{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "nitronic-60",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "stainless-austenitic",
  "name": "Nitronic 60 stainless steel",
  "abbreviation": "Nitronic 60",
  "role": "Manganese-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel for galling and wear resistance",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "steels-and-stainless",
  "summary": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800, AMS 5848) is an austenitic stainless steel in which manganese (7.0 to 9.0 %) and nitrogen (0.08 to 0.18 %) replace part of the nickel, and silicon (3.5 to 4.5 %) is added for galling resistance. The Rolled Alloys sheet prints 16.0 to 18.0 % chromium and 8.0 to 9.0 % nickel. The HPAlloys brochure prints a density of 7.622 gm/cm3 and a modulus of 180 GPa, and its galling tests show the alloy did not gall up to 50 ksi (345 MPa) against AISI 4337. NASA TM X-73359 measured a Charpy impact energy of 187.8 J at -320 F (-196 C) for annealed bar.\n",
  "best_for": "Fasteners, pins, bushings and valve trim that must resist galling and wear while staying austenitic and low in magnetic permeability",
  "weakest_at": "General corrosion resistance falls between Types 304 and 316, the alloy is hard to machine, the high-strength bar cannot be hot worked or welded without losing strength, and the sources print no space-environment data",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Fe-based austenitic alloy: Fe balance, Cr 16.0 to 18.0 %, Ni 8.0 to 9.0 %, Mn 7.0 to 9.0 %, Si 3.5 to 4.5 %, N 0.08 to 0.18 %, C 0.10 % maximum, P 0.06 % maximum, S 0.03 % maximum (ASTM A276 limits as printed by Rolled Alloys)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "S21800",
        "source": "smith-n60",
        "where": "Title line, UNS S21800 (Nitronic 60)"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5848",
        "source": "rolled-n60",
        "where": "Specifications line, AMS: 5848"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A276",
        "note": "bar",
        "source": "rolled-n60",
        "where": "Specifications line, ASTM: A 276"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A479",
        "source": "rolled-n60",
        "where": "Specifications line, ASTM: A 479"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A240",
        "source": "electralloy-n60",
        "where": "Specification list, ASTM A240"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A193",
        "note": "bolting, Class 1C",
        "source": "rolled-n60",
        "where": "Specifications line, ASTM: A 193, Class 1C"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A194",
        "note": "nuts",
        "source": "electralloy-n60",
        "where": "Specification list, ASTM A194 (nuts)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASME",
        "code": "SA-276",
        "source": "rolled-n60",
        "where": "Specifications line, ASME: SA-276"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASME",
        "code": "SA-479",
        "source": "rolled-n60",
        "where": "Specifications line, ASME: SA-479"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Nitronic 60",
        "source": "doubleeagle-n60",
        "where": "Title line, Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "rolled-n60",
    "where": "Chemical composition table, MIN and MAX rows (Rolled Alloys N-60 data sheet); the same ranges are printed in the Double Eagle table as ASTM A276 limits"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-cold"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density at 75 F",
      "value": 7.622,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "gm/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "75 F (24 C)",
        "condition": "not stated in the physical properties table"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a producer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpa-n60",
      "where": "Table 50 Physical Properties, Density at 75 F (24 C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)",
        "id": "NITRONIC 60, UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer and distributor brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity",
      "value": 180,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "26.2 x 106 PSI (180,000 MPa)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a producer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpa-n60",
      "where": "Table 50 Physical Properties, Modulus of Elasticity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)",
        "id": "NITRONIC 60, UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer and distributor brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio",
      "value": 0.298,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a producer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpa-n60",
      "where": "Table 50 Physical Properties, Poisson's Ratio",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)",
        "id": "NITRONIC 60, UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer and distributor brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 75 to 200 F",
      "value": 15.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/m/°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "75 to 200 F (24 to 93 C)",
        "unit_in_source": "8.8 x 10-6 in/in/F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a producer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpa-n60",
      "where": "Table 51 Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, row 75-200 (24-93), metric value in parentheses",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)",
        "id": "NITRONIC 60, UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer and distributor brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 75 to 1800 F",
      "value": 19.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/m/°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "75 to 1800 F (24 to 982 C)",
        "unit_in_source": "11.0 x 10-6 in/in/F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a producer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpa-n60",
