Copper-chromium-zirconium (CuCrZr) CuCrZr

spore: profile
id: cucrzr
spore_version: 0.2
family: copper-alloys
name: Copper-chromium-zirconium (CuCrZr)
abbreviation: CuCrZr
role: precipitation-hardened copper alloy for welding electrodes, electrical contacts and high-heat-flux liners
category: metals
type: copper-alloys
summary: |
  CuCrZr (UNS C18150, EN CuCr1Zr, material number 2.1293) is copper with about 0.5 to 1.5 % chromium and 0.02 to 0.20 % zirconium, age-hardened to keep most of copper's conductivity while gaining strength. The Aurubis leaflet gives at least 46.4 MS/m (80 %IACS) and 323 W/(m·K) in the soft condition, with a yield strength of at least 450 MPa in the R480 temper. It is the standard class 2 electrode alloy for resistance welding, and a 2015 Brazilian study of rocket-engine combustion chamber liners found it stronger than Cu-Ag-Zr at 150, 450 and 700 °C.
best_for: Parts that must carry current or heat and keep strength under repeated heating, such as welding electrodes and high-heat-flux liners
weakest_at: 'Overheating: the hardened condition is lost near 500 °C, and the alloy is not resistant to ammonia, halide, cyanide, sulphide or seawater exposure'
identity:
  formula: 'Copper alloy: copper (balance) with 0.5 to 1.5 wt% chromium and 0.02 to 0.20 wt% zirconium, precipitation hardened'
  source: aurubis-cucrzr
  where: 'Composition table of the Aurubis PNA 372 CuCrZr datasheet: Cu rem, Cr 0.5-1.5 %, Zr 0.02-0.20 %, the same range as the Wieland K60 and thyssenkrupp sheets (Cr 0.5-1.2 %, Zr 0.03-0.2 %)'
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: C18150
      source: aurubis-cucrzr
      where: Comparable standards line at the top of the sheet
    - system: EN
      code: '2.1293'
      source: tk-cw106c
      where: Material designation table, DIN-Material-No. column
    - system: EN name
      code: CuCr1Zr
      source: wieland-k60
      where: Material designation table, EN row
    - system: EN name
      code: CW106C
      source: tk-cw106c
      where: Material designation table, EN-Material-No. column
    - system: BS
      code: CC102
      source: dm-c18150
      where: Other standard designations list, BS 2874 line
    - system: Trade name
      code: Elmedur X
      source: wieland-elmedur
      where: Title block of the Elmedur X technical datasheet
    - system: Trade name
      code: A-Trode
      source: luvata-atrode
      where: Title and Quality Properties table of the A-Trode leaflet
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses:
    - thermal-cycling
    - high-heat-flux
  applications:
    - propulsion-and-tanks
    - electronics-and-chips
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, CuCrZr (wrought, Aurubis)
    value: 8.94
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr, UNS C18150 (Aurubis PNA 372)
      temperature: not stated in the table
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aurubis-cucrzr
    where: Physical properties table, column Density
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, CuCrZr (Wieland K60)
    value: 8.92
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr (K60)
      temperature: room temperature (reference values)
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: wieland-k60
    where: Physical properties table, row Density
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, Desktop Metal heat-treated part
    value: 8.75
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: part from Desktop Metal Production System P-1, heat treated (standard), room temperature tested
      method_in_source: ASTM B311
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer material data sheet, for a processed part rather than wrought product
    status: ground
    note: The sheet prints the value as 8.75 with a tolerance of 0.06 g/cc; the relative density is 98.4 %.
    source: dm-c18150
    where: Mechanical properties table, row Density (ASTM B311)
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, CuCr1Zr (thyssenkrupp reference data)
    value: 8.91
    unit: kg/dm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CW106C (CuCr1Zr)
      temperature: 20 °C
    method: Reference value printed in a material data sheet for long products
    status: ground
    source: tk-cw106c
    where: Reference data for some physical properties, column Density at 20 °C
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting point, CuCrZr (Aurubis)
    value: 1081
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr, UNS C18150
    method: Single value printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aurubis-cucrzr
    where: Physical properties table, column Melting point
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting range, CuCr1Zr (Wieland K60)
    value: 1070
    value_high: 1080
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr (K60)
    method: Range printed in the heat treatment table of a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: wieland-k60
    where: Heat treatment table, row Melting range
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Solidus to liquidus, C18150 (Fisk Alloy)
    value: 1750
    value_high: 1920
    bound: range
    unit: °F
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: C18150
      unit_in_source: °F
    method: Solidus and liquidus printed on a supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: fisk-c18150
    where: Physical Properties list, rows Melting Point (Solidus) and Melting Point (Liquidus)
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat, CuCrZr (Aurubis)
    value: 0.383
    unit: kJ/(kg·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr, UNS C18150
      temperature: 20 °C
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aurubis-cucrzr
    where: Physical properties table, column cp @20°C
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat, CuCrZr (Luvata)
    value: 376
    unit: J/(kg·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr electrodes (A-Trode)
      temperature: not stated
    method: Value printed in a supplier leaflet under physical material properties
    status: ground
    source: luvata-atrode
    where: Physical material properties table, row Specific heat
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat, CuCr1Zr (Wieland Duro Elmedur X)
    value: 0.367
    unit: J/(g·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr, solution annealed and aged
      temperature: room temperature (reference values)
    method: Reference value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: wieland-elmedur
    where: Physical properties table, row Specific heat
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat, CW106C (thyssenkrupp reference data)
    value: 386
    unit: J/(kg·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CW106C (CuCr1Zr)
      temperature: not stated
    method: Reference value printed in a material data sheet for long products
    status: ground
    source: tk-cw106c
    where: Reference data for some physical properties, column Specific heat capacity
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity, CuCrZr (Aurubis)
    value: 117
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr, UNS C18150
      temperature: not stated in the table
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aurubis-cucrzr
    where: Physical properties table, column Young's modulus
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity, CuCr1Zr (Wieland K60)
    value: 130
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr (K60)
      temperature: room temperature (reference values)
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: wieland-k60
    where: Physical properties table, row Moduls of elasticity
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity, CuCr1Zr (Wieland Duro Elmedur X)
