Titanium Grade 9, Ti-3Al-2.5V (UNS R56320) Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9)

spore: profile
id: titanium-grade-9
spore_version: 0.2
family: titanium-alloys
name: Titanium Grade 9, Ti-3Al-2.5V (UNS R56320)
abbreviation: Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9)
role: medium-strength alpha-beta alloy, mostly sold as seamless tube
category: metals
type: titanium
summary: |
  Titanium Grade 9, Ti-3Al-2.5V (UNS R56320), is an alpha-beta titanium alloy with 2.5 to 3.5 % aluminium and 2.0 to 3.0 % vanadium. ASTM B338 gives a minimum tensile strength of 620 MPa and a minimum 0.2 % yield strength of 483 MPa when annealed, and 860 MPa and 725 MPa when cold-worked and stress-relieved. The Smiths High Performance datasheet says the alloy is most prevalent as tube and can be cold-worked, unlike Grade 5. Aircraft Materials and Smiths list it for aircraft and engine hydraulic tubing under AMS 4943, AMS 4944 and AMS 4945.
best_for: Seamless hydraulic and fluid tube, corrosion-resistant pipe and sporting frames, where more strength than commercially pure titanium is needed with more formability than Grade 5 (Smiths datasheets, Bibus)
weakest_at: 'Strength below Grade 5: 620 MPa minimum tensile when annealed, against 895 MPa for Grade 5 (ASTM B265). No thermal, cryogenic or space data for this grade were read in this run.'
identity:
  formula: 'Alpha-beta titanium alloy, Ti-3Al-2.5V (UNS R56320): 2.5 to 3.5 wt% aluminium and 2.0 to 3.0 wt% vanadium, titanium the balance'
  source: astm-b338
  where: Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Grade 9 column (ASTM B338-08b copy)
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: R56320
      source: smiths-g9
      where: 'Material Specifications, Commercial column: UNS R56320'
    - system: EN
      code: '3.7195'
      note: W.Nr., Commercial column
      source: smiths-g9
      where: 'Material Specifications, Commercial column: WNr. 3.7195'
    - system: EN
      code: '3.7194'
      note: W.Nr., Aerospace column
      source: smiths-g9
      where: 'Material Specifications, Aerospace column: WNr. 3.7194'
    - system: EN
      code: '3.7197'
      note: W.Nr., printed beside 3.7195
      source: bibus-g9
      where: 'Product title line: 3.7197, 3.7195 / UNS R56320'
    - system: EN name
      code: TiAl3V2.5
      source: alloysintl-32
      where: Ti 3Al-2.5V entry of the titanium grades list, TiAl3V2.5 line
    - system: AMS
      code: '4943'
      source: smiths-g9
      where: 'Material Specifications, Aerospace column: AMS 4943'
    - system: AMS
      code: '4944'
      source: smiths-g9
      where: 'Material Specifications, Aerospace column: AMS 4944'
    - system: AMS
      code: '4945'
      source: smiths-g9
      where: 'Material Specifications, Aerospace column: AMS 4945'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B265
      note: strip, sheet and plate
      source: astm-b265
      where: Document title and Table 1 Grade 9 row
    - system: ASTM
      code: B338
      note: seamless and welded tube, Grade 9
      source: astm-b338
      where: Document title and Table 1 and Table 3 Grade 9 rows
    - system: ASTM
      code: B348
      source: smiths-g9
      where: 'Material Specifications, Commercial column: ASTM B348'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B337
      source: smithshp-g9
      where: 'Equivalent Specifications: ASTM B337 (9)'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B381
      source: smiths-g9
      where: 'Material Specifications, Commercial column: ASTM B381'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B861
      source: bibus-g9
      where: 'Tubes and Pipes line: ASTM B 861'
    - system: MIL
      code: MIL-T-9046
      source: smithshp-g9
      where: 'Equivalent Specifications: MIL T-9046'
    - system: MIL
      code: MIL-T-9047
      source: smithshp-g9
      where: 'Equivalent Specifications: MIL T-9047'
    - system: Trade name
      code: Ti-3Al-2.5V
      note: nominal composition name used on datasheets
      source: smiths-g9
      where: 'Document title: Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9)'
    - system: Trade name
      code: Ti-3-2.5
      note: short name
      source: acm-g9
      where: 'Introduction paragraph: Ti3Al2.5V (Ti-3-2.5)'
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - structures
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density
    value: 4.48
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: seamless tube (Nexmetal listing)
      condition: cold-worked and stress-relieved (CWSR), stated for all tubes in the listing
      temperature: not stated
    method: Printed as 4.48 g/cm3 in the Material Properties, CWSR Condition table. The Smiths Metal Centres datasheet gives 4.48 g/cc for Grades 9 and 18 together, which agrees.
    status: ground
    source: nexmetal-tube
    where: Material Properties, CWSR Condition table, Density row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Elastic modulus, typical
    value: 91
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: not stated; the datasheet covers bar, wire, strip, sheet, plate, foil, forgings and tube
      condition: not stated
      temperature: not stated
      basis: typical, not a minimum
    method: Printed as 91 in the Elastic modulus, GPa row, typical column, of the Smiths Metal Centres Mechanical Properties table. Smiths High Performance prints 100 GPa and Nexmetal's CWSR table prints 110 GPa; the spread is listed in gaps.
    status: ground
    source: smiths-g9
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Elastic modulus row, typical column
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Elastic modulus
    value: 100
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: not stated
      condition: not stated
      temperature: not stated
    method: Printed as 100 GPa (14500 ksi) in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths High Performance datasheet. The table gives no temper and no minimum or typical basis.
    status: ground
    source: smithshp-g9
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Elastic modulus (GPa/ksi) row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity, CWSR tube
    value: 110
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: seamless tube (Nexmetal listing)
      condition: cold-worked and stress-relieved (CWSR)
      temperature: not stated
    method: Printed as 110 GPa in the Material Properties, CWSR Condition table of the Nexmetal listing. This is a retailer's figure and sits above the 91 and 100 GPa printed by the two Smiths datasheets.
