Storage
- No special storage procedure is needed for bulk solid sheet, according to the safety data sheet.
- Acids
- The sheet dissolves in hydrofluoric acid, and a reaction with strong acids generates hydrogen and heat.
Test details
The original wording and numbers from the sources, for readers who want them.
Failure risks
| Failure | Trigger and consequence |
|---|---|
| Rust during storage in air and watermoderate severity | Storage or handling of semi-processed sheet in air and waterThe safety data sheet lists air and water as materials to avoid for semi-processed sheet. The source states no magnetic or mechanical effect. |
Side effects on surrounding parts
| Affects | Effect |
|---|---|
| Waste handling of cuttings and dust | The sheet can be recycled 100 % and scrap is valued for new electrical steel, according to the safety data sheet. |
Handling and storage
- The safety data sheet says there are no special handling measures for solid sheet. Use gloves and eye protection against sharp edges, and avoid breathing dust or fumes during processing.
- Local or general exhaust ventilation should be used during welding, brazing, machining and other processes that generate airborne contaminants.
Mitigations
- Dust or fume respirators can be used where exhaust ventilation cannot keep exposure below the limits, according to the safety data sheet.
Supply and geography
How common the raw materials are and where they come from.
Silicon, as ferrosilicon for steel
- Top producers (2025)
- China 70%, Russia 8.4%, Brazil 3.4%, Norway 3%
- Critical mineral lists
- US: listed
- Recycling
- USGS: recycling of ferrosilicon is insignificant.
- Substitutes
- USGS: aluminum, silicon carbide and silicomanganese can be substituted for ferrosilicon in some applications.
Iron (balance of the alloy)
- Top producers (2025)
- Australia 37.5%, Brazil 16.3%, India 11.9%, China 11.3%
- Recycling
- USGS iron ore chapter: 'None'. It refers readers to the Iron and Steel Scrap chapter.
- Substitutes
- USGS: the only source of primary iron is iron ore. Direct-reduced iron, iron nuggets and scrap are used extensively for steelmaking in electric arc furnaces.
Documents
Datasheets, safety data sheets, papers and standards you can open.
Full record
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spore: profile
id: electrical-steel
spore_version: 0.2
family: magnet-and-superconducting-alloys
name: Silicon electrical steel
abbreviation: Fe-Si
role: soft magnetic core
category: metals
type: magnet-alloys
summary: |
Silicon electrical steel is an iron alloy with about 1 to 3.5 % silicon, rolled into thin strip and stacked as the laminated core of transformers, inductors, motors and generators. Silicon raises the electrical resistivity, which limits eddy-current loss at mains frequency. This profile covers the grain-oriented grade, about 3 % silicon, used for power transformers and inductors, and the non-oriented, fully processed grade used for rotating machines. The magnetic and mechanical values come from a 0.35 mm non-oriented grade (Tata Steel Hi-Lite NO35-1750H), and the density and composition from a Slovenian sheet safety data sheet. The grain-oriented values are limited to density and resistivity from a third-party listing, because no grain-oriented core-loss value with a printed unit was read in this run.