      "where": "Table 51 Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, row 75-1800 (24-982), metric value in parentheses",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)",
        "id": "NITRONIC 60, UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer and distributor brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity",
      "value": 9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Btu/ft hr °F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a distributor datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "doubleeagle-n60",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) technical data sheet, Double Eagle Alloys",
        "id": "ASTM A276, A479, AMS 5848",
        "url": "https://www.doubleeaglealloys.com/wp-content/uploads/docs/Nitronic60-StainlessSteel.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, data are typical (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat",
      "value": 0.12,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Btu/lb °F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a distributor datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "doubleeagle-n60",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Specific Heat row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) technical data sheet, Double Eagle Alloys",
        "id": "ASTM A276, A479, AMS 5848",
        "url": "https://www.doubleeaglealloys.com/wp-content/uploads/docs/Nitronic60-StainlessSteel.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, data are typical (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity",
      "value": 98.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "microhm-cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a producer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpa-n60",
      "where": "Table 50 Physical Properties, Electrical Resistivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)",
        "id": "NITRONIC 60, UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer and distributor brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2 % offset, minimum, annealed bar over 12.7 mm",
      "value": 345,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "product": "bar over 12.7 mm diameter",
        "measure": "0.2 % proof stress, minimum",
        "unit_in_source": "345 (50) ksi"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The table heading prints UNS S31800; the row is for S21800 annealed bar, as the title shows.",
      "source": "smith-n60",
      "where": "Minimum mechanical properties table, row 0.2% PS, column over 12.7 mm diam.",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "UNS S21800 (Nitronic 60) Data Sheet, Smiths Metal Centres",
        "id": "UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.spacematdb.com/spacemat/manudatasheets/Nitronic60_SMC.pdf",
        "year": 2007,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, for information only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2 % offset, typical, annealed 1 inch bar at 70 F",
      "value": 393,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "size": "nominal 1 inch (25.4 mm) diameter bar",
        "temperature": "70 F (21 C)",
        "unit_in_source": "57 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a producer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "electralloy-n60",
      "where": "Room and Elevated Temperature Tensile table, row 70 F, YS column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 Stainless Steel (UNS S21800) product data sheet, Electralloy (2-2019)",
        "id": "UNS S21800, AMS 5848, ASTM A240, A276, A193, A194",
        "url": "https://www.electralloy.com/images/pdf/Product_Sheets/Electralloy/Nitronic_60.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer datasheet, for general information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2 % offset, typical, annealed bar at 800 F",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "size": "3/4 and 1 inch (19.05 and 25.4 mm) diameter bar",
        "temperature": "800 F (427 C)",
        "unit_in_source": "29.0 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a producer brochure, triplicate tests of 2 heats",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpa-n60",
      "where": "Table 37 Typical Elevated Temperature Mechanical Properties, row 800 (427), column 0.2% YS",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)",
        "id": "NITRONIC 60, UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer and distributor brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2 % offset, typical, annealed 1 inch bar at -320 F",
      "value": 752,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "size": "1 inch (25.4 mm) diameter bar",
        "temperature": "-320 F (-196 C)",
        "unit_in_source": "109 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a producer brochure, duplicate tests",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpa-n60",
      "where": "Table 40 Cryogenic Tensile Properties, row Annealed 1 inch, -320 (-196), 0.2% YS column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)",
        "id": "NITRONIC 60, UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer and distributor brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum, annealed bar over 12.7 mm",
      "value": 655,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "product": "bar over 12.7 mm diameter",
        "unit_in_source": "95 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-n60",
      "where": "Minimum mechanical properties table, row UTS, column over 12.7 mm diam.",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "UNS S21800 (Nitronic 60) Data Sheet, Smiths Metal Centres",
        "id": "UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.spacematdb.com/spacemat/manudatasheets/Nitronic60_SMC.pdf",
        "year": 2007,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, for information only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, typical, annealed 1 inch bar at 70 F",
      "value": 717,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "size": "nominal 1 inch (25.4 mm) diameter bar",
        "temperature": "70 F (21 C)",
        "unit_in_source": "104 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a producer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "electralloy-n60",