    status: ground
    source: nexmetal-tube
    where: Material Properties, CWSR Condition table, Modulus of Elasticity row
  - benchmark: shear_modulus
    label: Shear modulus
    value: 44
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: not stated
      condition: not stated
      temperature: not stated
    method: Printed as 44 GPa (6380 ksi) in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths High Performance datasheet.
    status: ground
    source: smithshp-g9
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Shear modulus (GPa/ksi) row
  - benchmark: poissons_ratio
    label: Poisson's ratio
    value: 0.3
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: not stated
      condition: not stated
      temperature: not stated
    method: Printed as 0.30 in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths High Performance datasheet. Nexmetal's CWSR table prints 0.32, which is not recorded as a value here.
    status: ground
    source: smithshp-g9
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Poisson's ratio row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 620
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)
      condition: 'annealed (Table 1 footnote A: other conditions by agreement)'
      temperature: not stated
      direction: longitudinal and transverse to rolling (footnote A)
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Minimum in Table 1, Grade 9 row, printed as 90 ksi and 620 MPa. Footnote A says the Table 1 limits apply to annealed material.
    status: ground
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 9 row, tensile strength min (ksi 90, MPa 620)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 483
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)
      condition: annealed (Table 1 footnote A)
      temperature: not stated
      offset: 0.2 %
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Minimum in Table 1, Grade 9 row, printed as 70 ksi and 483 MPa. The maximum column is blank for Grade 9.
    status: ground
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 9 row, yield strength 0.2 % offset min (ksi 70, MPa 483)
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 15
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)
      condition: annealed (Table 1 footnote A)
      temperature: not stated
      gauge: 2 in or 50 mm
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Minimum in Table 1, Grade 9 row, printed as 15 with footnote F. Footnote F gives 12 % longitudinal and 8 % transverse for continuous rolled and annealed strip from coil, which is not used here.
    status: ground
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 9 row, elongation in 2 in or 50 mm min %
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, minimum (seamless tube, row 9A)
    value: 620
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: seamless and welded tube (ASTM B338 product)
      condition: annealed (footnote A, row 9A)
      temperature: not stated
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Row 9A of Table 3 prints 90 ksi and 620 MPa. Footnote A says the row is for material in the annealed condition.
    status: ground
    source: astm-b338
    where: Table 3 Tensile Requirements, row 9A, tensile strength min (ksi 90, MPa 620)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum (seamless tube, row 9A)
    value: 483
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: seamless and welded tube (ASTM B338 product)
      condition: annealed (footnote A, row 9A)
      temperature: not stated
      offset: 0.2 %
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Row 9A of Table 3 prints 70 ksi and 483 MPa as the yield minimum. Footnote A says the row is for annealed material.
    status: ground
    source: astm-b338
    where: Table 3 Tensile Requirements, row 9A, yield strength 0.2 % offset min (ksi 70, MPa 483)
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, minimum (seamless tube, row 9A)
    value: 15
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: seamless and welded tube (ASTM B338 product)
      condition: annealed (footnote A, row 9A)
      temperature: not stated
      gauge: 2 in or 50 mm
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Row 9A of Table 3 prints 15 with footnote E. Footnote E gives 12 % for welded tube made from continuously cold rolled and annealed strip for Grades 9, 12 and 18, which is not used here.
    status: ground
    source: astm-b338
    where: Table 3 Tensile Requirements, row 9A, elongation in 2 in or 50 mm min %
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, minimum (seamless tube, row 9D)
    value: 860
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: seamless and welded tube (ASTM B338 product)
      condition: cold-worked and stress-relieved (footnote D, row 9D)
      temperature: not stated
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Row 9D of Table 3 prints 125 ksi and 860 MPa. Footnote D says the row is for cold-worked and stress-relieved material.
    status: ground
    source: astm-b338
    where: Table 3 Tensile Requirements, row 9D, tensile strength min (ksi 125, MPa 860)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum (seamless tube, row 9D)
    value: 725
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: seamless and welded tube (ASTM B338 product)
      condition: cold-worked and stress-relieved (footnote D, row 9D)
      temperature: not stated
      offset: 0.2 %
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Row 9D of Table 3 prints 105 ksi and 725 MPa as the yield minimum. Footnote D says the row is for cold-worked and stress-relieved material.
    status: ground
    source: astm-b338
    where: Table 3 Tensile Requirements, row 9D, yield strength 0.2 % offset min (ksi 105, MPa 725)
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, minimum (seamless tube, row 9D)
    value: 10
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: seamless and welded tube (ASTM B338 product)
      condition: cold-worked and stress-relieved (footnote D, row 9D)
      temperature: not stated
      gauge: 2 in or 50 mm
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Row 9D of Table 3 prints 10 in the elongation column, with no footnote on that cell.
    status: ground
    source: astm-b338
    where: Table 3 Tensile Requirements, row 9D, elongation in 2 in or 50 mm min %
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, CWSR tube (typical range)
    value: 900
    value_high: 965
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: seamless tube (Nexmetal listing)
      condition: cold-worked and stress-relieved (CWSR)
      temperature: not stated
      basis: range printed in the Value (Metric) column
    method: Printed as 900 to 965 MPa (130 to 140 ksi) in the Material Properties, CWSR Condition table. The Notes column there reads Min 860 MPa / 125 ksi, which matches ASTM B338 row 9D.
    status: ground
    source: nexmetal-tube
    where: Material Properties, CWSR Condition table, Ultimate Tensile Strength row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, CWSR tube (typical range)
    value: 760
    value_high: 860
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: seamless tube (Nexmetal listing)
      condition: cold-worked and stress-relieved (CWSR)
      temperature: not stated
      basis: range printed in the Value (Metric) column
    method: Printed as 760 to 860 MPa (110 to 125 ksi) in the Material Properties, CWSR Condition table. The Notes column reads Min 725 MPa / 105 ksi, which matches ASTM B338 row 9D.
    status: ground
    source: nexmetal-tube
    where: Material Properties, CWSR Condition table, 0.2% Yield Strength row
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, CWSR tube (typical range)
    value: 10
    value_high: 15
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: seamless tube (Nexmetal listing)
      condition: cold-worked and stress-relieved (CWSR)
      temperature: not stated
      gauge: 50 mm (2 in)
      basis: range printed in the table
    method: Printed as 10 to 15 % in the Elongation (in 50 mm / 2 in) row of the Material Properties, CWSR Condition table.