    value: 108
    unit: kN/mm2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr, solution annealed and aged
      unit_in_source: kN/mm²
    method: Reference value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: wieland-elmedur
    where: Mechanical properties table, row Modulus of elasticity
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Young's modulus, CW106C (thyssenkrupp reference data)
    value: 110000
    value_high: 130000
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CW106C (CuCr1Zr)
    method: Range printed in a material data sheet for long products
    status: ground
    source: tk-cw106c
    where: Reference data for some physical properties, column Young's modulus
  - benchmark: shear_modulus
    label: Modulus of torsion, CuCr1Zr (Wieland Duro Elmedur X)
    value: 45
    unit: kN/mm2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr, solution annealed and aged
      unit_in_source: kN/mm²
    method: Reference value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: wieland-elmedur
    where: Mechanical properties table, row Modulus of torsion
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, CuCrZr (Aurubis)
    value: 323
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr, UNS C18150
      temper: soft condition (the table note says the specified conductivity applies to the soft condition only)
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aurubis-cucrzr
    where: Physical properties table, column Thermal cond., note below the table
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, CuCrZr (Luvata)
    value: 320
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr electrodes (A-Trode)
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: W/m.K
    method: Value printed in a supplier leaflet under physical material properties
    status: ground
    source: luvata-atrode
    where: Quality Properties box, row Thermal conductivity at 20 °C
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, CuCr1Zr (Wieland K60)
    value: 320
    bound: lower
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr (K60)
      temperature: room temperature (reference values, printed as greater than 320)
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: wieland-k60
    where: Physical properties table, row Thermal conductivity
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, CW106C heat-treated (thyssenkrupp reference data)
    value: 310
    value_high: 330
    bound: range
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CW106C (CuCr1Zr)
      temper: heat-treated (solution annealed condition is 170 W/(m·K) per footnote b)
    method: Range printed in a material data sheet for long products
    status: ground
    source: tk-cw106c
    where: Reference data for some physical properties, column Thermal conductivity, footnote b
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Coefficient of thermal expansion, CuCrZr (Aurubis)
    value: 17.1
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr, UNS C18150
      temperature: 20-300 °C
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aurubis-cucrzr
    where: Physical properties table, column α @20-300°C
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Coefficient of thermal expansion, CuCr1Zr (Wieland K60)
    value: 17.6
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr (K60)
      temperature: 0-300 °C
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: wieland-k60
    where: Physical properties table, row Thermal expansion coefficient (0-300 °C)
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Coefficient of thermal expansion, CuCr1Zr (Wieland Duro Elmedur X)
    value: 17
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr, solution annealed and aged
      temperature: 0-320 °C (273-593 K)
      unit_in_source: 10-6/K
    method: Reference value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: wieland-elmedur
    where: Physical properties table, row Coefficient of thermal expansion
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Coefficient of thermal expansion, A-Trode (Luvata)
    value: 17
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr electrodes (A-Trode)
      temperature: 20-300 °C
      unit_in_source: 10-6 m/mK
    method: Value printed in a supplier leaflet under physical material properties
    status: ground
    source: luvata-atrode
    where: Physical material properties table, row Expansion coefficient (20-300 °C)
  - benchmark: electrical_conductivity
    label: Electrical conductivity, CuCrZr minimum (Aurubis)
    value: 46.4
    bound: lower
    unit: MS/m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr, UNS C18150
      equivalent: at least 80 %IACS
      temper: soft condition only (table note)
    method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aurubis-cucrzr
    where: Physical properties table, column Electrical cond., MS/m
  - benchmark: electrical_conductivity
    label: Electrical conductivity, CuCr1Zr minimum (Wieland K60)
    value: 43
    bound: lower
    unit: MS/m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr (K60)
      equivalent: at least 74 %IACS
      temperature: room temperature (reference values)
    method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: wieland-k60
    where: Physical properties table, row Electrical conductivity, MS/m
  - benchmark: electrical_conductivity
    label: Electrical conductivity, CuCr1Zr range (Wieland Duro Elmedur X)
    value: 43
    value_high: 50
    bound: range
    unit: MS/m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr, solution annealed and aged
      temperature: 20 °C (293 K)
      equivalent: minimum 75 %IACS
    method: Range printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: wieland-elmedur
    where: Physical properties table, row Electrical conductivity, MS/m and % IACS
  - benchmark: electrical_conductivity
    label: Electrical conductivity, CW106C heat-treated maximum (thyssenkrupp reference data)
    value: 43
    bound: upper
    unit: MS/m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CW106C (CuCr1Zr)
      temper: heat-treated (footnote a gives 20 MS/m for the solution annealed condition)
    method: Maximum value printed in a material data sheet for long products
    status: ground
    source: tk-cw106c
    where: Reference data for some physical properties, column Electrical conductivity, footnote a
  - benchmark: electrical_conductivity
    label: Electrical conductivity minimum, A-Trode electrodes (Luvata)
    value: 80
    bound: lower
    unit: '%IACS'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr electrodes (A-Trode)
    method: Minimum value printed in a supplier leaflet under physical properties
    status: ground
    source: luvata-atrode
    where: Physical properties, row Conductivity, Minimum 80% IACS
  - benchmark: electrical_conductivity
    label: Electrical conductivity, C18150 annealed (Fisk Alloy)
    value: 80
    unit: '%IACS'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: C18150
      temper: annealed
      temperature: 68 °F
    method: Value printed on a supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: fisk-c18150
    where: Physical Properties list, row Electrical Conductivity (Annealed)
  - benchmark: electrical_conductivity
    label: Electrical conductivity, heat-treated part (Desktop Metal)
    value: 87
    unit: '%IACS'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: part from Desktop Metal Production System P-1, heat treated (standard)
      method_in_source: ASTM E1004
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer material data sheet, for a processed part rather than wrought product
    status: ground
    note: The sheet prints 87 with a tolerance of 2 %IACS.
