{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "electrical-steel",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "magnet-and-superconducting-alloys",
  "name": "Silicon electrical steel",
  "abbreviation": "Fe-Si",
  "role": "soft magnetic core",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "magnet-alloys",
  "summary": "Silicon electrical steel is an iron alloy with about 1 to 3.5 % silicon, rolled into thin strip and stacked as the laminated core of transformers, inductors, motors and generators. Silicon raises the electrical resistivity, which limits eddy-current loss at mains frequency. This profile covers the grain-oriented grade, about 3 % silicon, used for power transformers and inductors, and the non-oriented, fully processed grade used for rotating machines. The magnetic and mechanical values come from a 0.35 mm non-oriented grade (Tata Steel Hi-Lite NO35-1750H), and the density and composition from a Slovenian sheet safety data sheet. The grain-oriented values are limited to density and resistivity from a third-party listing, because no grain-oriented core-loss value with a printed unit was read in this run.\n",
  "best_for": "Laminated cores for transformers, inductors and rotating machines at 50 to 60 Hz, where low iron loss and a high flux density matter (Tata NO35-1750H, DOE)",
  "weakest_at": "Corrosion and strength: no corrosion rate was found, and the non-oriented grade has a typical yield strength of 435 MPa (Tata)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Fe-Si: iron with silicon, balance Fe. Fully processed non-oriented family: 1.0 to 2.20 % Si, 0.10 to 0.4 % Mn, 0.55 % max Al, 0.18 % max P, 0.03 % max C (SIJ Acroni SDS). Grain-oriented: about 3 % Si, up to 3.2 mass % (DOE). Electrical steel generally: about 1 to 3.5 % Si (Wikipedia)",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "sij-sds",
    "where": "Section 3, Composition table (SIJ Acroni SDS); DOE NETL datasheet, description; Wikipedia metallurgy section"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips",
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, assumed, NO35-1750H",
      "value": 7.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/dm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NO35-1750H, 0.35 mm nominal thickness",
        "basis": "assumed density printed in the datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Assumed density printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tata-no35",
      "where": "Physical and mechanical properties table, row Density (assumed)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel",
        "url": "https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, electrical steel sheet family",
      "value": 7.65,
      "value_high": 7.85,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "kg/dm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "range printed for electrical steel sheets; printed with a decimal comma in the source",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a safety data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sij-sds",
      "where": "Section 9, Physical and chemical properties, row Density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SIJ Acroni safety data sheet, Electrical steel sheets (REACH Article 32, revision 2.11.2016)",
        "url": "https://cms.sij.si/storage/607/SDS-ELECTRICAL-STEEL-SHEET-November-16.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, grain-oriented Powercore C 150-30",
      "value": 7.65,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Powercore C 150-30, grain-oriented",
        "temperature": "23.0 C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a third-party product listing that does not name its maker",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "powercore-c150",
      "where": "Material properties table, row Density, 23.0 C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Powercore C 150-30, high-performance grain-oriented electrical steel listing",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/39971.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Third-party listing (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 23 C, NO35-1750H",
      "value": 59,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NO35-1750H",
        "temperature": "23 C"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tata-no35",
      "where": "Physical and mechanical properties table, row Electrical resistivity at 23 C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel",
        "url": "https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 23 C, grain-oriented",
      "value": 48,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Powercore C 150-30, grain-oriented",
        "temperature": "23.0 C",
        "unit_in_source": "4.8 x 10^-7 ohm m"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 4.8 x 10^-7 ohm m and converted by Space Mushroom to µΩ·cm (1 ohm m equals 100 ohm cm, so 4.8 x 10^-7 ohm m equals 48 µΩ·cm)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "powercore-c150",
      "where": "Material properties table, row Electrical resistivity, 23.0 C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Powercore C 150-30, high-performance grain-oriented electrical steel listing",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/39971.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Third-party listing (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 23 C, NO35-1750H",
      "value": 21,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NO35-1750H",
        "temperature": "23 C"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tata-no35",
      "where": "Physical and mechanical properties table, row Thermal conductivity at 23 C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel",