    status: ground
    source: nexmetal-tube
    where: Material Properties, CWSR Condition table, Elongation (in 50 mm / 2 in) row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, minimum (Smiths datasheet)
    value: 621
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: not stated; the datasheet covers bar, wire, strip, sheet, plate, foil, forgings and tube
      condition: not stated
      temperature: not stated
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Printed as 621 under Minimum in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths Metal Centres datasheet. The table gives no temper.
    status: ground
    source: smiths-g9
    where: Mechanical Properties table, UTS MPa row, Minimum column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, typical (Smiths datasheet)
    value: 740
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: not stated; the datasheet covers bar, wire, strip, sheet, plate, foil, forgings and tube
      condition: not stated
      temperature: not stated
      basis: typical, not a minimum
    method: Printed as 740 under Typical in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths Metal Centres datasheet. The table gives no temper.
    status: ground
    source: smiths-g9
    where: Mechanical Properties table, UTS MPa row, Typical column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0.2 % proof, typical (Smiths datasheet)
    value: 607
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: not stated; the datasheet covers bar, wire, strip, sheet, plate, foil, forgings and tube
      condition: not stated
      temperature: not stated
      basis: typical, not a minimum
    method: Printed as 607 under Typical in the 0.2% PS, MPa row of the Smiths Metal Centres Mechanical Properties table. The table gives no temper.
    status: ground
    source: smiths-g9
    where: Mechanical Properties table, 0.2% PS MPa row, Typical column
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation on 2 in, typical (Smiths datasheet)
    value: 17
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: not stated; the datasheet covers bar, wire, strip, sheet, plate, foil, forgings and tube
      condition: not stated
      temperature: not stated
      gauge: 2 in
      basis: typical, not a minimum
    method: Printed as 17 under Typical in the Elongation on 2 in., % row of the Smiths Metal Centres Mechanical Properties table.
    status: ground
    source: smiths-g9
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Elongation on 2 in. row, Typical column
  - benchmark: impact_energy
    label: Charpy V-notch impact, minimum (pipe, L direction)
    value: 48
    bound: lower
    unit: J
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: pipe, tested in the L direction
      condition: not stated
      temperature: not stated
      test: Charpy V-notch
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Printed as 48 J under Minimum in the Charpy V notch impact row, which names the L direction of pipe. impact_energy is a snake_case name, as in the Grade 2 profile.
    status: ground
    source: smiths-g9
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Charpy V notch impact (J, L direction pipe) row, Minimum column
  - benchmark: hardness
    label: Hardness, typical (Rockwell C)
    value: 15
    unit: HRC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: not stated; the datasheet covers bar, wire, strip, sheet, plate, foil, forgings and tube
      condition: not stated
      temperature: not stated
      basis: typical, not a minimum
    method: Printed as 15 under Typical in the Hardness, HRC row of the Smiths Metal Centres Mechanical Properties table.
    status: ground
    source: smiths-g9
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Hardness HRC row, Typical column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength (Smiths High Performance)
    value: 860
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: not stated
      condition: not stated
      temperature: not stated
    method: Printed as 860 MPa (125 ksi) in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths High Performance datasheet. The table has no minimum or typical columns and no temper.
    status: ground
    source: smithshp-g9
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Tensile strength (MPa/ksi) row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength (Smiths High Performance)
    value: 725
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: not stated
      condition: not stated
      temperature: not stated
    method: Printed as 725 MPa (105 ksi) in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths High Performance datasheet. The table has no minimum or typical columns and no temper.
    status: ground
    source: smithshp-g9
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Yield strength (MPa/ksi) row
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation at break (Smiths High Performance)
    value: 10
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: not stated
      condition: not stated
      temperature: not stated
    method: Printed as 10 in the Elongation at break (%) row of the Smiths High Performance Mechanical Properties table.
    status: ground
    source: smithshp-g9
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Elongation at break (%) row
  - benchmark: hardness
    label: Hardness, Vickers (Smiths High Performance)
    value: 300
    unit: HV
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: not stated
      condition: not stated
      temperature: not stated
    method: Printed as 300 in the Hardness, Vickers row of the Smiths High Performance Mechanical Properties table.
    status: ground
    source: smithshp-g9
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Hardness, Vickers row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, minimum (annealed hydraulic seamless tubing)
    value: 621
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: hydraulic seamless tubing (Aircraft Materials table row)
      condition: annealed (table row label)
      temperature: not stated
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Printed as 90 ksi and 621 MPa in the Typical Mechanical Properties table, under the Ti-3Al-2.5V Hydraulic Seamless Tubing (annealed) row, whose column heading reads Tensile Strength min.
    status: ground
    source: acm-g9
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength min column, Ti-3Al-2.5V Hydraulic Seamless Tubing (annealed) row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, minimum (annealed hydraulic seamless tubing)
    value: 517
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: hydraulic seamless tubing (Aircraft Materials table row)
      condition: annealed (table row label)
      temperature: not stated
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Printed as 75 ksi and 517 MPa in the Typical Mechanical Properties table, under the same row, whose column heading reads Yield Strength min.
    status: ground
    source: acm-g9
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, Yield Strength min column, Ti-3Al-2.5V Hydraulic Seamless Tubing (annealed) row
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation (annealed hydraulic seamless tubing)
    value: 15
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: hydraulic seamless tubing (Aircraft Materials table row)
      condition: annealed (table row label)
      temperature: not stated
      basis: printed in the Elongation column of the same row, which carries no min label
    method: Printed as 15 in the Elongation (%) column of the same row of the Typical Mechanical Properties table.
