Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3), with Beta C and Ti-15-3 Beta 3
Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn, metastable beta titanium alloy (Beta 3)
Also known as UNS R58030, AMS 4977, AMS 4980, MIL T-9047, Beta 3
Metastable beta titanium alloys hold enough beta stabilisers to keep the body-centred cubic beta phase when quenched, so they can be cold formed in the solution-treated state and then aged to high strength.
Evidence level
2 of 5
Lab-measured
- 0Predicted only. No one has made it, or no measurement exists.
- 1Calculated. Only calculated or predicted values from sources.
- 2Lab-measured. Measured properties with their conditions stated.
- 3Space-relevant tests. Measured in conditions relevant to space, such as vacuum or atomic oxygen.
- 4Ground-qualified. Qualified for an application on the ground.
- 5Flown or field-proven. Flight or field results exist.
Strength
1000 MPa
Stiffness
82 GPa
Recipe, share of the weight
- Ti not statedTitanium
- Mo 11.5%Molybdenum
- Zr 6%Zirconium
- Sn 4.5%Tin
Best for
Parts that are cold formed in the solution-treated state and then aged to high strength, such as TIMETAL 15-3 strip (1000 MPa minimum tensile after 8 h at 538 degC)
Weakest at
Ductility after ageing (TIMETAL 15-3 strip falls to 5 to 7 % elongation), and the Beta 3 strength data are missing from the sources read
Risk at a glance
- People None found. Not classified hazardous in the titanium record
- If it fails No data. No failure risks recorded
- Corrosion Low. Titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater. The statement is for titanium, not for a beta alloy.
Quick facts: Beta 3
| Property | Value | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 4.78 to 5.07 g/cm³ | 2 sourced values across conditions |
| Yield strength | 793 to 1,172 MPa | 3 sourced values across conditions |
| Tensile strength | 827 to 1,241 MPa | 3 sourced values across conditions |
| Young's modulus | 82 to 111 GPa | 4 sourced values across conditions |
| Melting point | 1,649 °C | 1 sourced value |
| Maximum service temperature | 288 °C | 1 sourced value |
What is the density of Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3)?
Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3) has a density of 4.78 to 5.07 g/cm³. The range covers 2 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What is the melting point of Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3)?
Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3) has a melting point of 1,649 °C. The source and test conditions are listed in the properties table on this page.
What is the yield strength of Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3)?
Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3) has a yield strength of 793 to 1,172 MPa. The range covers 3 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What is the tensile strength of Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3)?
Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3) has a tensile strength of 827 to 1,241 MPa. The range covers 3 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What is the Young's modulus of Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3)?
Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3) has a Young's modulus of 82 to 111 GPa. The range covers 4 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What are the other names and codes for Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3)?
Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3) is also written as UNS R58030, AMS 4977, AMS 4980, MIL T-9047, Beta 3. Each code is printed in the source listed beside it in the designations table.
What is Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3) used for?
Uses recorded in the sources include Propellant tanks; Fasteners and springs.
Why it exists
Beta titanium alloys are metastable: they contain enough beta stabilisers to keep the beta phase when quenched. That lets them be cold formed in the solution-treated state and then aged to high strength. Beta 3 (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn) is Goodfellow's listing for a precipitation-hardenable foil. TIMETAL 15-3 is a production alloy used for critical applications on air and space vehicles. Beta C is a high-strength beta alloy in which the supplier lists fatigue resistance and a low elastic modulus.
Where it's used
Propellant tanks and fasteners (TIMETAL 15-3)
The TIMET datasheet for TIMETAL 15-3 lists propellant tanks, fasteners and springs, along with honeycomb and hybrid laminates, among its applications. It describes the alloy as used in critical applications on air and space vehicles.
Recipe
Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn, metastable beta titanium alloy (Beta 3); nominal composition, no fixed chemical formula
Beta 3 is titanium with 11.5 % molybdenum, 6 % zirconium and 4.5 % tin (efunda), balance titanium. Goodfellow prints molybdenum 12 % in its composition line, which is not resolved. TIMETAL 15-3 and Beta C are multi-element beta alloys with vanadium, chromium, tin, aluminium, molybdenum and zirconium; their printed composition ranges are on the cited manufacturer pages and are not repeated here. Process routes are not described in the sources read here.
| Ingredient | Share of the weight | What it does |
|---|---|---|
| Titanium Ti | not stated | Base metal. Most of the alloy is titanium. |
| Molybdenum Mo | 11.5% | Alloying element named in the composition line (Goodfellow prints 12 %). |
| Zirconium Zr | 6% | Alloying element named in the composition line. |
| Tin Sn | 4.5% | Alloying element named in the composition line. |
Weight shares are as printed in the sources.
What it can do
Strength
1000 MPa
measured
Aged TIMETAL 15-3 strip has a specified minimum tensile strength of 1000 MPa after 8 h at 538 degC, and 1241 MPa after 16 h at 482 degC. Beta C is listed with a maximum tensile strength of 120 ksi.
Stiffness
82 GPa
measured
TIMETAL 15-3 has a tensile modulus of 82 GPa solution treated and annealed, rising to 107 to 111 GPa when aged. Beta C is listed at 15000 ksi.
Cold forming
The TIMET datasheet says TIMETAL 15-3 has excellent cold formability in the solution-treated condition.
