Aluminium bronze C63000 (wrought, CuAl10Ni5Fe4) C630

spore: profile
id: aluminium-bronze
spore_version: 0.2
family: copper-alloys
name: Aluminium bronze C63000 (wrought, CuAl10Ni5Fe4)
abbreviation: C630
role: wrought bearing, worm gear, aerospace and marine alloy
category: metals
type: copper-alloys
summary: |
  Wrought aluminium bronze C63000 (UNS C63000, CuAl10Ni5Fe4, EN CW307G, AMS 4640, ASTM B150 and B171) is a copper alloy with 9.0 to 11.0 % aluminium, 4.0 to 5.5 % nickel and 2.0 to 4.0 % iron (National Bronze). Smith Metal calls it the most commonly used nickel aluminium bronze in America. Its density is 7.58 g/cm3 (Aalco) and it melts between 1060 and 1075 °C (Zollern). ASTM B150 forgings up to 100 mm thick have a minimum tensile strength of 585 MPa and a minimum yield strength of 295 MPa, with 10 % minimum elongation (Zollern). Typical round rod gives 689 to 814 MPa tensile strength (National Bronze). This is the wrought counterpart of the cast grade (see the [cast aluminium bronze profile](/profiles/bronze-c954/)), and it carries far more nickel than the cast grade.
best_for: Highly loaded, wear-resistant bearings and worm wheels, aerospace landing gear parts, marine fasteners, and pump and valve parts (Smith Metal, Zollern)
weakest_at: Brazing and soft soldering (Zollern), dealuminification in crevices or under deposits, and sulphide-polluted sea water (Hendrix)
identity:
  formula: 'Wrought Cu-Al-Ni-Fe alloy, UNS C63000 (CuAl10Ni5Fe4): copper balance, aluminium 9.0 to 11.0, nickel 4.0 to 5.5, iron 2.0 to 4.0, manganese 1.5 max (wt %, National Bronze min/max table; Smith Metal prints the same ranges). National Bronze nominal: copper 82.0, aluminium 10.0, iron 3.0, nickel 5.0. Zollern adds lead 0.05 max.'
  source: natbronze-c63000
  where: Chemical Composition table, Min./Max. row; the footnotes say the Cu value includes Ag and the Ni value includes Co
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: C63000
      source: natbronze-c63000
      where: Page title, C63000 (Aluminum Bronze)
    - system: ASTM
      code: B150
      source: zollern-c63000
      where: Norm line, ZOLLERN brand C63000 table (ASTM B 150 and 171)
    - system: ASTM
      code: B171
      source: zollern-c63000
      where: Norm line, ZOLLERN brand C63000 table (ASTM B 150 and 171)
    - system: AMS
      code: '4640'
      source: smith-c63000
      where: Product Description, grade developed under the AMS4640 specification
    - system: EN name
      code: CW307G
      note: EN numeric designation with a CW prefix, not a 1.xxxx number
      source: smith-c63000
      where: Related material specifications list
    - system: EN name
      code: CuAl10Ni5Fe4
      source: applus-cw307g
      where: Page title, CuAl10Ni5Fe4 | CW307G Material Datasheet
    - system: BS
      code: CA104
      source: smith-c63000
      where: Related material specifications list
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - mechanisms
    - structures
    - thermal-control
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, C63000 (Aalco, CW307G)
    value: 7.58
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CW307G (Aalco page; the page prints one value and does not name the form)
      temperature: not stated
    method: Value printed in a stockist's physical properties table
    status: ground
    source: aalco-cw307g
    where: Physical Properties table, Density row
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting range, C63000 (Zollern)
    value: 1060
    value_high: 1075
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000 (ASTM B 150 and 171 norm)
      pressure: not stated
    method: Range printed in the physical properties block of a manufacturer's datasheet
    status: ground
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Physical properties block, Melting temperature/range row, 1060 – 1075 °C
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting point, CW307G (Aalco, single value)
    value: 1035
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CW307G
      temperature: not stated
    method: Single value printed in a stockist's physical properties table; the page gives no range
    status: ground
    source: aalco-cw307g
    where: Physical Properties table, Melting Point row
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, C63000 (Zollern)
    value: 63
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: 0.63 W/cm x°C at 20°C
    method: Printed as 0.63 W/cm x°C and converted to W/(m·K) (1 W/cm·°C = 100 W/(m·K)); the printed value is kept in unit_in_source
    status: ground
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Physical properties block, Thermal conductivity at 20°C row
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, CW307G (Aalco)
    value: 37.7
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CW307G
      temperature: not stated
    method: Value printed in a stockist's physical properties table, printed in W/m.K
    status: ground
    note: Zollern prints 63 W/(m·K) for the same grade (previous row); the two sources disagree.
