{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "aluminium-bronze",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "copper-alloys",
  "name": "Aluminium bronze C63000 (wrought, CuAl10Ni5Fe4)",
  "abbreviation": "C630",
  "role": "wrought bearing, worm gear, aerospace and marine alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "copper-alloys",
  "summary": "Wrought aluminium bronze C63000 (UNS C63000, CuAl10Ni5Fe4, EN CW307G, AMS 4640, ASTM B150 and B171) is a copper alloy with 9.0 to 11.0 % aluminium, 4.0 to 5.5 % nickel and 2.0 to 4.0 % iron (National Bronze). Smith Metal calls it the most commonly used nickel aluminium bronze in America. Its density is 7.58 g/cm3 (Aalco) and it melts between 1060 and 1075 °C (Zollern). ASTM B150 forgings up to 100 mm thick have a minimum tensile strength of 585 MPa and a minimum yield strength of 295 MPa, with 10 % minimum elongation (Zollern). Typical round rod gives 689 to 814 MPa tensile strength (National Bronze). This is the wrought counterpart of the cast grade (see the [cast aluminium bronze profile](/profiles/bronze-c954/)), and it carries far more nickel than the cast grade.\n",
  "best_for": "Highly loaded, wear-resistant bearings and worm wheels, aerospace landing gear parts, marine fasteners, and pump and valve parts (Smith Metal, Zollern)",
  "weakest_at": "Brazing and soft soldering (Zollern), dealuminification in crevices or under deposits, and sulphide-polluted sea water (Hendrix)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Wrought Cu-Al-Ni-Fe alloy, UNS C63000 (CuAl10Ni5Fe4): copper balance, aluminium 9.0 to 11.0, nickel 4.0 to 5.5, iron 2.0 to 4.0, manganese 1.5 max (wt %, National Bronze min/max table; Smith Metal prints the same ranges). National Bronze nominal: copper 82.0, aluminium 10.0, iron 3.0, nickel 5.0. Zollern adds lead 0.05 max.",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "C63000",
        "source": "natbronze-c63000",
        "where": "Page title, C63000 (Aluminum Bronze)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B150",
        "source": "zollern-c63000",
        "where": "Norm line, ZOLLERN brand C63000 table (ASTM B 150 and 171)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B171",
        "source": "zollern-c63000",
        "where": "Norm line, ZOLLERN brand C63000 table (ASTM B 150 and 171)"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4640",
        "source": "smith-c63000",
        "where": "Product Description, grade developed under the AMS4640 specification"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "CW307G",
        "note": "EN numeric designation with a CW prefix, not a 1.xxxx number",
        "source": "smith-c63000",
        "where": "Related material specifications list"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "CuAl10Ni5Fe4",
        "source": "applus-cw307g",
        "where": "Page title, CuAl10Ni5Fe4 | CW307G Material Datasheet"
      },
      {
        "system": "BS",
        "code": "CA104",
        "source": "smith-c63000",
        "where": "Related material specifications list"
      }
    ],
    "source": "natbronze-c63000",
    "where": "Chemical Composition table, Min./Max. row; the footnotes say the Cu value includes Ag and the Ni value includes Co"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms",
      "structures",
      "thermal-control"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, C63000 (Aalco, CW307G)",
      "value": 7.58,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CW307G (Aalco page; the page prints one value and does not name the form)",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist's physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aalco-cw307g",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco, Copper and Copper Alloys, Aluminium Bronze CW307G datasheet (composition, physical and mechanical properties)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Copper-and-Copper-Alloys-CW307G_445.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting range, C63000 (Zollern)",
      "value": 1060,
      "value_high": 1075,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000 (ASTM B 150 and 171 norm)",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the physical properties block of a manufacturer's datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Physical properties block, Melting temperature/range row, 1060 – 1075 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ZOLLERN, Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (composition, minimum strengths for ASTM B 150 and B 171 forgings, physical properties, areas of application, heat treatment, welding)",
        "url": "https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, CW307G (Aalco, single value)",
      "value": 1035,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CW307G",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Single value printed in a stockist's physical properties table; the page gives no range",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aalco-cw307g",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Melting Point row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco, Copper and Copper Alloys, Aluminium Bronze CW307G datasheet (composition, physical and mechanical properties)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Copper-and-Copper-Alloys-CW307G_445.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, C63000 (Zollern)",
      "value": 63,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "0.63 W/cm x°C at 20°C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 0.63 W/cm x°C and converted to W/(m·K) (1 W/cm·°C = 100 W/(m·K)); the printed value is kept in unit_in_source",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Physical properties block, Thermal conductivity at 20°C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ZOLLERN, Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (composition, minimum strengths for ASTM B 150 and B 171 forgings, physical properties, areas of application, heat treatment, welding)",
        "url": "https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, CW307G (Aalco)",
      "value": 37.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CW307G",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist's physical properties table, printed in W/m.K",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Zollern prints 63 W/(m·K) for the same grade (previous row); the two sources disagree.",
      "source": "aalco-cw307g",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco, Copper and Copper Alloys, Aluminium Bronze CW307G datasheet (composition, physical and mechanical properties)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Copper-and-Copper-Alloys-CW307G_445.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 100 °C (Zollern)",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "temperature": "20 to 100 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "15 x 10-6 °C-1 (from 20° to 100°C)"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 10^-6 per °C, which is the same unit as ppm/K, so the number is copied without conversion",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Physical properties block, Coefficient of linear expansion, from 20° to 100°C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ZOLLERN, Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (composition, minimum strengths for ASTM B 150 and B 171 forgings, physical properties, areas of application, heat treatment, welding)",
        "url": "https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 300 °C (Zollern)",