      "where": "Room and Elevated Temperature Tensile table, row 70 F, UTS column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 Stainless Steel (UNS S21800) product data sheet, Electralloy (2-2019)",
        "id": "UNS S21800, AMS 5848, ASTM A240, A276, A193, A194",
        "url": "https://www.electralloy.com/images/pdf/Product_Sheets/Electralloy/Nitronic_60.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer datasheet, for general information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, typical, annealed bar at 800 F",
      "value": 540,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "size": "3/4 and 1 inch (19.05 and 25.4 mm) diameter bar",
        "temperature": "800 F (427 C)",
        "unit_in_source": "78.3 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a producer brochure, triplicate tests of 2 heats",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpa-n60",
      "where": "Table 37 Typical Elevated Temperature Mechanical Properties, row 800 (427), UTS column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)",
        "id": "NITRONIC 60, UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer and distributor brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, typical, annealed 1 inch bar at -320 F",
      "value": 1469,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "size": "1 inch (25.4 mm) diameter bar",
        "temperature": "-320 F (-196 C)",
        "unit_in_source": "213 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a producer brochure, duplicate tests",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpa-n60",
      "where": "Table 40 Cryogenic Tensile Properties, row Annealed 1 inch, -320 (-196), UTS column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)",
        "id": "NITRONIC 60, UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer and distributor brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, minimum, annealed bar",
      "value": 35,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "gauge_length": "4D"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-n60",
      "where": "Minimum mechanical properties table, row Elongation on 4D, %",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "UNS S21800 (Nitronic 60) Data Sheet, Smiths Metal Centres",
        "id": "UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.spacematdb.com/spacemat/manudatasheets/Nitronic60_SMC.pdf",
        "year": 2007,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, for information only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, typical, annealed 1 inch bar at 70 F",
      "value": 62,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "size": "nominal 1 inch (25.4 mm) diameter bar",
        "temperature": "70 F (21 C)",
        "gauge_length": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a producer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "electralloy-n60",
      "where": "Room and Elevated Temperature Tensile table, row 70 F, El column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 Stainless Steel (UNS S21800) product data sheet, Electralloy (2-2019)",
        "id": "UNS S21800, AMS 5848, ASTM A240, A276, A193, A194",
        "url": "https://www.electralloy.com/images/pdf/Product_Sheets/Electralloy/Nitronic_60.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer datasheet, for general information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness, minimum, annealed bar",
      "value": 85,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "HRB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "scale": "Rockwell B"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-n60",
      "where": "Minimum mechanical properties table, row Hardness HRB",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "UNS S21800 (Nitronic 60) Data Sheet, Smiths Metal Centres",
        "id": "UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.spacematdb.com/spacemat/manudatasheets/Nitronic60_SMC.pdf",
        "year": 2007,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, for information only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness, maximum, ASTM A276 bar",
      "value": 241,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "HB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "spec": "ASTM A276",
        "product": "bar",
        "scale": "Brinell"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in a distributor datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rolled-n60",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Hardness MAX, Brinell",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "N-60 Stainless data sheet, Rolled Alloys Bulletin No. 360 (USe 09/15)",
        "id": "UNS S21800, AMS 5848, ASTM A276, A193, A479, ASME SA-276, SA-479",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/NITRONIC-60_stainless-steel-data-sheet.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "galling_threshold_stress",
      "label": "Unlubricated galling threshold, annealed Nitronic 60 against AISI 4337",
      "value": 345,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "hardness": "205 HB (Nitronic 60)",
        "mating_material": "AISI 4337 (448 HB)",
        "unit_in_source": "50 + ksi (345 MPa)",
        "basis": "highest stress tested without galling; the sign plus marks 'did not gall'"
      },
      "method": "Galling button test printed in a producer brochure, 0.5 inch button, 7X examination",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpa-n60",
      "where": "Table 2 Unlubricated Galling Resistance of Several Metal Combinations, row NITRONIC 60 (205) vs. AISI 4337 (448)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)",
        "id": "NITRONIC 60, UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer and distributor brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "galling_threshold_stress",
      "label": "Cryogenic galling threshold, Nitronic 60 against Nitronic 60",
      "value": 345,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "-320 F (-196 C), liquid nitrogen",
        "hardness": "189 HB (Nitronic 60)",
        "mating_material": "Nitronic 60 (189 HB)",
        "unit_in_source": "50 + ksi (345 MPa)",