    source: aalco-cw307g
    where: Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 100 °C (Zollern)
    value: 15
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000
      temperature: 20 to 100 °C
      unit_in_source: 15 x 10-6 °C-1 (from 20° to 100°C)
    method: Printed as 10^-6 per °C, which is the same unit as ppm/K, so the number is copied without conversion
    status: ground
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Physical properties block, Coefficient of linear expansion, from 20° to 100°C row
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 300 °C (Zollern)
    value: 17
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000
      temperature: 20 to 300 °C
      unit_in_source: 17 x 10-6 °C-1 (from 20° to 300°C)
    method: Printed as 10^-6 per °C, which is the same unit as ppm/K, so the number is copied without conversion
    status: ground
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Physical properties block, Coefficient of linear expansion, from 20° to 300°C row
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat capacity at 20 °C, C63000 (Zollern)
    value: 452
    unit: J/(kg·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: 0.452 J/g x °C
    method: Printed as 0.452 J/g x °C and converted to J/(kg·K) (x 1000); the printed value is kept in unit_in_source
    status: ground
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Physical properties block, Specific heat at 20°C row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Young's modulus, C63000 (Zollern)
    value: 117
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: 117 kN/mm2
    method: kN/mm2 is the same unit as GPa, so the number is copied without conversion
    status: ground
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Physical properties block, Young's modulus row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity, CW307G (Aalco)
    value: 115
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CW307G
      temperature: not stated
    method: Value printed in a stockist's physical properties table
    status: ground
    note: Zollern prints 117 GPa for the same grade (previous row).
    source: aalco-cw307g
    where: Physical Properties table, Modulus of Elasticity row
  - benchmark: electrical_conductivity
    label: Electrical conductivity at 20 °C, C63000 (Zollern)
    value: 7
    value_high: 10
    unit: '%IACS'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: 7 - 10 % IACS at 20°C
    method: Range printed in the physical properties block; electrical_conductivity is a snake_case name because it is not in the property canon
    status: ground
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Physical properties block, Electr. conductivity at 20°C row, 7 - 10% IACS
  - benchmark: electrical_conductivity
    label: Electrical conductivity at 68 °F, C63000 (National Bronze, typical)
    value: 7
    unit: '%IACS'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000
      temperature: 68 °F (20 °C)
      unit_in_source: 7 %IACS @ 68 F
    method: Value printed in the physical properties table of a bar and rod supplier; electrical_conductivity is a snake_case name because it is not in the property canon
    status: ground
    source: natbronze-c63000
    where: Physical Properties table, Electrical Conductivity row
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity, CW307G (Aalco)
    value: 0.172
    unit: µΩ·m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CW307G
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: 0.172 x10^-6 Ω .m
    method: Printed as 0.172 x10^-6 Ω·m, which is 0.172 µΩ·m, so the number is copied without conversion
    status: ground
    source: aalco-cw307g
    where: Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, forgings up to 100 mm, ASTM B 150 (minimum)
    value: 585
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000 forgings (ASTM B 150, condition M10, O20)
      product: forgings up to 100 mm thickness
      measure: minimum
      unit_in_source: 585 N/mm²
    method: Minimum value printed in the strength table for room temperature, row [1] ASTM B 150
    status: ground
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Strength properties at room temperature table, [1] ASTM B 150, forgings up to 100 mm thickness, Rm column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength Rp0.5, forgings up to 100 mm, ASTM B 150 (minimum)
    value: 295
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000 forgings (ASTM B 150, condition M10, O20)
      product: forgings up to 100 mm thickness
      measure: minimum
      unit_in_source: 295 N/mm²
    method: Minimum value printed in the strength table for room temperature; Rp0.5 is the 0.5 % proof stress
    status: ground
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Strength properties at room temperature table, [1] ASTM B 150, forgings up to 100 mm thickness, Rp0.5 column
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation A5, forgings up to 100 mm, ASTM B 150 (minimum)
    value: 10
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000 forgings (ASTM B 150, condition M10, O20)
      product: forgings up to 100 mm thickness
      measure: minimum
    method: Minimum value printed in the strength table for room temperature
    status: ground
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Strength properties at room temperature table, [1] ASTM B 150, forgings up to 100 mm thickness, A5 column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, forgings up to 50 mm, ASTM B 171 (minimum)
    value: 620
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000 forgings (ASTM B 171, condition M10, O20)
      product: forgings up to 50 mm thickness
      measure: minimum
      unit_in_source: 90 ksi
    method: Minimum value printed in the strength table for room temperature, row [2] ASTM B 171; the ksi column shows 90
    status: ground
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Strength properties at room temperature table, [2] ASTM B 171, forgings up to 50 mm thickness, Rm column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength Rp0.5, forgings up to 50 mm, ASTM B 171 (minimum)
    value: 250
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000 forgings (ASTM B 171, condition M10, O20)
      product: forgings up to 50 mm thickness
      measure: minimum
    method: Minimum value printed in the strength table for room temperature, row [2] ASTM B 171, Rp0.5 column
    status: ground
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Strength properties at room temperature table, [2] ASTM B 171, forgings up to 50 mm thickness, Rp0.5 column
  - benchmark: fatigue_strength
    label: Rotational bending fatigue strength, 20 million cycles (reference)
    value: 290
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: rotational bending, 20 x 10^6 load cycles
      basis: reference value printed by the manufacturer
      unit_in_source: 290 N/mm²
    method: Printed as a reference value in the dynamic strength block at room temperature
    status: ground
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Dynamic strength values block, Rotational bending fatigue strength Rbw row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, bar 25 mm and under (Smith Metal, approximate)