best_for: Laminated cores for transformers, inductors and rotating machines at 50 to 60 Hz, where low iron loss and a high flux density matter (Tata NO35-1750H, DOE)
weakest_at: 'Corrosion and strength: no corrosion rate was found, and the non-oriented grade has a typical yield strength of 435 MPa (Tata)'
identity:
formula: 'Fe-Si: iron with silicon, balance Fe. Fully processed non-oriented family: 1.0 to 2.20 % Si, 0.10 to 0.4 % Mn, 0.55 % max Al, 0.18 % max P, 0.03 % max C (SIJ Acroni SDS). Grain-oriented: about 3 % Si, up to 3.2 mass % (DOE). Electrical steel generally: about 1 to 3.5 % Si (Wikipedia)'
source: sij-sds
where: Section 3, Composition table (SIJ Acroni SDS); DOE NETL datasheet, description; Wikipedia metallurgy section
tags:
environments: []
applications:
- electronics-and-chips
- mechanisms
properties:
- benchmark: density
label: Density, assumed, NO35-1750H
value: 7.6
unit: kg/dm3
scope: material
conditions:
grade: NO35-1750H, 0.35 mm nominal thickness
basis: assumed density printed in the datasheet
method: Assumed density printed in a manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: tata-no35
where: Physical and mechanical properties table, row Density (assumed)
- benchmark: density
label: Density, electrical steel sheet family
value: 7.65
value_high: 7.85
bound: range
unit: kg/dm3
scope: material
conditions:
basis: range printed for electrical steel sheets; printed with a decimal comma in the source
temperature: not stated
method: Range printed in a safety data sheet
status: ground
source: sij-sds
where: Section 9, Physical and chemical properties, row Density
- benchmark: density
label: Density, grain-oriented Powercore C 150-30
value: 7.65
unit: g/cm3
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Powercore C 150-30, grain-oriented
temperature: 23.0 C
method: Value printed on a third-party product listing that does not name its maker
status: ground
source: powercore-c150
where: Material properties table, row Density, 23.0 C
- benchmark: electrical_resistivity
label: Electrical resistivity at 23 C, NO35-1750H
value: 59
unit: µΩ·cm
scope: material
conditions:
grade: NO35-1750H
temperature: 23 C
method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: tata-no35
where: Physical and mechanical properties table, row Electrical resistivity at 23 C
- benchmark: electrical_resistivity
label: Electrical resistivity at 23 C, grain-oriented
value: 48
unit: µΩ·cm
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Powercore C 150-30, grain-oriented
temperature: 23.0 C
unit_in_source: 4.8 x 10^-7 ohm m
method: Printed as 4.8 x 10^-7 ohm m and converted by Space Mushroom to µΩ·cm (1 ohm m equals 100 ohm cm, so 4.8 x 10^-7 ohm m equals 48 µΩ·cm)
status: ground
source: powercore-c150
where: Material properties table, row Electrical resistivity, 23.0 C
- benchmark: thermal_conductivity
label: Thermal conductivity at 23 C, NO35-1750H
value: 21
unit: W/(m·K)
scope: material
conditions:
grade: NO35-1750H
temperature: 23 C
method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: tata-no35
where: Physical and mechanical properties table, row Thermal conductivity at 23 C
- benchmark: cte
label: Thermal expansion, 0 to 100 C, NO35-1750H
value: 12
unit: 10-6/C
scope: material
conditions:
grade: NO35-1750H
temperature: 0 to 100 C
method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: tata-no35
where: Physical and mechanical properties table, row Thermal expansion 0-100 C
- benchmark: elastic_modulus
label: Young's modulus, NO35-1750H, rolling direction
value: 185
unit: GPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: NO35-1750H
direction: rolling direction; transverse direction about 2 % higher
method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: tata-no35
where: Physical and mechanical properties table, row Young's modulus
- benchmark: yield_strength
label: Yield strength Rp0.2, typical, NO35-1750H
value: 435
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: NO35-1750H
measure: Rp0.2
direction: rolling direction
basis: typical; guaranteed minimum 390 MPa in the same table
method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: tata-no35
where: Physical and mechanical properties table, row Yield strength Rp0.2, typical values column
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength Rm, typical, NO35-1750H
value: 535
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: NO35-1750H
direction: rolling direction
basis: typical; guaranteed minimum 500 MPa in the same table
method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: tata-no35
where: Physical and mechanical properties table, row Tensile strength Rm, typical values column
- benchmark: elongation
label: Elongation at fracture A80, typical, NO35-1750H
value: 17
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
grade: NO35-1750H
gauge_length: A80