        "url": "https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Thermal expansion, 0 to 100 C, NO35-1750H",
      "value": 12,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10-6/C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NO35-1750H",
        "temperature": "0 to 100 C"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tata-no35",
      "where": "Physical and mechanical properties table, row Thermal expansion 0-100 C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel",
        "url": "https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, NO35-1750H, rolling direction",
      "value": 185,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NO35-1750H",
        "direction": "rolling direction; transverse direction about 2 % higher"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tata-no35",
      "where": "Physical and mechanical properties table, row Young's modulus",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel",
        "url": "https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, typical, NO35-1750H",
      "value": 435,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NO35-1750H",
        "measure": "Rp0.2",
        "direction": "rolling direction",
        "basis": "typical; guaranteed minimum 390 MPa in the same table"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tata-no35",
      "where": "Physical and mechanical properties table, row Yield strength Rp0.2, typical values column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel",
        "url": "https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength Rm, typical, NO35-1750H",
      "value": 535,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NO35-1750H",
        "direction": "rolling direction",
        "basis": "typical; guaranteed minimum 500 MPa in the same table"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tata-no35",
      "where": "Physical and mechanical properties table, row Tensile strength Rm, typical values column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel",
        "url": "https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at fracture A80, typical, NO35-1750H",
      "value": 17,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NO35-1750H",
        "gauge_length": "A80",
        "basis": "typical; guaranteed minimum 12 % in the same table"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tata-no35",
      "where": "Physical and mechanical properties table, row Elongation at fracture A80",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel",
        "url": "https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_total_loss",
      "label": "Specific total loss at 1.5 T and 50 Hz, typical",
      "value": 2.11,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/kg",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NO35-1750H",
        "flux_density": "1.5 T",
        "frequency": "50 Hz",
        "basis": "typical; no guaranteed maximum printed"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tata-no35",
      "where": "Magnetic properties table, row Specific total loss at 1.5 T and 50 Hz",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel",
        "url": "https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_total_loss",
      "label": "Specific total loss at 1.0 T and 50 Hz, typical",
      "value": 0.88,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/kg",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NO35-1750H",
        "flux_density": "1.0 T",
        "frequency": "50 Hz",
        "basis": "typical; no guaranteed maximum printed"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tata-no35",
      "where": "Magnetic properties table, row Specific total loss at 1.0 T and 50 Hz",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel",
        "url": "https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "peak_polarisation",
      "label": "Peak magnetic polarisation at 2500 A/m and 50 Hz, typical",
      "value": 1.56,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "T",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NO35-1750H",
        "field": "2500 A/m",
        "frequency": "50 Hz",
        "basis": "typical; guaranteed minimum 1.52 T"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tata-no35",
      "where": "Magnetic properties table, row Peak magnetic polarisation at 2500 A/m and 50 Hz",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel",
        "url": "https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "peak_polarisation",
      "label": "Peak magnetic polarisation at 5000 A/m and 50 Hz, typical",
      "value": 1.65,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "T",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NO35-1750H",
        "field": "5000 A/m",
        "frequency": "50 Hz",
        "basis": "typical; guaranteed minimum 1.62 T"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tata-no35",
      "where": "Magnetic properties table, row Peak magnetic polarisation at 5000 A/m and 50 Hz",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel",
        "url": "https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "relative_peak_permeability",
      "label": "Relative peak permeability at 1.5 T and 50 Hz, typical",
      "value": 820,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NO35-1750H",
        "flux_density": "1.5 T",
        "frequency": "50 Hz"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tata-no35",
      "where": "Magnetic properties table, row Relative peak permeability at 1.5 T and 50 Hz",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel",
        "url": "https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Air and water, semi-processed sheet",
      "headline": "The safety data sheet lists air and water as materials to avoid for semi-processed sheet, with no rate given.",