    value: 760
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000
      product: round bar, 25 mm and under
      caveat: approximate testing, not a guarantee (supplier sheet)
    method: Value printed in the mechanical properties table, 25 mm and under column, UTS row; the sheet gives no minimum or typical label
    status: ground
    source: smith-c63000
    where: Mechanical Properties table, UTS row, 25mm and under column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: 0.2 % proof strength, bar 25 mm and under (Smith Metal, approximate)
    value: 470
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000
      product: round bar, 25 mm and under
      measure: 0.2 % offset
      caveat: approximate testing, not a guarantee (supplier sheet)
    method: Value printed in the mechanical properties table, 25 mm and under column, 0.2% Proof Strength row
    status: ground
    source: smith-c63000
    where: Mechanical Properties table, 0.2% Proof Strength row, 25mm and under column
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, bar 25 mm and under (Smith Metal, approximate)
    value: 10
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000
      product: round bar, 25 mm and under
      caveat: approximate testing, not a guarantee (supplier sheet)
    method: Value printed in the mechanical properties table, 25 mm and under column
    status: ground
    source: smith-c63000
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Elongation row, 25mm and under column
  - benchmark: hardness_brinell
    label: Hardness, bar up to 50.8 mm (Smith Metal)
    value: 201
    value_high: 248
    unit: HB
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000
      product: round bar up to 50.8 mm
    method: Range printed in the mechanical properties table; hardness_brinell is snake_case because it is not in the property canon
    status: ground
    source: smith-c63000
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Hardness row, Up to 50.8mm column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, rod 4 in, M30 temper, typical (National Bronze)
    value: 689
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000
      product: rod, 4 in (102 mm)
      temper: M30
      cold_work: 0 %
      temperature: 20 °C (68 °F)
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 100 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in the MPa column of the mechanical properties table
    status: ground
    source: natbronze-c63000
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Rod M30 row, 4 in (102 mm), Tensile Strength MPa column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.5 % extension under load, rod 4 in, M30, typical (National Bronze)
    value: 414
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000
      product: rod, 4 in (102 mm)
      temper: M30
      cold_work: 0 %
      temperature: 20 °C (68 °F)
      basis: typical
      measure: 0.5 % extension under load
      unit_in_source: 60 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in the MPa column of the mechanical properties table
    status: ground
    source: natbronze-c63000
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Rod M30 row, 4 in (102 mm), Yield Strength 0.5% ext. under load MPa column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, rod 1 in, HR50 temper, 10 % cold work, typical (National Bronze)
    value: 814
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000
      product: rod, 1 in (25.4 mm)
      temper: HR50
      cold_work: 10 %
      temperature: 20 °C (68 °F)
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 118 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in the MPa column of the mechanical properties table
    status: ground
    source: natbronze-c63000
    where: Mechanical Properties table, HR50 rod row, 1 in (25.4 mm), Tensile Strength MPa column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.5 % extension under load, rod 1 in, HR50, typical (National Bronze)
    value: 517
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C63000
      product: rod, 1 in (25.4 mm)
      temper: HR50
      cold_work: 10 %
      temperature: 20 °C (68 °F)
      basis: typical
      measure: 0.5 % extension under load
      unit_in_source: 75 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in the MPa column of the mechanical properties table
    status: ground
    source: natbronze-c63000
    where: Mechanical Properties table, HR50 rod row, 1 in (25.4 mm), Yield Strength 0.5% ext. under load MPa column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, CW307G (Aalco, range)
    value: 600
    value_high: 760
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CW307G
      product: round rod and bar (the page does not name the form)
      temper: not stated
    method: Range printed in the mechanical properties table of a stockist's page; the page says the values vary with temper, product and dimensions
    status: ground
    source: aalco-cw307g
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Proof stress, CW307G (Aalco, range)
    value: 400
    value_high: 530
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CW307G
      product: round rod and bar (the page does not name the form)
      temper: not stated
      measure: proof stress, offset not stated
    method: Range printed in the mechanical properties table of a stockist's page
    status: ground
    source: aalco-cw307g
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Proof Stress row
  - benchmark: hardness_vickers
    label: Hardness, CW307G (Aalco, range)
    value: 170
    value_high: 220
    unit: HV
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CW307G
      temper: not stated
    method: Range printed in the mechanical properties table of a stockist's page; hardness_vickers is snake_case because it is not in the property canon
    status: ground
    source: aalco-cw307g
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Hardness Vickers row
corrosion:
  - environment: Chloride-containing water, neutral and acidic aqueous media (general corrosion)
    headline: Zollern rates C63000 as having high corrosion resistance to chloride-containing water, neutral and acidic aqueous media.
    effect: Zollern says the alloy has high corrosion resistance with high strength at the same time, and good resistance to scaling, erosion and cavitation. Smith Metal rates its corrosion resistance as excellent. No corrosion rate for C63000 was read.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: qualitative statements from the manufacturer and the stockist; no measured rate for C63000 in the pages read
      test: not stated
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Areas of application, first paragraph; Smith Metal Corrosion Resistance field
  - environment: Sea water with sulphide pollution (pitting)
    headline: Sulphide pollution of sea water may pit aluminium bronzes, although copper alloys do not normally pit in sea water.
    effect: Hendrix says sulphide pollution may cause pitting in most copper alloys, including aluminium bronzes, and that pitting can perforate a valve, pump casting or water tube in a relatively short time. The source gives no depth, rate or rating for C63000.