    source: dm-c18150
    where: Mechanical properties table, row Electrical Conductivity (ASTM E1004)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength R480 (Aurubis)
    value: 480
    value_high: 560
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr, UNS C18150
      temper: R480
    method: Range printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aurubis-cucrzr
    where: Mechanical properties table, row R480, column Tensile Strength
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength R540 (Aurubis)
    value: 540
    value_high: 660
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr, UNS C18150
      temper: R540
    method: Range printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aurubis-cucrzr
    where: Mechanical properties table, row R540, column Tensile Strength
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, solution annealed and aged, diameter 21-50 mm (Wieland Duro Elmedur X)
    value: 440
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr, solution annealed and aged
      cross_section: diameter 21-50 mm
      unit_in_source: N/mm²
    method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet (reference values)
    status: ground
    source: wieland-elmedur
    where: Mechanical properties table, row Tensile strength, column Ø 21-50 mm
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, rods diameter over 30 to 50 mm, temper R430 (Wieland K60)
    value: 430
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr (K60)
      temper: R430
      form: round and polygonal rod, EN 12163
    method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet (table of EN 12163 mechanical values)
    status: ground
    source: wieland-k60
    where: Round rods table (EN 12163), row R430, diameter over 30 to 50 mm, column Tensile strength Rm min.
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, rods diameter 30-50 mm, temper R430 (thyssenkrupp)
    value: 430
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CW106C (CuCr1Zr)
      temper: R430
      form: rod, bar, EN 12163
    method: Minimum value printed in a material data sheet
    status: ground
    source: tk-cw106c
    where: Mechanical properties table (rod, bar, EN 12163), row R430, column Rm
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, wire pretempered AT TF00 (Fisk Alloy)
    value: 65
    value_high: 80
    bound: range
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: C18150
      temper: AT TF00
      form: round wire, pretempered
      unit_in_source: ksi
    method: Range printed on a supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: fisk-c18150
    where: Round Wire, Pretempered table, row AT TF00, columns Min and Max
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, electrodes (Luvata A-Trode)
    value: 490
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr electrodes (A-Trode)
      form: electrodes, conventional CuCrZr grain structure
      unit_in_source: N/mm2
    method: Minimum value printed in a supplier leaflet
    status: ground
    source: luvata-atrode
    where: Mechanical properties table, row Electrodes, column Tensile strength
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, heat-treated part (Desktop Metal)
    value: 345
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: part from Desktop Metal Production System P-1, heat treated (standard), room temperature
      method_in_source: ASTM E8
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer material data sheet, for a processed part rather than wrought product
    status: ground
    note: The sheet prints 345 with a tolerance of 8 MPa.
    source: dm-c18150
    where: Mechanical properties table, row Ultimate Tensile Stress (ASTM E8)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength R480 (Aurubis)
    value: 450
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr, UNS C18150
      temper: R480
    method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aurubis-cucrzr
    where: Mechanical properties table, row R480, column Yield Strength
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength R540 (Aurubis)
    value: 500
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr, UNS C18150
      temper: R540
    method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aurubis-cucrzr
    where: Mechanical properties table, row R540, column Yield Strength
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, solution annealed and aged, diameter 21-50 mm (Wieland Duro Elmedur X)
    value: 350
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr, solution annealed and aged
      cross_section: diameter 21-50 mm
      unit_in_source: N/mm²
    method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet (reference values)
    status: ground
    source: wieland-elmedur
    where: Mechanical properties table, row Yield strength, column Ø 21-50 mm
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, rods diameter over 30 to 50 mm, temper R430 (Wieland K60)
    value: 350
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr (K60)
      temper: R430
      form: round and polygonal rod, EN 12163
    method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet (table of EN 12163 mechanical values)
    status: ground
    source: wieland-k60
    where: Round rods table (EN 12163), row R430, diameter over 30 to 50 mm, column Yield strength Rp0,2 min.