    status: ground
    source: acm-g9
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, Elongation (%) column, Ti-3Al-2.5V Hydraulic Seamless Tubing (annealed) row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, minimum (AMS 4944, as Boze describes it)
    value: 620
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: welded tubing (Boze's description of AMS 4944)
      condition: annealed (Boze table row)
      temperature: not stated
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Printed as 620 MPa (90 ksi), annealed, under Tensile Strength (min) in the Technical Specifications and Properties table of the Boze AMS 4944 page. Boze calls AMS 4944 welded tubing, while Aircraft Materials and Smiths list AMS 4944 as hydraulic seamless tubing, so the form is in conflict (see gaps).
    status: ground
    source: boze-ams4944
    where: Technical Specifications and Properties table, Tensile Strength (min) row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2 %, minimum (AMS 4944, as Boze describes it)
    value: 520
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: welded tubing (Boze's description of AMS 4944)
      condition: annealed (Boze table row)
      temperature: not stated
      offset: 0.2 %
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Printed as 520 MPa (75 ksi) under Yield Strength (0.2%) (min) in the Technical Specifications and Properties table of the Boze AMS 4944 page. The value is higher than the 483 MPa in ASTM B265 and B338.
    status: ground
    source: boze-ams4944
    where: Technical Specifications and Properties table, Yield Strength 0.2% (min) row
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, minimum (AMS 4944, as Boze describes it)
    value: 10
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: welded tubing (Boze's description of AMS 4944)
      condition: annealed (Boze table row)
      temperature: not stated
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Printed as 10 % under Elongation (min) in the Technical Specifications and Properties table of the Boze AMS 4944 page. ASTM B338 row 9A gives 15 % for annealed tube, so the two disagree.
    status: ground
    source: boze-ams4944
    where: Technical Specifications and Properties table, Elongation (min) row
  - benchmark: hardness
    label: Hardness, maximum (annealed)
    value: 27
    bound: upper
    unit: HRC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: not stated
      condition: 'annealed (Boze heading: Typical Mechanical Properties, Annealed Condition)'
      temperature: not stated
      basis: upper limit printed as less than or equal to 27 HRC
    method: Printed as less than or equal to 27 HRC in the Typical Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition) block of the Boze Grade 9 page, as an upper value.
    status: ground
    source: bozemetal-g9
    where: Chemical and Mechanical Properties section, Typical Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition), Hardness line
corrosion:
  - environment: Oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media, including chlorides
    headline: Good corrosion resistance in oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media, including chlorides.
    effect: Smiths Metal Centres says the material offers good corrosion resistance in these media. The datasheet prints no test conditions and no corrosion rate.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: manufacturer statement; no test conditions printed
    source: smiths-g9
    where: Corrosion Resistance section, first paragraph
  - environment: Sea water and marine service
    headline: Excellent sea water corrosion resistance, with good resistance in oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media (Bibus).
    effect: Bibus says the grade has excellent sea water corrosion resistance and good resistance in oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media. It prints no test conditions.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: distributor statement; no test conditions printed
    source: bibus-g9
    where: Product description paragraph
  - environment: General industrial and marine environments
    headline: Good corrosion resistance in general industrial and marine environments (Boze).
    effect: Boze says Grade 9 has good corrosion resistance in general industrial and marine environments. It prints no test conditions.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: supplier statement; no test conditions printed
    source: bozemetal-g9
    where: Key Features list, corrosion item
  - environment: General corrosion (benefit list)
    headline: Excellent corrosion resistance (Smiths High Performance).
    effect: Smiths High Performance lists excellent corrosion resistance among the benefits of Grade 9. No environment or test conditions are printed.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: benefit list; no test conditions printed
    source: smithshp-g9
    where: Benefits list
  - environment: Oxidation at high temperature
    headline: Resists oxidation up to 600 °F (316 °C).
    effect: Smiths Metal Centres says the alloy resists oxidation up to 600 °F (316 °C). It prints no oxidation data above that figure.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      temperature: up to 316 °C (600 °F), as printed
    source: smiths-g9
    where: Corrosion Resistance section, last sentence
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: PubChem's GHS record for unalloyed titanium (CID 23963) says 606 of 808 company reports do not meet GHS hazard criteria. The record covers titanium, not this alloy, and does not separate bulk metal from powder.
      ghs: []
      source: pubchem-ghs
      where: 'GHS Classification: Not Classified and aggregated report counts'
    - text: The same record lists 16 notifications from 202 of 808 reports with hazard codes, under the signal word Danger.
      ghs:
        - 'H228: Flammable solid'
        - 'H250: Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air'
        - 'H251: Self-heating; may catch fire'
      source: pubchem-ghs
      where: GHS Hazard Statements and Signal word
    - text: 'Precautionary codes listed with the record: P210, P222, P231, P233, P235, P240, P241, P280, P302+P335+P334, P370+P378, P407, P410, P413 and P420.'
      ghs: []
      source: pubchem-ghs
      where: Precautionary Statement Codes
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Wrinkling or cracking in tight bends of cold-worked and stress-relieved tube
      trigger: Bend radius below the absolute minimum centreline radius for the tube size, or tighter than 2 times OD
      consequence: Nexmetal warns of wrinkling or cracking below its absolute minimum radius, and says bends tighter than 2 times OD usually need hot bending or annealed material
      severity: moderate
      source: nexmetal-tube
      where: Recommended Mandrel Bend Radii table and rule-of-thumb list
    - mode: Lower ductility in the cold-worked and stress-relieved condition
      trigger: Choosing the cold-worked and stress-relieved condition where high elongation is needed
      consequence: ASTM B338 minimum elongation is 10 % for row 9D against 15 % for annealed row 9A
      severity: low
      source: astm-b338
      where: Table 3 Tensile Requirements, rows 9A and 9D, elongation min
    - mode: Oxidation above the stated limit
      trigger: Exposure above 600 °F (316 °C)
      consequence: Smiths Metal Centres gives no oxidation data above 316 °C
      severity: moderate
      source: smiths-g9
      where: Corrosion Resistance section, last sentence
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: Weldability is good (Smiths Metal Centres).
      source: smiths-g9
      where: Fabrication (typical values), Weldability row
    - text: Smiths Metal Centres prints a specific bend radius for thickness below 0.070 x thickness as 2.5 (typical).
      source: smiths-g9
      where: Fabrication (typical values), specific bend radius row
    - text: 'ASTM B265 bend test for Grade 9: mandrel radius 2.5T below 0.070 in thickness and 3T from 0.070 to 0.187 in.'