    rating: unknown
    conditions:
      basis: qualitative; the source is written for aluminium bronzes in general and does not name C63000
      pollutant: sulphide
    source: hgh-al-bronze
    where: Section (ii) Pitting
  - environment: 'Dealuminification: sea water or fresh water under crevices, deposits, marine growth, or galvanic or electrical-leakage coupling'
    headline: Dealuminification is the selective loss of aluminium from aluminium bronze, and it can be largely prevented with an alloy free of gamma-2 phase.
    effect: Hendrix says selective phase attack, of which dealuminification is a form, is not usually of great significance and occurs only under particular severe service conditions. Under free exposure, aluminium bronzes free from gamma-2 phase show no selective phase corrosion. Hendrix does not say whether C63000 forms gamma-2 phase.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: 'Hendrix wording: ''not usually of great significance''; no depth or rate for C63000 in the pages read'
      gamma2_phase: C63000 gamma-2 status not stated in the pages read
    source: hgh-al-bronze
    where: Section (iv) Selective Phase Attack and Section (v) Dealloying
  - environment: Ammonia or ammonium compounds under tensile stress (stress corrosion cracking)
    headline: Stress corrosion cracking in ammonia follows a transgranular path in aluminium bronzes, and they resist it much better than brasses.
    effect: Hendrix says aluminium bronzes are much superior to brasses, though not as good as copper-nickel, and that under normal service conditions they very rarely show stress corrosion cracking. The ammonia results come from very severe test conditions.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: qualitative; very severe test conditions as the source notes; not tested on C63000 in the pages read
    source: hgh-al-bronze
    where: Section (viii) Stress Corrosion
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: 'Copper dust, spray or crystals: the CDC ToxFAQ says breathing copper dusts, sprays or crystals can irritate the nose and throat and cause dizziness and headaches. The U.S. DHHS, EPA and IARC have not evaluated copper for cancer.'
      ghs: []
      source: atsdr-copper
      where: ToxFAQs sections How can copper affect my health? and Can copper cause cancer?
    - text: 'Nickel: the PubChem record for nickel metal (CID 935) lists H317 (may cause an allergic skin reaction), H351 (suspected of causing cancer) and H372 (causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure), from aggregated ECHA notifications. The alloy contains 4.0 to 5.5 % nickel, so this is the metal classification, not a classification of C63000.'
      ghs:
        - H317
        - H351
        - H372
      source: pubchem-nickel
      where: GHS Classification section, first notification block
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Dealuminification of aluminium bronze
      trigger: Sea water or fresh water in crevices, under deposits or marine growth, or with galvanic or electrical-leakage coupling
      consequence: Selective removal of aluminium leaves a porous, weak copper residue that keeps the shape of the part. Hendrix says the depth is very hard to judge except by sectioning. Severity is our judgement from the Hendrix wording, which calls selective phase attack not usually of great significance.
      severity: moderate
      source: hgh-al-bronze
      where: Section (iv) Selective Phase Attack and Section (v) Dealloying
    - mode: Pitting in sulphide-polluted sea water
      trigger: Sulphide pollution of sea water
      consequence: Hendrix says pitting can perforate a valve, pump casting or water tube in a relatively short time. The source gives no depth or rate for C63000.
      severity: moderate
      source: hgh-al-bronze
      where: Section (ii) Pitting
    - mode: Stress corrosion cracking in ammonia
      trigger: Tensile stress from working, welding or assembly, together with ammonia or an ammonia-like atmosphere
      consequence: Hendrix says stress corrosion cracking of aluminium bronzes in ammonia follows a transgranular path. It rates aluminium bronzes much superior to brasses, though not as good as copper-nickel.
      severity: low
      source: hgh-al-bronze
      where: Section (viii) Stress Corrosion
  side_effects:
    - text: 'Copper pick-up: in some aggressive waters, pure copper and some high-copper alloys can put enough copper into water to increase corrosion of galvanized steel or aluminium alloys downstream. Hendrix says aluminium bronzes are virtually unaffected by cupro-solvent waters and show no copper pick-up problems.'
      affects: Galvanized steel and aluminium alloys downstream of the component
      source: hgh-al-bronze
      where: Section (i) Uniform or General Corrosion, first paragraph
  handling:
    - text: 'Heat treatment: relaxation annealing at 650 to 720 °C, or soft annealing at 800 to 850 °C with furnace cooling down to 650 °C and then air cooling (Zollern).'
      source: zollern-c63000
      where: Areas of application page, Relaxation annealing and Soft annealing rows
    - text: 'Welding: TIG, MIG and manual electrode welding are good, with filler metal CuAl9Ni4Fe2Mn2 (CF310G) or S-CuAl8Ni2 (Zollern). Smith Metal also rates weldability as good.'
      source: zollern-c63000
      where: Areas of application page, Welding row
    - text: Brazing is poor, and soft soldering is not recommendable. Brazing with fluoride and chloride fluxes or silver solders is advantageous (Zollern).
      source: zollern-c63000
      where: Areas of application page, Soft soldering and Brazing rows
    - text: 'Machining: carbide tools are needed for turning and milling, and sharp tools for drilling and thread cutting. Machinability is better than austenitic stainless steel (Zollern); Smith Metal rates it good to fair.'