basis: typical; guaranteed minimum 12 % in the same table
method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: tata-no35
where: Physical and mechanical properties table, row Elongation at fracture A80
- benchmark: specific_total_loss
label: Specific total loss at 1.5 T and 50 Hz, typical
value: 2.11
unit: W/kg
scope: material
conditions:
grade: NO35-1750H
flux_density: 1.5 T
frequency: 50 Hz
basis: typical; no guaranteed maximum printed
method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: tata-no35
where: Magnetic properties table, row Specific total loss at 1.5 T and 50 Hz
- benchmark: specific_total_loss
label: Specific total loss at 1.0 T and 50 Hz, typical
value: 0.88
unit: W/kg
scope: material
conditions:
grade: NO35-1750H
flux_density: 1.0 T
frequency: 50 Hz
basis: typical; no guaranteed maximum printed
method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: tata-no35
where: Magnetic properties table, row Specific total loss at 1.0 T and 50 Hz
- benchmark: peak_polarisation
label: Peak magnetic polarisation at 2500 A/m and 50 Hz, typical
value: 1.56
unit: T
scope: material
conditions:
grade: NO35-1750H
field: 2500 A/m
frequency: 50 Hz
basis: typical; guaranteed minimum 1.52 T
method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: tata-no35
where: Magnetic properties table, row Peak magnetic polarisation at 2500 A/m and 50 Hz
- benchmark: peak_polarisation
label: Peak magnetic polarisation at 5000 A/m and 50 Hz, typical
value: 1.65
unit: T
scope: material
conditions:
grade: NO35-1750H
field: 5000 A/m
frequency: 50 Hz
basis: typical; guaranteed minimum 1.62 T
method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: tata-no35
where: Magnetic properties table, row Peak magnetic polarisation at 5000 A/m and 50 Hz
- benchmark: relative_peak_permeability
label: Relative peak permeability at 1.5 T and 50 Hz, typical
value: 820
unit: '-'
scope: material
conditions:
grade: NO35-1750H
flux_density: 1.5 T
frequency: 50 Hz
method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: tata-no35
where: Magnetic properties table, row Relative peak permeability at 1.5 T and 50 Hz
corrosion:
- environment: Air and water, semi-processed sheet
headline: The safety data sheet lists air and water as materials to avoid for semi-processed sheet, with no rate given.
effect: SIJ Acroni lists air and water among the materials to avoid for semi-processed electrical steel sheets. It says no specific storage procedure is needed for bulk solid steel products. No corrosion rate, humidity test or change in magnetic properties is printed in the source.
rating: unknown
conditions:
grade: semi-processed electrical steel sheet
exposure: not stated
basis: one-line statement in a safety data sheet
source: sij-sds
where: Section 9, Materials to avoid; section 7.2
- environment: Dry-type transformer core, indoor and outdoor
headline: The core laminations are said to be especially susceptible to corrosion in service.
effect: The article says dry-type transformers are often exposed to corrosive conditions indoors and outdoors. It says rain, snow, dust, pollution, ultraviolet light and sea salt break down the protective coating, and that laminations are especially susceptible when high operating temperature and vibration act with those factors. It gives no test data, no rate and no coating type.
rating: unknown
conditions:
basis: qualitative introduction of a trade magazine article; the rest is behind a subscription wall
source: transformer-sakr2020
where: Section 1, Introduction
- environment: Strong acids, including hydrofluoric acid
headline: The sheet dissolves in hydrofluoric acid and gives off hydrogen with strong acids.
effect: The safety data sheet says the sheet dissolves in hydrofluoric acid, and that a reaction with strong acids generates hydrogen gas and heat. No rate or concentration is given.
rating: unknown
conditions:
acid: hydrofluoric acid and strong acids; concentration not stated
source: sij-sds
where: Sections 7.3 and 10
risks:
hazards:
- text: The SIJ Acroni safety data sheet treats solid electrical steel as an article, not a hazardous material, with no GHS label. Fumes and dust from cutting, grinding, melting or welding can irritate the airways and cause metal fume fever.
ghs: []
source: sij-sds
where: Section 2, Hazards identification; section 11, Inhalation
- text: The same safety data sheet says dust can form an explosive mixture in air and may cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact.
ghs: []
source: sij-sds
where: Section 5.2, Special hazards arising from the substance
failure_risks:
- mode: Rust during storage in air and water
trigger: Storage or handling of semi-processed sheet in air and water
consequence: The safety data sheet lists air and water as materials to avoid for semi-processed sheet. The source states no magnetic or mechanical effect.