      "effect": "SIJ Acroni lists air and water among the materials to avoid for semi-processed electrical steel sheets. It says no specific storage procedure is needed for bulk solid steel products. No corrosion rate, humidity test or change in magnetic properties is printed in the source.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "semi-processed electrical steel sheet",
        "exposure": "not stated",
        "basis": "one-line statement in a safety data sheet"
      },
      "source": "sij-sds",
      "where": "Section 9, Materials to avoid; section 7.2"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Dry-type transformer core, indoor and outdoor",
      "headline": "The core laminations are said to be especially susceptible to corrosion in service.",
      "effect": "The article says dry-type transformers are often exposed to corrosive conditions indoors and outdoors. It says rain, snow, dust, pollution, ultraviolet light and sea salt break down the protective coating, and that laminations are especially susceptible when high operating temperature and vibration act with those factors. It gives no test data, no rate and no coating type.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative introduction of a trade magazine article; the rest is behind a subscription wall"
      },
      "source": "transformer-sakr2020",
      "where": "Section 1, Introduction"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Strong acids, including hydrofluoric acid",
      "headline": "The sheet dissolves in hydrofluoric acid and gives off hydrogen with strong acids.",
      "effect": "The safety data sheet says the sheet dissolves in hydrofluoric acid, and that a reaction with strong acids generates hydrogen gas and heat. No rate or concentration is given.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "acid": "hydrofluoric acid and strong acids; concentration not stated"
      },
      "source": "sij-sds",
      "where": "Sections 7.3 and 10"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "The SIJ Acroni safety data sheet treats solid electrical steel as an article, not a hazardous material, with no GHS label. Fumes and dust from cutting, grinding, melting or welding can irritate the airways and cause metal fume fever.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "sij-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, Hazards identification; section 11, Inhalation"
      },
      {
        "text": "The same safety data sheet says dust can form an explosive mixture in air and may cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "sij-sds",
        "where": "Section 5.2, Special hazards arising from the substance"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Rust during storage in air and water",
        "trigger": "Storage or handling of semi-processed sheet in air and water",
        "consequence": "The safety data sheet lists air and water as materials to avoid for semi-processed sheet. The source states no magnetic or mechanical effect.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "sij-sds",
        "where": "Section 9, Materials to avoid"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "The sheet can be recycled 100 % and scrap is valued for new electrical steel, according to the safety data sheet.",
        "affects": "Waste handling of cuttings and dust",
        "source": "sij-sds",
        "where": "Section 12, Other adverse effects"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "The safety data sheet says there are no special handling measures for solid sheet. Use gloves and eye protection against sharp edges, and avoid breathing dust or fumes during processing.",
        "source": "sij-sds",
        "where": "Sections 7 and 7.1"
      },
      {
        "text": "Local or general exhaust ventilation should be used during welding, brazing, machining and other processes that generate airborne contaminants.",
        "source": "sij-sds",
        "where": "Section 8.2, Exposure control"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Dust or fume respirators can be used where exhaust ventilation cannot keep exposure below the limits, according to the safety data sheet.",
        "source": "sij-sds",
        "where": "Section 8.2, Exposure control"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Power transformers and inductors, grain-oriented sheet of about 3 % silicon",
      "example": "The DOE NETL datasheet says 3 % silicon steel is best used in electrical power transformers and inductors. Silicon up to 3.2 mass % raises electrical resistivity and reduces eddy-current loss.",
      "source": "netl-core",
      "where": "First page, description"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Rotating electric machines, non-oriented fully processed sheet",
      "example": "The SIJ Acroni data sheet says non-oriented electrical steels are used for electric equipment with rotating magnetic fields, and fully processed sheet is also used for static electrical devices.",
      "source": "sij-sds",
      "where": "Section 1.2, Relevant identified uses"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Silicon, as ferrosilicon for steel",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 70,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 8.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 3.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Norway",
          "share_percent": 3,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 Final List of Critical Minerals (silicon added in 2025)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: recycling of ferrosilicon is insignificant.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: aluminum, silicon carbide and silicomanganese can be substituted for ferrosilicon in some applications."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-silicon",