      source: zollern-c63000
      where: Areas of application page, Machinability section
  mitigations:
    - text: Keep the alloy free from gamma-2 phase by controlling its composition and cooling rate. Hendrix says this very largely prevents dealuminification under most conditions of service.
      source: hgh-al-bronze
      where: Section (iv) Selective Phase Attack and Section (v) Dealloying
    - text: Stress-relieve parts after working or welding, and keep assembly stresses low, to reduce the risk of stress corrosion cracking, according to Hendrix.
      source: hgh-al-bronze
      where: Section (viii) Stress Corrosion
uses:
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Highly loaded bearings, toggle lever bearings and worm wheels for sliding speeds below 1 m/s
    example: Zollern lists highly loaded bearings and worm wheels for sliding speeds below 1 m/s, and toggle lever bearings, sliding rails and wear strips among its applications. Surface pressures up to about 20 kN/cm2 are permissible under suitable conditions.
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Areas of application list
  - application: structures
    device: Aerospace landing gear parts and marine fasteners
    example: Smith Metal lists aerospace landing gear and marine fasteners among its typical applications, and says the grade was developed to the AMS4640 aerospace specification.
    source: smith-c63000
    where: Typical Applications list and Product Description
  - application: thermal-control
    device: Condenser plates and components in chemical apparatus, and moulds and mould inserts
    example: Zollern lists condenser plates and components in chemical apparatus engineering, and moulds and mould inserts for injection moulding, where the good thermal conductivity shortens cycle times.
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Areas of application list
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Screws, bolts and drive shafts for pumps; pressure-tight fittings for hydraulics and pneumatics
    example: Zollern lists screws, bolts and drive shafts for pumps, and pressure-tight high-pressure fittings for hydraulics and pneumatics, among its uses. Smith Metal also lists thrust washers, springs and wear plates.
    source: zollern-c63000
    where: Areas of application list
supply:
  - subject: Copper (mine production, copper content, 2025e), the matrix of the alloy (balance in C63000)
    producers:
      - country: Chile
        share_percent: 23
        year: 2025
      - country: Congo (Kinshasa)
        share_percent: 13.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Peru
        share_percent: 11.7
        year: 2025
      - country: China
        share_percent: 7.8
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.7
        year: 2025
    critical_lists:
      - list: U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (copper added, per the USGS copper summary)
        listed: true
    recycling: 'USGS: copper recovered from scrap contributed about 30% of the U.S. copper supply.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: aluminum, optical fiber and plastics substitute for copper in some uses, and titanium and steel are used in heat exchangers. The summary does not mention bronze.'
    source: usgs-copper-mcs2026
    where: World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e (world total 23,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed values 5,300, 3,200, 2,700, 1,800 and 1,300); Critical minerals paragraph; Recycling; Substitutes
  - subject: Aluminium (primary smelter production, 2025e), the main alloying element at 9.0 to 11.0 %
    abundance: 'USGS: global bauxite resources are estimated at 55 billion to 75 billion tons'
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 60.8
        year: 2025
      - country: India
        share_percent: 5.7
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.3
        year: 2025
      - country: Canada
        share_percent: 4.5
        year: 2025
      - country: United Arab Emirates
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: 'USGS: aluminum recovered from old scrap was equivalent to about 28% of apparent consumption.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: composites, magnesium, steel and titanium can substitute for aluminum in some ground transportation uses. The summary does not mention bronze.'
    source: usgs-aluminum-mcs2026
    where: World Smelter Production and Capacity table, smelter production 2025e (world total 74,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed values 45,000, 4,200, 3,900, 3,300 and 2,700); Recycling; Substitutes; World Resources
  - subject: Nickel (mine production, nickel content, 2025e), 4.0 to 5.5 % of the alloy
    producers:
      - country: Indonesia
        share_percent: 66.7
        year: 2025
      - country: Philippines
        share_percent: 6.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.1
        year: 2025
      - country: Canada
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
      - country: New Caledonia
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: 'USGS: not read in this run.'
    substitutes: []
    source: usgs-nickel-mcs2026
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e (world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed values 2,600,000, 270,000, 200,000 and 140,000 for Canada and New Caledonia); Domestic Production and Use
documents:
  - title: 'Smith Metal Centres: C63000 Technical Datasheet (2023)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/bronze/c63000.pdf
  - title: 'National Bronze: C63000 (Aluminum Bronze) data sheet'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/C63000.pdf
  - title: 'ZOLLERN: Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (alloy 1563, ASTM B 150 and B 171)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf
  - title: 'Aalco: Copper and Copper Alloys, Aluminium Bronze CW307G datasheet'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Copper-and-Copper-Alloys-CW307G_445.ashx
  - title: 'Applus Laboratories: CuAl10Ni5Fe4 | CW307G material datasheet'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.appluslaboratories.com/materials-portal/datasheet/cual10ni5fe4-cw307g/-692262132
  - title: 'The Hendrix Group archive: aluminium bronze, 3 corrosion types'
    type: report
    url: https://hghouston.com/archive/material-property-data/copper-and-copper-alloys/aluminum-bronze/3-corrosion-types
  - title: 'Wikipedia: Aluminium bronze (sea water resistance, marine applications, ISO 428 compositions)'
    type: database
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_bronze
  - title: 'ATSDR ToxFAQs: Copper (U.S. CDC)'
    type: report
    url: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/tsp/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=205&toxid=37
  - title: 'PubChem: Nickel, CID 935, GHS Classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/935
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - Wieland datasheets for CW307G (U33 and U35 EX) returned HTTP 404 in this run, and MakeItFrom returned HTTP 403. None of these is used.
