{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "titanium-beta-3",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "titanium-alloys",
  "name": "Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3), with Beta C and Ti-15-3",
  "abbreviation": "Beta 3",
  "role": "structural alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "titanium",
  "summary": "Metastable beta titanium alloys hold enough beta stabilisers to keep the body-centred cubic beta phase when quenched, so they can be cold formed in the solution-treated state and then aged to high strength. This profile names three grades. Beta 3 (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn, the name Goodfellow uses for its foil) has a density of 5.07 g/cm3 as printed by Goodfellow; no alloy-specific strength value was found. TIMETAL 15-3 (Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al) has a density of 4.78 g/cm3 and aged strip with a specified minimum tensile strength of 1000 MPa after 8 h at 538 degC. Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr) is listed by a supplier with maximum tensile strength of 120 ksi and elongation of 15 %.\n",
  "best_for": "Parts that are cold formed in the solution-treated state and then aged to high strength, such as TIMETAL 15-3 strip (1000 MPa minimum tensile after 8 h at 538 degC)",
  "weakest_at": "Ductility after ageing (TIMETAL 15-3 strip falls to 5 to 7 % elongation), and the Beta 3 strength data are missing from the sources read",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn, metastable beta titanium alloy (Beta 3); nominal composition, no fixed chemical formula",
    "cas": "",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "R58030",
        "source": "goodfellow-beta3",
        "where": "Properties common to all products, UNS Number row"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Beta 3",
        "source": "goodfellow-beta3",
        "where": "Product heading, Precipitation Hardenable Titanium Beta 3 Foil"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4977",
        "source": "efunda-beta3",
        "where": "Other designations line, AMS 4977"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4980",
        "source": "efunda-beta3",
        "where": "Other designations line, AMS 4980"
      },
      {
        "system": "MIL",
        "code": "T-9047",
        "source": "efunda-beta3",
        "where": "Other designations line, MIL-T-9047"
      }
    ],
    "source": "efunda-beta3",
    "where": "Page heading and composition line: 11.5% Mo, 6% Zr, 4.5% Sn, balance Ti (by weight)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Beta 3 foil (annealed)",
      "value": 5.07,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Beta 3 (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn), annealed foil 0.42 mm",
        "basis": "value printed in the physical properties tab of the Goodfellow listing"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a stockist product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-beta3",
      "where": "Material Properties, Physical Properties tab, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow: Precipitation Hardenable Titanium Beta 3 Foil (Light Tight)",
        "id": "Goodfellow Metals, product listing",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/titanium-beta-3-alloy-foil-light-tight-group",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "stockist web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, TIMETAL 15-3",
      "value": 4.78,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIMETAL 15-3 (Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al)",
        "basis": "value printed alongside 0.173 lb in-3"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet-15-3",
      "where": "Physical properties panel, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (metastable beta alloy, strip)",
        "id": "Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET), TMC-0000",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf",
        "year": 2000,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "beta_transus",
      "label": "Beta transus, TIMETAL 15-3",
      "value": 750,
      "value_high": 770,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIMETAL 15-3",
        "basis": "range printed as 1375 to 1425 degF and 750 to 770 degC"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet-15-3",
      "where": "Physical properties panel, Beta Transus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (metastable beta alloy, strip)",
        "id": "Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET), TMC-0000",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf",
        "year": 2000,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, TIMETAL 15-3, solution treated (annealed)",
      "value": 82,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIMETAL 15-3",
        "condition": "solution treated (annealed)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet-15-3",
      "where": "Physical properties panel, Tensile Modulus, Solution Treated (Annealed) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (metastable beta alloy, strip)",
        "id": "Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET), TMC-0000",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf",
        "year": 2000,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, TIMETAL 15-3, solution treated and aged 538 degC",
      "value": 107,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIMETAL 15-3",
        "condition": "solution treated plus aged 1000 degF (538 degC)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet-15-3",
      "where": "Physical properties panel, Tensile Modulus, Solution Treated plus Aged (1000 degF) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (metastable beta alloy, strip)",
        "id": "Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET), TMC-0000",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf",
        "year": 2000,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, TIMETAL 15-3, solution treated and aged 482 degC",
      "value": 111,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIMETAL 15-3",
        "condition": "solution treated plus aged 900 degF (482 degC)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet-15-3",
      "where": "Physical properties panel, Tensile Modulus, Solution Treated plus Aged (900 degF) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (metastable beta alloy, strip)",
        "id": "Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET), TMC-0000",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf",