How it compares
The three grades differ in what they are used for. TIMETAL 15-3 is the one with a full printed heat-treatment and strip tensile table, and is lighter than Beta 3 by the printed density values (4.78 against 5.07 g/cm3). Beta C has supplier maxima only, marked reference-only, and a melting point of 3000 degF. Beta 3 has only a density and a composition in the sources read, so it cannot be ranked on strength here.
The same measurements for each material, so you can compare them. Each row names the key condition under the value; the full conditions and methods are in the numbered notes under Technical details. Other materials are shown beside it; each was measured under its own conditions, so open its page before comparing closely. Compare every grade in the family.
| Measurement | Beta 3 | CP Ti Grade 2 | Ti-6Al-4V | Ti-6Al-4V ELI | Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9) | TiAl | Ti Grade 11 | Ti Gr 12 | CP Ti Grade 3 | CP Ti Grade 7 | Ti minor alloys |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thermal behavior and safety | |||||||||||
| Melting point, Beta C | 3000 degF13 | no data | 1604 °C | 1650 to 1660 °C | no data | no data | 1670 °C | 1660 °C | no data | no data | 3000 degF |
| Physical and electrical | |||||||||||
| Density, Beta 3 foil (annealed)Value printed on a stockist product page | 5.07 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.43 g/cm³ | 4.42 g/cm³ | 4.48 g/cm³ | 3.8 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.54 g/cm³ |
| Density, TIMETAL 15-3 | 4.78 g/cm³1 | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.43 g/cm³ | 4.42 g/cm³ | 4.48 g/cm³ | 3.8 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.54 g/cm³ |
| Hardness, Beta C, printed range (HRC) | 24 to 38 HRC17 | 160 HV | 30 HRC | no data | 15 HRC | no data | no data | no data | 200 HV | no data | 24 to 38 HRC |
| Other measurements | |||||||||||
| Beta transus, TIMETAL 15-3 | 750 °C2 | 913 °C | 995 °C | 966 °C | no data | no data | 888 °C | 890 °C | 1690 °F | no data | 800 °C |
| Tensile modulus, TIMETAL 15-3, solution treated (annealed) | 82 GPa3 | 103 GPa | 113.8 GPa | 107 to 122 GPa | 91 GPa | 168 GPa | 112 GPa | 103 GPa | 103 GPa | 112 GPa | 15000 ksi |
| Tensile modulus, TIMETAL 15-3, solution treated and aged 538 degC | 107 GPa4 | 103 GPa | 113.8 GPa | 107 to 122 GPa | 91 GPa | 168 GPa | 112 GPa | 103 GPa | 103 GPa | 112 GPa | 15000 ksi |
| Tensile modulus, TIMETAL 15-3, solution treated and aged 482 degC | 111 GPa5 | 103 GPa | 113.8 GPa | 107 to 122 GPa | 91 GPa | 168 GPa | 112 GPa | 103 GPa | 103 GPa | 112 GPa | 15000 ksi |
| Modulus of elasticity, Beta C | 15000 ksi6 | 103 GPa | 113.8 GPa | 107 to 122 GPa | 91 GPa | 168 GPa | 112 GPa | 103 GPa | 103 GPa | 112 GPa | 15000 ksi |
| Tensile strength, TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 8 h at 538 degC (specified minimum) | 1000 MPa7 | > 345 MPa | no data | 828 MPa | > 620 MPa | 422 MPa | > 240 MPa | > 483 MPa | > 450 MPa | > 345 MPa | < 175 ksi |
| Yield strength (0.2 %), TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 8 h at 538 degC (specified minimum) | 965 MPa8 | > 275 MPa | 830 MPa | 759 MPa | > 483 MPa | 326 MPa | > 138 MPa | > 345 MPa | > 380 MPa | > 275 MPa | < 186 ksi |
| Elongation, TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 8 h at 538 degC (specified minimum) | 7 %9 | > 20 % | 10 % | 10 % | > 15 % | 1.7 % | > 24 % | > 18 % | > 18 % | > 20 % | < 10 % |
| Tensile strength, TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 16 h at 482 degC (specified minimum) | 1241 MPa10 | > 345 MPa | no data | 828 MPa | > 620 MPa | 422 MPa | > 240 MPa | > 483 MPa | > 450 MPa | > 345 MPa | < 175 ksi |
| Yield strength (0.2 %), TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 16 h at 482 degC (specified minimum) | 1172 MPa11 | > 275 MPa | 830 MPa | 759 MPa | > 483 MPa | 326 MPa | > 138 MPa | > 345 MPa | > 380 MPa | > 275 MPa | < 186 ksi |
| Usual maximum use temperature, TIMETAL 15-3 | 288 °C12 | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | 540 °C | 600 °F | no data | < 540 °C | no data |
| Tensile strength, Beta C, maximum printed | < 120 ksi14 | > 345 MPa | no data | 828 MPa | > 620 MPa | 422 MPa | > 240 MPa | > 483 MPa | > 450 MPa | > 345 MPa | < 175 ksi |
| Yield strength (Rp0.2), Beta C, maximum printed | < 115 ksi15 | > 275 MPa | 830 MPa | 759 MPa | > 483 MPa | 326 MPa | > 138 MPa | > 345 MPa | > 380 MPa | > 275 MPa | < 186 ksi |
| Elongation, Beta C, maximum printed | < 15 %16 | > 20 % | 10 % | 10 % | > 15 % | 1.7 % | > 24 % | > 18 % | > 18 % | > 20 % | < 10 % |
Why choose it, and why not
Good for
- Cold forming in the solution-treated state, then ageing to high strength (TIMETAL 15-3).
