Nitronic 60 stainless steel Nitronic 60

spore: profile
id: nitronic-60
spore_version: 0.2
family: stainless-austenitic
name: Nitronic 60 stainless steel
abbreviation: Nitronic 60
role: Manganese-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel for galling and wear resistance
category: metals
type: steels-and-stainless
summary: |
  Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800, AMS 5848) is an austenitic stainless steel in which manganese (7.0 to 9.0 %) and nitrogen (0.08 to 0.18 %) replace part of the nickel, and silicon (3.5 to 4.5 %) is added for galling resistance. The Rolled Alloys sheet prints 16.0 to 18.0 % chromium and 8.0 to 9.0 % nickel. The HPAlloys brochure prints a density of 7.622 gm/cm3 and a modulus of 180 GPa, and its galling tests show the alloy did not gall up to 50 ksi (345 MPa) against AISI 4337. NASA TM X-73359 measured a Charpy impact energy of 187.8 J at -320 F (-196 C) for annealed bar.
best_for: Fasteners, pins, bushings and valve trim that must resist galling and wear while staying austenitic and low in magnetic permeability
weakest_at: General corrosion resistance falls between Types 304 and 316, the alloy is hard to machine, the high-strength bar cannot be hot worked or welded without losing strength, and the sources print no space-environment data
identity:
  formula: 'Fe-based austenitic alloy: Fe balance, Cr 16.0 to 18.0 %, Ni 8.0 to 9.0 %, Mn 7.0 to 9.0 %, Si 3.5 to 4.5 %, N 0.08 to 0.18 %, C 0.10 % maximum, P 0.06 % maximum, S 0.03 % maximum (ASTM A276 limits as printed by Rolled Alloys)'
  source: rolled-n60
  where: Chemical composition table, MIN and MAX rows (Rolled Alloys N-60 data sheet); the same ranges are printed in the Double Eagle table as ASTM A276 limits
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: S21800
      source: smith-n60
      where: Title line, UNS S21800 (Nitronic 60)
    - system: AMS
      code: '5848'
      source: rolled-n60
      where: 'Specifications line, AMS: 5848'
    - system: ASTM
      code: A276
      note: bar
      source: rolled-n60
      where: 'Specifications line, ASTM: A 276'
    - system: ASTM
      code: A479
      source: rolled-n60
      where: 'Specifications line, ASTM: A 479'
    - system: ASTM
      code: A240
      source: electralloy-n60
      where: Specification list, ASTM A240
    - system: ASTM
      code: A193
      note: bolting, Class 1C
      source: rolled-n60
      where: 'Specifications line, ASTM: A 193, Class 1C'
    - system: ASTM
      code: A194
      note: nuts
      source: electralloy-n60
      where: Specification list, ASTM A194 (nuts)
    - system: ASME
      code: SA-276
      source: rolled-n60
      where: 'Specifications line, ASME: SA-276'
    - system: ASME
      code: SA-479
      source: rolled-n60
      where: 'Specifications line, ASME: SA-479'
    - system: Trade name
      code: Nitronic 60
      source: doubleeagle-n60
      where: Title line, Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800)
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses:
    - extreme-cold
  applications:
    - mechanisms
    - structures
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density at 75 F
    value: 7.622
    unit: gm/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 75 F (24 C)
      condition: not stated in the physical properties table
    method: Value printed in a producer brochure
    status: ground
    source: hpa-n60
    where: Table 50 Physical Properties, Density at 75 F (24 C)
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity
    value: 180
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: 26.2 x 106 PSI (180,000 MPa)
    method: Value printed in a producer brochure
    status: ground
    source: hpa-n60
    where: Table 50 Physical Properties, Modulus of Elasticity
  - benchmark: poissons_ratio
    label: Poisson's ratio
    value: 0.298
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not stated
    method: Value printed in a producer brochure
    status: ground
    source: hpa-n60
    where: Table 50 Physical Properties, Poisson's Ratio
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 75 to 200 F
    value: 15.8
    unit: µm/m/°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature_range: 75 to 200 F (24 to 93 C)
      unit_in_source: 8.8 x 10-6 in/in/F
    method: Value printed in a producer brochure
    status: ground
    source: hpa-n60
    where: Table 51 Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, row 75-200 (24-93), metric value in parentheses
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 75 to 1800 F
    value: 19.8
    unit: µm/m/°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature_range: 75 to 1800 F (24 to 982 C)
      unit_in_source: 11.0 x 10-6 in/in/F
    method: Value printed in a producer brochure
    status: ground
    source: hpa-n60
    where: Table 51 Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, row 75-1800 (24-982), metric value in parentheses
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity
    value: 9
    unit: Btu/ft hr °F
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not stated
    method: Value printed in a distributor datasheet
    status: ground
    source: doubleeagle-n60
    where: Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat
    value: 0.12
    unit: Btu/lb °F
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not stated
    method: Value printed in a distributor datasheet
    status: ground
    source: doubleeagle-n60
    where: Physical Properties table, Specific Heat row
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity
    value: 98.2
    unit: microhm-cm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not stated
    method: Value printed in a producer brochure
    status: ground
    source: hpa-n60
    where: Table 50 Physical Properties, Electrical Resistivity
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2 % offset, minimum, annealed bar over 12.7 mm
    value: 345
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      product: bar over 12.7 mm diameter
      measure: 0.2 % proof stress, minimum
      unit_in_source: 345 (50) ksi
    method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    note: The table heading prints UNS S31800; the row is for S21800 annealed bar, as the title shows.