        "basis": "highest stress tested without galling; the sign plus marks 'did not gall'"
      },
      "method": "Galling button test printed in a producer brochure, tested in liquid nitrogen",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpa-n60",
      "where": "Table 3 Cryogenic Galling Resistance, row NITRONIC 60 (189) vs. NITRONIC 60 (189)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)",
        "id": "NITRONIC 60, UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer and distributor brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "magnetic_permeability",
      "label": "Magnetic permeability, annealed",
      "value": 1.003,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a producer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpa-n60",
      "where": "Table 52 Magnetic Permeability, row Annealed",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)",
        "id": "NITRONIC 60, UNS S21800",
        "url": "https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer and distributor brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "charpy_impact_energy",
      "label": "Charpy V-notch impact energy, average at -320 F",
      "value": 187.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "-320 F (-196 C)",
        "temper": "annealed and straightened",
        "specimen": "Federal Test Method Standard No. 151 Charpy V-notch, machined from 1.00 inch (2.54 cm) diameter bar",
        "unit_in_source": "138.5 ft-lb",
        "basis": "average of five tests, lowest single value 124.0 ft-lb; the report text says the energy remained above 120.0 ft-lb at -320 F"
      },
      "method": "Average printed in a NASA technical memorandum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-tmx73359",
      "where": "Table III Low Temperature Impact Energy, row -320 (-196.0), Avg. line",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NASA TM X-73359: The stress corrosion resistance and the cryogenic temperature mechanical properties of annealed Nitronic 60 bar material (J. W. Montana, MSFC, January 1977)",
        "id": "NTRS 19770009206",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19770009206",
        "year": 1977,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "US government report (public)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Alternate immersion in 3.5 % NaCl and 5 % salt spray, 180 days, longitudinal tensile specimens",
      "headline": "Longitudinal tensile specimens showed no corrosive attack in the NASA tests.",
      "effect": "NASA states that the longitudinal tensile specimens experienced no corrosive attack, and that the longitudinal specimens showed excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking under stresses of 50, 75 and 90 % of the 0.2 % yield strength.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "180 day exposure reported in a 1977 NASA test on 1.00 inch annealed bar",
        "stress": "50, 75 and 90 % of the 0.2 % yield strength"
      },
      "source": "nasa-tmx73359",
      "where": "Summary and Results section, Mechanical Properties Evaluation"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Transverse C-rings in alternate immersion and salt spray, 180 days, stressed to 90 % of yield",
      "headline": "C-rings pitted at the end grain, which NASA attributes to the ring design.",
      "effect": "NASA reports that more than three quarters of the transverse C-rings exposed to alternate immersion and salt spray pitted at the end grain, and that the pits showed branching typical of stress corrosion cracking. The humidity cabinet gave only mild rusting.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "end-grain pitting on C-ring geometry; NASA ascribes the attack to the ring design"
      },
      "source": "nasa-tmx73359",
      "where": "Summary, and Results section 3, Stress corrosion evaluation"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Transverse tensile specimens at 90 % of yield, 90 days in alternate immersion and salt spray",
      "headline": "No failures in four specimens per environment, but one specimen in each set lost about 30 % of its tensile strength.",
      "effect": "NASA reports no failures in the corrosive atmospheres, while one specimen in each set of four suffered attack that degraded the ultimate tensile strength by about 30 % and degraded elongation and reduction of area more severely. NASA attributes the attack to improper machining.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "transverse specimens from 2.50 inch bar; four specimens per environment"
      },
      "source": "nasa-tmx73359",
      "where": "Summary and Results section 3b, Transverse tensile specimens"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Hot chloride-containing environments and general wet service",
      "headline": "Electralloy says chloride pitting resistance is superior to Type 316, but the alloy can still crack under stress in hot chlorides.",
      "effect": "Electralloy says chloride pitting resistance is superior to Type 316 and that general corrosion falls between Types 304 and 316. Smiths says that, as with Types 304 and 316, the annealed alloy may suffer stress corrosion cracking in hot chloride-containing environments, and that its resistance to pitting and crevice attack is equal to or slightly better than Type 316.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "datasheet statements; no test duration, temperature or chloride concentration printed"
      },
      "source": "electralloy-n60",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance section; Smiths datasheet, Corrosion Resistance paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Uddeholm safety information sheet for steel articles, nickel entry: H317 May cause an allergic skin reaction. H351 Suspected of causing cancer by inhalation. H372 Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure by inhalation. The sheet is for Uddeholm alloys, not for Nitronic 60.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H351",
          "H372"
        ],
        "source": "uddeholm-sis",
        "where": "Classification of the major hazard substances, Nickel entry"
      },
      {