- Parts that must hold strength up to about 288 degC (TIMETAL 15-3, usual use limit).
Watch out for
- Ductility falls after ageing: TIMETAL 15-3 strip is 5 to 7 % elongation at its specified minimum.
- Beta 3 has no alloy-specific strength value in the sources read, and its density is printed as 5.07 g/cm3 by Goodfellow only.
- Beta C values are supplier maxima, marked reference only and not for design.
The beta alloys trade density and cost for formability and high ageing strength. TIMETAL 15-3 is the best documented here; Beta 3 and Beta C lack the alloy-specific data a design would need.
Technical details
For scientists and researchers. Everything above comes from the record below: every number with its method, its conditions and its source.
Other names and standards
The same grade under other systems, as datasheets and standards print them. Each code was checked against the page it comes from.
| System | Codes |
|---|---|
| UNS | R58030 |
| AMS | 4977, 4980 |
| MIL | T-9047 |
| Trade name | Beta 3 |
Notes
The method, full conditions and any caveat for the numbered rows above.
| # | Measurement | Method | Conditions | Caveat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Density, TIMETAL 15-3 | Value printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet | grade TIMETAL 15-3 (Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al)basis value printed alongside 0.173 lb in-3 | — |
| 2 | Beta transus, TIMETAL 15-3 | Range printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet | grade TIMETAL 15-3basis range printed as 1375 to 1425 degF and 750 to 770 °C | — |
| 3 | Tensile modulus, TIMETAL 15-3, solution treated (annealed) | Value printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet | grade TIMETAL 15-3condition solution treated (annealed) | — |
| 4 | Tensile modulus, TIMETAL 15-3, solution treated and aged 538 degC | Value printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet | grade TIMETAL 15-3condition solution treated plus aged 1000 degF (538 °C) | — |
| 5 | Tensile modulus, TIMETAL 15-3, solution treated and aged 482 degC | Value printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet | grade TIMETAL 15-3condition solution treated plus aged 900 degF (482 °C) | — |
| 6 | Modulus of elasticity, Beta C | Value printed on a supplier technical page that states its data are for reference only, not for design | grade Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640condition not stated on the page | — |
| 7 | Tensile strength, TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 8 h at 538 degC (specified minimum) | Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing | grade TIMETAL 15-3 stripcondition solution treated 1450 degF (790 °C) air cool equivalent, aged 8 h at 1000 degF (538 °C)basis specified minimum | — |
| 8 | Yield strength (0.2 %), TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 8 h at 538 degC (specified minimum) | Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing | grade TIMETAL 15-3 stripcondition solution treated 1450 degF (790 °C) air cool equivalent, aged 8 h at 1000 degF (538 °C)offset 0.2 %basis specified minimum | — |
| 9 | Elongation, TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 8 h at 538 degC (specified minimum) | Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing | grade TIMETAL 15-3 stripcondition solution treated, aged 8 h at 1000 degF (538 °C)basis specified minimum | — |
| 10 | Tensile strength, TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 16 h at 482 degC (specified minimum) | Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing | grade TIMETAL 15-3 stripcondition solution treated 1450 degF (790 °C) air cool equivalent, aged 16 h at 900 degF (482 °C)basis specified minimum | — |
| 11 | Yield strength (0.2 %), TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 16 h at 482 degC (specified minimum) | Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing | grade TIMETAL 15-3 stripcondition solution treated 1450 degF (790 °C) air cool equivalent, aged 16 h at 900 degF (482 °C)offset 0.2 %basis specified minimum | — |
| 12 | Usual maximum use temperature, TIMETAL 15-3 | Stated in the opening text of the manufacturer datasheet | grade TIMETAL 15-3basis usually acceptable for use at temperatures up to 550 degF (288 °C), as printed | — |
| 13 | Melting point, Beta C | Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr)basis value printed in degF on the supplier page | — |
| 14 | Tensile strength, Beta C, maximum printed | Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr)condition not stated; maximum value only, no minimum printedbasis reference only, not for design (the page's own wording) | — |
| 15 | Yield strength (Rp0.2), Beta C, maximum printed | Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr)condition not stated; maximum value only, no minimum printedbasis reference only, not for design (the page's own wording) | — |
| 16 | Elongation, Beta C, maximum printed | Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr)condition not stated; maximum value only, gauge length AL=5 x diameterbasis reference only, not for design | — |
| 17 | Hardness, Beta C, printed range (HRC) | Minimum and maximum printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr)condition not stated | — |
Corrosion and compatibility
What happens when it meets other materials and environments.
| Environment | Concern | What happens |
|---|---|---|
| Seawater | low | Titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater. The statement is for titanium, not for a beta alloy.1 |
| # | Environment | Details | Test conditions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Seawater | The general titanium article says titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater and is used for propeller shafts, rigging and other boat parts exposed to seawater. No test on Beta 3, Beta C or TIMETAL 15-3 was found in the sources read. | basis general statement, titanium family; no beta-alloy test |
Risks and side effects
Hazards to people, what happens when a cell overheats, and how the material is handled and stored.
For people
The PubChem record for titanium is mostly not classified, but the hazard codes it gives concern titanium as a whole. No safety data sheet for these alloys was read.
- Solid alloy
- PubChem reports that 606 of 808 company reports say titanium does not meet GHS hazard criteria. Only 202 of 808 reports give hazard codes.