    source: smith-n60
    where: Minimum mechanical properties table, row 0.2% PS, column over 12.7 mm diam.
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2 % offset, typical, annealed 1 inch bar at 70 F
    value: 393
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      size: nominal 1 inch (25.4 mm) diameter bar
      temperature: 70 F (21 C)
      unit_in_source: 57 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in a producer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: electralloy-n60
    where: Room and Elevated Temperature Tensile table, row 70 F, YS column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2 % offset, typical, annealed bar at 800 F
    value: 200
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      size: 3/4 and 1 inch (19.05 and 25.4 mm) diameter bar
      temperature: 800 F (427 C)
      unit_in_source: 29.0 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in a producer brochure, triplicate tests of 2 heats
    status: ground
    source: hpa-n60
    where: Table 37 Typical Elevated Temperature Mechanical Properties, row 800 (427), column 0.2% YS
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2 % offset, typical, annealed 1 inch bar at -320 F
    value: 752
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      size: 1 inch (25.4 mm) diameter bar
      temperature: '-320 F (-196 C)'
      unit_in_source: 109 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in a producer brochure, duplicate tests
    status: ground
    source: hpa-n60
    where: Table 40 Cryogenic Tensile Properties, row Annealed 1 inch, -320 (-196), 0.2% YS column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, minimum, annealed bar over 12.7 mm
    value: 655
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      product: bar over 12.7 mm diameter
      unit_in_source: 95 ksi
    method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: smith-n60
    where: Minimum mechanical properties table, row UTS, column over 12.7 mm diam.
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, typical, annealed 1 inch bar at 70 F
    value: 717
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      size: nominal 1 inch (25.4 mm) diameter bar
      temperature: 70 F (21 C)
      unit_in_source: 104 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in a producer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: electralloy-n60
    where: Room and Elevated Temperature Tensile table, row 70 F, UTS column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, typical, annealed bar at 800 F
    value: 540
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      size: 3/4 and 1 inch (19.05 and 25.4 mm) diameter bar
      temperature: 800 F (427 C)
      unit_in_source: 78.3 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in a producer brochure, triplicate tests of 2 heats
    status: ground
    source: hpa-n60
    where: Table 37 Typical Elevated Temperature Mechanical Properties, row 800 (427), UTS column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, typical, annealed 1 inch bar at -320 F
    value: 1469
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      size: 1 inch (25.4 mm) diameter bar
      temperature: '-320 F (-196 C)'
      unit_in_source: 213 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in a producer brochure, duplicate tests
    status: ground
    source: hpa-n60
    where: Table 40 Cryogenic Tensile Properties, row Annealed 1 inch, -320 (-196), UTS column
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, minimum, annealed bar
    value: 35
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      gauge_length: 4D
    method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: smith-n60
    where: Minimum mechanical properties table, row Elongation on 4D, %
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, typical, annealed 1 inch bar at 70 F
    value: 62
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      size: nominal 1 inch (25.4 mm) diameter bar
      temperature: 70 F (21 C)
      gauge_length: not stated
    method: Typical value printed in a producer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: electralloy-n60
    where: Room and Elevated Temperature Tensile table, row 70 F, El column
  - benchmark: hardness
    label: Hardness, minimum, annealed bar
    value: 85
    bound: lower
    unit: HRB
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      scale: Rockwell B
    method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: smith-n60