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, electrodes (Luvata A-Trode)
    value: 430
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr electrodes (A-Trode)
      form: electrodes
      measure: 0.2% offset
      unit_in_source: N/mm2
    method: Minimum value printed in a supplier leaflet
    status: ground
    source: luvata-atrode
    where: Mechanical properties table, row Electrodes, column 0.2% offset yield strength
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, heat-treated part (Desktop Metal)
    value: 233
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: part from Desktop Metal Production System P-1, heat treated (standard), room temperature
      method_in_source: ASTM E8
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer material data sheet, for a processed part rather than wrought product
    status: ground
    note: The sheet prints 233 with a tolerance of 7 MPa.
    source: dm-c18150
    where: Mechanical properties table, row Yield Strength (ASTM E8)
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation R480 (Aurubis)
    value: 10
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr, UNS C18150
      temper: R480
      gauge: A50
    method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aurubis-cucrzr
    where: Mechanical properties table, row R480, column Elongation A50
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation R540 (Aurubis)
    value: 4
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr, UNS C18150
      temper: R540
      gauge: A50
    method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer material datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aurubis-cucrzr
    where: Mechanical properties table, row R540, column Elongation A50
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, rods diameter over 30 to 50 mm, temper R430 (Wieland K60)
    value: 10
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr (K60)
      temper: R430
      gauge: A
    method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet (table of EN 12163 mechanical values)
    status: ground
    source: wieland-k60
    where: Round rods table (EN 12163), row R430, diameter over 30 to 50 mm, column A min.
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, solution annealed and aged, diameter 21-50 mm (Wieland Duro Elmedur X)
    value: 10
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCr1Zr, solution annealed and aged
      cross_section: diameter 21-50 mm
      gauge: L = 5 D
    method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet (reference values)
    status: ground
    source: wieland-elmedur
    where: Mechanical properties table, row Elongation L = 5 D, column Ø 21-50 mm
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, electrodes (Luvata A-Trode)
    value: 15
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr electrodes (A-Trode)
      form: electrodes
    method: Minimum value printed in a supplier leaflet
    status: ground
    source: luvata-atrode
    where: Mechanical properties table, row Electrodes, column Elongation
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, heat-treated part (Desktop Metal)
    value: 28
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: part from Desktop Metal Production System P-1, heat treated (standard), room temperature
      method_in_source: ASTM E8
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer material data sheet, for a processed part rather than wrought product
    status: ground
    note: The sheet prints 28 with a tolerance of 4 %.
    source: dm-c18150
    where: Mechanical properties table, row Elongation (ASTM E8)
  - benchmark: softening_temperature
    label: Softening temperature, CuCrZr minimum (Luvata A-Trode)
    value: 500
    bound: lower
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: CuCrZr electrodes (A-Trode)
    method: Minimum value printed in a supplier leaflet (custom property name, not in the canonical list)
    status: ground
    source: luvata-atrode
    where: Quality Properties box, row Softening temperature
corrosion:
  - environment: Natural and industrial atmospheres, maritime air, drinking and service water, non-oxidising acids, alkaline solutions and neutral saline solutions
    headline: CuCrZr is resistant to these, per the Aurubis sheet.
    effect: Aurubis lists these as environments the alloy resists. The sheet prints no corrosion rate, so no rate is recorded.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: manufacturer statement, no rate printed
    source: aurubis-cucrzr
    where: Corrosion resistance paragraph, resistant list
  - environment: Ammonia, halide, cyanide and hydrogen sulphide solutions and atmospheres, oxidising acids, and sea water especially at high flow rates
    headline: CuCrZr is not resistant to these, per the Aurubis sheet.
    effect: Aurubis lists these as environments the alloy does not resist. No rate or test is printed; the rating is a qualitative label for 'not resistant'.
    rating: severe
    conditions:
      basis: manufacturer statement, no rate printed
    source: aurubis-cucrzr
    where: Corrosion resistance paragraph, not resistant list
  - environment: High-copper alloys in general (Wieland K60 statement, not a CuCrZr test)
    headline: Good corrosion resistance, practically insensitive to stress corrosion cracking.
    effect: Wieland says pure copper and high-copper alloys generally show good corrosion resistance because of their inert character and are practically insensitive to stress corrosion cracking. This is a statement for the alloy group, not a measured CuCrZr result.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: group statement by the manufacturer
    source: wieland-k60
    where: Corrosion resistance box, first paragraph
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: Powder SDS for a family of copper base alloy powders (Stanford Advanced Materials, sheet dated 10 January 2018; the sheet lists GRCop-84, Narloy-Z and Cu-Cr and Cu-Zr powders). It is not an SDS for wrought C18150 strip or electrodes. It classifies the powder as harmful if swallowed and very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects, and warns that welding, burning, grinding or polishing can release hexavalent chromium, which may cause lung, nasal and sinus cancer, and metal fume fever.
      ghs: []
      source: sds-cu-powder
      where: Section 2 Hazards identification, and Other Information (heat-generating processes)
    - text: The same powder SDS warns that very fine, high-surface-area particles may ignite spontaneously at room temperature and that fine dust can form combustible dust-air mixtures. This applies to powder and to fine grinding or polishing dust, not to bulk alloy.
      ghs: []
      source: sds-cu-powder
      where: Section 5 Specific hazards, and Section 7 Advice on safe handling
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Loss of age-hardened strength on overheating
      trigger: Heating near 500 °C or above, soft annealing at 600-800 °C, or the heat of welding in the joint zone
      consequence: Luvata gives a softening temperature of at least 500 °C. Wieland gives a soft annealing range of 600-800 °C for 1-3 h, and notes that high temperatures alter the age hardened condition in welded joints. The strength values for the hardened tempers no longer apply.