      "value": 17,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "temperature": "20 to 300 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "17 x 10-6 °C-1 (from 20° to 300°C)"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 10^-6 per °C, which is the same unit as ppm/K, so the number is copied without conversion",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Physical properties block, Coefficient of linear expansion, from 20° to 300°C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ZOLLERN, Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (composition, minimum strengths for ASTM B 150 and B 171 forgings, physical properties, areas of application, heat treatment, welding)",
        "url": "https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity at 20 °C, C63000 (Zollern)",
      "value": 452,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "0.452 J/g x °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 0.452 J/g x °C and converted to J/(kg·K) (x 1000); the printed value is kept in unit_in_source",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Physical properties block, Specific heat at 20°C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ZOLLERN, Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (composition, minimum strengths for ASTM B 150 and B 171 forgings, physical properties, areas of application, heat treatment, welding)",
        "url": "https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, C63000 (Zollern)",
      "value": 117,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "117 kN/mm2"
      },
      "method": "kN/mm2 is the same unit as GPa, so the number is copied without conversion",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Physical properties block, Young's modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ZOLLERN, Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (composition, minimum strengths for ASTM B 150 and B 171 forgings, physical properties, areas of application, heat treatment, welding)",
        "url": "https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, CW307G (Aalco)",
      "value": 115,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CW307G",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist's physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Zollern prints 117 GPa for the same grade (previous row).",
      "source": "aalco-cw307g",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Modulus of Elasticity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco, Copper and Copper Alloys, Aluminium Bronze CW307G datasheet (composition, physical and mechanical properties)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Copper-and-Copper-Alloys-CW307G_445.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity at 20 °C, C63000 (Zollern)",
      "value": 7,
      "value_high": 10,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "7 - 10 % IACS at 20°C"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the physical properties block; electrical_conductivity is a snake_case name because it is not in the property canon",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Physical properties block, Electr. conductivity at 20°C row, 7 - 10% IACS",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ZOLLERN, Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (composition, minimum strengths for ASTM B 150 and B 171 forgings, physical properties, areas of application, heat treatment, welding)",
        "url": "https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity at 68 °F, C63000 (National Bronze, typical)",
      "value": 7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "temperature": "68 °F (20 °C)",
        "unit_in_source": "7 %IACS @ 68 F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a bar and rod supplier; electrical_conductivity is a snake_case name because it is not in the property canon",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "natbronze-c63000",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Electrical Conductivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "National Bronze, C63000 (Aluminum Bronze) data sheet (chemical composition, typical mechanical properties by product and temper, physical properties)",
        "url": "https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/C63000.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity, CW307G (Aalco)",
      "value": 0.172,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CW307G",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "0.172 x10^-6 Ω .m"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 0.172 x10^-6 Ω·m, which is 0.172 µΩ·m, so the number is copied without conversion",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aalco-cw307g",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco, Copper and Copper Alloys, Aluminium Bronze CW307G datasheet (composition, physical and mechanical properties)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Copper-and-Copper-Alloys-CW307G_445.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, forgings up to 100 mm, ASTM B 150 (minimum)",
      "value": 585,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000 forgings (ASTM B 150, condition M10, O20)",
        "product": "forgings up to 100 mm thickness",
        "measure": "minimum",
        "unit_in_source": "585 N/mm²"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the strength table for room temperature, row [1] ASTM B 150",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Strength properties at room temperature table, [1] ASTM B 150, forgings up to 100 mm thickness, Rm column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ZOLLERN, Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (composition, minimum strengths for ASTM B 150 and B 171 forgings, physical properties, areas of application, heat treatment, welding)",
        "url": "https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.5, forgings up to 100 mm, ASTM B 150 (minimum)",
      "value": 295,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000 forgings (ASTM B 150, condition M10, O20)",
        "product": "forgings up to 100 mm thickness",
        "measure": "minimum",
        "unit_in_source": "295 N/mm²"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the strength table for room temperature; Rp0.5 is the 0.5 % proof stress",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Strength properties at room temperature table, [1] ASTM B 150, forgings up to 100 mm thickness, Rp0.5 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ZOLLERN, Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (composition, minimum strengths for ASTM B 150 and B 171 forgings, physical properties, areas of application, heat treatment, welding)",
        "url": "https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation A5, forgings up to 100 mm, ASTM B 150 (minimum)",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000 forgings (ASTM B 150, condition M10, O20)",
        "product": "forgings up to 100 mm thickness",
        "measure": "minimum"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the strength table for room temperature",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Strength properties at room temperature table, [1] ASTM B 150, forgings up to 100 mm thickness, A5 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ZOLLERN, Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (composition, minimum strengths for ASTM B 150 and B 171 forgings, physical properties, areas of application, heat treatment, welding)",
        "url": "https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, forgings up to 50 mm, ASTM B 171 (minimum)",
      "value": 620,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000 forgings (ASTM B 171, condition M10, O20)",
        "product": "forgings up to 50 mm thickness",
        "measure": "minimum",