severity: moderate
source: sij-sds
where: Section 9, Materials to avoid
side_effects:
- text: The sheet can be recycled 100 % and scrap is valued for new electrical steel, according to the safety data sheet.
affects: Waste handling of cuttings and dust
source: sij-sds
where: Section 12, Other adverse effects
handling:
- text: The safety data sheet says there are no special handling measures for solid sheet. Use gloves and eye protection against sharp edges, and avoid breathing dust or fumes during processing.
source: sij-sds
where: Sections 7 and 7.1
- text: Local or general exhaust ventilation should be used during welding, brazing, machining and other processes that generate airborne contaminants.
source: sij-sds
where: Section 8.2, Exposure control
mitigations:
- text: Dust or fume respirators can be used where exhaust ventilation cannot keep exposure below the limits, according to the safety data sheet.
source: sij-sds
where: Section 8.2, Exposure control
uses:
- application: electronics-and-chips
device: Power transformers and inductors, grain-oriented sheet of about 3 % silicon
example: The DOE NETL datasheet says 3 % silicon steel is best used in electrical power transformers and inductors. Silicon up to 3.2 mass % raises electrical resistivity and reduces eddy-current loss.
source: netl-core
where: First page, description
- application: mechanisms
device: Rotating electric machines, non-oriented fully processed sheet
example: The SIJ Acroni data sheet says non-oriented electrical steels are used for electric equipment with rotating magnetic fields, and fully processed sheet is also used for static electrical devices.
source: sij-sds
where: Section 1.2, Relevant identified uses
supply:
- subject: Silicon, as ferrosilicon for steel
producers:
- country: China
share_percent: 70
year: 2025
- country: Russia
share_percent: 8.4
year: 2025
- country: Brazil
share_percent: 3.4
year: 2025
- country: Norway
share_percent: 3
year: 2025
critical_lists:
- list: USGS 2025 Final List of Critical Minerals (silicon added in 2025)
listed: true
recycling: 'USGS: recycling of ferrosilicon is insignificant.'
substitutes:
- 'USGS: aluminum, silicon carbide and silicomanganese can be substituted for ferrosilicon in some applications.'
source: usgs-mcs2026-silicon
where: 'World Production table, ferrosilicon 2025 column, thousand metric tons: China 3,500; Russia 420; Brazil 170; Norway 150; world total (rounded) 5,000. Shares calculated by Space Mushroom. Domestic Production and Use and Recycling and Substitutes sections.'
- subject: Iron (balance of the alloy)
producers:
- country: Australia
share_percent: 37.5
year: 2025
- country: Brazil
share_percent: 16.3
year: 2025
- country: India
share_percent: 11.9
year: 2025
- country: China
share_percent: 11.3
year: 2025
critical_lists: []
recycling: 'USGS iron ore chapter: ''None''. It refers readers to the Iron and Steel Scrap chapter.'
substitutes:
- 'USGS: the only source of primary iron is iron ore. Direct-reduced iron, iron nuggets and scrap are used extensively for steelmaking in electric arc furnaces.'
source: usgs-mcs2026-iron-ore
where: 'World Mine Production and Reserves table, iron content 2025e, thousand metric tons: Australia 600,000; Brazil 260,000; India 190,000; China 180,000; world total (rounded) 1,600,000. Shares calculated by Space Mushroom. Recycling and Substitutes sections.'
documents:
- title: Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel
type: datasheet
url: https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf
year: 2019
- title: SIJ Acroni safety data sheet, Electrical steel sheets (REACH Article 32, revision 2.11.2016)
type: sds
url: https://cms.sij.si/storage/607/SDS-ELECTRICAL-STEEL-SHEET-November-16.pdf
year: 2016
- title: DOE NETL, 3% Silicon Steel Core Material datasheet (grain-oriented)
type: datasheet
url: https://www.netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/netl-file/Core-Loss-Datasheet---3-percent%5B1%5D.pdf
year: 2018
- title: Powercore C 150-30, high-performance grain-oriented electrical steel listing
type: datasheet
url: https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/39971.html
- title: Aiman Sakr, Corrosion protection of core steel in dry-type transformers, Transformer Magazine
type: report
url: https://transformer-magazine.com/magazine/7244-protection-of-core-steel/
year: 2020
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Silicon'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silicon.pdf
year: 2026
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron Ore'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-ore.pdf
year: 2026
- title: 'Wikipedia: Silicon steel (composition ranges only)'
type: report
url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_steel
gaps:
- No grain-oriented core-loss value with a printed unit was found. The Powercore listing prints its core-loss rows with the unit [-], so no core-loss value is taken from it, and the Nippon Steel grain-oriented table could not be reached (the host did not resolve).