      severity: moderate
      source: luvata-atrode
      where: Quality Properties box, row Softening temperature; see also wieland-k60 Heat treatment table and footnote
    - mode: Thermal ratcheting and creep in a regeneratively cooled liner
      trigger: Repeated heating and cooling of a combustion chamber liner with cooling channels on its back side
      consequence: NASA describes liners as undergoing creep and thermal ratcheting, which bows the cooling channel into the chamber and leads to eventual failure. This is a general description of liner alloys in a Cu-Cr-Nb-Zr report, not a test on CuCrZr, and no CuCrZr life data were found.
      severity: high
      source: ntrs-2013-cu-cr-nb-zr
      where: Introduction, paragraph on liner life
    - mode: Attack by ammonia, halide, cyanide and sulphide environments
      trigger: Exposure to ammonia, halide, cyanide or hydrogen sulphide solutions or atmospheres, oxidising acids, or seawater, especially at high flow rates
      consequence: Aurubis states that CuCrZr is not resistant to these. The sheet gives no rate, so the severity is a qualitative label.
      severity: moderate
      source: aurubis-cucrzr
      where: Corrosion resistance paragraph, not resistant list
  side_effects:
    - text: At 8.94 g/cm3 the alloy is dense, so a part made from it adds mass compared with a lightweight structure.
      affects: Mass of a liner, electrode or harness
      source: aurubis-cucrzr
      where: Physical properties table, column Density
  handling:
    - text: Specify the temper. Aurubis gives R480 (480-560 MPa tensile) and R540 (540-660 MPa), and states that the specified conductivity applies to the soft condition only. Electrical conductivity falls with cold deformation and small grain size, per the same sheet.
      source: aurubis-cucrzr
      where: Mechanical properties table; note under the physical properties table; Electrical conductivity paragraph
    - text: Anneal and age on the supplier's schedule. Wieland gives soft annealing at 600-800 °C for 1-3 h and hot working at 850-1020 °C. Fisk gives an annealing range of 1800-1850 °F.
      source: wieland-k60
      where: Heat treatment table, rows Hot working and Soft annealing
    - text: Fisk gives an annealing range of 1800-1850 °F for C18150 and a solidus of 1750 °F.
      source: fisk-c18150
      where: Chemical Composition and Physical Properties lists, rows Annealing Range (Min) and (Max)
    - text: Aurubis rates gas shielded arc welding as excellent and resistance welding as fair, and rates machinability as fair. Wieland rates resistance welding as fair and states that high temperatures alter the age hardened condition.
      source: aurubis-cucrzr
      where: Fabrication properties table
  mitigations:
    - text: Choose the temper from the datasheet range and keep joints away from overheating, since the hardened strength is lost once the alloy is annealed.
      source: wieland-k60
      where: Heat treatment table; footnote on age hardened condition
uses:
  - application: propulsion-and-tanks
    device: Main combustion chamber and nozzle liners of rocket engines (high-heat-flux parts)
    example: A 2015 ABM Congress paper names the main combustion chamber and liners of rocket engines as high-heat-flux applications. It compares Cu-Cr-Zr with Cu-Ag-Zr and finds Cu-Cr-Zr has higher tensile and yield strength at 150, 450 and 700 °C, while Cu-Ag-Zr conducts heat better.
    source: abm-2015
    where: Abstract, English and Spanish versions
  - application: electronics-and-chips
    device: Electrical connectors and contacts, and resistance-welding electrodes
    example: Aurubis lists demanding components of electrical engineering and connectors as typical uses. Wieland Duro lists parts in electrical equipment under high stress where high conductivity is required, and electrodes for spot, seam and projection welding.
    source: aurubis-cucrzr
    where: Typical uses line; see also wieland-elmedur Applications list
supply:
  - subject: Copper (mine production, 2025 estimate)
    abundance: Copper is in the USGS critical minerals list, and recycling provided about 30 % of U.S. supply in 2025
    producers:
      - country: Chile
        share_percent: 23
        year: 2025
      - country: Congo (Kinshasa)
        share_percent: 13.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Peru
        share_percent: 11.7
        year: 2025
      - country: China
        share_percent: 7.8
        year: 2025
    critical_lists:
      - list: U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (copper added, USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026)
        listed: true
    recycling: 'USGS: old scrap provided an estimated 160,000 tons of copper in 2025, and copper recovered from scrap contributed about 30 % of U.S. copper supply.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: aluminum substitutes for copper in electrical equipment and power cable.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-copper
    where: World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, column Mine production 2025e, world total 23,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from Chile 5,300, Congo (Kinshasa) 3,200, Peru 2,700 and China 1,800; Recycling paragraph
  - subject: Copper (refinery production, 2025 estimate)
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 48.3
        year: 2025
    source: usgs-mcs2026-copper
    where: World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, column Refinery production 2025e, China 14,000 of world total 29,000 thousand t; share calculated by Space Mushroom
  - subject: Chromium (mine production, 2025 estimate)