  - The Applus datasheet text was mostly blurred in this run. Only the designation CuAl10Ni5Fe4 is used from it. Its remark on strength up to about 300 °C is not recorded as a property.
  - 'Thermal conductivity disagrees between sources: Zollern prints 0.63 W/cm x°C (63 W/(m·K)), Aalco prints 37.7 W/(m·K), and National Bronze prints 22.60 Btu·ft/(hr·ft²·°F), which was not converted. The two metric values are both kept with their sources.'
  - 'Melting disagrees in form: Zollern prints a range of 1060 to 1075 °C, and Aalco prints one value of 1035 °C. Both are kept.'
  - Composition ranges differ by source. Iron is 2.0 to 4.0 (National Bronze, Smith Metal) and 3.0 to 5.0 (Zollern); nickel is 4.0 to 5.5 (National Bronze, Smith Metal), 4.0 to 6.0 (Zollern) and 4.0 to 5.0 (Aalco); aluminium is 9.0 to 11.0 (National Bronze, Smith Metal) and 8.5 to 11.0 (Zollern, Aalco); manganese is 1.5 max, 1.0 max (Zollern) or 0.5 max (Aalco). The record uses the National Bronze table.
  - Wikipedia lists the closest ISO 428 wrought designation as CuAl10Fe5Ni5 (nickel 4.0 to 6.0 %, aluminium 8.5 to 11.5 %, iron 2.0 to 6.0 %). It is not treated as an alias, because the page does not say it is the same grade as C63000.
  - Aalco prints elongation as 15-5 (a typo), so the elongation is not used from that page.
  - Zollern's minimum strengths are for forgings to ASTM B 150 and B 171, and they are not split by temper in the datasheet. Smith's values are from approximate testing and are not guarantees. National Bronze's values are typical values, not minima. No EN 12163 or EN 12165 minimum table was read.
  - National Bronze's hardness columns were not read reliably in this run, so no Rockwell or Brinell value is taken from it. Brinell hardness is from Smith Metal (HB) and Vickers hardness from Aalco (HV). Neither hardness_brinell nor hardness_vickers is in the property canon.
  - Electrical conductivity is not in the property canon, so it is named electrical_conductivity and the unit is %IACS as printed.
  - Aalco prints machinability 30 against 100 for brass CZ121 (a relative index); not recorded, because the reference is a different alloy and the page gives no scale definition.
  - Hendrix covers aluminium bronzes in general and does not name C63000. No sea water corrosion rate for C63000 was found, and Hendrix does not say whether C63000 forms gamma-2 phase.
  - Smith Metal says C63000 retains its properties at cryogenic temperatures, but no number for that was read, so no cryogenic property is recorded.
  - The USGS nickel summary does not state whether nickel is on the U.S. 2025 critical minerals list, and that list was not checked in this run. The nickel recycling and substitute fields are left empty.
  - 'Supply shares are calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed USGS values: copper 2025e world total 23,000 thousand t; aluminium 2025e world total 74,000 thousand t; nickel 2025e world total 3,900,000 t. None of the three USGS summaries mentions bronze.'
  - The nickel hazard is taken from PubChem for nickel metal, from aggregated ECHA notifications. It is not a classification of the alloy.
  - The EN 1.xxxx material number for CW307G (a search snippet mentions 2.0966) was not read on a fetched page, so it is not listed as a designation.
  - No CAS number, crystal system, space group or GHS classification for the alloy was read. No space-environment data (vacuum, outgassing, radiation or atomic oxygen) was read, so tags.environments is empty.