        "unit_in_source": "90 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the strength table for room temperature, row [2] ASTM B 171; the ksi column shows 90",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Strength properties at room temperature table, [2] ASTM B 171, forgings up to 50 mm thickness, Rm column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ZOLLERN, Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (composition, minimum strengths for ASTM B 150 and B 171 forgings, physical properties, areas of application, heat treatment, welding)",
        "url": "https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.5, forgings up to 50 mm, ASTM B 171 (minimum)",
      "value": 250,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000 forgings (ASTM B 171, condition M10, O20)",
        "product": "forgings up to 50 mm thickness",
        "measure": "minimum"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the strength table for room temperature, row [2] ASTM B 171, Rp0.5 column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Strength properties at room temperature table, [2] ASTM B 171, forgings up to 50 mm thickness, Rp0.5 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ZOLLERN, Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (composition, minimum strengths for ASTM B 150 and B 171 forgings, physical properties, areas of application, heat treatment, welding)",
        "url": "https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "fatigue_strength",
      "label": "Rotational bending fatigue strength, 20 million cycles (reference)",
      "value": 290,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "test": "rotational bending, 20 x 10^6 load cycles",
        "basis": "reference value printed by the manufacturer",
        "unit_in_source": "290 N/mm²"
      },
      "method": "Printed as a reference value in the dynamic strength block at room temperature",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Dynamic strength values block, Rotational bending fatigue strength Rbw row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ZOLLERN, Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (composition, minimum strengths for ASTM B 150 and B 171 forgings, physical properties, areas of application, heat treatment, welding)",
        "url": "https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, bar 25 mm and under (Smith Metal, approximate)",
      "value": 760,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "product": "round bar, 25 mm and under",
        "caveat": "approximate testing, not a guarantee (supplier sheet)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table, 25 mm and under column, UTS row; the sheet gives no minimum or typical label",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-c63000",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, UTS row, 25mm and under column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Smith Metal Centres, C63000 Technical Datasheet (composition, mechanical properties, applications, related specifications AMS4640, CW307G, CA104)",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/bronze/c63000.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.2 % proof strength, bar 25 mm and under (Smith Metal, approximate)",
      "value": 470,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "product": "round bar, 25 mm and under",
        "measure": "0.2 % offset",
        "caveat": "approximate testing, not a guarantee (supplier sheet)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table, 25 mm and under column, 0.2% Proof Strength row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-c63000",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, 0.2% Proof Strength row, 25mm and under column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Smith Metal Centres, C63000 Technical Datasheet (composition, mechanical properties, applications, related specifications AMS4640, CW307G, CA104)",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/bronze/c63000.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, bar 25 mm and under (Smith Metal, approximate)",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "product": "round bar, 25 mm and under",
        "caveat": "approximate testing, not a guarantee (supplier sheet)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table, 25 mm and under column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-c63000",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Elongation row, 25mm and under column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Smith Metal Centres, C63000 Technical Datasheet (composition, mechanical properties, applications, related specifications AMS4640, CW307G, CA104)",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/bronze/c63000.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_brinell",
      "label": "Hardness, bar up to 50.8 mm (Smith Metal)",
      "value": 201,
      "value_high": 248,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "product": "round bar up to 50.8 mm"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the mechanical properties table; hardness_brinell is snake_case because it is not in the property canon",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-c63000",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Hardness row, Up to 50.8mm column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Smith Metal Centres, C63000 Technical Datasheet (composition, mechanical properties, applications, related specifications AMS4640, CW307G, CA104)",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/bronze/c63000.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, rod 4 in, M30 temper, typical (National Bronze)",
      "value": 689,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "product": "rod, 4 in (102 mm)",
        "temper": "M30",
        "cold_work": "0 %",
        "temperature": "20 °C (68 °F)",
        "basis": "typical",
        "unit_in_source": "100 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the MPa column of the mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "natbronze-c63000",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Rod M30 row, 4 in (102 mm), Tensile Strength MPa column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "National Bronze, C63000 (Aluminum Bronze) data sheet (chemical composition, typical mechanical properties by product and temper, physical properties)",
        "url": "https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/C63000.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.5 % extension under load, rod 4 in, M30, typical (National Bronze)",
      "value": 414,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "product": "rod, 4 in (102 mm)",
        "temper": "M30",
        "cold_work": "0 %",
        "temperature": "20 °C (68 °F)",
        "basis": "typical",
        "measure": "0.5 % extension under load",
        "unit_in_source": "60 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the MPa column of the mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "natbronze-c63000",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Rod M30 row, 4 in (102 mm), Yield Strength 0.5% ext. under load MPa column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "National Bronze, C63000 (Aluminum Bronze) data sheet (chemical composition, typical mechanical properties by product and temper, physical properties)",
        "url": "https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/C63000.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, rod 1 in, HR50 temper, 10 % cold work, typical (National Bronze)",
      "value": 814,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "product": "rod, 1 in (25.4 mm)",
        "temper": "HR50",
        "cold_work": "10 %",
        "temperature": "20 °C (68 °F)",
        "basis": "typical",