        "text": "The same sheet states that steels containing more than 10 % nickel are STOT RE1, steels with 1 to 10 % nickel are STOT RE2, and steels with more than 1 % nickel are Carcinogen Category 2. Applying that rule to the 8.0 to 9.0 % nickel range of Nitronic 60 gives STOT RE2 and Carcinogen Category 2; no Nitronic 60 safety data sheet was read in this run.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "uddeholm-sis",
        "where": "Classification of steels under CLP, paragraph after the Nickel entry"
      },
      {
        "text": "The sheet says alloys containing nickel or chromium may cause health hazards by inhalation of dusts and fumes produced by grinding, polishing, welding or cutting, and that welding and flame cutting fumes may contain hexavalent chromium compounds.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "uddeholm-sis",
        "where": "Description of Hazards, dust and fume paragraphs"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Galling of mating surfaces against Type 430 and Type 316",
        "trigger": "Unlubricated sliding of annealed Nitronic 60 against Type 430 or Type 316 stainless steel",
        "consequence": "Galling began at 36 ksi (248 MPa) against Type 430 and at 38 ksi (262 MPa) against Type 316 in the HPAlloys matrix. The same alloy did not gall up to 50 ksi (345 MPa) against AISI 4337 in its own table.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "hpa-n60",
        "where": "Table 1 Unlubricated Galling Resistance of Stainless Steels, row Annealed (205) NITRONIC 60, columns Type 430 and Type 316"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Chloride stress corrosion cracking",
        "trigger": "Hot chloride-containing environments",
        "consequence": "Smiths says that, as with Types 304 and 316, the annealed alloy may suffer stress corrosion cracking in hot chloride-containing environments. NASA saw no corrosive attack on longitudinal tensile specimens in 3.5 % NaCl alternate immersion over 180 days.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "smith-n60",
        "where": "Corrosion Resistance paragraph of the Smiths datasheet"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Loss of strength after reheating the high-strength bar",
        "trigger": "Hot forging or welding of the high-strength condition",
        "consequence": "Electralloy says the high-strength bars cannot be subsequently hot forged or welded without loss of strength, and that corrosion resistance may be lessened to varying degrees depending on the environment.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "electralloy-n60",
        "where": "Nitronic 60 High Strength Bar paragraph"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Anneal at 1900 to 2000 F and water quench; the alloy cannot be hardened by heat treatment, so strength depends on cold work or the annealed condition (Electralloy).",
        "source": "electralloy-n60",
        "where": "Heat Treatment section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Forge after heating to 2150 F, and expect more power for forming and forging than with Type 316 (Electralloy).",
        "source": "electralloy-n60",
        "where": "Workability section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Machining is not easy: generally rates at 50 percent of those adopted for Type 304, and coated carbide tooling is suggested (Smiths; Electralloy).",
        "source": "smith-n60",
        "where": "Machining and welding section of the Smiths datasheet"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Fasteners, pins, bushings, roller bearings and chain-drive parts",
      "example": "Rolled Alloys lists fasteners, pins and bushings, wear rails, roller bearings and pump components as applications for the grade. Smiths lists chain-drive systems with pins, bushings, wear rails and roller bearings.",
      "source": "rolled-n60",
      "where": "Applications list of the Rolled Alloys N-60 data sheet"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Bridge pins and hangers",
      "example": "Smiths and Electralloy both list bridge pins as a typical application. Electralloy adds hydroelectric dam wear applications and says wear rings in vertical centrifugal pumps benefit from its cavitation resistance.",
      "source": "smith-n60",
      "where": "Typical Applications list of the Smiths datasheet"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Valve stems, seats and trim, including automotive valves",
      "example": "HPAlloys says a 20 inch gate valve cycling every 170 seconds at 750 F ran 140 days with a Nitronic 60 weld overlay on the seat and disk without galling, against 90 days for Stellite 6B hard-faced trim.",
      "source": "hpa-n60",
      "where": "Elevated Temperature Galling Applications text"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (world mine production, nickel content, 2025 estimate)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for about 60 % of apparent consumption in 2025; most recycled nickel went into new alloys and stainless steel.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades in construction; titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-nickel-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values 2,600,000, 270,000, 200,000 and 140,000. Recycling and Substitutes paragraphs."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Chromium (world mine production, chromium content, 2025 estimate)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 45.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "share_percent": 17.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 13.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.9,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: recycled chromium in stainless-steel scrap receipts accounted for 21 % of apparent consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-chromium-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e world total 51,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values 23,000, 9,000, 7,000 and 3,000. Recycling and Substitutes paragraphs."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Manganese (world mine production, manganese content, 2025 estimate)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 38,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Gabon",