    where: Minimum mechanical properties table, row Hardness HRB
  - benchmark: hardness
    label: Hardness, maximum, ASTM A276 bar
    value: 241
    bound: upper
    unit: HB
    scope: material
    conditions:
      spec: ASTM A276
      product: bar
      scale: Brinell
    method: Maximum value printed in a distributor datasheet
    status: ground
    source: rolled-n60
    where: Mechanical Properties table, row Hardness MAX, Brinell
  - benchmark: galling_threshold_stress
    label: Unlubricated galling threshold, annealed Nitronic 60 against AISI 4337
    value: 345
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      hardness: 205 HB (Nitronic 60)
      mating_material: AISI 4337 (448 HB)
      unit_in_source: 50 + ksi (345 MPa)
      basis: highest stress tested without galling; the sign plus marks 'did not gall'
    method: Galling button test printed in a producer brochure, 0.5 inch button, 7X examination
    status: ground
    source: hpa-n60
    where: Table 2 Unlubricated Galling Resistance of Several Metal Combinations, row NITRONIC 60 (205) vs. AISI 4337 (448)
  - benchmark: galling_threshold_stress
    label: Cryogenic galling threshold, Nitronic 60 against Nitronic 60
    value: 345
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: '-320 F (-196 C), liquid nitrogen'
      hardness: 189 HB (Nitronic 60)
      mating_material: Nitronic 60 (189 HB)
      unit_in_source: 50 + ksi (345 MPa)
      basis: highest stress tested without galling; the sign plus marks 'did not gall'
    method: Galling button test printed in a producer brochure, tested in liquid nitrogen
    status: ground
    source: hpa-n60
    where: Table 3 Cryogenic Galling Resistance, row NITRONIC 60 (189) vs. NITRONIC 60 (189)
  - benchmark: magnetic_permeability
    label: Magnetic permeability, annealed
    value: 1.003
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      temperature: not stated
    method: Typical value printed in a producer brochure
    status: ground
    source: hpa-n60
    where: Table 52 Magnetic Permeability, row Annealed
  - benchmark: charpy_impact_energy
    label: Charpy V-notch impact energy, average at -320 F
    value: 187.8
    unit: J
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: '-320 F (-196 C)'
      temper: annealed and straightened
      specimen: Federal Test Method Standard No. 151 Charpy V-notch, machined from 1.00 inch (2.54 cm) diameter bar
      unit_in_source: 138.5 ft-lb
      basis: average of five tests, lowest single value 124.0 ft-lb; the report text says the energy remained above 120.0 ft-lb at -320 F
    method: Average printed in a NASA technical memorandum
    status: ground
    source: nasa-tmx73359
    where: Table III Low Temperature Impact Energy, row -320 (-196.0), Avg. line
corrosion:
  - environment: Alternate immersion in 3.5 % NaCl and 5 % salt spray, 180 days, longitudinal tensile specimens
    headline: Longitudinal tensile specimens showed no corrosive attack in the NASA tests.
    effect: NASA states that the longitudinal tensile specimens experienced no corrosive attack, and that the longitudinal specimens showed excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking under stresses of 50, 75 and 90 % of the 0.2 % yield strength.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: 180 day exposure reported in a 1977 NASA test on 1.00 inch annealed bar
      stress: 50, 75 and 90 % of the 0.2 % yield strength
    source: nasa-tmx73359
    where: Summary and Results section, Mechanical Properties Evaluation
  - environment: Transverse C-rings in alternate immersion and salt spray, 180 days, stressed to 90 % of yield
    headline: C-rings pitted at the end grain, which NASA attributes to the ring design.
    effect: NASA reports that more than three quarters of the transverse C-rings exposed to alternate immersion and salt spray pitted at the end grain, and that the pits showed branching typical of stress corrosion cracking. The humidity cabinet gave only mild rusting.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      basis: end-grain pitting on C-ring geometry; NASA ascribes the attack to the ring design
    source: nasa-tmx73359
    where: Summary, and Results section 3, Stress corrosion evaluation
  - environment: Transverse tensile specimens at 90 % of yield, 90 days in alternate immersion and salt spray
    headline: No failures in four specimens per environment, but one specimen in each set lost about 30 % of its tensile strength.