        "unit_in_source": "118 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the MPa column of the mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "natbronze-c63000",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, HR50 rod row, 1 in (25.4 mm), Tensile Strength MPa column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "National Bronze, C63000 (Aluminum Bronze) data sheet (chemical composition, typical mechanical properties by product and temper, physical properties)",
        "url": "https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/C63000.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.5 % extension under load, rod 1 in, HR50, typical (National Bronze)",
      "value": 517,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "product": "rod, 1 in (25.4 mm)",
        "temper": "HR50",
        "cold_work": "10 %",
        "temperature": "20 °C (68 °F)",
        "basis": "typical",
        "measure": "0.5 % extension under load",
        "unit_in_source": "75 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the MPa column of the mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "natbronze-c63000",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, HR50 rod row, 1 in (25.4 mm), Yield Strength 0.5% ext. under load MPa column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "National Bronze, C63000 (Aluminum Bronze) data sheet (chemical composition, typical mechanical properties by product and temper, physical properties)",
        "url": "https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/C63000.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, CW307G (Aalco, range)",
      "value": 600,
      "value_high": 760,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CW307G",
        "product": "round rod and bar (the page does not name the form)",
        "temper": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the mechanical properties table of a stockist's page; the page says the values vary with temper, product and dimensions",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aalco-cw307g",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco, Copper and Copper Alloys, Aluminium Bronze CW307G datasheet (composition, physical and mechanical properties)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Copper-and-Copper-Alloys-CW307G_445.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Proof stress, CW307G (Aalco, range)",
      "value": 400,
      "value_high": 530,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CW307G",
        "product": "round rod and bar (the page does not name the form)",
        "temper": "not stated",
        "measure": "proof stress, offset not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the mechanical properties table of a stockist's page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aalco-cw307g",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Proof Stress row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco, Copper and Copper Alloys, Aluminium Bronze CW307G datasheet (composition, physical and mechanical properties)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Copper-and-Copper-Alloys-CW307G_445.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_vickers",
      "label": "Hardness, CW307G (Aalco, range)",
      "value": 170,
      "value_high": 220,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CW307G",
        "temper": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the mechanical properties table of a stockist's page; hardness_vickers is snake_case because it is not in the property canon",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aalco-cw307g",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Hardness Vickers row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco, Copper and Copper Alloys, Aluminium Bronze CW307G datasheet (composition, physical and mechanical properties)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Copper-and-Copper-Alloys-CW307G_445.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Chloride-containing water, neutral and acidic aqueous media (general corrosion)",
      "headline": "Zollern rates C63000 as having high corrosion resistance to chloride-containing water, neutral and acidic aqueous media.",
      "effect": "Zollern says the alloy has high corrosion resistance with high strength at the same time, and good resistance to scaling, erosion and cavitation. Smith Metal rates its corrosion resistance as excellent. No corrosion rate for C63000 was read.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statements from the manufacturer and the stockist; no measured rate for C63000 in the pages read",
        "test": "not stated"
      },
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Areas of application, first paragraph; Smith Metal Corrosion Resistance field"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Sea water with sulphide pollution (pitting)",
      "headline": "Sulphide pollution of sea water may pit aluminium bronzes, although copper alloys do not normally pit in sea water.",
      "effect": "Hendrix says sulphide pollution may cause pitting in most copper alloys, including aluminium bronzes, and that pitting can perforate a valve, pump casting or water tube in a relatively short time. The source gives no depth, rate or rating for C63000.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative; the source is written for aluminium bronzes in general and does not name C63000",
        "pollutant": "sulphide"
      },
      "source": "hgh-al-bronze",
      "where": "Section (ii) Pitting"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Dealuminification: sea water or fresh water under crevices, deposits, marine growth, or galvanic or electrical-leakage coupling",
      "headline": "Dealuminification is the selective loss of aluminium from aluminium bronze, and it can be largely prevented with an alloy free of gamma-2 phase.",
      "effect": "Hendrix says selective phase attack, of which dealuminification is a form, is not usually of great significance and occurs only under particular severe service conditions. Under free exposure, aluminium bronzes free from gamma-2 phase show no selective phase corrosion. Hendrix does not say whether C63000 forms gamma-2 phase.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Hendrix wording: 'not usually of great significance'; no depth or rate for C63000 in the pages read",
        "gamma2_phase": "C63000 gamma-2 status not stated in the pages read"
      },
      "source": "hgh-al-bronze",
      "where": "Section (iv) Selective Phase Attack and Section (v) Dealloying"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Ammonia or ammonium compounds under tensile stress (stress corrosion cracking)",
      "headline": "Stress corrosion cracking in ammonia follows a transgranular path in aluminium bronzes, and they resist it much better than brasses.",
      "effect": "Hendrix says aluminium bronzes are much superior to brasses, though not as good as copper-nickel, and that under normal service conditions they very rarely show stress corrosion cracking. The ammonia results come from very severe test conditions.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative; very severe test conditions as the source notes; not tested on C63000 in the pages read"
      },
      "source": "hgh-al-bronze",
      "where": "Section (viii) Stress Corrosion"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Copper dust, spray or crystals: the CDC ToxFAQ says breathing copper dusts, sprays or crystals can irritate the nose and throat and cause dizziness and headaches. The U.S. DHHS, EPA and IARC have not evaluated copper for cancer.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "atsdr-copper",
        "where": "ToxFAQs sections How can copper affect my health? and Can copper cause cancer?"