- The DOE NETL core datasheet prints a chemistry line of Fe94.2 Si5.8 that conflicts with its own text (silicon up to 3.2 mass %), and it gives no density or resistivity, so no value is taken from its chemistry line.
- The silicon content of the NO35-1750H grade is not printed in the Tata datasheet, so its values apply to that grade only and not to a 3 % silicon grade.
- No melting point or Curie temperature was found in any source read. The SDS melting point field is blank, and its boiling point (about 2800 C) is not used because it is not a figure for this alloy.
- No designations (UNS, EN, JIS, ASTM) were added. The sources read do not print a code for this class or for the Tata grade. ASTM A876 was seen only in search snippets and was not opened.
- No open-access paper on core loss against silicon content was opened. The search returned patents and vendor pages only, so no paper is cited.
- No corrosion rate, humidity test or salt-spray result was found. The RSC silicon steel corrosion article returned HTTP 403 when fetched, and the transformer magazine article is behind a subscription wall after its introduction.
- PubChem records for silicon and iron could not be retrieved in this run (the page showed a browser check and the REST query returned no data), so no GHS classification is cited for the element.
- No space or vacuum result was found for this material, including outgassing, radiation, thermal cycling and cold welding.
- Critical-mineral status for iron was not checked against the 2025 final list, so critical_lists is empty for iron. The EU critical raw materials list was not checked for silicon or iron.
- The severity values in failure_risks and the corrosion ratings are judgments from the source text, not measured values.
- The 1 to 3.5 % silicon range and the 3 % grain-oriented figure come from Wikipedia, which is used here for composition only.
- No images were checked for this profile, so no media entry was added.
sources:
tata-no35:
title: Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel
url: https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf
year: 2019
kind: datasheet
license: Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)
sij-sds:
title: SIJ Acroni safety data sheet, Electrical steel sheets (REACH Article 32, revision 2.11.2016)
url: https://cms.sij.si/storage/607/SDS-ELECTRICAL-STEEL-SHEET-November-16.pdf
year: 2016
kind: datasheet
license: Supplier safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)
netl-core:
title: DOE NETL, 3% Silicon Steel Core Material datasheet (grain-oriented)
url: https://www.netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/netl-file/Core-Loss-Datasheet---3-percent%5B1%5D.pdf
year: 2018
kind: datasheet
license: US government work (public domain)
powercore-c150:
title: Powercore C 150-30, high-performance grain-oriented electrical steel listing
url: https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/39971.html
kind: web
license: Third-party listing (cited, not reproduced)
transformer-sakr2020:
title: Aiman Sakr, Corrosion protection of core steel in dry-type transformers, Transformer Magazine
url: https://transformer-magazine.com/magazine/7244-protection-of-core-steel/
year: 2020
kind: web
license: Trade magazine article (cited, not reproduced)
usgs-mcs2026-silicon:
title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Silicon
id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silicon.pdf
year: 2026
kind: report
license: public domain (USGS)
usgs-mcs2026-iron-ore:
title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Iron Ore
id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-ore.pdf
year: 2026
kind: report
license: public domain (USGS)
wikipedia-silicon-steel:
title: 'Wikipedia: Silicon steel'
url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_steel
kind: web
license: CC BY-SA (cited, not reproduced)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
status: draft
method: assistant
checked_values: 16
unreachable: 3
caveats: 5
note: 'Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the datasheets, safety data sheets, USGS reports and web pages named in each entry. verify-values: 3 of 16 values matched their source text; the 13 Tata NO35-1750H values could not be machine-checked because the Tata host returns HTTP 403 to curl, so they were checked by hand against the PDF text read in this run. Caveats: the magnetic and mechanical values are for one 0.35 mm non-oriented grade (NO35-1750H), not a 3 % silicon grade; the grain-oriented values are density and resistivity from a third-party listing; the corrosion ratings are unknown because no quantitative test was read; the hazard entries rest on one supplier safety data sheet; no PubChem record was read.'