    effect: NASA reports no failures in the corrosive atmospheres, while one specimen in each set of four suffered attack that degraded the ultimate tensile strength by about 30 % and degraded elongation and reduction of area more severely. NASA attributes the attack to improper machining.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      basis: transverse specimens from 2.50 inch bar; four specimens per environment
    source: nasa-tmx73359
    where: Summary and Results section 3b, Transverse tensile specimens
  - environment: Hot chloride-containing environments and general wet service
    headline: Electralloy says chloride pitting resistance is superior to Type 316, but the alloy can still crack under stress in hot chlorides.
    effect: Electralloy says chloride pitting resistance is superior to Type 316 and that general corrosion falls between Types 304 and 316. Smiths says that, as with Types 304 and 316, the annealed alloy may suffer stress corrosion cracking in hot chloride-containing environments, and that its resistance to pitting and crevice attack is equal to or slightly better than Type 316.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      basis: datasheet statements; no test duration, temperature or chloride concentration printed
    source: electralloy-n60
    where: Corrosion Resistance section; Smiths datasheet, Corrosion Resistance paragraph
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: 'Uddeholm safety information sheet for steel articles, nickel entry: H317 May cause an allergic skin reaction. H351 Suspected of causing cancer by inhalation. H372 Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure by inhalation. The sheet is for Uddeholm alloys, not for Nitronic 60.'
      ghs:
        - H317
        - H351
        - H372
      source: uddeholm-sis
      where: Classification of the major hazard substances, Nickel entry
    - text: The same sheet states that steels containing more than 10 % nickel are STOT RE1, steels with 1 to 10 % nickel are STOT RE2, and steels with more than 1 % nickel are Carcinogen Category 2. Applying that rule to the 8.0 to 9.0 % nickel range of Nitronic 60 gives STOT RE2 and Carcinogen Category 2; no Nitronic 60 safety data sheet was read in this run.
      ghs: []
      source: uddeholm-sis
      where: Classification of steels under CLP, paragraph after the Nickel entry
    - text: The sheet says alloys containing nickel or chromium may cause health hazards by inhalation of dusts and fumes produced by grinding, polishing, welding or cutting, and that welding and flame cutting fumes may contain hexavalent chromium compounds.
      ghs: []
      source: uddeholm-sis
      where: Description of Hazards, dust and fume paragraphs
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Galling of mating surfaces against Type 430 and Type 316
      trigger: Unlubricated sliding of annealed Nitronic 60 against Type 430 or Type 316 stainless steel
      consequence: Galling began at 36 ksi (248 MPa) against Type 430 and at 38 ksi (262 MPa) against Type 316 in the HPAlloys matrix. The same alloy did not gall up to 50 ksi (345 MPa) against AISI 4337 in its own table.
      severity: moderate
      source: hpa-n60
      where: Table 1 Unlubricated Galling Resistance of Stainless Steels, row Annealed (205) NITRONIC 60, columns Type 430 and Type 316
    - mode: Chloride stress corrosion cracking
      trigger: Hot chloride-containing environments
      consequence: Smiths says that, as with Types 304 and 316, the annealed alloy may suffer stress corrosion cracking in hot chloride-containing environments. NASA saw no corrosive attack on longitudinal tensile specimens in 3.5 % NaCl alternate immersion over 180 days.
      severity: high
      source: smith-n60
      where: Corrosion Resistance paragraph of the Smiths datasheet
    - mode: Loss of strength after reheating the high-strength bar
      trigger: Hot forging or welding of the high-strength condition
      consequence: Electralloy says the high-strength bars cannot be subsequently hot forged or welded without loss of strength, and that corrosion resistance may be lessened to varying degrees depending on the environment.
      severity: moderate
      source: electralloy-n60
      where: Nitronic 60 High Strength Bar paragraph
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: Anneal at 1900 to 2000 F and water quench; the alloy cannot be hardened by heat treatment, so strength depends on cold work or the annealed condition (Electralloy).
      source: electralloy-n60
      where: Heat Treatment section
    - text: Forge after heating to 2150 F, and expect more power for forming and forging than with Type 316 (Electralloy).
      source: electralloy-n60
      where: Workability section
    - text: 'Machining is not easy: generally rates at 50 percent of those adopted for Type 304, and coated carbide tooling is suggested (Smiths; Electralloy).'
      source: smith-n60
      where: Machining and welding section of the Smiths datasheet
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Fasteners, pins, bushings, roller bearings and chain-drive parts
    example: Rolled Alloys lists fasteners, pins and bushings, wear rails, roller bearings and pump components as applications for the grade. Smiths lists chain-drive systems with pins, bushings, wear rails and roller bearings.