- Hazard codes
- The codes given are H228 (flammable solid), H250 (catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air) and H251 (self-heating). The signal word is Danger. Whether these apply to bulk alloy or only to powder and swarf is not stated.
Handling and processing
- Heat treatment
- TIMETAL 15-3 is solution treated at 1450 degF (790 degC), then aged for 4 to 16 h between 900 and 1150 degF (480 to 620 degC), per the manufacturer.
- Use limit
- TIMETAL 15-3 is usually acceptable up to 550 degF (288 degC), per the manufacturer.
Test details
The original wording and numbers from the sources, for readers who want them.
Handling and storage
- Heat treatment (TIMETAL 15-3): solution treat at 1450 degF (790 degC) for 3 to 20 min with an air cool equivalent, then age for 4 to 16 h between 900 degF (480 degC) and 1150 degF (620 degC).
- TIMETAL 15-3 is cold formable in the solution-treated condition and has high strength when aged (manufacturer statement).
Supply and geography
How common the raw materials are and where they come from.
Titanium sponge (feedstock for mill products and alloys)
Not read in this run
- Top producers (2025)
- China 70.3%, Japan 14.3%, Russia 6.8%, Kazakhstan 4.3%, Saudi Arabia 3.2%
Molybdenum (alloying element in Beta 3 and Beta C)
Not read in this run
- Top producers (2025)
- China 37.3%, Chile 16.2%, United States 15.4%, Peru 15%, Mexico 6.5%
Vanadium (alloying element in TIMETAL 15-3 and Beta C)
Not read in this run
- Top producers (2025)
- China 74.5%, Russia 19.1%, Brazil 4.8%, South Africa 4.5%
Documents
Datasheets, safety data sheets, papers and standards you can open.
Full record
The complete spore, as stored. Free to reuse under CC-BY-4.0. Images keep the licence shown with each one.
Show the full YAML
spore: profile
id: titanium-beta-3
spore_version: 0.2
family: titanium-alloys
name: Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3), with Beta C and Ti-15-3
abbreviation: Beta 3
role: structural alloy
category: metals
type: titanium
summary: |
Metastable beta titanium alloys hold enough beta stabilisers to keep the body-centred cubic beta phase when quenched, so they can be cold formed in the solution-treated state and then aged to high strength. This profile names three grades. Beta 3 (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn, the name Goodfellow uses for its foil) has a density of 5.07 g/cm3 as printed by Goodfellow; no alloy-specific strength value was found. TIMETAL 15-3 (Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al) has a density of 4.78 g/cm3 and aged strip with a specified minimum tensile strength of 1000 MPa after 8 h at 538 degC. Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr) is listed by a supplier with maximum tensile strength of 120 ksi and elongation of 15 %.
best_for: Parts that are cold formed in the solution-treated state and then aged to high strength, such as TIMETAL 15-3 strip (1000 MPa minimum tensile after 8 h at 538 degC)
weakest_at: Ductility after ageing (TIMETAL 15-3 strip falls to 5 to 7 % elongation), and the Beta 3 strength data are missing from the sources read
identity:
formula: Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn, metastable beta titanium alloy (Beta 3); nominal composition, no fixed chemical formula
cas: ''
source: efunda-beta3
where: 'Page heading and composition line: 11.5% Mo, 6% Zr, 4.5% Sn, balance Ti (by weight)'
designations:
- system: UNS
code: R58030
source: goodfellow-beta3
where: Properties common to all products, UNS Number row
- system: Trade name
code: Beta 3
source: goodfellow-beta3
where: Product heading, Precipitation Hardenable Titanium Beta 3 Foil
- system: AMS
code: '4977'
source: efunda-beta3
where: Other designations line, AMS 4977
- system: AMS
code: '4980'
source: efunda-beta3
where: Other designations line, AMS 4980
- system: MIL
code: T-9047
source: efunda-beta3
where: Other designations line, MIL-T-9047
tags:
environments: []
stresses: []
applications:
- propulsion-and-tanks
- structures
properties:
- benchmark: density
label: Density, Beta 3 foil (annealed)
value: 5.07
unit: g/cm3
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Beta 3 (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn), annealed foil 0.42 mm
basis: value printed in the physical properties tab of the Goodfellow listing
method: Value printed on a stockist product page
status: ground
source: goodfellow-beta3
where: Material Properties, Physical Properties tab, Density row
- benchmark: density
label: Density, TIMETAL 15-3
value: 4.78
unit: g/cm3
scope: material
conditions:
grade: TIMETAL 15-3 (Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al)
basis: value printed alongside 0.173 lb in-3
method: Value printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: timet-15-3
where: Physical properties panel, Density row
- benchmark: beta_transus
label: Beta transus, TIMETAL 15-3
value: 750
value_high: 770
unit: degC
scope: material
conditions:
grade: TIMETAL 15-3
basis: range printed as 1375 to 1425 degF and 750 to 770 degC
method: Range printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: timet-15-3
where: Physical properties panel, Beta Transus row
- benchmark: elastic_modulus
label: Tensile modulus, TIMETAL 15-3, solution treated (annealed)
value: 82
unit: GPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: TIMETAL 15-3
condition: solution treated (annealed)
method: Value printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: timet-15-3
where: Physical properties panel, Tensile Modulus, Solution Treated (Annealed) row
- benchmark: elastic_modulus
label: Tensile modulus, TIMETAL 15-3, solution treated and aged 538 degC
value: 107
unit: GPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: TIMETAL 15-3
condition: solution treated plus aged 1000 degF (538 degC)
method: Value printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: timet-15-3
where: Physical properties panel, Tensile Modulus, Solution Treated plus Aged (1000 degF) row
- benchmark: elastic_modulus
label: Tensile modulus, TIMETAL 15-3, solution treated and aged 482 degC
value: 111
unit: GPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: TIMETAL 15-3