          "share_percent": 25,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Ghana",
          "share_percent": 10,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "share_percent": 8,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: manganese was recycled incidentally in ferrous and nonferrous scrap, scrap recovery for manganese alone was negligible, and manganese is recovered along with iron from steel slag.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-manganese-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e world total 20,000 thousand t (rounded); shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values 7,600, 5,000, 2,000 and 1,600. Recycling and Substitutes paragraphs."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "UNS S21800 (Nitronic 60) Data Sheet, Smiths Metal Centres",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.spacematdb.com/spacemat/manudatasheets/Nitronic60_SMC.pdf",
      "year": 2007
    },
    {
      "title": "N-60 Stainless data sheet, Rolled Alloys Bulletin No. 360",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/NITRONIC-60_stainless-steel-data-sheet.pdf",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) data sheet, Double Eagle Alloys",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.doubleeaglealloys.com/wp-content/uploads/docs/Nitronic60-StainlessSteel.pdf",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "title": "Nitronic 60 Stainless Steel (UNS S21800) product data sheet, Electralloy",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.electralloy.com/images/pdf/Product_Sheets/Electralloy/Nitronic_60.pdf",
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "title": "NASA TM X-73359: The stress corrosion resistance and the cryogenic temperature mechanical properties of annealed Nitronic 60 bar material",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19770009206",
      "year": 1977
    },
    {
      "title": "Alloys delivered from Uddeholms AB, material safety information sheet",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.uddeholm.com/app/uploads/sites/235/2024/05/Alloys-delivered-from-Uddeholms-AB.pdf",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No safety data sheet for Nitronic 60 was read. The Ulbrich SDS hosted by MSC Direct is behind bot protection and was not opened. The GHS line for the alloy is therefore a rule applied from the Uddeholm steel-article sheet, not a classification printed for Nitronic 60.",
    "No manganese exposure limit (OSHA PEL or ACGIH TLV) was read from a fetched source for this alloy.",
    "No European number (EN 1.xxxx or EN name) and no CAS number is printed by any source read, so none is listed in designations.",
    "The Smiths table heading prints UNS S31800 for the annealed bar row; the row is taken as S21800 from the datasheet title and product.",
    "Electrical resistivity differs between sources: HPAlloys prints 98.2 microhm-cm; Double Eagle prints 28.7 microhm-in (about 72.9 microhm-cm). Only the HPAlloys value is in properties.",
    "Phosphorus and sulfur maxima differ: Rolled Alloys prints 0.06 and 0.03 %, Electralloy prints 0.04 and 0.010 % for its nominal analysis. The recipe uses the Rolled Alloys ASTM A276 limits.",
    "The HPAlloys composition table is narrower (manganese 7.50 to 8.50, silicon 3.70 to 4.20, nitrogen 0.10 to 0.18); it is noted but not used for the recipe.",
    "NASA TM X-73359 Table II (tensile properties at test temperatures from 75 F to -423 F) is not legible in the OCR text, so only its Charpy table and summary are used. Cryogenic tensile values come from the HPAlloys Table 40 for annealed 1 inch bar at -320 F.",
    "No maximum service temperature is printed for annealed bar. Electralloy gives an elevated-temperature service range of 800 to 1500 F for valve trim, which is not a limit and is not entered.",
    "Hardness is not a canonical property name in spores/property-canon.yaml, so the benchmark is written as hardness with HRB and HB as printed.",
    "Galling threshold, Charpy impact energy and magnetic permeability are not canonical property names; they are written as galling_threshold_stress, charpy_impact_energy and magnetic_permeability.",
    "Poisson's ratio uses the canonical name poissons_ratio.",
    "No vacuum, radiation, outgassing, cold-welding or atomic-oxygen data were found for Nitronic 60 in this run.",
    "No critical-mineral list status for manganese, chromium or nickel was read from an official list; critical_lists is left empty for all three.",
    "No silicon supply entry: no USGS or other silicon summary was read in this run.",
    "No process route (smelting, refining, AOD melting) was read from a primary source, so the recipe has no process description beyond the heat treatment and forging steps in the Electralloy sheet.",
    "Atomic weights were not read from a fetched page and are left out of the recipe parts.",
    "The NASA cryogenic tensile values were not used, because the OCR text of Table II is unreadable; no Nitronic 60 cryogenic tensile value from NASA is entered.",
    "The HPAlloys brochure gives the galling test as a button test with a reproducibility of plus or minus 2.5 ksi (18 MPa); the threshold values are therefore approximate.",
    "The NASA C-ring test used a non-standard specimen geometry, so its pitting result is not used as a general corrosion rate."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800, AMS 5848) is an austenitic stainless steel developed by Armco. It keeps an austenitic structure while manganese (7.0 to 9.0 %) and nitrogen (0.08 to 0.18 %) replace part of the nickel, and silicon (3.5 to 4.5 %) is added for galling resistance. The HPAlloys brochure prints a density of 7.622 gm/cm3 and a modulus of 180 GPa. Its galling tests show the annealed alloy did not gall up to 50 ksi against AISI 4337 at room temperature, and the NASA report measured a Charpy impact energy of 187.8 J at -320 F.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Fasteners, pins and bushings",
        "line": "Rolled Alloys, Electralloy and Smiths list fasteners, pins, bushings, roller bearings and chain-drive parts among typical uses. Electralloy also lists bridge pins and valve stems."