story:
recipe:
line: Silicon electrical steel is iron with about 1 to 3.5 % silicon (Wikipedia). The grain-oriented grade is usually about 3 % silicon, and the sheet is textured during cold rolling so the best magnetic properties form along the rolling direction (DOE, Wikipedia). The fully processed non-oriented family in the SIJ Acroni data sheet has 1.0 to 2.20 % silicon, with small manganese, aluminium, carbon and phosphorus, and the rest iron.
parts:
- name: Iron
symbol: Fe
share_note: balance of the alloy
role: Base metal, the balance of the composition.
source: sij-sds
where: Section 3, Composition table, Iron balance
- name: Silicon
symbol: Si
share_note: 1.0 to 2.20 % in the SIJ non-oriented family; up to 3.2 mass % in the DOE grain-oriented core; about 3 % in grain-oriented grades (Wikipedia)
role: Raises the electrical resistivity, which cuts eddy-current loss.
source: sij-sds
where: Section 3, Composition table, Silicon row; DOE NETL datasheet, description
- name: Manganese
symbol: Mn
share_note: 0.10 to 0.4 %
role: Minor element in the composition table.
source: sij-sds
where: Section 3, Composition table, Manganese row
- name: Aluminium
symbol: Al
share_note: 0.55 % max
role: Minor element in the non-oriented family.
source: sij-sds
where: Section 3, Composition table, Aluminium row
- name: Phosphorus
symbol: P
share_note: 0.18 % max
role: Minor element in the non-oriented family.
source: sij-sds
where: Section 3, Composition table, Phosphorus row
- name: Carbon
symbol: C
share_note: 0.03 % max
role: Minor element; the composition table gives a maximum only.
source: sij-sds
where: Section 3, Composition table, Carbon row
risk_groups:
- title: For people
level: 0
verdict: Not hazardous as a solid
lead: The safety data sheet treats the solid sheet as an article that is not hazardous. The risk comes from fumes and dust made during processing.
points:
- label: Solid sheet
line: The SIJ Acroni data sheet classifies the solid sheet as non-hazardous, with no GHS label.
- label: Cutting and welding
line: Cutting, grinding, melting or welding can give off metal oxide fumes that cause metal fume fever, and dust can irritate the eyes, skin and airways.
- label: Dust
line: The same data sheet says dust can form an explosive mixture in air and may cause sensitization.
- title: If it fails
lead: The sources read here give a storage and corrosion risk and no flight failure record.
points:
- label: Rust
line: The safety data sheet lists air and water as materials to avoid for semi-processed sheet. No rate is given.
- label: Transformer core
line: A trade magazine article says the laminations of dry-type transformers are especially susceptible to corrosion in service, but it gives no test data.
- title: Handling and storage
points:
- label: Storage
line: No special storage procedure is needed for bulk solid sheet, according to the safety data sheet.
- label: Acids
line: The sheet dissolves in hydrofluoric acid, and a reaction with strong acids generates hydrogen and heat.
why: Silicon electrical steel is used as the laminated core of transformers, inductors, motors and generators (DOE, SIJ). Silicon adds electrical resistivity, which limits eddy-current loss at 50 to 60 Hz (DOE). The grain-oriented grade is used mainly for static equipment such as transformers and inductors, and the non-oriented grade for rotating machines (DOE, SIJ).
uses:
- where: Power transformers and inductors
line: The DOE NETL datasheet says 3 % silicon steel is best used in electrical power transformers and inductors, and that silicon up to 3.2 mass % reduces eddy-current loss.