      source: astm-b265
      where: Table 1, Bend Test column, Grade 9 row
    - text: Nexmetal gives 2.5 to 3.0 times OD as the minimum centreline radius for reliable production bends, calls 3 to 4 times OD very safe, and says bends tighter than 2 times OD usually need hot bending or annealed material.
      source: nexmetal-tube
      where: Recommended Mandrel Bend Radii table and rule-of-thumb list
    - text: Smiths High Performance says the grade is cold workable, unlike Grade 5, and ideal for precision machining. Aircraft Materials says it can be cold rolled.
      source: smithshp-g9
      where: Product description and Benefits list
    - text: Boze describes excellent weldability and cold formability for its seamless tube.
      source: bozemetal-g9
      where: Key Features list
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: structures
    device: Aircraft and engine hydraulic tubing
    example: Smiths Metal Centres lists tubing in aircraft and engine hydraulic systems. Alloys International calls Ti 3-2.5 the hydraulic tubing alloy, supplied as seamless tube. Aircraft Materials lists AMS 4943, AMS 4944 and AMS 4945 hydraulic seamless tubing.
    source: smiths-g9
    where: Typical Applications list; Material Specifications, Aerospace column
  - application: structures
    device: Corrosion-resistant pipe and vessels
    example: Smiths Metal Centres lists corrosion resistant pipes and vessels. Bibus lists pipes and vessels in refineries and petrochemical plants, and sea water handling and process systems in the oil and gas industry.
    source: bibus-g9
    where: Product description paragraph
  - application: structures
    device: Bicycle frames and sporting goods
    example: Smiths Metal Centres lists golf club shafts, tennis racquets and bicycle frames. Smiths High Performance lists bike frames, and Nexmetal says cold-worked and stress-relieved tube is typical for high-performance bicycle frames.
    source: smiths-g9
    where: Typical Applications list
supply:
  - subject: Titanium sponge (feedstock for titanium mill products such as Grade 9 tube)
    abundance: The USGS 2026 titanium summary read here gives no crustal abundance or resource tonnage. It refers to its titanium mineral concentrates chapter.
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 70.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 260,000 t of 370,000 t world sponge (USGS World Sponge Metal Production table)'
      - country: Japan
        share_percent: 14.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 53,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 6.8
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 25,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 4.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 16,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Saudi Arabia
        share_percent: 3.2
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 12,000 t of 370,000 t'
    us_position: The United States produced no titanium sponge in 2025; the last domestic sponge plant closed in 2024. U.S. imports of sponge were an estimated 44,000 tons in 2025 (Japan 73 %, Kazakhstan 13 %, Saudi Arabia 13 % through July 2025). USGS says most titanium metal goes into aerospace uses.
    source: usgs-ti-2026
    where: Domestic Production and Use; Events, Trends, and Issues; World Sponge Metal Production table
  - subject: Aluminium (alloying element, 2.5 to 3.5 wt% in Grade 9; USGS spells it aluminum)
    abundance: USGS gives global bauxite resources of 55 billion to 75 billion tons, which it says are sufficient for world aluminum demand well into the future.
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 60.8
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 45,000 kt of 74,000 kt world smelter production (2025e, USGS rounded total)'
      - country: India
        share_percent: 5.7
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 4,200 kt of 74,000 kt (2025e)'
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 3,900 kt of 74,000 kt (2025e)'
      - country: Canada
        share_percent: 4.5
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 3,300 kt of 74,000 kt (2025e)'
      - country: United Arab Emirates
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 2,700 kt of 74,000 kt (2025e)'
    us_position: In 2025 three companies operated six primary smelters in five States, with domestic smelter capacity of 1.31 million tons per year. U.S. primary production was an estimated 660 thousand tons (2025e), and net import reliance was 60 % (2025e).
    source: usgs-al-2026
    where: Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; World Smelter Production and Capacity table
  - subject: Vanadium (alloying element, 2.0 to 3.0 wt% in Grade 9)
    abundance: USGS gives world vanadium resources above 63 million tons, and says vanadium is mostly recovered as a byproduct or coproduct, so resources do not show available supply.
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 74.5
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 82,000 t of 110,000 t world mine production (2025e, USGS rounded total; China figure is a USGS estimate)'
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 19.1
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 21,000 t of 110,000 t (2025e, estimate)'
      - country: Brazil
        share_percent: 4.8
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 5,300 t of 110,000 t (2025e)'
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 4.5
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 5,000 t of 110,000 t (2025e)'
    us_position: The United States had no primary vanadium mine output in 2025; Utah production ceased in early 2020. Secondary production from ash, residues and spent catalysts was an estimated 7,500 t of vanadium content in 2025. USGS says no acceptable substitute for vanadium is available for aerospace titanium alloys.
    source: usgs-v-2026
    where: Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; World Mine Production and Reserves table; Substitutes
media: []
documents:
  - title: 'Smiths Metal Centres: Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9) technical datasheet'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-3al-2-5v-grade-9.pdf
    year: 2023
  - title: 'Smiths High Performance: Ti 3Al 2.5V (Grade 9) technical datasheet, revision 11.02.2025'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/titanium/ti3-al-2.5v-grade-9-titanium-english.pdf
    year: 2025
  - title: ASTM B265-08b copy hosted by GS Alloy (titanium strip, sheet and plate)
    type: standard
    url: https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf
    year: 2008
  - title: ASTM B338-08b copy hosted by GS Alloy (seamless and welded titanium tubes)
    type: standard
    url: https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B338.pdf
    year: 2008
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS Classification section (PUG View JSON)'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON?heading=GHS%20Classification
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - 'Thermal data: melting range, beta transus, thermal conductivity, specific heat and thermal expansion were not found in any page read in this run.'
  - 'Cryogenic and space data: Wikipedia says the alloy was designed for cryogenic service and is used for aircraft frames and landing gear. No NASA, NIST or other source with Grade 9 data was read, so no cryogenic, outgassing, atomic oxygen or thermal cycling value is recorded. Wikipedia is used for composition and history only.'