condition: solution treated plus aged 900 degF (482 degC)
method: Value printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: timet-15-3
where: Physical properties panel, Tensile Modulus, Solution Treated plus Aged (900 degF) row
- benchmark: elastic_modulus
label: Modulus of elasticity, Beta C
value: 15000
unit: ksi
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640
condition: not stated on the page
method: Value printed on a supplier technical page that states its data are for reference only, not for design
status: ground
source: ti-beta-c
where: Modulus of elasticity line below Table 3, E row
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength, TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 8 h at 538 degC (specified minimum)
value: 1000
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: TIMETAL 15-3 strip
condition: solution treated 1450 degF (790 degC) air cool equivalent, aged 8 h at 1000 degF (538 degC)
basis: specified minimum
method: Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing
status: ground
source: timet-15-3
where: Table 4, specified minimum tensile properties for strip after ageing, 8 h at 1000 degF (538 degC) row
- benchmark: yield_strength
label: Yield strength (0.2 %), TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 8 h at 538 degC (specified minimum)
value: 965
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: TIMETAL 15-3 strip
condition: solution treated 1450 degF (790 degC) air cool equivalent, aged 8 h at 1000 degF (538 degC)
offset: 0.2 %
basis: specified minimum
method: Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing
status: ground
source: timet-15-3
where: Table 4, specified minimum tensile properties for strip after ageing, 8 h at 1000 degF (538 degC) row, 0.2% YS column
- benchmark: elongation
label: Elongation, TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 8 h at 538 degC (specified minimum)
value: 7
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
grade: TIMETAL 15-3 strip
condition: solution treated, aged 8 h at 1000 degF (538 degC)
basis: specified minimum
method: Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing
status: ground
source: timet-15-3
where: Table 4, specified minimum tensile properties for strip after ageing, 8 h at 1000 degF row, Elong. column
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength, TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 16 h at 482 degC (specified minimum)
value: 1241
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: TIMETAL 15-3 strip
condition: solution treated 1450 degF (790 degC) air cool equivalent, aged 16 h at 900 degF (482 degC)
basis: specified minimum
method: Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing
status: ground
source: timet-15-3
where: Table 4, specified minimum tensile properties for strip after ageing, 16 h at 900 degF row
- benchmark: yield_strength
label: Yield strength (0.2 %), TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 16 h at 482 degC (specified minimum)
value: 1172
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: TIMETAL 15-3 strip
condition: solution treated 1450 degF (790 degC) air cool equivalent, aged 16 h at 900 degF (482 degC)
offset: 0.2 %
basis: specified minimum
method: Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing
status: ground
source: timet-15-3
where: Table 4, specified minimum tensile properties for strip after ageing, 16 h at 900 degF row, 0.2% YS column
- benchmark: max_service_temp
label: Usual maximum use temperature, TIMETAL 15-3
value: 288
unit: degC
scope: material
conditions:
grade: TIMETAL 15-3
basis: usually acceptable for use at temperatures up to 550 degF (288 degC), as printed
method: Stated in the opening text of the manufacturer datasheet
status: ground
source: timet-15-3
where: Opening paragraph, first page
- benchmark: melting_point
label: Melting point, Beta C
value: 3000
unit: degF
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr)
basis: value printed in degF on the supplier page
method: Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-beta-c
where: Table 2, Physical Properties, Melting point row
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength, Beta C, maximum printed
value: 120
bound: upper
unit: ksi
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr)
condition: not stated; maximum value only, no minimum printed
basis: reference only, not for design (the page's own wording)
method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-beta-c
where: Table 3, Tensile strength Rm row, Maximum
- benchmark: yield_strength
label: Yield strength (Rp0.2), Beta C, maximum printed
value: 115
bound: upper
unit: ksi
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr)
condition: not stated; maximum value only, no minimum printed
basis: reference only, not for design (the page's own wording)
method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-beta-c
where: Table 3, Yield strength Rp0.2 offset row, Maximum
- benchmark: elongation
label: Elongation, Beta C, maximum printed
value: 15
bound: upper
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr)
condition: not stated; maximum value only, gauge length AL=5 x diameter
basis: reference only, not for design
method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-beta-c
where: Table 3, Elongation AL=5 x diameter row, Maximum
- benchmark: hardness
label: Hardness, Beta C, printed range (HRC)
value: 24
value_high: 38
bound: range
unit: HRC
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr)
condition: not stated
method: Minimum and maximum printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-beta-c
where: Table 3, Hardness (HRC) row, Minimum and Maximum
corrosion:
- environment: Seawater
headline: Titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater. The statement is for titanium, not for a beta alloy.
effect: The general titanium article says titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater and is used for propeller shafts, rigging and other boat parts exposed to seawater. No test on Beta 3, Beta C or TIMETAL 15-3 was found in the sources read.