    source: rolled-n60
    where: Applications list of the Rolled Alloys N-60 data sheet
  - application: structures
    device: Bridge pins and hangers
    example: Smiths and Electralloy both list bridge pins as a typical application. Electralloy adds hydroelectric dam wear applications and says wear rings in vertical centrifugal pumps benefit from its cavitation resistance.
    source: smith-n60
    where: Typical Applications list of the Smiths datasheet
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Valve stems, seats and trim, including automotive valves
    example: HPAlloys says a 20 inch gate valve cycling every 170 seconds at 750 F ran 140 days with a Nitronic 60 weld overlay on the seat and disk without galling, against 90 days for Stellite 6B hard-faced trim.
    source: hpa-n60
    where: Elevated Temperature Galling Applications text
supply:
  - subject: Nickel (world mine production, nickel content, 2025 estimate)
    producers:
      - country: Indonesia
        share_percent: 66.7
        year: 2025
      - country: Philippines
        share_percent: 6.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.1
        year: 2025
      - country: Canada
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: 'USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for about 60 % of apparent consumption in 2025; most recycled nickel went into new alloys and stainless steel.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades in construction; titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments.'
    source: usgs-nickel-2026
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values 2,600,000, 270,000, 200,000 and 140,000. Recycling and Substitutes paragraphs.
  - subject: Chromium (world mine production, chromium content, 2025 estimate)
    producers:
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 45.1
        year: 2025
      - country: Turkey
        share_percent: 17.6
        year: 2025
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 13.7
        year: 2025
      - country: India
        share_percent: 5.9
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: 'USGS: recycled chromium in stainless-steel scrap receipts accounted for 21 % of apparent consumption in 2025.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use.'
    source: usgs-chromium-2026
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e world total 51,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values 23,000, 9,000, 7,000 and 3,000. Recycling and Substitutes paragraphs.
  - subject: Manganese (world mine production, manganese content, 2025 estimate)
    producers:
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 38
        year: 2025
      - country: Gabon
        share_percent: 25
        year: 2025
      - country: Ghana
        share_percent: 10
        year: 2025
      - country: Australia
        share_percent: 8
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: 'USGS: manganese was recycled incidentally in ferrous and nonferrous scrap, scrap recovery for manganese alone was negligible, and manganese is recovered along with iron from steel slag.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications.'
    source: usgs-manganese-2026
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e world total 20,000 thousand t (rounded); shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values 7,600, 5,000, 2,000 and 1,600. Recycling and Substitutes paragraphs.
documents:
  - title: UNS S21800 (Nitronic 60) Data Sheet, Smiths Metal Centres
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.spacematdb.com/spacemat/manudatasheets/Nitronic60_SMC.pdf
    year: 2007
  - title: N-60 Stainless data sheet, Rolled Alloys Bulletin No. 360
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/NITRONIC-60_stainless-steel-data-sheet.pdf
    year: 2015
  - title: Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) data sheet, Double Eagle Alloys
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.doubleeaglealloys.com/wp-content/uploads/docs/Nitronic60-StainlessSteel.pdf
    year: 2015
  - title: Nitronic 60 Stainless Steel (UNS S21800) product data sheet, Electralloy
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.electralloy.com/images/pdf/Product_Sheets/Electralloy/Nitronic_60.pdf
    year: 2019
  - title: Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf
    year: 2012
  - title: 'NASA TM X-73359: The stress corrosion resistance and the cryogenic temperature mechanical properties of annealed Nitronic 60 bar material'
    type: report
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19770009206
    year: 1977
  - title: Alloys delivered from Uddeholms AB, material safety information sheet
    type: sds
    url: https://www.uddeholm.com/app/uploads/sites/235/2024/05/Alloys-delivered-from-Uddeholms-AB.pdf
    year: 2018
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - No safety data sheet for Nitronic 60 was read. The Ulbrich SDS hosted by MSC Direct is behind bot protection and was not opened. The GHS line for the alloy is therefore a rule applied from the Uddeholm steel-article sheet, not a classification printed for Nitronic 60.
  - No manganese exposure limit (OSHA PEL or ACGIH TLV) was read from a fetched source for this alloy.
  - No European number (EN 1.xxxx or EN name) and no CAS number is printed by any source read, so none is listed in designations.
  - The Smiths table heading prints UNS S31800 for the annealed bar row; the row is taken as S21800 from the datasheet title and product.