      "where": "World Production table, ferrosilicon 2025 column, thousand metric tons: China 3,500; Russia 420; Brazil 170; Norway 150; world total (rounded) 5,000. Shares calculated by Space Mushroom. Domestic Production and Use and Recycling and Substitutes sections."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Iron (balance of the alloy)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "share_percent": 37.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 16.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 11.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 11.3,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS iron ore chapter: 'None'. It refers readers to the Iron and Steel Scrap chapter.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: the only source of primary iron is iron ore. Direct-reduced iron, iron nuggets and scrap are used extensively for steelmaking in electric arc furnaces."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-iron-ore",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, iron content 2025e, thousand metric tons: Australia 600,000; Brazil 260,000; India 190,000; China 180,000; world total (rounded) 1,600,000. Shares calculated by Space Mushroom. Recycling and Substitutes sections."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf",
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "title": "SIJ Acroni safety data sheet, Electrical steel sheets (REACH Article 32, revision 2.11.2016)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://cms.sij.si/storage/607/SDS-ELECTRICAL-STEEL-SHEET-November-16.pdf",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "title": "DOE NETL, 3% Silicon Steel Core Material datasheet (grain-oriented)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/netl-file/Core-Loss-Datasheet---3-percent%5B1%5D.pdf",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "title": "Powercore C 150-30, high-performance grain-oriented electrical steel listing",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/39971.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Aiman Sakr, Corrosion protection of core steel in dry-type transformers, Transformer Magazine",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://transformer-magazine.com/magazine/7244-protection-of-core-steel/",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Silicon",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silicon.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron Ore",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-ore.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Silicon steel (composition ranges only)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_steel"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No grain-oriented core-loss value with a printed unit was found. The Powercore listing prints its core-loss rows with the unit [-], so no core-loss value is taken from it, and the Nippon Steel grain-oriented table could not be reached (the host did not resolve).",
    "The DOE NETL core datasheet prints a chemistry line of Fe94.2 Si5.8 that conflicts with its own text (silicon up to 3.2 mass %), and it gives no density or resistivity, so no value is taken from its chemistry line.",
    "The silicon content of the NO35-1750H grade is not printed in the Tata datasheet, so its values apply to that grade only and not to a 3 % silicon grade.",
    "No melting point or Curie temperature was found in any source read. The SDS melting point field is blank, and its boiling point (about 2800 C) is not used because it is not a figure for this alloy.",
    "No designations (UNS, EN, JIS, ASTM) were added. The sources read do not print a code for this class or for the Tata grade. ASTM A876 was seen only in search snippets and was not opened.",
    "No open-access paper on core loss against silicon content was opened. The search returned patents and vendor pages only, so no paper is cited.",
    "No corrosion rate, humidity test or salt-spray result was found. The RSC silicon steel corrosion article returned HTTP 403 when fetched, and the transformer magazine article is behind a subscription wall after its introduction.",
    "PubChem records for silicon and iron could not be retrieved in this run (the page showed a browser check and the REST query returned no data), so no GHS classification is cited for the element.",
    "No space or vacuum result was found for this material, including outgassing, radiation, thermal cycling and cold welding.",
    "Critical-mineral status for iron was not checked against the 2025 final list, so critical_lists is empty for iron. The EU critical raw materials list was not checked for silicon or iron.",
    "The severity values in failure_risks and the corrosion ratings are judgments from the source text, not measured values.",
    "The 1 to 3.5 % silicon range and the 3 % grain-oriented figure come from Wikipedia, which is used here for composition only.",
    "No images were checked for this profile, so no media entry was added."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Silicon electrical steel is used as the laminated core of transformers, inductors, motors and generators (DOE, SIJ). Silicon adds electrical resistivity, which limits eddy-current loss at 50 to 60 Hz (DOE). The grain-oriented grade is used mainly for static equipment such as transformers and inductors, and the non-oriented grade for rotating machines (DOE, SIJ).",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Power transformers and inductors",
        "line": "The DOE NETL datasheet says 3 % silicon steel is best used in electrical power transformers and inductors, and that silicon up to 3.2 mass % reduces eddy-current loss."