      },
      {
        "text": "Nickel: the PubChem record for nickel metal (CID 935) lists H317 (may cause an allergic skin reaction), H351 (suspected of causing cancer) and H372 (causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure), from aggregated ECHA notifications. The alloy contains 4.0 to 5.5 % nickel, so this is the metal classification, not a classification of C63000.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H351",
          "H372"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-nickel",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, first notification block"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Dealuminification of aluminium bronze",
        "trigger": "Sea water or fresh water in crevices, under deposits or marine growth, or with galvanic or electrical-leakage coupling",
        "consequence": "Selective removal of aluminium leaves a porous, weak copper residue that keeps the shape of the part. Hendrix says the depth is very hard to judge except by sectioning. Severity is our judgement from the Hendrix wording, which calls selective phase attack not usually of great significance.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "hgh-al-bronze",
        "where": "Section (iv) Selective Phase Attack and Section (v) Dealloying"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Pitting in sulphide-polluted sea water",
        "trigger": "Sulphide pollution of sea water",
        "consequence": "Hendrix says pitting can perforate a valve, pump casting or water tube in a relatively short time. The source gives no depth or rate for C63000.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "hgh-al-bronze",
        "where": "Section (ii) Pitting"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Stress corrosion cracking in ammonia",
        "trigger": "Tensile stress from working, welding or assembly, together with ammonia or an ammonia-like atmosphere",
        "consequence": "Hendrix says stress corrosion cracking of aluminium bronzes in ammonia follows a transgranular path. It rates aluminium bronzes much superior to brasses, though not as good as copper-nickel.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "hgh-al-bronze",
        "where": "Section (viii) Stress Corrosion"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Copper pick-up: in some aggressive waters, pure copper and some high-copper alloys can put enough copper into water to increase corrosion of galvanized steel or aluminium alloys downstream. Hendrix says aluminium bronzes are virtually unaffected by cupro-solvent waters and show no copper pick-up problems.",
        "affects": "Galvanized steel and aluminium alloys downstream of the component",
        "source": "hgh-al-bronze",
        "where": "Section (i) Uniform or General Corrosion, first paragraph"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Heat treatment: relaxation annealing at 650 to 720 °C, or soft annealing at 800 to 850 °C with furnace cooling down to 650 °C and then air cooling (Zollern).",
        "source": "zollern-c63000",
        "where": "Areas of application page, Relaxation annealing and Soft annealing rows"
      },
      {
        "text": "Welding: TIG, MIG and manual electrode welding are good, with filler metal CuAl9Ni4Fe2Mn2 (CF310G) or S-CuAl8Ni2 (Zollern). Smith Metal also rates weldability as good.",
        "source": "zollern-c63000",
        "where": "Areas of application page, Welding row"
      },
      {
        "text": "Brazing is poor, and soft soldering is not recommendable. Brazing with fluoride and chloride fluxes or silver solders is advantageous (Zollern).",
        "source": "zollern-c63000",
        "where": "Areas of application page, Soft soldering and Brazing rows"
      },
      {
        "text": "Machining: carbide tools are needed for turning and milling, and sharp tools for drilling and thread cutting. Machinability is better than austenitic stainless steel (Zollern); Smith Metal rates it good to fair.",
        "source": "zollern-c63000",
        "where": "Areas of application page, Machinability section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Keep the alloy free from gamma-2 phase by controlling its composition and cooling rate. Hendrix says this very largely prevents dealuminification under most conditions of service.",
        "source": "hgh-al-bronze",
        "where": "Section (iv) Selective Phase Attack and Section (v) Dealloying"
      },
      {
        "text": "Stress-relieve parts after working or welding, and keep assembly stresses low, to reduce the risk of stress corrosion cracking, according to Hendrix.",
        "source": "hgh-al-bronze",
        "where": "Section (viii) Stress Corrosion"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Highly loaded bearings, toggle lever bearings and worm wheels for sliding speeds below 1 m/s",
      "example": "Zollern lists highly loaded bearings and worm wheels for sliding speeds below 1 m/s, and toggle lever bearings, sliding rails and wear strips among its applications. Surface pressures up to about 20 kN/cm2 are permissible under suitable conditions.",
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Areas of application list"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Aerospace landing gear parts and marine fasteners",
      "example": "Smith Metal lists aerospace landing gear and marine fasteners among its typical applications, and says the grade was developed to the AMS4640 aerospace specification.",
      "source": "smith-c63000",
      "where": "Typical Applications list and Product Description"
    },
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Condenser plates and components in chemical apparatus, and moulds and mould inserts",
      "example": "Zollern lists condenser plates and components in chemical apparatus engineering, and moulds and mould inserts for injection moulding, where the good thermal conductivity shortens cycle times.",
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Areas of application list"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Screws, bolts and drive shafts for pumps; pressure-tight fittings for hydraulics and pneumatics",
      "example": "Zollern lists screws, bolts and drive shafts for pumps, and pressure-tight high-pressure fittings for hydraulics and pneumatics, among its uses. Smith Metal also lists thrust washers, springs and wear plates.",
      "source": "zollern-c63000",
      "where": "Areas of application list"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Copper (mine production, copper content, 2025e), the matrix of the alloy (balance in C63000)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 23,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 13.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 11.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 7.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.7,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (copper added, per the USGS copper summary)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: copper recovered from scrap contributed about 30% of the U.S. copper supply.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: aluminum, optical fiber and plastics substitute for copper in some uses, and titanium and steel are used in heat exchangers. The summary does not mention bronze."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-copper-mcs2026",
      "where": "World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e (world total 23,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed values 5,300, 3,200, 2,700, 1,800 and 1,300); Critical minerals paragraph; Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Aluminium (primary smelter production, 2025e), the main alloying element at 9.0 to 11.0 %",