    abundance: World chromium resources are greater than 12 billion tons of shipping-grade chromite, heavily concentrated in Kazakhstan and southern Africa (USGS)
    producers:
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 45.1
        year: 2025
      - country: Turkey
        share_percent: 17.6
        year: 2025
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 13.7
        year: 2025
      - country: India
        share_percent: 5.9
        year: 2025
    source: usgs-mcs2026-chromium
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, column 2025e, world total 51,000 thousand t (chromium content); shares calculated by Space Mushroom from South Africa 23,000, Turkey 9,000, Kazakhstan 7,000 and India 3,000
documents:
  - title: Material Datasheet CuCrZr, Aurubis PNA 372 (EN_2026_01)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.aurubis.com/dam/jcr:d6d50d64-69d6-4742-821d-8fb8b48c9044/PNA%20372_CuCrZr_C18150-C18160-C18400-EN.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: Wieland-K60, CuCr1Zr High copper alloy datasheet (05.22)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.wieland.com/es/content/download/9798/file/K60_EX_EN.pdf
  - title: Elmedur X technical datasheet, Wieland Duro (0719)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.wieland.com/cn/media/files/data-sheets/elmedur-x_ex_en.pdf
  - title: Material Data Sheet CW106C (CuCr1Zr), tk accelis Materials, thyssenkrupp
    type: datasheet
    url: https://ucpcdn.thyssenkrupp.com/_binary/UCPthyssenkruppBAMaterialsSchulte/41b7c3f7-e00e-445e-a721-98f262879ee0/Material-Data-Sheet-CW106C.pdf
  - title: C18150 Copper Chromium Zirconium, Fisk Alloy Wire product data
    type: datasheet
    url: https://fiskalloy.com/pdf/c18150
  - title: A-Trode CuCrZr resistance welding electrodes, Luvata (leaflet, 2023)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://luvata.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/a-trode_a4_english.pdf
    year: 2023
  - title: Material Data Sheet C18150 Chromium Zirconium Copper, Desktop Metal (SPJ-SPC-MDS-C18150-230315)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.desktopmetal.com/uploads/SPJ-SPC-MDS_C18150-20230315.pdf
    year: 2023
  - title: Safety Data Sheet, Copper Base Alloy Powder, Stanford Advanced Materials (10 January 2018)
    type: sds
    url: https://powder.samaterials.com/tds/1689815749-copper-alloy-powder.pdf
    year: 2018
  - title: Increased mechanical properties through the addition of Zr to GRCop-84, Ellis and Lerch, NASA Glenn (NTRS 20120000738)
    type: paper
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20120000738/downloads/20120000738.pdf
    year: 2012
  - title: Cu-Cr-Nb-Zr Alloy for Rocket Engines and Other High-Heat-Flux Applications, NASA Glenn (NTRS 20130014444)
    type: paper
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20130014444/downloads/20130014444.pdf
    year: 2013
  - title: Analise comparativo de propriedades mecanicas e termicas de duas ligas base cobre (Diaz et al.), 70th ABM Annual Congress
    type: paper
    url: https://abmproceedings.com.br/en/article/analisis-comparativo-de-propiedades-mecanicas-y-termicas-de-dos-aleaciones-base-cobre-para-aplicaciones-a-elevadas-temperaturas
    year: 2015
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - No KME or CDA datasheet for C18150 was found in this run. The Wieland K60 EN 12163 table, the Wieland Duro Elmedur X sheet and the thyssenkrupp CW106C sheet were used for the mechanical values instead.
  - Strength at 150, 450 and 700 °C from the ABM 2015 paper was not recorded. The paper's abstract gives the test temperatures but no numbers, and the full text PDF (DOI 10.5151/1516-392X-26891) could not be downloaded.
  - No NASA or ESA test data for CuCrZr in rocket engines were found. The two NASA reports that were read name GRCop-84 and NARloy-Z and mention Cu-Cr-Zr only in comparison, without numbers.
  - Atomic oxygen, outgassing, total mass loss and cold welding in vacuum were not looked up in an opened source for CuCrZr.
  - Radiation effects on CuCrZr were not looked up.
  - Wikipedia's chromium copper page could not be opened (HTTP 404), so no encyclopedia source is cited for the composition or history.
  - No SDS for the wrought C18150 product was found. The only SDS read covers a multi-alloy copper powder, so no hazard codes (H-statements) are recorded for the wrought alloy.
  - 'Zirconium supply (producers and shares) was not read: the USGS zirconium PDF was not available at the URL tried. Chromium''s place on the U.S. critical minerals list was not verified in the USGS chromium text, so it is not claimed.'
  - 'The electrical conductivity of wrought C18150 differs by source: 46.4 MS/m minimum (Aurubis), 43 MS/m minimum (Wieland K60), 43 to 50 MS/m (Elmedur X), 80 %IACS (Fisk and Luvata), 43 MS/m maximum (thyssenkrupp, heat-treated) and 87 %IACS for a Desktop Metal part. Each is recorded with its own condition. None is checked against a mill certificate.'
  - The thyssenkrupp R470 row for profiles and rectangular bars prints a proof strength (540) above its tensile minimum (470). That row was not recorded.
  - Hardness values (HV on Aurubis, HB on Elmedur X and thyssenkrupp, HRB on Luvata and Desktop Metal) were not recorded, because the property canon has no hardness name that fits all of them.
  - Softening temperature is a custom property name (softening_temperature), since the canon has no name for it. Only the Luvata minimum of 500 °C was found.
  - The RWMA Class 2 and ISO 5182 A2/2 entries are classifications, not grade codes, so they are not listed as designations. They are printed in the Elmedur X and Luvata sources.