rating: low
conditions:
basis: general statement, titanium family; no beta-alloy test
source: wikipedia-titanium-alloy
where: Properties section, seawater statement
risks:
hazards:
- text: 'PubChem reports for titanium (CID 23963): 606 of 808 company reports say it does not meet GHS hazard criteria. 202 of 808 reports give hazard codes, from 16 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. The signal word is Danger. These codes describe titanium as a whole, not these alloys; no supplier safety data sheet for the alloys was read.'
ghs:
- 'H228: Flammable solid'
- 'H250: Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air'
- 'H251: Self-heating; may catch fire'
source: pubchem-ti
where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Hazard Statements and ECHA C&L Notifications Summary (PubChem compound view JSON)
- text: 'Precautionary statement codes listed with the GHS entry: P210, P222, P231, P233, P235, P240, P241, P280, P302+P335+P334, P370+P378, P407, P410, P413, P420.'
ghs: []
source: pubchem-ti
where: Safety and Hazards, Precautionary Statement Codes
failure_risks: []
side_effects: []
handling:
- text: 'Heat treatment (TIMETAL 15-3): solution treat at 1450 degF (790 degC) for 3 to 20 min with an air cool equivalent, then age for 4 to 16 h between 900 degF (480 degC) and 1150 degF (620 degC).'
source: timet-15-3
where: Table 3, heat treatment
- text: TIMETAL 15-3 is cold formable in the solution-treated condition and has high strength when aged (manufacturer statement).
source: timet-15-3
where: Opening paragraph
mitigations: []
uses:
- application: propulsion-and-tanks
device: Propellant tanks
example: The TIMET datasheet lists propellant tanks among the applications of TIMETAL 15-3, which it describes as used in critical applications on air and space vehicles.
source: timet-15-3
where: Applications list on the datasheet, Propellant Tanks entry; opening paragraph
- application: structures
device: Fasteners and springs
example: The same applications list names fasteners and springs, along with honeycomb and hybrid laminates.
source: timet-15-3
where: Applications list on the datasheet, Fasteners and Springs entries
supply:
- subject: Titanium sponge (feedstock for mill products and alloys)
abundance: Not read in this run
producers:
- country: China
share_percent: 70.3
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 260,000 t of 370,000 t world sponge (USGS table, World Sponge Metal Production)'
- country: Japan
share_percent: 14.3
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 53,000 t of 370,000 t'
- country: Russia
share_percent: 6.8
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 25,000 t of 370,000 t'
- country: Kazakhstan
share_percent: 4.3
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 16,000 t of 370,000 t'
- country: Saudi Arabia
share_percent: 3.2
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 12,000 t of 370,000 t'
us_position: 'The United States produced no titanium sponge in 2025 (the last domestic sponge plant closed in 2024). Net import reliance for sponge is 100 percent (2025e). Sponge imports 2021 to 2024: Japan 77 %, Saudi Arabia 13 %, Kazakhstan 8 %.'
source: usgs-ti-2026
where: Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; Import Sources (2021-24); World Sponge Metal Production table. Shares are computed from the printed world total, which USGS rounds.
- subject: Molybdenum (alloying element in Beta 3 and Beta C)
abundance: Not read in this run
producers:
- country: China
share_percent: 37.3
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 97,000 t of 260,000 t world mine production (USGS, World Mine Production table)'
- country: Chile
share_percent: 16.2
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 42,000 t of 260,000 t'
- country: United States
share_percent: 15.4
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 40,000 t of 260,000 t'
- country: Peru
share_percent: 15
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 39,000 t of 260,000 t'
- country: Mexico
share_percent: 6.5
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 17,000 t of 260,000 t'
source: usgs-mo-2026
where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025 column. Shares computed from the printed rounded world total.
- subject: Vanadium (alloying element in TIMETAL 15-3 and Beta C)
abundance: Not read in this run
producers:
- country: China
share_percent: 74.5
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 82,000 t of 110,000 t world mine production (USGS, 2025e)'
- country: Russia
share_percent: 19.1
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 21,000 t of 110,000 t'
- country: Brazil
share_percent: 4.8
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 5,300 t of 110,000 t'
- country: South Africa
share_percent: 4.5
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 5,000 t of 110,000 t'
us_position: 'Net import reliance was 41 % of apparent consumption in 2025e (46 % in 2024). Ferrovanadium imports 2021 to 2024: Canada 50 %, Austria 35 %.'
source: usgs-v-2026
where: World Mine Production and Reserves table; Salient Statistics; Import Sources
media: []
documents:
- title: 'Goodfellow: Precipitation Hardenable Titanium Beta 3 Foil (Light Tight), UNS R58030'
type: datasheet
url: https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/titanium-beta-3-alloy-foil-light-tight-group
- title: TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (Titanium Metals Corporation, metastable beta alloys)
type: datasheet
url: https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf
year: 2000
- title: 'Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C technical page (UNS R58640)'
type: datasheet
url: https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/
- title: 'Carpenter alloy finder: Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr'
type: datasheet
url: https://www.carpentertechnology.com/alloy-finder/ti-3al-8v-6cr-4mo-4zr
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
year: 2026
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf
year: 2026
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf
year: 2026
- title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification'
type: database
url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963
year: 2026
- title: 'efunda: Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn wrought titanium alloy page'
type: database
url: https://www.efunda.com/glossary/materials/alloys/materials--alloys--titanium_alloy--wrought--ti-11.5mo-6zr-4.5sn.cfm
gaps:
- 'Beta 3 strength and ductility: no alloy-specific yield, tensile, elongation or modulus value was found. The efunda page prints only general titanium-alloy figures (elastic modulus 100 to 120 GPa, density about 4.5 g/cm3, tensile 152 to 379 MPa); these are not for this grade and are not used.'