      },
      {
        "where": "Electric motors and generators",
        "line": "The SIJ Acroni data sheet says non-oriented electrical steels are used in electric equipment with rotating magnetic fields."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Low loss at mains frequency",
        "line": "The Tata NO35-1750H grade, 0.35 mm thick, has a typical total loss of 2.11 W/kg at 1.5 T and 50 Hz, and 0.88 W/kg at 1.0 T.",
        "benchmark": "specific_total_loss",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "2.11 W/kg at 1.5 T and 50 Hz"
      },
      {
        "label": "Flux density",
        "line": "The same grade gives a typical peak polarisation of 1.56 T at 2500 A/m and 1.65 T at 5000 A/m at 50 Hz, with guaranteed minimums of 1.52 T and 1.62 T.",
        "benchmark": "peak_polarisation",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1.65 T at 5000 A/m"
      },
      {
        "label": "Resistivity",
        "line": "Silicon raises resistivity. The NO35-1750H grade has 59 µΩ·cm at 23 C, and the grain-oriented listing has 48 µΩ·cm at 23.0 C.",
        "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "59 µΩ·cm at 23 C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "The NO35-1750H grade has an assumed density of 7.6 kg/dm3. The safety data sheet gives 7.65 to 7.85 kg/dm3, and the grain-oriented listing gives 7.65 g/cm3.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "7.6 kg/dm3"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Among the sources read, the non-oriented Tata grade has a typical total loss of 2.11 W/kg at 1.5 T and 50 Hz and a typical relative peak permeability of 820 at 1.5 T. The grain-oriented listing gives a lower resistivity than the non-oriented grade at 23 C, 48 µΩ·cm against 59 µΩ·cm, and a density of 7.65 g/cm3. The grain-oriented core-loss value could not be taken with a printed unit in this run, so the two grades cannot be compared on loss here.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Electrical resistivity",
        "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Total loss at 1.5 T and 50 Hz",
        "benchmark": "specific_total_loss",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Wear gloves and eye protection, and avoid breathing dust or fumes during cutting, grinding or welding.",
      "Use exhaust ventilation during welding, brazing and machining, or dust respirators where ventilation is not enough.",
      "The safety data sheet lists air and water as materials to avoid for semi-processed sheet.",
      "Keep the sheet away from hydrofluoric and other strong acids."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Laminated cores for power transformers and inductors at 50 to 60 Hz, as the DOE datasheet describes.",
      "Rotating machine cores using the fully processed non-oriented grade, as the SIJ data sheet describes."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Iron loss rises with flux density: the NO35-1750H grade goes from 0.88 W/kg at 1.0 T to 2.11 W/kg at 1.5 T at 50 Hz.",
      "No corrosion rate was found. A trade magazine article says transformer laminations are especially susceptible in service.",
      "Dust can form an explosive mixture in air, according to the safety data sheet."
    ],
    "verdict": "Silicon electrical steel is the lamination material for transformer and motor cores. Silicon lowers eddy-current loss. The grain-oriented grade serves transformers and inductors, and the fully processed grade serves rotating machines. The sources read give typical magnetic and mechanical values for a 0.35 mm non-oriented grade, density and resistivity for a grain-oriented listing, and a safety data sheet that treats the solid sheet as non-hazardous. No corrosion data and no space flight record were found in this run.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Silicon electrical steel is iron with about 1 to 3.5 % silicon (Wikipedia). The grain-oriented grade is usually about 3 % silicon, and the sheet is textured during cold rolling so the best magnetic properties form along the rolling direction (DOE, Wikipedia). The fully processed non-oriented family in the SIJ Acroni data sheet has 1.0 to 2.20 % silicon, with small manganese, aluminium, carbon and phosphorus, and the rest iron.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Base metal, the balance of the composition.",
          "share_note": "balance of the alloy",
          "source": "sij-sds",
          "where": "Section 3, Composition table, Iron balance"
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "Raises the electrical resistivity, which cuts eddy-current loss.",
          "share_note": "1.0 to 2.20 % in the SIJ non-oriented family; up to 3.2 mass % in the DOE grain-oriented core; about 3 % in grain-oriented grades (Wikipedia)",
          "source": "sij-sds",
          "where": "Section 3, Composition table, Silicon row; DOE NETL datasheet, description"
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Minor element in the composition table.",
          "share_note": "0.10 to 0.4 %",
          "source": "sij-sds",
          "where": "Section 3, Composition table, Manganese row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "Minor element in the non-oriented family.",
          "share_note": "0.55 % max",
          "source": "sij-sds",
          "where": "Section 3, Composition table, Aluminium row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Phosphorus",
          "symbol": "P",
          "role": "Minor element in the non-oriented family.",
          "share_note": "0.18 % max",
          "source": "sij-sds",
          "where": "Section 3, Composition table, Phosphorus row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Minor element; the composition table gives a maximum only.",
          "share_note": "0.03 % max",
          "source": "sij-sds",
          "where": "Section 3, Composition table, Carbon row"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The safety data sheet treats the solid sheet as an article that is not hazardous. The risk comes from fumes and dust made during processing.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Solid sheet",
            "line": "The SIJ Acroni data sheet classifies the solid sheet as non-hazardous, with no GHS label."