  - 'Electrical resistivity differs between sources: HPAlloys prints 98.2 microhm-cm; Double Eagle prints 28.7 microhm-in (about 72.9 microhm-cm). Only the HPAlloys value is in properties.'
  - 'Phosphorus and sulfur maxima differ: Rolled Alloys prints 0.06 and 0.03 %, Electralloy prints 0.04 and 0.010 % for its nominal analysis. The recipe uses the Rolled Alloys ASTM A276 limits.'
  - The HPAlloys composition table is narrower (manganese 7.50 to 8.50, silicon 3.70 to 4.20, nitrogen 0.10 to 0.18); it is noted but not used for the recipe.
  - NASA TM X-73359 Table II (tensile properties at test temperatures from 75 F to -423 F) is not legible in the OCR text, so only its Charpy table and summary are used. Cryogenic tensile values come from the HPAlloys Table 40 for annealed 1 inch bar at -320 F.
  - No maximum service temperature is printed for annealed bar. Electralloy gives an elevated-temperature service range of 800 to 1500 F for valve trim, which is not a limit and is not entered.
  - Hardness is not a canonical property name in spores/property-canon.yaml, so the benchmark is written as hardness with HRB and HB as printed.
  - Galling threshold, Charpy impact energy and magnetic permeability are not canonical property names; they are written as galling_threshold_stress, charpy_impact_energy and magnetic_permeability.
  - Poisson's ratio uses the canonical name poissons_ratio.
  - No vacuum, radiation, outgassing, cold-welding or atomic-oxygen data were found for Nitronic 60 in this run.
  - No critical-mineral list status for manganese, chromium or nickel was read from an official list; critical_lists is left empty for all three.
  - 'No silicon supply entry: no USGS or other silicon summary was read in this run.'
  - No process route (smelting, refining, AOD melting) was read from a primary source, so the recipe has no process description beyond the heat treatment and forging steps in the Electralloy sheet.
  - Atomic weights were not read from a fetched page and are left out of the recipe parts.
  - The NASA cryogenic tensile values were not used, because the OCR text of Table II is unreadable; no Nitronic 60 cryogenic tensile value from NASA is entered.
  - The HPAlloys brochure gives the galling test as a button test with a reproducibility of plus or minus 2.5 ksi (18 MPa); the threshold values are therefore approximate.
  - The NASA C-ring test used a non-standard specimen geometry, so its pitting result is not used as a general corrosion rate.
sources:
  smith-n60:
    title: UNS S21800 (Nitronic 60) Data Sheet, Smiths Metal Centres
    id: UNS S21800
    url: https://www.spacematdb.com/spacemat/manudatasheets/Nitronic60_SMC.pdf
    year: 2007
    kind: datasheet
    license: Distributor datasheet, for information only (cited, not reproduced)
  rolled-n60:
    title: N-60 Stainless data sheet, Rolled Alloys Bulletin No. 360 (USe 09/15)
    id: UNS S21800, AMS 5848, ASTM A276, A193, A479, ASME SA-276, SA-479
    url: https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/NITRONIC-60_stainless-steel-data-sheet.pdf
    year: 2015
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)
  doubleeagle-n60:
    title: Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) technical data sheet, Double Eagle Alloys
    id: ASTM A276, A479, AMS 5848
    url: https://www.doubleeaglealloys.com/wp-content/uploads/docs/Nitronic60-StainlessSteel.pdf
    year: 2015
    kind: datasheet
    license: Distributor datasheet, data are typical (cited, not reproduced)
  electralloy-n60:
    title: Nitronic 60 Stainless Steel (UNS S21800) product data sheet, Electralloy (2-2019)
    id: UNS S21800, AMS 5848, ASTM A240, A276, A193, A194
    url: https://www.electralloy.com/images/pdf/Product_Sheets/Electralloy/Nitronic_60.pdf
    year: 2019
    kind: datasheet
    license: Producer datasheet, for general information (cited, not reproduced)
  hpa-n60:
    title: Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)
    id: NITRONIC 60, UNS S21800
    url: https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf
    year: 2012
    kind: datasheet
    license: Producer and distributor brochure (cited, not reproduced)
  nasa-tmx73359:
    title: 'NASA TM X-73359: The stress corrosion resistance and the cryogenic temperature mechanical properties of annealed Nitronic 60 bar material (J. W. Montana, MSFC, January 1977)'
    id: NTRS 19770009206
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19770009206
    year: 1977
    kind: report
    license: US government report (public)
  uddeholm-sis:
    title: Alloys delivered from Uddeholms AB, material safety information sheet (release 2010-01-04, review 2018-09-10)
    url: https://www.uddeholm.com/app/uploads/sites/235/2024/05/Alloys-delivered-from-Uddeholms-AB.pdf
    year: 2018
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer safety information sheet (cited, not reproduced)
  usgs-nickel-2026:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel
    id: USGS MCS 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-chromium-2026:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Chromium
    id: USGS MCS 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-manganese-2026:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Manganese
    id: USGS MCS 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 24
  unreachable: 1
  caveats: 6
  note: 'Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. Unreachable: the Ulbrich SDS via MSC Direct (bot protection). Caveats: the datasheets are typical or minimum values of several producers; the Smiths table heading prints UNS S31800; the electrical resistivity and phosphorus and sulfur limits differ between sources; the NASA tensile table is not legible; the hazard classes come from a general steel-article sheet for Uddeholm alloys.'