- 'Beta 3 composition conflict: the Goodfellow listing prints Ti 77.5/Mo 12/Zr 6/Sn 4.5 (molybdenum 12) while its own description and efunda give 11.5 % Mo. Not resolved; the file uses the 11.5 % value.'
- 'Beta 3 density conflict: Goodfellow prints 5.07 g/cm3; no second alloy-specific source was found.'
- The name Ti-3.5Al-11Mo (from the request) does not match any source read. Beta 3 is Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn as printed by Goodfellow and efunda.
- 'Beta transus for Beta 3 and for Beta C: not found. The Beta transus value here is for TIMETAL 15-3 only, and beta_transus is not a canonical property name in spores/property-canon.yaml.'
- Hardness is not a canonical property name in spores/property-canon.yaml; the hardness entry for Beta C uses the short name hardness.
- 'Beta C density: the supplier page prints 0.173 but does not give a clear unit in the read, so no density is recorded. The ULprospector datasheet returned HTTP 403 and was not used. The Metallographic page had no values.'
- Beta C oxygen maximum differs between sources (0.12 in Carpenter, 0.14 in Titanium Industries); not recorded.
- 'Beta C uses and corrosion: no fetched source gave a use or a corrosion test for Beta C. Search snippets mentioned springs and reducing-acid resistance; neither was read on a fetched page, so neither is recorded.'
- 'Beta alloy corrosion: no test or rating for Beta 3, Beta C or TIMETAL 15-3 was found. The seawater entry is a general titanium statement.'
- 'Failure risks (galling, fatigue, hydrogen embrittlement): no fetched source.'
- Hazard data are for titanium as a whole (PubChem). No supplier safety data sheet for these alloys was read. The PubChem web page returned a CAPTCHA, so the record was read from the PubChem REST endpoint.
- 'Supply: zirconium, tin, chromium and aluminium are not covered. Critical-mineral lists for titanium, molybdenum and vanadium were not read in this run. Abundance for these three elements was not read.'
- 'Space and orbital data for the beta alloys: none found.'
- Cold-formability table values for TIMETAL 15-3 (bend and draw data) are not recorded.
sources:
goodfellow-beta3:
title: 'Goodfellow: Precipitation Hardenable Titanium Beta 3 Foil (Light Tight)'
id: Goodfellow Metals, product listing
url: https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/titanium-beta-3-alloy-foil-light-tight-group
year: 2026
kind: datasheet
license: stockist web page, cited not reproduced
efunda-beta3:
title: 'efunda: Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn wrought titanium alloy'
id: efunda glossary, Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn
url: https://www.efunda.com/glossary/materials/alloys/materials--alloys--titanium_alloy--wrought--ti-11.5mo-6zr-4.5sn.cfm
year: 2026
kind: web
license: web page, cited not reproduced
timet-15-3:
title: TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (metastable beta alloy, strip)
id: Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET), TMC-0000
url: https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf
year: 2000
kind: datasheet
license: manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced
ti-beta-c:
title: 'Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C (UNS R58640) technical page'
id: Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page
url: https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/
year: 2026
kind: datasheet
license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
carpenter-beta-c:
title: 'Carpenter Technology alloy finder: Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr'
id: Carpenter Technology, alloy finder
url: https://www.carpentertechnology.com/alloy-finder/ti-3al-8v-6cr-4mo-4zr
year: 2026
kind: datasheet
license: manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced
wikipedia-titanium-alloy:
title: Titanium alloy (Wikipedia)
id: Wikipedia, Titanium alloy
url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy
year: 2026
kind: web
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
usgs-ti-2026:
title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)'
id: USGS MCS 2026, Titanium
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
year: 2026
kind: report
license: US Government work, public domain
usgs-mo-2026:
title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum (USGS, February 2026)'
id: USGS MCS 2026, Molybdenum
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf
year: 2026
kind: report
license: US Government work, public domain
usgs-v-2026:
title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium (USGS, February 2026)'
id: USGS MCS 2026, Vanadium
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf
year: 2026
kind: report
license: US Government work, public domain
pubchem-ti:
title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification'
id: PubChem CID 23963
url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963
year: 2026
kind: database
license: PubChem, public
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
status: draft
method: assistant
checked_values: 18
unreachable: 2
caveats: 4
note: Written 2026-10-26 by an assistant from pages fetched in this run. Beta 3 has only density and composition; no alloy-specific strength value was found. Beta C values are supplier maxima marked reference only. Beta 3 composition conflicts between Goodfellow (Mo 12) and efunda (Mo 11.5).
story:
recipe:
line: Beta 3 is titanium with 11.5 % molybdenum, 6 % zirconium and 4.5 % tin (efunda), balance titanium. Goodfellow prints molybdenum 12 % in its composition line, which is not resolved. TIMETAL 15-3 and Beta C are multi-element beta alloys with vanadium, chromium, tin, aluminium, molybdenum and zirconium; their printed composition ranges are on the cited manufacturer pages and are not repeated here. Process routes are not described in the sources read here.
parts:
- name: Titanium
symbol: Ti
share: balance
role: Base metal. Most of the alloy is titanium.