      "abundance": "USGS: global bauxite resources are estimated at 55 billion to 75 billion tons",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 60.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 4.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United Arab Emirates",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: aluminum recovered from old scrap was equivalent to about 28% of apparent consumption.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: composites, magnesium, steel and titanium can substitute for aluminum in some ground transportation uses. The summary does not mention bronze."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-aluminum-mcs2026",
      "where": "World Smelter Production and Capacity table, smelter production 2025e (world total 74,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed values 45,000, 4,200, 3,900, 3,300 and 2,700); Recycling; Substitutes; World Resources"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (mine production, nickel content, 2025e), 4.0 to 5.5 % of the alloy",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "New Caledonia",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: not read in this run.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-nickel-mcs2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e (world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed values 2,600,000, 270,000, 200,000 and 140,000 for Canada and New Caledonia); Domestic Production and Use"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Smith Metal Centres: C63000 Technical Datasheet (2023)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/bronze/c63000.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "National Bronze: C63000 (Aluminum Bronze) data sheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/C63000.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "ZOLLERN: Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (alloy 1563, ASTM B 150 and B 171)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Aalco: Copper and Copper Alloys, Aluminium Bronze CW307G datasheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Copper-and-Copper-Alloys-CW307G_445.ashx"
    },
    {
      "title": "Applus Laboratories: CuAl10Ni5Fe4 | CW307G material datasheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.appluslaboratories.com/materials-portal/datasheet/cual10ni5fe4-cw307g/-692262132"
    },
    {
      "title": "The Hendrix Group archive: aluminium bronze, 3 corrosion types",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://hghouston.com/archive/material-property-data/copper-and-copper-alloys/aluminum-bronze/3-corrosion-types"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Aluminium bronze (sea water resistance, marine applications, ISO 428 compositions)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_bronze"
    },
    {
      "title": "ATSDR ToxFAQs: Copper (U.S. CDC)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://wwwn.cdc.gov/tsp/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=205&toxid=37"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Nickel, CID 935, GHS Classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/935"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Wieland datasheets for CW307G (U33 and U35 EX) returned HTTP 404 in this run, and MakeItFrom returned HTTP 403. None of these is used.",
    "The Applus datasheet text was mostly blurred in this run. Only the designation CuAl10Ni5Fe4 is used from it. Its remark on strength up to about 300 °C is not recorded as a property.",
    "Thermal conductivity disagrees between sources: Zollern prints 0.63 W/cm x°C (63 W/(m·K)), Aalco prints 37.7 W/(m·K), and National Bronze prints 22.60 Btu·ft/(hr·ft²·°F), which was not converted. The two metric values are both kept with their sources.",
    "Melting disagrees in form: Zollern prints a range of 1060 to 1075 °C, and Aalco prints one value of 1035 °C. Both are kept.",
    "Composition ranges differ by source. Iron is 2.0 to 4.0 (National Bronze, Smith Metal) and 3.0 to 5.0 (Zollern); nickel is 4.0 to 5.5 (National Bronze, Smith Metal), 4.0 to 6.0 (Zollern) and 4.0 to 5.0 (Aalco); aluminium is 9.0 to 11.0 (National Bronze, Smith Metal) and 8.5 to 11.0 (Zollern, Aalco); manganese is 1.5 max, 1.0 max (Zollern) or 0.5 max (Aalco). The record uses the National Bronze table.",
    "Wikipedia lists the closest ISO 428 wrought designation as CuAl10Fe5Ni5 (nickel 4.0 to 6.0 %, aluminium 8.5 to 11.5 %, iron 2.0 to 6.0 %). It is not treated as an alias, because the page does not say it is the same grade as C63000.",
    "Aalco prints elongation as 15-5 (a typo), so the elongation is not used from that page.",
    "Zollern's minimum strengths are for forgings to ASTM B 150 and B 171, and they are not split by temper in the datasheet. Smith's values are from approximate testing and are not guarantees. National Bronze's values are typical values, not minima. No EN 12163 or EN 12165 minimum table was read.",
    "National Bronze's hardness columns were not read reliably in this run, so no Rockwell or Brinell value is taken from it. Brinell hardness is from Smith Metal (HB) and Vickers hardness from Aalco (HV). Neither hardness_brinell nor hardness_vickers is in the property canon.",
    "Electrical conductivity is not in the property canon, so it is named electrical_conductivity and the unit is %IACS as printed.",
    "Aalco prints machinability 30 against 100 for brass CZ121 (a relative index); not recorded, because the reference is a different alloy and the page gives no scale definition.",
    "Hendrix covers aluminium bronzes in general and does not name C63000. No sea water corrosion rate for C63000 was found, and Hendrix does not say whether C63000 forms gamma-2 phase.",
    "Smith Metal says C63000 retains its properties at cryogenic temperatures, but no number for that was read, so no cryogenic property is recorded.",
    "The USGS nickel summary does not state whether nickel is on the U.S. 2025 critical minerals list, and that list was not checked in this run. The nickel recycling and substitute fields are left empty.",
    "Supply shares are calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed USGS values: copper 2025e world total 23,000 thousand t; aluminium 2025e world total 74,000 thousand t; nickel 2025e world total 3,900,000 t. None of the three USGS summaries mentions bronze.",
    "The nickel hazard is taken from PubChem for nickel metal, from aggregated ECHA notifications. It is not a classification of the alloy.",
    "The EN 1.xxxx material number for CW307G (a search snippet mentions 2.0966) was not read on a fetched page, so it is not listed as a designation.",
    "No CAS number, crystal system, space group or GHS classification for the alloy was read. No space-environment data (vacuum, outgassing, radiation or atomic oxygen) was read, so tags.environments is empty."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "C63000 is the most commonly used nickel aluminium bronze in America. Smith Metal says it was designed as an equivalent of the European nickel aluminium bronzes and developed for aerospace under AMS 4640. It combines high strength with toughness, wear and shock resistance, and it keeps much of its strength at elevated temperature. Zollern describes it as a high-strength alloy with high corrosion resistance to chloride-containing water.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Bearings, worm wheels and wear parts",
        "line": "Zollern lists highly loaded bearings, toggle lever bearings and worm wheels for sliding speeds below 1 m/s. Smith Metal lists gears, worm wheels, thrust washers and wear plates among its typical applications."