story:
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      lead: Dust and fumes from working the steel carry the hazards, because the sources classify nickel, manganese and chromium in dust and fume rather than the massive metal.
      level: 1
      verdict: Dust and fumes from grinding and welding are the hazard
      points:
        - label: Nickel in the alloy
          line: Uddeholm's safety information sheet for steel articles classes nickel with H317, H351 and H372 (DANGER). It says massive steel needs no label, but dust and fumes from grinding, polishing, welding or cutting carry the risk.
        - label: Nickel limit rule
          line: Applied to the 8.0 to 9.0 % nickel range of Nitronic 60, the sheet's rule for steels gives STOT RE2 and Carcinogen Category 2. No Nitronic 60 safety data sheet was read, so this is a rule applied, not a printed classification.
        - label: Hexavalent chromium in fume
          line: The same sheet says welding and flame cutting fumes may contain hexavalent chromium compounds. Nitronic 60 holds 16.0 to 18.0 % chromium.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: These are failure routes printed in the sources. None is a measured space result.
      points:
        - label: Galling
          line: HPAlloys gives galling thresholds of 36 ksi (248 MPa) against Type 430 and 38 ksi (262 MPa) against Type 316 for annealed Nitronic 60, and 50 + ksi (345 MPa) against AISI 4337.
        - label: Stress corrosion in hot chlorides
          line: Smiths says the annealed alloy may suffer stress corrosion cracking in hot chloride-containing environments, as Types 304 and 316 do.
        - label: Pitting at the end grain
          line: In NASA's 180 day C-ring tests, more than three quarters of the rings pitted at the end grain, while the longitudinal tensile specimens showed no attack.
    - title: Handling and storage
      points:
        - label: Heat treatment
          line: Electralloy says annealing at 1900 to 2000 F, followed by water quench, is the usual route, and that the alloy cannot be hardened by heat treatment.
        - label: High-strength bar
          line: Electralloy says high-strength bar cannot be hot forged or welded without losing strength.
        - label: Forging
          line: Electralloy says to forge after heating to 2150 F and expect more power than for Type 316.
  why: Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800, AMS 5848) is an austenitic stainless steel developed by Armco. It keeps an austenitic structure while manganese (7.0 to 9.0 %) and nitrogen (0.08 to 0.18 %) replace part of the nickel, and silicon (3.5 to 4.5 %) is added for galling resistance. The HPAlloys brochure prints a density of 7.622 gm/cm3 and a modulus of 180 GPa. Its galling tests show the annealed alloy did not gall up to 50 ksi against AISI 4337 at room temperature, and the NASA report measured a Charpy impact energy of 187.8 J at -320 F.
  uses:
    - where: Fasteners, pins and bushings
      line: Rolled Alloys, Electralloy and Smiths list fasteners, pins, bushings, roller bearings and chain-drive parts among typical uses. Electralloy also lists bridge pins and valve stems.
    - where: Valve trim and pump parts
      line: Electralloy lists valve stems, seats and trim, and pump wear rings. HPAlloys reports a 20 inch gate valve that ran 140 days without galling at 750 F with a Nitronic 60 weld overlay.
  can_do:
    - label: Resist galling
      value: 345 MPa
      benchmark: galling_threshold_stress
      line: The annealed alloy did not gall up to 50 ksi (345 MPa) against AISI 4337 in HPAlloys' button test, and it did not gall in liquid nitrogen when mated to itself.