  - Fracture toughness, fatigue, creep rupture and low-cycle fatigue data for CuCrZr were not looked up.
sources:
  aurubis-cucrzr:
    title: Material Datasheet CuCrZr, Aurubis PNA 372 (EN_2026_01), comparable standard UNS C18150
    id: Aurubis PNA 372; UNS C18150
    url: https://www.aurubis.com/dam/jcr:d6d50d64-69d6-4742-821d-8fb8b48c9044/PNA%20372_CuCrZr_C18150-C18160-C18400-EN.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer leaflet, general information only, no warranty (cited, not reproduced)
  wieland-k60:
    title: Wieland-K60, CuCr1Zr High copper alloy (Wieland-Werke AG, Ulm, 05.22)
    id: EN CuCr1Zr, CW106C, UNS C18150; EN 12163, 12165, 12166, 12167
    url: https://www.wieland.com/es/content/download/9798/file/K60_EX_EN.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)
  wieland-elmedur:
    title: Elmedur X technical datasheet (Wieland Duro GmbH, 0719 MC.ED.UL)
    id: CW106C, CuCr1Zr, material number 2.1293 (old), DIN ISO 5182 Class A 2/2, RWMA Class 2, UNS C18150
    url: https://www.wieland.com/cn/media/files/data-sheets/elmedur-x_ex_en.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)
  tk-cw106c:
    title: Material Data Sheet CW106C (CuCr1Zr), tk accelis Materials GmbH, thyssenkrupp, based on DIN EN 12163 and the Deutsches Kupferinstitut
    id: CW106C [CuCr1Zr], DIN-Material-No. 2.1293
    url: https://ucpcdn.thyssenkrupp.com/_binary/UCPthyssenkruppBAMaterialsSchulte/41b7c3f7-e00e-445e-a721-98f262879ee0/Material-Data-Sheet-CW106C.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier material data sheet (cited, not reproduced)
  fisk-c18150:
    title: C18150 Copper Chromium Zirconium, Fisk Alloy Wire Inc. (product data, 2026)
    url: https://fiskalloy.com/pdf/c18150
    year: 2026
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier product page (cited, not reproduced)
  luvata-atrode:
    title: A-Trode, the universal cap electrode, CuCrZr, Luvata (leaflet, copyright 2023)
    id: C18150 CuCrZr, EN ISO 5182 A2/2, DIN 17666 Wn 2.1293, RWMA Class II
    url: https://luvata.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/a-trode_a4_english.pdf
    year: 2023
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier leaflet (cited, not reproduced)
  dm-c18150:
    title: Material Data Sheet C18150 Chromium Zirconium Copper, Desktop Metal (SPJ-SPC-MDS-C18150-230315), Production System P-1
    id: BS 2874 CC102; EN 12163 CW106C
    url: https://www.desktopmetal.com/uploads/SPJ-SPC-MDS_C18150-20230315.pdf
    year: 2023
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer material data sheet (cited, not reproduced)
  ntrs-2012-ellis:
    title: Increased Mechanical Properties Through the Addition of Zr to GRCop-84, Ellis and Lerch, NASA Glenn Research Center
    id: NTRS 20120000738
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20120000738/downloads/20120000738.pdf
    year: 2012
    kind: paper
    license: NASA public document (cited, not reproduced)
  ntrs-2013-cu-cr-nb-zr:
    title: Cu-Cr-Nb-Zr Alloy for Rocket Engines and Other High-Heat-Flux Applications, NASA Glenn Research Center
    id: NTRS 20130014444
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20130014444/downloads/20130014444.pdf
    year: 2013
    kind: paper
    license: NASA public document (cited, not reproduced)
  abm-2015:
    title: Analise comparativo de propriedades mecanicas e termicas de duas ligas base cobre para aplicacoes a elevadas temperaturas (Diaz, Bruno, Gonzalez, Navarria, Segura), 70th ABM Annual Congress, Rio de Janeiro
    id: DOI 10.5151/1516-392X-26891
    url: https://abmproceedings.com.br/en/article/analisis-comparativo-de-propiedades-mecanicas-y-termicas-de-dos-aleaciones-base-cobre-para-aplicaciones-a-elevadas-temperaturas
    year: 2015
    kind: paper
    license: Conference paper, abstract read (cited, not reproduced)
  sds-cu-powder:
    title: Safety Data Sheet, Copper Base Alloy Powder, Stanford Advanced Materials (issue 10 January 2018, North America)
    url: https://powder.samaterials.com/tds/1689815749-copper-alloy-powder.pdf
    year: 2018
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)
  usgs-mcs2026-copper:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper, U.S. Geological Survey'
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: Public domain (USGS)
  usgs-mcs2026-chromium:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium, U.S. Geological Survey'
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: Public domain (USGS)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 52
  unreachable: 0
  caveats: 6
  note: 'Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the datasheets and PDFs named in each entry (text extracted from PDF). Unreachable: the ABM 2015 full text and the Wikipedia chromium copper page. Caveats: the sources disagree on electrical conductivity, modulus and thermal conductivity for wrought C18150; the Desktop Metal values are for a processed part; the Fisk and Desktop Metal pages carry no date for the values; the softening temperature is a custom property name; the corrosion ratings are qualitative labels for ''not resistant'' text.'
story:
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      lead: The wrought alloy has no SDS in this run. The one SDS read covers a copper powder family, and it flags chromium fume and fine dust during heat or grinding.
      level: 1
      verdict: Fume and dust
      points:
        - label: Welding and grinding
          line: Welding, burning, grinding or polishing can release hexavalent chromium and metal fume. Use fume extraction and dust control.