      },
      {
        "where": "Aerospace landing gear and marine fasteners",
        "line": "Smith Metal lists aerospace landing gear and marine fasteners among its typical applications. Zollern lists condenser plates and components for chemical apparatus engineering."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength, forgings",
        "line": "ASTM B 150 forgings up to 100 mm thick have a minimum tensile strength of 585 MPa and a minimum yield of 295 MPa, with 10 % minimum elongation (Zollern).",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "585 MPa minimum tensile"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength, rod",
        "line": "Typical rod gives 689 MPa tensile and 414 MPa yield for a 4 in M30 rod, and 814 MPa tensile and 517 MPa yield for a 1 in HR50 rod with 10 % cold work (National Bronze, at 20 °C).",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "689 to 814 MPa typical tensile"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "Density is 7.58 g/cm3 (Aalco).",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "7.58 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Carry heat",
        "line": "Zollern prints 0.63 W/cm x°C at 20 °C, which is 63 W/(m·K). Aalco prints 37.7 W/(m·K), so the two sources disagree.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "63 W/(m·K)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Carry current",
        "line": "Electrical conductivity is 7 to 10 %IACS at 20 °C (Zollern), and National Bronze prints 7 %IACS.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "7 to 10 %IACS"
      },
      {
        "label": "Fatigue",
        "line": "Rotational bending fatigue strength is 290 MPa at 20 x 10^6 cycles, a reference value (Zollern).",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "290 MPa at 20 million cycles"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting",
        "line": "The melting range is 1060 to 1075 °C (Zollern). Aalco prints a single value of 1035 °C.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1060 to 1075 °C"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The [copper profile](/profiles/copper/) covers the pure metal, which has no aluminium, nickel or iron. The cast grade in the [cast aluminium bronze profile](/profiles/bronze-c954/) has a higher aluminium range, a much lower nickel limit and different as-cast strength; its own sheet gives those figures. The rows below give this alloy's own density, thermal conductivity and elastic modulus. No other alloy was read in this run.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elastic modulus",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the product form and temper on the order: ASTM B 150 forgings give 585 MPa minimum tensile, and typical rod gives 689 to 814 MPa.",
      "Heat treatment by relaxation annealing at 650 to 720 °C, or soft annealing at 800 to 850 °C with furnace cooling to 650 °C then air cooling (Zollern).",
      "Welding by TIG, MIG or manual electrode is good, with CF310G filler. Avoid soft soldering (Zollern).",
      "Stress-relieve parts after working or welding, and keep them out of ammonia and ammonium compounds (Hendrix).",
      "Use carbide tools for turning and milling (Zollern)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Highly loaded, wear-resistant bearings, worm wheels and gears (Zollern, Smith Metal).",
      "Aerospace landing gear parts and marine fasteners (Smith Metal).",
      "Condenser plates and pump or valve parts in chloride-containing water (Zollern)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Dealuminification in sea water crevices, under deposits, and with galvanic coupling (Hendrix).",
      "Nickel, and the lead maximum of 0.05 % that Zollern prints.",
      "Brazing is poor and soft soldering is not recommendable (Zollern).",
      "Zollern and Aalco disagree on thermal conductivity, and the composition ranges differ between sources."
    ],
    "verdict": "C63000 is a strong, wear-resistant wrought aluminium bronze for bearings, worm wheels, landing gear parts and marine fittings. Its strength depends on the form: 585 MPa minimum tensile for ASTM B 150 forgings and 689 to 814 MPa typical for rod. The sources disagree on thermal conductivity and on the composition ranges. No sea water corrosion rate, cryogenic value or space-environment data was found in the pages read.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "C63000 is a wrought copper-aluminium-nickel-iron alloy. Copper is the matrix, and aluminium is the main alloying element, with nickel and iron as the next largest additions (National Bronze and Smith Metal ranges). Zollern prints wider ranges for the same grade: aluminium 8.5 to 11.0, iron 3.0 to 5.0 and nickel 4.0 to 6.0.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "Matrix of the alloy; National Bronze prints a nominal 82.0 %.",
          "share_note": "balance (Rem), with silver counted in the copper value",
          "source": "natbronze-c63000",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, Cu row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "Main alloying element; it forms a tough surface layer that protects the copper-rich alloy (Wikipedia).",
          "share_percent": 9,
          "share_high": 11,
          "share_note": "nominal 10.0; Zollern prints 8.5 to 11.0",
          "source": "natbronze-c63000",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, Al row, Min./Max. column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Alloying addition that gives the strength and wear resistance of the grade.",
          "share_percent": 2,
          "share_high": 4,
          "share_note": "nominal 3.0; Zollern prints 3.0 to 5.0",
          "source": "natbronze-c63000",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, Fe row, Min./Max. column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Main addition after aluminium and iron; it raises strength and corrosion resistance.",
          "share_percent": 4,
          "share_high": 5.5,
          "share_note": "nominal 5.0; Zollern prints 4.0 to 6.0; includes cobalt",
          "source": "natbronze-c63000",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, Ni row, footnote (2)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Limited addition.",
          "share_note": "1.5 maximum (National Bronze, Smith Metal); Zollern prints 1.0 maximum",
          "source": "natbronze-c63000",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, Mn row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Lead",
          "symbol": "Pb",
          "role": "Impurity limit only.",
          "share_note": "0.05 maximum (Zollern)",
          "source": "zollern-c63000",
          "where": "Composition table, Pb row"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The alloy contains nickel, and the PubChem record for nickel metal carries warnings on skin sensitisation and cancer. The wrought grade also lists lead, and copper dust irritates the airways.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Nickel",
            "line": "C63000 contains 4.0 to 5.5 % nickel (National Bronze). The PubChem record for nickel metal lists H317 (may cause an allergic skin reaction), H351 (suspected of causing cancer) and H372 (damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure). That is the metal classification, not one for the alloy."