- where: Electric motors and generators
line: The SIJ Acroni data sheet says non-oriented electrical steels are used in electric equipment with rotating magnetic fields.
can_do:
- label: Low loss at mains frequency
value: 2.11 W/kg at 1.5 T and 50 Hz
benchmark: specific_total_loss
line: The Tata NO35-1750H grade, 0.35 mm thick, has a typical total loss of 2.11 W/kg at 1.5 T and 50 Hz, and 0.88 W/kg at 1.0 T.
- label: Flux density
value: 1.65 T at 5000 A/m
benchmark: peak_polarisation
line: The same grade gives a typical peak polarisation of 1.56 T at 2500 A/m and 1.65 T at 5000 A/m at 50 Hz, with guaranteed minimums of 1.52 T and 1.62 T.
- label: Resistivity
value: 59 µΩ·cm at 23 C
benchmark: electrical_resistivity
line: Silicon raises resistivity. The NO35-1750H grade has 59 µΩ·cm at 23 C, and the grain-oriented listing has 48 µΩ·cm at 23.0 C.
- label: Density
value: 7.6 kg/dm3
benchmark: density
line: The NO35-1750H grade has an assumed density of 7.6 kg/dm3. The safety data sheet gives 7.65 to 7.85 kg/dm3, and the grain-oriented listing gives 7.65 g/cm3.
compare: Among the sources read, the non-oriented Tata grade has a typical total loss of 2.11 W/kg at 1.5 T and 50 Hz and a typical relative peak permeability of 820 at 1.5 T. The grain-oriented listing gives a lower resistivity than the non-oriented grade at 23 C, 48 µΩ·cm against 59 µΩ·cm, and a density of 7.65 g/cm3. The grain-oriented core-loss value could not be taken with a printed unit in this run, so the two grades cannot be compared on loss here.
compare_rows:
- label: Density
benchmark: density
- label: Electrical resistivity
benchmark: electrical_resistivity
- label: Total loss at 1.5 T and 50 Hz
benchmark: specific_total_loss
handling:
- Wear gloves and eye protection, and avoid breathing dust or fumes during cutting, grinding or welding.
- Use exhaust ventilation during welding, brazing and machining, or dust respirators where ventilation is not enough.
- The safety data sheet lists air and water as materials to avoid for semi-processed sheet.
- Keep the sheet away from hydrofluoric and other strong acids.
good_for:
- Laminated cores for power transformers and inductors at 50 to 60 Hz, as the DOE datasheet describes.
- Rotating machine cores using the fully processed non-oriented grade, as the SIJ data sheet describes.
watch_out:
- 'Iron loss rises with flux density: the NO35-1750H grade goes from 0.88 W/kg at 1.0 T to 2.11 W/kg at 1.5 T at 50 Hz.'
- No corrosion rate was found. A trade magazine article says transformer laminations are especially susceptible in service.
- Dust can form an explosive mixture in air, according to the safety data sheet.
verdict: Silicon electrical steel is the lamination material for transformer and motor cores. Silicon lowers eddy-current loss. The grain-oriented grade serves transformers and inductors, and the fully processed grade serves rotating machines. The sources read give typical magnetic and mechanical values for a 0.35 mm non-oriented grade, density and resistivity for a grain-oriented listing, and a safety data sheet that treats the solid sheet as non-hazardous. No corrosion data and no space flight record were found in this run.
References
Every number above carries a reference number. Click one to see the source and where in it the value comes from.
| # | Source | Type | Year | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel | datasheet | 2019 | 13 values | |
| SIJ Acroni safety data sheet, Electrical steel sheets (REACH Article 32, revision 2.11.2016) | datasheet | 2016 | 12 values | |
| DOE NETL, 3% Silicon Steel Core Material datasheet (grain-oriented) | datasheet | 2018 | 1 value | |
| Powercore C 150-30, high-performance grain-oriented electrical steel listing | web | 2 values | ||
| Aiman Sakr, Corrosion protection of core steel in dry-type transformers, Transformer Magazine | web | 2020 | 1 value | |
| Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Silicon | report | 2026 | 1 value | |
| Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Iron Ore | report | 2026 | 1 value | |
| Wikipedia: Silicon steel | web | 0 values |