  - 'AMS text: the SAE pages for AMS 4943 and AMS 4944 returned no content. AMS limits come from vendor pages (Boze, Aircraft Materials) and are labelled as such. AMS 4945 has no value of its own.'
  - 'AMS 4944 form: Boze calls AMS 4944 welded tubing. Aircraft Materials and Smiths Metal Centres list AMS 4944 as hydraulic seamless tubing, and Alloys International lists AMS 4943 and 4944 against seamless tube. Boze values are kept with Boze''s form.'
  - 'Elastic modulus: Smiths Metal Centres gives 91 GPa (typical), Smiths High Performance 100 GPa, and Nexmetal 110 GPa for CWSR tube. All three are recorded with their sources.'
  - 'Composition: ASTM B338 Table 1 (used in the recipe) and ASTM B265 Table 2 agree, and Smiths Metal Centres prints the same limits. Smiths High Performance (as per AMS 4944) gives Fe 0.30, O 0.12, C 0.050, N 0.020 and H 0.005 maximum. Aircraft Materials gives C 0.05, Fe 0.30, N 0.02, O 0.12 and H 0.015. These are noted in the composition note only.'
  - 'EN numbers: Smiths Metal Centres prints WNr. 3.7194 (Aerospace column) and WNr. 3.7195 (Commercial column); Alloys International prints W.Nr 3.7194; Bibus prints 3.7197 and 3.7195. Each source prints its number for this grade, so all are listed as designations. The sources do not say which is the official number.'
  - 'Not recorded as designations: AMS 4954 is in the Smiths High Performance equivalents list for Grade 9, but Alloys International lists it under Ti-6Al-4V. PWA 1260, DMS 2241 and GE B50TF117 (Smiths High Performance) are not in the designation systems. ERTi-9 (Nexmetal) is a welding wire name, not a grade name.'
  - Grade 18 (UNS R56322) is Grade 9 with 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium (Smiths Metal Centres). It is a related grade, not an alias, so it is not a designation and no Grade 18 value is used.
  - 'Temper: the Smiths Metal Centres and Smiths High Performance mechanical tables print no temper, so those values carry condition not stated.'
  - 'Grade 2 and Grade 5 comparison: ASTM B265 Table 1 is the only fetched source with Grade 2, Grade 5 and Grade 9 in one table. Those Grade 2 and Grade 5 figures appear in the compare text only, not as Grade 9 properties.'
  - 'Cold workability: the statements are qualitative (Smiths High Performance, Aircraft Materials, Boze, Wikipedia). The only numeric bend limits are ASTM B265 Table 1 and the Nexmetal rule of thumb.'
  - 'Corrosion: no crevice, galvanic, stress-corrosion, erosion or seawater test data for Grade 9 were read in this run. Pang and Blackwood (2016) is not used for this grade.'
  - 'Hazards: the PubChem GHS record is for unalloyed titanium and does not separate powder from bulk metal. No SDS for Ti-3Al-2.5V was read, and no GHS or SDS data for vanadium, aluminium dust or machining fume was read in this run.'
  - 'Unreachable pages: TW Metals tubing page (no text), Continental Steel (Cloudflare block), SAE AMS 4943 and AMS 4944 pages (no text), and the MakeItFrom Grade 9 page (no text). None of their values is used.'
  - 'Critical-mineral lists: the USGS 2026 titanium, aluminum and vanadium summaries read here print no critical-mineral list. The EU and USGS critical lists were not fetched, so critical_lists is empty.'
  - Atomic weights of titanium, aluminium and vanadium were not fetched, so the recipe parts carry weight-percent limits only.
  - 'Property names: impact_energy and hardness are not in spores/property-canon.yaml and are used as snake_case names, as in the Grade 2 profile.'
  - No values found for fatigue, creep, fracture toughness, the process route (melting, forging and tube making), or product-form values beyond the datasheet tables.
sources:
  smiths-g9:
    title: Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)
    id: Smiths Metal Centres
    url: https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-3al-2-5v-grade-9.pdf
    year: 2023
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced
  smithshp-g9:
    title: Ti 3Al 2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths High Performance, revision 11.02.2025)
    id: Smiths High Performance
    url: https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/titanium/ti3-al-2.5v-grade-9-titanium-english.pdf
    year: 2025
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced
  astm-b265:
    title: 'ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)'
    id: ASTM B265-08b
    url: https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf
    year: 2008
    kind: standard
    license: standard copy, cited not reproduced
  astm-b338:
    title: 'ASTM B338-08b: Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Titanium and Titanium Alloy Tubes (copy hosted by GS Alloy)'
    id: ASTM B338-08b
    url: https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B338.pdf
    year: 2008
    kind: standard
    license: standard copy, cited not reproduced
  usgs-ti-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide (USGS, February 2026)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, Titanium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: US Government work, public domain
  usgs-al-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum (USGS, February 2026)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, Aluminum
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: US Government work, public domain
  usgs-v-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium (USGS, February 2026)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, Vanadium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: US Government work, public domain
  pubchem-ghs:
    title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS Classification section (PUG View JSON)'
    id: PubChem CID 23963
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON?heading=GHS%20Classification
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: PubChem, public
  acm-g9:
    title: 'Titanium Alloy Grade 9 / Ti 3Al-2.5V: Technical Data Sheet (Aircraft Materials)'
    id: Aircraft Materials
    url: https://www.aircraftmaterials.com/data/titanium/ti3al2-5v.html
    year: 2013
    kind: web
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  boze-ams4944:
    title: AMS 4944 Ti-3Al-2.5V Welded Tubing (Boze Titanium Manufacturing Center)
    id: BOZE Titanium Manufacturing Center
    url: https://cnc.bozemetal.com/materials/ams-4944/
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  bozemetal-g9:
    title: 'Grade 9 (Ti-3Al-2.5V) Titanium: Properties, Specifications and Applications (BOZE Metal)'
    id: BOZE Metal
    url: https://www.bozemetal.com/titanium-grades/grade-9-titanium
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  alloysintl-32:
    title: 'Titanium and Titanium Alloys: Grades, Specs and Forms (Alloys International)'
    id: Alloys International
    url: https://alloysintl.com/titanium/titanium_3-2-5/
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  nexmetal-tube:
    title: Titanium Tube Gr9 (Ti-3Al-2.5V), Seamless CWSR (Nexmetal)
    id: Nexmetal
    url: https://nexmetal.com/products/titanium-tube
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  bibus-g9:
    title: Titanium Grade 9 (3AL2.5V) (BIBUS Metals)
    id: BIBUS Metals
    url: https://metals.bibus.com/id-en/products/itm/titanium-grade-9/
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  wiki-ti-alloy:
    title: Titanium alloy (Wikipedia)
    id: Wikipedia, Titanium alloy
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: CC BY-SA 4.0
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-24'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 35
  unreachable: 5
  caveats: 4
  note: 'Written 2026-10-24 by an assistant from pages fetched in this run: the Smiths Metal Centres and Smiths High Performance datasheets, the ASTM B265-08b and B338-08b copies, Aircraft Materials, Boze (two pages), Alloys International, Nexmetal, Bibus, Wikipedia, the PubChem GHS section and the USGS MCS 2026 titanium, aluminum and vanadium summaries. TW Metals, Continental Steel, the two SAE AMS pages and MakeItFrom returned no readable text and are not used.'