sources:
  smith-c63000:
    title: Smith Metal Centres, C63000 Technical Datasheet (composition, mechanical properties, applications, related specifications AMS4640, CW307G, CA104)
    url: https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/bronze/c63000.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)
  natbronze-c63000:
    title: National Bronze, C63000 (Aluminum Bronze) data sheet (chemical composition, typical mechanical properties by product and temper, physical properties)
    url: https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/C63000.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)
  zollern-c63000:
    title: ZOLLERN, Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (composition, minimum strengths for ASTM B 150 and B 171 forgings, physical properties, areas of application, heat treatment, welding)
    url: https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)
  aalco-cw307g:
    title: Aalco, Copper and Copper Alloys, Aluminium Bronze CW307G datasheet (composition, physical and mechanical properties)
    url: https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Copper-and-Copper-Alloys-CW307G_445.ashx
    kind: datasheet
    license: Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced)
  applus-cw307g:
    title: Applus Laboratories, CuAl10Ni5Fe4 | CW307G material datasheet (designation only)
    url: https://www.appluslaboratories.com/materials-portal/datasheet/cual10ni5fe4-cw307g/-692262132
    kind: datasheet
    license: Testing laboratory web page (cited, not reproduced)
  hgh-al-bronze:
    title: 'The Hendrix Group, Material Property Data: aluminium bronze, corrosion types (uniform, pitting, selective phase attack, dealloying, stress corrosion)'
    url: https://hghouston.com/archive/material-property-data/copper-and-copper-alloys/aluminum-bronze/3-corrosion-types
    kind: web
    license: Technical archive page (cited, not reproduced)
  wiki-aluminium-bronze:
    title: 'Aluminium bronze (Wikipedia): sea water resistance, marine applications, ISO 428 compositions'
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_bronze
    kind: web
    license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)
  atsdr-copper:
    title: 'ATSDR ToxFAQs: Copper (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. CDC)'
    url: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/tsp/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=205&toxid=37
    kind: report
    license: U.S. government public domain (cited, not reproduced)
  pubchem-nickel:
    title: PubChem, Nickel (CID 935), GHS Classification (aggregated ECHA C&L notifications)
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/935
    kind: database
    license: PubChem public data (cited, not reproduced)
  usgs-copper-mcs2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-aluminum-mcs2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-nickel-mcs2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
media: []
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 30
  unreachable: 3
  caveats: 14
  note: 'Values read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from pages fetched in this run: the Smith Metal, National Bronze, ZOLLERN and Aalco datasheets, the Hendrix corrosion page, Wikipedia, the CDC ToxFAQ for copper, PubChem nickel, and the USGS MCS 2026 copper, aluminum and nickel summaries. Unreachable: Wieland U33 and U35 (HTTP 404), MakeItFrom (HTTP 403). The Applus page was read but its values were blurred; only its designation is used. Caveats: thermal conductivity and melting disagree between Zollern and Aalco; composition ranges differ by source; National Bronze and Smith values are typical or approximate, not minima.'
story:
  why: C63000 is the most commonly used nickel aluminium bronze in America. Smith Metal says it was designed as an equivalent of the European nickel aluminium bronzes and developed for aerospace under AMS 4640. It combines high strength with toughness, wear and shock resistance, and it keeps much of its strength at elevated temperature. Zollern describes it as a high-strength alloy with high corrosion resistance to chloride-containing water.
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      lead: The alloy contains nickel, and the PubChem record for nickel metal carries warnings on skin sensitisation and cancer. The wrought grade also lists lead, and copper dust irritates the airways.
      level: 1
      verdict: Nickel and lead warnings
      points:
        - label: Nickel
          line: C63000 contains 4.0 to 5.5 % nickel (National Bronze). The PubChem record for nickel metal lists H317 (may cause an allergic skin reaction), H351 (suspected of causing cancer) and H372 (damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure). That is the metal classification, not one for the alloy.
        - label: Lead
          line: Zollern prints a lead maximum of 0.05 % for C63000. Smith Metal and National Bronze do not list lead in their composition tables.
        - label: Copper dust
          line: The CDC says breathing copper dusts, sprays or crystals can irritate the nose and throat and cause dizziness and headaches. The U.S. DHHS, EPA and IARC have not evaluated copper for cancer.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: 'The failure routes in the sources read are chemical: dealuminification in sea water, pitting in polluted sea water, and cracking in ammonia.'
      level: 2
      verdict: Chemical attack in seawater
      points:
        - label: Dealuminification
          line: In sea water, crevices, deposits, marine growth or galvanic coupling can remove aluminium selectively, leaving a porous copper residue. Hendrix says this is not usually of great significance and occurs only under particular severe conditions.
        - label: Sulphide pollution
          line: Sulphide-polluted sea water may pit aluminium bronzes. Hendrix says pitting can perforate a valve, pump casting or water tube in a relatively short time.
        - label: Ammonia
          line: Hendrix says aluminium bronzes can crack in ammonia under tensile stress, along a transgranular path, and resist it much better than brasses.
    - title: Handling and storage
      points:
        - label: Pick the form
          line: ASTM B 150 forgings up to 100 mm give 585 MPa minimum tensile strength and 295 MPa yield (Zollern). Typical 4 in rod gives 689 MPa and 1 in rod with 10 % cold work gives 814 MPa (National Bronze). Specify the form and temper on the order.
        - label: Welding
          line: Zollern rates TIG, MIG and manual electrode welding as good, with filler CuAl9Ni4Fe2Mn2 (CF310G). Brazing is poor, and soft soldering is not recommendable.
        - label: Machining
          line: Zollern says carbide tools are needed for turning and milling, and sharp tools for drilling and thread cutting. Smith Metal rates machinability as good to fair.
  uses:
    - where: Bearings, worm wheels and wear parts
      line: Zollern lists highly loaded bearings, toggle lever bearings and worm wheels for sliding speeds below 1 m/s. Smith Metal lists gears, worm wheels, thrust washers and wear plates among its typical applications.
    - where: Aerospace landing gear and marine fasteners
      line: Smith Metal lists aerospace landing gear and marine fasteners among its typical applications. Zollern lists condenser plates and components for chemical apparatus engineering.
  can_do:
    - label: Strength, forgings
      value: 585 MPa minimum tensile
      line: ASTM B 150 forgings up to 100 mm thick have a minimum tensile strength of 585 MPa and a minimum yield of 295 MPa, with 10 % minimum elongation (Zollern).