      },
      {
        "where": "Valve trim and pump parts",
        "line": "Electralloy lists valve stems, seats and trim, and pump wear rings. HPAlloys reports a 20 inch gate valve that ran 140 days without galling at 750 F with a Nitronic 60 weld overlay."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Resist galling",
        "line": "The annealed alloy did not gall up to 50 ksi (345 MPa) against AISI 4337 in HPAlloys' button test, and it did not gall in liquid nitrogen when mated to itself.",
        "benchmark": "galling_threshold_stress",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "345 MPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Carry load at room temperature",
        "line": "The minimum tensile strength of annealed bar over 12.7 mm is 655 MPa (95 ksi), and the minimum 0.2 % yield is 345 MPa (50 ksi), from the Smiths datasheet.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "655 MPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Keep strength at high temperature",
        "line": "The typical tensile strength of annealed bar at 800 F (427 C) is 540 MPa (78.3 ksi), with a 0.2 % yield of 200 MPa (29.0 ksi), from the HPAlloys brochure.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "540 MPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stay tough when cold",
        "line": "NASA reports an average Charpy impact energy of 187.8 J (138.5 ft-lb) at -320 F (-196 C), and the annealed bar tensile strength rises to 1469 MPa (213 ksi) at the same temperature.",
        "benchmark": "charpy_impact_energy",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "187.8 J"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Smiths says the grade's strength approaches twice that of Type 316, and Electralloy says its general corrosion resistance falls between Types 304 and 316 while its chloride pitting resistance is superior to Type 316. Electralloy says its galling and wear resistance exceed all other austenitic, precipitation-hardening and duplex stainless steels that it lists.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Modulus of elasticity",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Anneal at 1900 to 2000 F and water quench; the alloy cannot be hardened by heat treatment (Electralloy).",
      "Weld with the processes used for Types 304 and 316, and expect weld metal strength slightly above the base metal (Smiths; Electralloy).",
      "Control dust and fumes when grinding, polishing, welding or cutting, since the Uddeholm sheet names inhalation of nickel and chromium dust and fumes as the hazard."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Fasteners, pins and bushings that must resist galling and wear without hardening treatments (Rolled Alloys; Electralloy).",
      "Valve stems, seats and trim in service from 800 to 1500 F, which Electralloy says the alloy performs in (Electralloy).",
      "Cold-service parts, since the Charpy impact energy stays above 120 ft-lb at -320 F in NASA's tests."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Stress corrosion cracking may occur in hot chloride environments (Smiths).",
      "High-strength bar loses strength if it is hot forged or welded (Electralloy).",
      "The alloy is hard to machine: the Smiths datasheet rates machining at 50 percent of the rate for Type 304.",
      "No vacuum, radiation, outgassing or atomic-oxygen data were found for this profile."
    ],
    "verdict": "Nitronic 60 is an austenitic stainless steel chosen for galling and wear resistance rather than for corrosion resistance. Its printed galling thresholds are high, its tensile strength rises at -320 F, and its manganese, nickel and chromium dust and fumes set the handling hazard. This profile has no space-environment numbers.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Nitronic 60 is an iron-based austenitic alloy. Composition in weight percent is the ASTM A276 limits printed in the Rolled Alloys data sheet. The Electralloy nominal analysis gives the same manganese, silicon, nitrogen, chromium and nickel ranges, but different phosphorus and sulfur maxima. The melting route was not read from a primary source.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "The matrix of the alloy; the other elements are dissolved in it."
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Gives the stainless steel its general corrosion and oxidation resistance (Rolled Alloys, Electralloy)."
        },
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Keeps the structure austenitic. Manganese and nitrogen are substituted for part of the usual nickel content (NASA TM X-73359)."
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Substitutes for part of the nickel and adds to the galling resistance; Rolled Alloys says the 8 % manganese inhibits wear, galling and fretting."
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "Added for wear and galling resistance (Rolled Alloys; Electralloy)."
        },
        {
          "name": "Nitrogen",
          "symbol": "N",
          "role": "Substitutes for part of the nickel content (NASA TM X-73359)."
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "An impurity limit in the ASTM A276 composition."
        },
        {
          "name": "Phosphorus",
          "symbol": "P",
          "role": "An impurity limit; Electralloy prints 0.04 % maximum for its nominal analysis."
        },
        {
          "name": "Sulphur",
          "symbol": "S",
          "role": "An impurity limit; Electralloy prints 0.010 % maximum for its nominal analysis."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "Dust and fumes from working the steel carry the hazards, because the sources classify nickel, manganese and chromium in dust and fume rather than the massive metal.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Nickel in the alloy",
            "line": "Uddeholm's safety information sheet for steel articles classes nickel with H317, H351 and H372 (DANGER). It says massive steel needs no label, but dust and fumes from grinding, polishing, welding or cutting carry the risk."