          },
          {
            "label": "Cutting and welding",
            "line": "Cutting, grinding, melting or welding can give off metal oxide fumes that cause metal fume fever, and dust can irritate the eyes, skin and airways."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust",
            "line": "The same data sheet says dust can form an explosive mixture in air and may cause sensitization."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Not hazardous as a solid"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The sources read here give a storage and corrosion risk and no flight failure record.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Rust",
            "line": "The safety data sheet lists air and water as materials to avoid for semi-processed sheet. No rate is given."
          },
          {
            "label": "Transformer core",
            "line": "A trade magazine article says the laminations of dry-type transformers are especially susceptible to corrosion in service, but it gives no test data."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Storage",
            "line": "No special storage procedure is needed for bulk solid sheet, according to the safety data sheet."
          },
          {
            "label": "Acids",
            "line": "The sheet dissolves in hydrofluoric acid, and a reaction with strong acids generates hydrogen and heat."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 16,
    "unreachable": 3,
    "caveats": 5,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the datasheets, safety data sheets, USGS reports and web pages named in each entry. verify-values: 3 of 16 values matched their source text; the 13 Tata NO35-1750H values could not be machine-checked because the Tata host returns HTTP 403 to curl, so they were checked by hand against the PDF text read in this run. Caveats: the magnetic and mechanical values are for one 0.35 mm non-oriented grade (NO35-1750H), not a 3 % silicon grade; the grain-oriented values are density and resistivity from a third-party listing; the corrosion ratings are unknown because no quantitative test was read; the hazard entries rest on one supplier safety data sheet; no PubChem record was read."
  },
  "sources": {
    "tata-no35": {
      "title": "Surahammars Bruk (Tata Steel), Hi-Lite NO35-1750H data sheet, thin non-oriented electrical steel",
      "url": "https://tatasteeluk.com/ts/sites/default/files/tata-steel-hi-lite-electrical-steel-no35-1750h-datasheet-en.pdf",
      "year": 2019,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "sij-sds": {
      "title": "SIJ Acroni safety data sheet, Electrical steel sheets (REACH Article 32, revision 2.11.2016)",
      "url": "https://cms.sij.si/storage/607/SDS-ELECTRICAL-STEEL-SHEET-November-16.pdf",
      "year": 2016,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "netl-core": {
      "title": "DOE NETL, 3% Silicon Steel Core Material datasheet (grain-oriented)",
      "url": "https://www.netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/netl-file/Core-Loss-Datasheet---3-percent%5B1%5D.pdf",
      "year": 2018,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "US government work (public domain)"
    },
    "powercore-c150": {
      "title": "Powercore C 150-30, high-performance grain-oriented electrical steel listing",
      "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/39971.html",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Third-party listing (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "transformer-sakr2020": {
      "title": "Aiman Sakr, Corrosion protection of core steel in dry-type transformers, Transformer Magazine",
      "url": "https://transformer-magazine.com/magazine/7244-protection-of-core-steel/",
      "year": 2020,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Trade magazine article (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-silicon": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Silicon",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silicon.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-iron-ore": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Iron Ore",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-ore.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "wikipedia-silicon-steel": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Silicon steel",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_steel",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/electrical-steel/"
}