story:
  recipe:
    line: Titanium with 2.5 to 3.5 wt% aluminium and 2.0 to 3.0 wt% vanadium, the balance titanium, and maximum limits on iron, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen (ASTM B338 Table 1). Wikipedia gives the nominal 3.0 % aluminium and 2.5 % vanadium. Alloys International and Nexmetal say the tube they supply is cold-worked and stress-relieved. The sources read here do not describe the melting or forming route.
    parts:
      - name: Titanium
        symbol: Ti
        share_note: balance (the rest)
        role: Base metal. Smiths Metal Centres calls the alloy medium strength with more formability than Ti-6Al-4V.
        source: astm-b338
        where: Table 1 Chemical Requirements, titanium balance row
      - name: Aluminium
        symbol: Al
        share_note: 2.5 to 3.5 wt%
        share_high: 3.5
        role: Alloying element. Wikipedia gives the nominal 3.0 % aluminium for Grade 9.
        source: astm-b338
        where: Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Aluminum row, Grade 9 column
      - name: Vanadium
        symbol: V
        share_note: 2.0 to 3.0 wt%
        share_high: 3
        role: Alloying element. Wikipedia gives the nominal 2.5 % vanadium for Grade 9.
        source: astm-b338
        where: Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Vanadium row, Grade 9 column
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_high: 0.25
        share_note: maximum 0.25 %
        role: Impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b338
        where: Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Iron max row, Grade 9 column
      - name: Oxygen
        symbol: O
        share_high: 0.15
        share_note: maximum 0.15 %
        role: Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b338
        where: Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Oxygen max row, Grade 9 column
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        share_high: 0.08
        share_note: maximum 0.08 %
        role: Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b338
        where: Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Carbon max row, Grade 9 column
      - name: Nitrogen
        symbol: 'N'
        share_high: 0.03
        share_note: maximum 0.03 %
        role: Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b338
        where: Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Nitrogen max row, Grade 9 column
      - name: Hydrogen
        symbol: H
        share_high: 0.015
        share_note: maximum 0.015 %
        role: Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b338
        where: Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Hydrogen max row, Grade 9 column
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 1
      verdict: 'Solid: mostly not classed. Powder and swarf: flammable'
      lead: Most company reports to PubChem say unalloyed titanium does not meet GHS criteria. Some report H228 (flammable solid), which applies to powder and swarf. Treat machining swarf and powder as a fire hazard.
      points:
        - label: Solid alloy
          line: The datasheets read here carry no hazard classification. PubChem's record for titanium is Not Classified in 606 of 808 company reports.
        - label: Powder and swarf
          line: PubChem lists H228 (flammable solid), H250 and H251 from 16 notifications (202 of 808 reports), with signal word Danger.
  why: Grade 9 gives more strength than the commercially pure grades, with more formability and weldability than Grade 5 (Smiths Metal Centres). Alloys International calls it the hydraulic tubing alloy, and Nexmetal and Alloys International describe the tube as cold-worked and stress-relieved. Its annealed minimum tensile strength is 620 MPa (ASTM B265 Table 1).
  uses:
    - where: Aircraft and engine hydraulic tubing
      line: Smiths Metal Centres lists tubing in aircraft and engine hydraulic systems. Aircraft Materials lists AMS 4943, AMS 4944 and AMS 4945 hydraulic seamless tubing.
    - where: Corrosion-resistant pipe and vessels
      line: Bibus lists corrosion resistant pipes and vessels in refineries and petrochemical plants, and sea water handling and process systems.
    - where: Bicycle frames and sporting goods
      line: Smiths Metal Centres lists golf club shafts, tennis racquets and bicycle frames. Nexmetal says cold-worked and stress-relieved tube is typical for high-performance bicycle frames.
  can_do:
    - label: Strength
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: 'Annealed minimum tensile 620 MPa and 0.2 % yield 483 MPa (ASTM B265 and B338). Cold-worked and stress-relieved tube: 860 MPa and 725 MPa minimum (ASTM B338, row 9D).'
    - label: Ductility
      benchmark: elongation
      line: Minimum elongation 15 % annealed and 10 % cold-worked and stress-relieved (ASTM B338). Smiths High Performance prints 10 % at break.
    - label: Stiffness
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      line: Elastic modulus printed as 91 GPa (Smiths Metal Centres, typical), 100 GPa (Smiths High Performance) and 110 GPa (Nexmetal, CWSR tube).
    - label: Forming
      line: Cold-workable, unlike Grade 5 (Smiths High Performance). Aircraft Materials says it is commonly grouped with the commercially pure grades because it can be cold rolled. Smiths Metal Centres says it is more formable and weldable than Ti-6Al-4V.
    - label: Corrosion
      line: Good corrosion resistance in oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media, including chlorides (Smiths Metal Centres), and in general industrial and marine environments (Boze).