          },
          {
            "label": "Nickel limit rule",
            "line": "Applied to the 8.0 to 9.0 % nickel range of Nitronic 60, the sheet's rule for steels gives STOT RE2 and Carcinogen Category 2. No Nitronic 60 safety data sheet was read, so this is a rule applied, not a printed classification."
          },
          {
            "label": "Hexavalent chromium in fume",
            "line": "The same sheet says welding and flame cutting fumes may contain hexavalent chromium compounds. Nitronic 60 holds 16.0 to 18.0 % chromium."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Dust and fumes from grinding and welding are the hazard"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "These are failure routes printed in the sources. None is a measured space result.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Galling",
            "line": "HPAlloys gives galling thresholds of 36 ksi (248 MPa) against Type 430 and 38 ksi (262 MPa) against Type 316 for annealed Nitronic 60, and 50 + ksi (345 MPa) against AISI 4337."
          },
          {
            "label": "Stress corrosion in hot chlorides",
            "line": "Smiths says the annealed alloy may suffer stress corrosion cracking in hot chloride-containing environments, as Types 304 and 316 do."
          },
          {
            "label": "Pitting at the end grain",
            "line": "In NASA's 180 day C-ring tests, more than three quarters of the rings pitted at the end grain, while the longitudinal tensile specimens showed no attack."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Heat treatment",
            "line": "Electralloy says annealing at 1900 to 2000 F, followed by water quench, is the usual route, and that the alloy cannot be hardened by heat treatment."
          },
          {
            "label": "High-strength bar",
            "line": "Electralloy says high-strength bar cannot be hot forged or welded without losing strength."
          },
          {
            "label": "Forging",
            "line": "Electralloy says to forge after heating to 2150 F and expect more power than for Type 316."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 24,
    "unreachable": 1,
    "caveats": 6,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. Unreachable: the Ulbrich SDS via MSC Direct (bot protection). Caveats: the datasheets are typical or minimum values of several producers; the Smiths table heading prints UNS S31800; the electrical resistivity and phosphorus and sulfur limits differ between sources; the NASA tensile table is not legible; the hazard classes come from a general steel-article sheet for Uddeholm alloys."
  },
  "sources": {
    "smith-n60": {
      "title": "UNS S21800 (Nitronic 60) Data Sheet, Smiths Metal Centres",
      "id": "UNS S21800",
      "url": "https://www.spacematdb.com/spacemat/manudatasheets/Nitronic60_SMC.pdf",
      "year": 2007,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Distributor datasheet, for information only (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "rolled-n60": {
      "title": "N-60 Stainless data sheet, Rolled Alloys Bulletin No. 360 (USe 09/15)",
      "id": "UNS S21800, AMS 5848, ASTM A276, A193, A479, ASME SA-276, SA-479",
      "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/NITRONIC-60_stainless-steel-data-sheet.pdf",
      "year": 2015,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "doubleeagle-n60": {
      "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) technical data sheet, Double Eagle Alloys",
      "id": "ASTM A276, A479, AMS 5848",
      "url": "https://www.doubleeaglealloys.com/wp-content/uploads/docs/Nitronic60-StainlessSteel.pdf",
      "year": 2015,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Distributor datasheet, data are typical (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "electralloy-n60": {
      "title": "Nitronic 60 Stainless Steel (UNS S21800) product data sheet, Electralloy (2-2019)",
      "id": "UNS S21800, AMS 5848, ASTM A240, A276, A193, A194",
      "url": "https://www.electralloy.com/images/pdf/Product_Sheets/Electralloy/Nitronic_60.pdf",
      "year": 2019,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Producer datasheet, for general information (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "hpa-n60": {
      "title": "Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) brochure, HPAlloys (file 254222_HPA_60)",
      "id": "NITRONIC 60, UNS S21800",
      "url": "https://www.hpalloys.com/docs/hpalloy_n60book.pdf",
      "year": 2012,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Producer and distributor brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "nasa-tmx73359": {
      "title": "NASA TM X-73359: The stress corrosion resistance and the cryogenic temperature mechanical properties of annealed Nitronic 60 bar material (J. W. Montana, MSFC, January 1977)",
      "id": "NTRS 19770009206",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19770009206",
      "year": 1977,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US government report (public)"
    },
    "uddeholm-sis": {
      "title": "Alloys delivered from Uddeholms AB, material safety information sheet (release 2010-01-04, review 2018-09-10)",
      "url": "https://www.uddeholm.com/app/uploads/sites/235/2024/05/Alloys-delivered-from-Uddeholms-AB.pdf",
      "year": 2018,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer safety information sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-nickel-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-chromium-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Chromium",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-manganese-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Manganese",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/nitronic-60/"
}