source: efunda-beta3
where: Composition line, balance Ti (by weight)
- name: Molybdenum
symbol: Mo
share_percent: 11.5
role: Alloying element named in the composition line (Goodfellow prints 12 %).
source: efunda-beta3
where: Composition line, 11.5% Mo
- name: Zirconium
symbol: Zr
share_percent: 6
role: Alloying element named in the composition line.
source: efunda-beta3
where: Composition line, 6% Zr
- name: Tin
symbol: Sn
share_percent: 4.5
role: Alloying element named in the composition line.
source: efunda-beta3
where: Composition line, 4.5% Sn
risk_groups:
- title: For people
level: 0
verdict: Not classified hazardous in the titanium record
lead: The PubChem record for titanium is mostly not classified, but the hazard codes it gives concern titanium as a whole. No safety data sheet for these alloys was read.
points:
- label: Solid alloy
line: PubChem reports that 606 of 808 company reports say titanium does not meet GHS hazard criteria. Only 202 of 808 reports give hazard codes.
- label: Hazard codes
line: The codes given are H228 (flammable solid), H250 (catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air) and H251 (self-heating). The signal word is Danger. Whether these apply to bulk alloy or only to powder and swarf is not stated.
- title: Handling and processing
points:
- label: Heat treatment
line: TIMETAL 15-3 is solution treated at 1450 degF (790 degC), then aged for 4 to 16 h between 900 and 1150 degF (480 to 620 degC), per the manufacturer.
- label: Use limit
line: TIMETAL 15-3 is usually acceptable up to 550 degF (288 degC), per the manufacturer.
why: 'Beta titanium alloys are metastable: they contain enough beta stabilisers to keep the beta phase when quenched. That lets them be cold formed in the solution-treated state and then aged to high strength. Beta 3 (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn) is Goodfellow''s listing for a precipitation-hardenable foil. TIMETAL 15-3 is a production alloy used for critical applications on air and space vehicles. Beta C is a high-strength beta alloy in which the supplier lists fatigue resistance and a low elastic modulus.'
uses:
- where: Propellant tanks and fasteners (TIMETAL 15-3)
line: The TIMET datasheet for TIMETAL 15-3 lists propellant tanks, fasteners and springs, along with honeycomb and hybrid laminates, among its applications. It describes the alloy as used in critical applications on air and space vehicles.
can_do:
- label: Strength
benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
line: Aged TIMETAL 15-3 strip has a specified minimum tensile strength of 1000 MPa after 8 h at 538 degC, and 1241 MPa after 16 h at 482 degC. Beta C is listed with a maximum tensile strength of 120 ksi.
- label: Stiffness
benchmark: elastic_modulus
line: TIMETAL 15-3 has a tensile modulus of 82 GPa solution treated and annealed, rising to 107 to 111 GPa when aged. Beta C is listed at 15000 ksi.
- label: Cold forming
line: The TIMET datasheet says TIMETAL 15-3 has excellent cold formability in the solution-treated condition.
compare: The three grades differ in what they are used for. TIMETAL 15-3 is the one with a full printed heat-treatment and strip tensile table, and is lighter than Beta 3 by the printed density values (4.78 against 5.07 g/cm3). Beta C has supplier maxima only, marked reference-only, and a melting point of 3000 degF. Beta 3 has only a density and a composition in the sources read, so it cannot be ranked on strength here.
compare_rows:
- scope: material
label: Density
benchmark: density
- scope: material
label: Elastic modulus
benchmark: elastic_modulus
- scope: material
label: Tensile strength
benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
handling:
- 'Heat treatment for TIMETAL 15-3: solution treat at 1450 degF (790 degC) for 3 to 20 min, then age for 4 to 16 h at 900 to 1150 degF (480 to 620 degC).'
- 'Powder and swarf: PubChem gives H228, H250 and H251 for titanium. Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.'
good_for:
- Cold forming in the solution-treated state, then ageing to high strength (TIMETAL 15-3).
- Parts that must hold strength up to about 288 degC (TIMETAL 15-3, usual use limit).
watch_out:
- 'Ductility falls after ageing: TIMETAL 15-3 strip is 5 to 7 % elongation at its specified minimum.'
- Beta 3 has no alloy-specific strength value in the sources read, and its density is printed as 5.07 g/cm3 by Goodfellow only.
- Beta C values are supplier maxima, marked reference only and not for design.
verdict: The beta alloys trade density and cost for formability and high ageing strength. TIMETAL 15-3 is the best documented here; Beta 3 and Beta C lack the alloy-specific data a design would need.
References
Every number above carries a reference number. Click one to see the source and where in it the value comes from.
| # | Source | Type | Year | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goodfellow: Precipitation Hardenable Titanium Beta 3 Foil (Light Tight) | datasheet | 2026 | 1 value | |
| efunda: Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn wrought titanium alloy | web | 2026 | 1 value | |
| TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (metastable beta alloy, strip) | datasheet | 2000 | 15 values | |
| Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C (UNS R58640) technical page | datasheet | 2026 | 6 values | |
| Carpenter Technology alloy finder: Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr | datasheet | 2026 | 0 values | |
| Titanium alloy (Wikipedia) | web | 2026 | 1 value | |
| Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026) | report | 2026 | 1 value | |
| Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum (USGS, February 2026) | report | 2026 | 1 value | |
| Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium (USGS, February 2026) | report | 2026 | 1 value | |
| PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification | database | 2026 | 2 values |