    - label: Carry load at room temperature
      value: 655 MPa
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: The minimum tensile strength of annealed bar over 12.7 mm is 655 MPa (95 ksi), and the minimum 0.2 % yield is 345 MPa (50 ksi), from the Smiths datasheet.
    - label: Keep strength at high temperature
      value: 540 MPa
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: The typical tensile strength of annealed bar at 800 F (427 C) is 540 MPa (78.3 ksi), with a 0.2 % yield of 200 MPa (29.0 ksi), from the HPAlloys brochure.
    - label: Stay tough when cold
      value: 187.8 J
      benchmark: charpy_impact_energy
      line: NASA reports an average Charpy impact energy of 187.8 J (138.5 ft-lb) at -320 F (-196 C), and the annealed bar tensile strength rises to 1469 MPa (213 ksi) at the same temperature.
  compare: Smiths says the grade's strength approaches twice that of Type 316, and Electralloy says its general corrosion resistance falls between Types 304 and 316 while its chloride pitting resistance is superior to Type 316. Electralloy says its galling and wear resistance exceed all other austenitic, precipitation-hardening and duplex stainless steels that it lists.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Modulus of elasticity
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
    - label: Thermal conductivity
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
  handling:
    - Anneal at 1900 to 2000 F and water quench; the alloy cannot be hardened by heat treatment (Electralloy).
    - Weld with the processes used for Types 304 and 316, and expect weld metal strength slightly above the base metal (Smiths; Electralloy).
    - Control dust and fumes when grinding, polishing, welding or cutting, since the Uddeholm sheet names inhalation of nickel and chromium dust and fumes as the hazard.
  good_for:
    - Fasteners, pins and bushings that must resist galling and wear without hardening treatments (Rolled Alloys; Electralloy).
    - Valve stems, seats and trim in service from 800 to 1500 F, which Electralloy says the alloy performs in (Electralloy).
    - Cold-service parts, since the Charpy impact energy stays above 120 ft-lb at -320 F in NASA's tests.
  watch_out:
    - Stress corrosion cracking may occur in hot chloride environments (Smiths).
    - High-strength bar loses strength if it is hot forged or welded (Electralloy).
    - 'The alloy is hard to machine: the Smiths datasheet rates machining at 50 percent of the rate for Type 304.'
    - No vacuum, radiation, outgassing or atomic-oxygen data were found for this profile.
  verdict: Nitronic 60 is an austenitic stainless steel chosen for galling and wear resistance rather than for corrosion resistance. Its printed galling thresholds are high, its tensile strength rises at -320 F, and its manganese, nickel and chromium dust and fumes set the handling hazard. This profile has no space-environment numbers.
  recipe:
    line: Nitronic 60 is an iron-based austenitic alloy. Composition in weight percent is the ASTM A276 limits printed in the Rolled Alloys data sheet. The Electralloy nominal analysis gives the same manganese, silicon, nitrogen, chromium and nickel ranges, but different phosphorus and sulfur maxima. The melting route was not read from a primary source.
    parts:
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share: balance, printed as Balance in the Double Eagle composition
        role: The matrix of the alloy; the other elements are dissolved in it.
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        share: 16.0 to 18.0 wt %
        role: Gives the stainless steel its general corrosion and oxidation resistance (Rolled Alloys, Electralloy).
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        share: 8.0 to 9.0 wt %
        role: Keeps the structure austenitic. Manganese and nitrogen are substituted for part of the usual nickel content (NASA TM X-73359).
      - name: Manganese
        symbol: Mn
        share: 7.0 to 9.0 wt %
        role: Substitutes for part of the nickel and adds to the galling resistance; Rolled Alloys says the 8 % manganese inhibits wear, galling and fretting.
      - name: Silicon
        symbol: Si
        share: 3.5 to 4.5 wt %
        role: Added for wear and galling resistance (Rolled Alloys; Electralloy).
      - name: Nitrogen
        symbol: 'N'
        share: 0.08 to 0.18 wt %
        role: Substitutes for part of the nickel content (NASA TM X-73359).
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        share: 0.10 wt % maximum
        role: An impurity limit in the ASTM A276 composition.
      - name: Phosphorus
        symbol: P
        share: 0.06 wt % maximum (Rolled Alloys)
        role: An impurity limit; Electralloy prints 0.04 % maximum for its nominal analysis.
      - name: Sulphur
        symbol: S
        share: 0.03 wt % maximum (Rolled Alloys)
        role: An impurity limit; Electralloy prints 0.010 % maximum for its nominal analysis.