          },
          {
            "label": "Lead",
            "line": "Zollern prints a lead maximum of 0.05 % for C63000. Smith Metal and National Bronze do not list lead in their composition tables."
          },
          {
            "label": "Copper dust",
            "line": "The CDC says breathing copper dusts, sprays or crystals can irritate the nose and throat and cause dizziness and headaches. The U.S. DHHS, EPA and IARC have not evaluated copper for cancer."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Nickel and lead warnings"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in the sources read are chemical: dealuminification in sea water, pitting in polluted sea water, and cracking in ammonia.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Dealuminification",
            "line": "In sea water, crevices, deposits, marine growth or galvanic coupling can remove aluminium selectively, leaving a porous copper residue. Hendrix says this is not usually of great significance and occurs only under particular severe conditions."
          },
          {
            "label": "Sulphide pollution",
            "line": "Sulphide-polluted sea water may pit aluminium bronzes. Hendrix says pitting can perforate a valve, pump casting or water tube in a relatively short time."
          },
          {
            "label": "Ammonia",
            "line": "Hendrix says aluminium bronzes can crack in ammonia under tensile stress, along a transgranular path, and resist it much better than brasses."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Chemical attack in seawater"
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Pick the form",
            "line": "ASTM B 150 forgings up to 100 mm give 585 MPa minimum tensile strength and 295 MPa yield (Zollern). Typical 4 in rod gives 689 MPa and 1 in rod with 10 % cold work gives 814 MPa (National Bronze). Specify the form and temper on the order."
          },
          {
            "label": "Welding",
            "line": "Zollern rates TIG, MIG and manual electrode welding as good, with filler CuAl9Ni4Fe2Mn2 (CF310G). Brazing is poor, and soft soldering is not recommendable."
          },
          {
            "label": "Machining",
            "line": "Zollern says carbide tools are needed for turning and milling, and sharp tools for drilling and thread cutting. Smith Metal rates machinability as good to fair."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 30,
    "unreachable": 3,
    "caveats": 14,
    "note": "Values read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from pages fetched in this run: the Smith Metal, National Bronze, ZOLLERN and Aalco datasheets, the Hendrix corrosion page, Wikipedia, the CDC ToxFAQ for copper, PubChem nickel, and the USGS MCS 2026 copper, aluminum and nickel summaries. Unreachable: Wieland U33 and U35 (HTTP 404), MakeItFrom (HTTP 403). The Applus page was read but its values were blurred; only its designation is used. Caveats: thermal conductivity and melting disagree between Zollern and Aalco; composition ranges differ by source; National Bronze and Smith values are typical or approximate, not minima."
  },
  "sources": {
    "smith-c63000": {
      "title": "Smith Metal Centres, C63000 Technical Datasheet (composition, mechanical properties, applications, related specifications AMS4640, CW307G, CA104)",
      "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/bronze/c63000.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "natbronze-c63000": {
      "title": "National Bronze, C63000 (Aluminum Bronze) data sheet (chemical composition, typical mechanical properties by product and temper, physical properties)",
      "url": "https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/C63000.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "zollern-c63000": {
      "title": "ZOLLERN, Wrought copper-aluminium alloy C63000 datasheet (composition, minimum strengths for ASTM B 150 and B 171 forgings, physical properties, areas of application, heat treatment, welding)",
      "url": "https://www.zollern.com/fileadmin/data/ZGM_Schmiede/files/de/datenblaetter/ZOLLERN-20200_Datenblatt_Schmiede_C63000_EN.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "aalco-cw307g": {
      "title": "Aalco, Copper and Copper Alloys, Aluminium Bronze CW307G datasheet (composition, physical and mechanical properties)",
      "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Copper-and-Copper-Alloys-CW307G_445.ashx",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "applus-cw307g": {
      "title": "Applus Laboratories, CuAl10Ni5Fe4 | CW307G material datasheet (designation only)",
      "url": "https://www.appluslaboratories.com/materials-portal/datasheet/cual10ni5fe4-cw307g/-692262132",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Testing laboratory web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "hgh-al-bronze": {
      "title": "The Hendrix Group, Material Property Data: aluminium bronze, corrosion types (uniform, pitting, selective phase attack, dealloying, stress corrosion)",
      "url": "https://hghouston.com/archive/material-property-data/copper-and-copper-alloys/aluminum-bronze/3-corrosion-types",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Technical archive page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wiki-aluminium-bronze": {
      "title": "Aluminium bronze (Wikipedia): sea water resistance, marine applications, ISO 428 compositions",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_bronze",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "atsdr-copper": {
      "title": "ATSDR ToxFAQs: Copper (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. CDC)",
      "url": "https://wwwn.cdc.gov/tsp/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=205&toxid=37",
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "U.S. government public domain (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "pubchem-nickel": {
      "title": "PubChem, Nickel (CID 935), GHS Classification (aggregated ECHA C&L notifications)",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/935",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem public data (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-copper-mcs2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-aluminum-mcs2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-nickel-mcs2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/aluminium-bronze/"
}