    - label: Strength, rod
      value: 689 to 814 MPa typical tensile
      line: Typical rod gives 689 MPa tensile and 414 MPa yield for a 4 in M30 rod, and 814 MPa tensile and 517 MPa yield for a 1 in HR50 rod with 10 % cold work (National Bronze, at 20 °C).
    - label: Weight
      value: 7.58 g/cm3
      benchmark: density
      line: Density is 7.58 g/cm3 (Aalco).
    - label: Carry heat
      value: 63 W/(m·K)
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
      line: Zollern prints 0.63 W/cm x°C at 20 °C, which is 63 W/(m·K). Aalco prints 37.7 W/(m·K), so the two sources disagree.
    - label: Carry current
      value: 7 to 10 %IACS
      line: Electrical conductivity is 7 to 10 %IACS at 20 °C (Zollern), and National Bronze prints 7 %IACS.
    - label: Fatigue
      value: 290 MPa at 20 million cycles
      line: Rotational bending fatigue strength is 290 MPa at 20 x 10^6 cycles, a reference value (Zollern).
    - label: Melting
      value: 1060 to 1075 °C
      line: The melting range is 1060 to 1075 °C (Zollern). Aalco prints a single value of 1035 °C.
  compare: The [copper profile](/profiles/copper/) covers the pure metal, which has no aluminium, nickel or iron. The cast grade in the [cast aluminium bronze profile](/profiles/bronze-c954/) has a higher aluminium range, a much lower nickel limit and different as-cast strength; its own sheet gives those figures. The rows below give this alloy's own density, thermal conductivity and elastic modulus. No other alloy was read in this run.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Thermal conductivity
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    - label: Elastic modulus
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
  handling:
    - 'Specify the product form and temper on the order: ASTM B 150 forgings give 585 MPa minimum tensile, and typical rod gives 689 to 814 MPa.'
    - Heat treatment by relaxation annealing at 650 to 720 °C, or soft annealing at 800 to 850 °C with furnace cooling to 650 °C then air cooling (Zollern).
    - Welding by TIG, MIG or manual electrode is good, with CF310G filler. Avoid soft soldering (Zollern).
    - Stress-relieve parts after working or welding, and keep them out of ammonia and ammonium compounds (Hendrix).
    - Use carbide tools for turning and milling (Zollern).
  good_for:
    - Highly loaded, wear-resistant bearings, worm wheels and gears (Zollern, Smith Metal).
    - Aerospace landing gear parts and marine fasteners (Smith Metal).
    - Condenser plates and pump or valve parts in chloride-containing water (Zollern).
  watch_out:
    - Dealuminification in sea water crevices, under deposits, and with galvanic coupling (Hendrix).
    - Nickel, and the lead maximum of 0.05 % that Zollern prints.
    - Brazing is poor and soft soldering is not recommendable (Zollern).
    - Zollern and Aalco disagree on thermal conductivity, and the composition ranges differ between sources.
  verdict: 'C63000 is a strong, wear-resistant wrought aluminium bronze for bearings, worm wheels, landing gear parts and marine fittings. Its strength depends on the form: 585 MPa minimum tensile for ASTM B 150 forgings and 689 to 814 MPa typical for rod. The sources disagree on thermal conductivity and on the composition ranges. No sea water corrosion rate, cryogenic value or space-environment data was found in the pages read.'
  recipe:
    line: 'C63000 is a wrought copper-aluminium-nickel-iron alloy. Copper is the matrix, and aluminium is the main alloying element, with nickel and iron as the next largest additions (National Bronze and Smith Metal ranges). Zollern prints wider ranges for the same grade: aluminium 8.5 to 11.0, iron 3.0 to 5.0 and nickel 4.0 to 6.0.'
    parts:
      - name: Copper
        symbol: Cu
        share_note: balance (Rem), with silver counted in the copper value
        role: Matrix of the alloy; National Bronze prints a nominal 82.0 %.
        source: natbronze-c63000
        where: Chemical Composition table, Cu row
      - name: Aluminium
        symbol: Al
        share_percent: 9
        share_high: 11
        share_note: nominal 10.0; Zollern prints 8.5 to 11.0
        role: Main alloying element; it forms a tough surface layer that protects the copper-rich alloy (Wikipedia).
        source: natbronze-c63000
        where: Chemical Composition table, Al row, Min./Max. column
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_percent: 2
        share_high: 4
        share_note: nominal 3.0; Zollern prints 3.0 to 5.0
        role: Alloying addition that gives the strength and wear resistance of the grade.
        source: natbronze-c63000
        where: Chemical Composition table, Fe row, Min./Max. column
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        share_percent: 4
        share_high: 5.5
        share_note: nominal 5.0; Zollern prints 4.0 to 6.0; includes cobalt
        role: Main addition after aluminium and iron; it raises strength and corrosion resistance.
        source: natbronze-c63000
        where: Chemical Composition table, Ni row, footnote (2)
      - name: Manganese
        symbol: Mn
        share_note: 1.5 maximum (National Bronze, Smith Metal); Zollern prints 1.0 maximum
        role: Limited addition.
        source: natbronze-c63000
        where: Chemical Composition table, Mn row
      - name: Lead
        symbol: Pb
        share_note: 0.05 maximum (Zollern)
        role: Impurity limit only.
        source: zollern-c63000
        where: Composition table, Pb row