    - label: Oxidation
      line: Resists oxidation up to 600 °F (316 °C) (Smiths Metal Centres). Aircraft Materials says Grade 9 can be used at higher temperatures than Grades 1 to 4.
  compare: Grade 9 sits between the commercially pure grades and Grade 5. ASTM B265 Table 1, annealed, gives Grade 9 a minimum tensile strength of 620 MPa and a minimum 0.2 % yield strength of 483 MPa. The same table gives Grade 2 345 MPa and 275 MPa, and Grade 5 895 MPa and 828 MPa. Minimum elongation is 15 % for Grade 9, 20 % for Grade 2 and 10 % for Grade 5. Smiths Metal Centres says Grade 9 gives 20 to 50 % greater strength than the commercially pure grades and is more formable and weldable than Grade 5. Smiths High Performance says that, like Grade 5, it is much stronger than the commercially pure grades, but with better ductility it is not quite as strong. ASTM B338 row 9D, cold-worked and stress-relieved, gives 860 MPa and 725 MPa minimum, and Nexmetal and Alloys International describe the tube they sell in that condition.
  compare_rows:
    - scope: material
      label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - scope: material
      label: Elastic modulus
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
    - scope: material
      label: Yield strength
      benchmark: yield_strength
  handling:
    - Weldability is good (Smiths Metal Centres). Boze describes excellent weldability and cold formability for its seamless tube (Boze).
    - 'Bends: Smiths Metal Centres prints 2.5 (typical) for thickness below 0.070 in. ASTM B265 Table 1 gives 2.5T below 0.070 in and 3T from 0.070 to 0.187 in.'
    - 'Cold-worked and stress-relieved tube: Nexmetal gives 2.5 to 3.0 times OD as the minimum radius for reliable production bends, and says tighter than 2 times OD usually needs hot bending or annealed material.'
    - 'Machining: Smiths High Performance calls the grade ideal for precision machining. Cold work: unlike Grade 5, it can be cold-worked (Smiths High Performance).'
  good_for:
    - Seamless hydraulic and fluid tube in aircraft and engine systems (Smiths Metal Centres, Alloys International).
    - Corrosion resistant pipe and vessels in refineries, petrochemical plants and sea water systems (Bibus).
    - Bicycle frames, golf club shafts and tennis racquets (Smiths Metal Centres, Nexmetal).
  watch_out:
    - 'Strength below Grade 5: 620 MPa minimum tensile when annealed, against 895 MPa for Grade 5 (ASTM B265 Table 1).'
    - 'Temper changes the numbers: cold-worked and stress-relieved tube has 860 MPa and 725 MPa minimum but 10 % elongation, against 620 MPa, 483 MPa and 15 % when annealed (ASTM B338 rows 9D and 9A).'
    - 'AMS 4944 form conflicts: Boze calls it welded tubing, while Aircraft Materials and Smiths list it as hydraulic seamless tubing.'
    - 'Elastic modulus differs by source: 91, 100 and 110 GPa.'
    - 'Composition limits differ by specification: Smiths High Performance (as per AMS 4944) gives Fe 0.30 and O 0.12 maximum, against 0.25 and 0.15 in ASTM B338.'
    - Grade 18 (UNS R56322) adds 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium for corrosion resistance. It is a different grade, and its figures are not used here (Smiths Metal Centres).
    - Powder and swarf are a flammable-solid fire hazard (PubChem H228).
  verdict: Grade 9 is the mid-strength option among the titanium alloys read here. It is stronger than Grade 2 and easier to form and weld than Grade 5, but weaker than Grade 5. Its strength depends on temper, so the annealed and cold-worked and stress-relieved figures must be specified separately.
compare_values:
  - grade: Grade 2 (UNS R50400)
    benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 345
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate
      condition: annealed (ASTM B265 Table 1 footnote A)
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 2 row, tensile strength min (ksi 50, MPa 345)
  - grade: Grade 2 (UNS R50400)
    benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 275
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate
      condition: annealed (ASTM B265 Table 1 footnote A)
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 2 row, yield strength 0.2 % offset min (ksi 40, MPa 275)
  - grade: Grade 2 (UNS R50400)
    benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 20
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate
      condition: annealed (ASTM B265 Table 1 footnote A)
      gauge: 2 in or 50 mm
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 2 row, elongation in 2 in or 50 mm min %
  - grade: Grade 5 (Ti-6Al-4V)
    benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 895
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate
      condition: annealed (ASTM B265 Table 1 footnote A)
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 5 row, tensile strength min (ksi 130, MPa 895)
  - grade: Grade 5 (Ti-6Al-4V)
    benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 828
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate
      condition: annealed (ASTM B265 Table 1 footnote A)
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 5 row, yield strength 0.2 % offset min (ksi 120, MPa 828)
  - grade: Grade 5 (Ti-6Al-4V)
    benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 10
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate
      condition: annealed (ASTM B265 Table 1 footnote A)
      gauge: 2 in or 50 mm
      footnote: 'footnote E: elongation on material under 0.025 in thickness by negotiation only'
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 5 row, elongation in 2 in or 50 mm min %
composition:
  basis: weight percent, ASTM B338-08b Table 1, Grade 9 column
  source: astm-b338
  where: Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Grade 9 column
  limits:
    - element: Al
      min: 2.5
      max: 3.5
    - element: V
      min: 2
      max: 3
    - element: Fe
      max: 0.25
    - element: O
      max: 0.15
    - element: C
      max: 0.08
    - element: 'N'
      max: 0.03
    - element: H
      max: 0.015
  note: ASTM B265-08b Table 2 gives the same Grade 9 limits, and Smiths Metal Centres prints the same ASTM values. Smiths High Performance (as per AMS 4944) gives Fe 0.30, O 0.12, C 0.050, N 0.020 and H 0.005 maximum. Aircraft Materials gives C 0.05, Fe 0.30, N 0.02, O 0.12 and H 0.015 maximum. Both are recorded here as differences, not used in the limits above.
critical_lists: []
supply_note: Shares are computed by the assistant from the printed tonnage and the printed world total (USGS rounds its world totals), not printed by USGS. Vanadium country shares sum above 100 % because the printed country tonnages exceed the rounded world total.