        - label: Powder form
          line: Fine powder can ignite spontaneously and form combustible dust-air mixtures. Keep it away from ignition sources.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: The failure routes in the sources are overheating, cyclic heating in a liner, and attack by some chemicals.
      points:
        - label: Overheating
          line: The softening temperature is at least 500 °C. Above that the age-hardened strength is lost, and soft annealing is at 600-800 °C.
        - label: Cyclic heating
          line: NASA describes liners as failing by creep and thermal ratcheting, which bows the cooling channel into the chamber. No CuCrZr life data were found.
        - label: Chemicals
          line: The alloy is not resistant to ammonia, halide, cyanide, sulphide or seawater exposure, especially at high flow.
  why: CuCrZr, UNS C18150, is copper with small additions of chromium and zirconium that age-harden it. It keeps most of copper's conductivity. The Aurubis leaflet gives at least 46.4 MS/m (80 %IACS) and 323 W/(m·K) at 20 °C in the soft condition, and a yield strength of at least 450 MPa in the R480 temper. That is why it is used for resistance-welding electrodes and cap tips, and for connectors. A 2015 Brazilian paper names rocket-engine combustion chamber liners as a high-heat-flux application and compares Cu-Cr-Zr with Cu-Ag-Zr for it.
  uses:
    - where: Rocket combustion chamber liners
      line: The 2015 ABM paper names the main combustion chamber and liners of rocket engines as high-heat-flux parts, and compares Cu-Cr-Zr with Cu-Ag-Zr for them.
    - where: Electrodes and connectors
      line: Aurubis lists connectors and demanding electrical components as typical uses. Wieland Duro lists spot, seam and projection welding electrodes.
  can_do:
    - label: Carry current
      value: 46.4 MS/m minimum
      benchmark: electrical_conductivity
      line: Aurubis gives a minimum of 46.4 MS/m, which is at least 80 %IACS, in the soft condition only.
    - label: Carry heat
      value: 323 W/(m·K)
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
      line: Thermal conductivity is 323 W/(m·K) in the Aurubis leaflet and 320 in the Luvata leaflet, both at about room temperature.
    - label: Hold strength
      value: 480 MPa and up
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: The R480 temper has 480 to 560 MPa tensile strength and at least 450 MPa yield. The R540 temper has 540 to 660 MPa.
    - label: Stay hard when hot
      value: 500 °C softening
      benchmark: softening_temperature
      line: Luvata gives a minimum softening temperature of 500 °C for its electrodes, which is why the alloy suits welding electrodes.
    - label: Weight
      value: 8.94 g/cm3
      benchmark: density
      line: The density is 8.94 g/cm3 in the Aurubis leaflet, heavier than a lightweight structure metal.
  compare: Against the Cu-Ag-Zr alloy that the 2015 ABM paper studies, CuCrZr is stronger at 150, 450 and 700 °C, while Cu-Ag-Zr conducts heat better. Against GRCop-84, NASA reports that GRCop-84 is weaker at lower temperatures than precipitation-strengthened alloys such as Cu-Cr-Zr when those are fully aged, which is why zirconium was added to GRCop-84. Read the rows below as one manufacturer's figures, since each source reads its own temper and product form.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Thermal conductivity
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    - label: Yield strength
      benchmark: yield_strength
  handling:
    - Specify the temper. Conductivity applies to the soft condition only, and strength rises with the temper.
    - Keep the alloy below its softening temperature. Luvata gives at least 500 °C, and soft annealing is at 600-800 °C.
    - Do not expect the hardened strength after welding in the heat-affected zone, per Wieland.
  good_for:
    - 'Carrying current and heat at once: at least 46.4 MS/m and 323 W/(m·K) in the soft condition.'
    - Electrodes and cap tips that must keep hardness at high temperature (softening at least 500 °C).
    - Rocket liner duty in the 2015 ABM study, where Cu-Cr-Zr had higher tensile and yield strength than Cu-Ag-Zr.
  watch_out:
    - Overheating removes the age-hardened condition, so the strength values apply only to the stated temper.
    - The alloy is not resistant to ammonia, halide, cyanide, sulphide or seawater exposure.
    - Sources disagree on conductivity (43 to 80 %IACS depending on temper and product form). Use a mill certificate for design.
    - No atomic oxygen, outgassing or radiation data for CuCrZr were found in this run.
  verdict: CuCrZr is a strong, conductive copper alloy for electrodes, connectors and high-heat-flux liners. It trades some conductivity for strength, and it loses that strength if overheated. No space-environment test data for it were found in this run.
  recipe:
    line: CuCrZr is copper with chromium and zirconium additions that precipitation harden it. The Luvata leaflet says it is made by a billet casting process, and Wieland Duro gives its condition as solution annealed and aged to reach the strength values.
    parts:
      - name: Copper
        symbol: Cu
        share_note: balance
        role: The matrix. Copper carries the electrical and heat conduction.
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        share_percent: 0.5
        share_high: 1.5
        source: aurubis-cucrzr
        where: Composition table, Cr column
        role: Precipitation-hardening addition, per the Wieland and Aurubis descriptions of age hardening.
      - name: Zirconium
        symbol: Zr
        share_percent: 0.02
        share_high: 0.2
        source: aurubis-cucrzr
        where: Composition table, Zr column
        role: Second hardening addition. Aurubis credits the chromium and zirconium pair with softening resistance.