        "year": 2000,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, Beta C",
      "value": 15000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640",
        "condition": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a supplier technical page that states its data are for reference only, not for design",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-beta-c",
      "where": "Modulus of elasticity line below Table 3, E row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C (UNS R58640) technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 8 h at 538 degC (specified minimum)",
      "value": 1000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIMETAL 15-3 strip",
        "condition": "solution treated 1450 degF (790 degC) air cool equivalent, aged 8 h at 1000 degF (538 degC)",
        "basis": "specified minimum"
      },
      "method": "Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet-15-3",
      "where": "Table 4, specified minimum tensile properties for strip after ageing, 8 h at 1000 degF (538 degC) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (metastable beta alloy, strip)",
        "id": "Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET), TMC-0000",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf",
        "year": 2000,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength (0.2 %), TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 8 h at 538 degC (specified minimum)",
      "value": 965,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIMETAL 15-3 strip",
        "condition": "solution treated 1450 degF (790 degC) air cool equivalent, aged 8 h at 1000 degF (538 degC)",
        "offset": "0.2 %",
        "basis": "specified minimum"
      },
      "method": "Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet-15-3",
      "where": "Table 4, specified minimum tensile properties for strip after ageing, 8 h at 1000 degF (538 degC) row, 0.2% YS column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (metastable beta alloy, strip)",
        "id": "Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET), TMC-0000",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf",
        "year": 2000,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 8 h at 538 degC (specified minimum)",
      "value": 7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIMETAL 15-3 strip",
        "condition": "solution treated, aged 8 h at 1000 degF (538 degC)",
        "basis": "specified minimum"
      },
      "method": "Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet-15-3",
      "where": "Table 4, specified minimum tensile properties for strip after ageing, 8 h at 1000 degF row, Elong. column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (metastable beta alloy, strip)",
        "id": "Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET), TMC-0000",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf",
        "year": 2000,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 16 h at 482 degC (specified minimum)",
      "value": 1241,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIMETAL 15-3 strip",
        "condition": "solution treated 1450 degF (790 degC) air cool equivalent, aged 16 h at 900 degF (482 degC)",
        "basis": "specified minimum"
      },
      "method": "Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet-15-3",
      "where": "Table 4, specified minimum tensile properties for strip after ageing, 16 h at 900 degF row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (metastable beta alloy, strip)",
        "id": "Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET), TMC-0000",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf",
        "year": 2000,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength (0.2 %), TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 16 h at 482 degC (specified minimum)",
      "value": 1172,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIMETAL 15-3 strip",
        "condition": "solution treated 1450 degF (790 degC) air cool equivalent, aged 16 h at 900 degF (482 degC)",
        "offset": "0.2 %",
        "basis": "specified minimum"
      },
      "method": "Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet-15-3",
      "where": "Table 4, specified minimum tensile properties for strip after ageing, 16 h at 900 degF row, 0.2% YS column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (metastable beta alloy, strip)",
        "id": "Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET), TMC-0000",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf",
        "year": 2000,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Usual maximum use temperature, TIMETAL 15-3",
      "value": 288,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIMETAL 15-3",
        "basis": "usually acceptable for use at temperatures up to 550 degF (288 degC), as printed"
      },
      "method": "Stated in the opening text of the manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet-15-3",
      "where": "Opening paragraph, first page",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (metastable beta alloy, strip)",
        "id": "Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET), TMC-0000",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf",
        "year": 2000,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, Beta C",
      "value": 3000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degF",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr)",
        "basis": "value printed in degF on the supplier page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-beta-c",
      "where": "Table 2, Physical Properties, Melting point row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C (UNS R58640) technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Beta C, maximum printed",
      "value": 120,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr)",
        "condition": "not stated; maximum value only, no minimum printed",
        "basis": "reference only, not for design (the page's own wording)"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-beta-c",
      "where": "Table 3, Tensile strength Rm row, Maximum",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C (UNS R58640) technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength (Rp0.2), Beta C, maximum printed",
      "value": 115,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr)",
        "condition": "not stated; maximum value only, no minimum printed",
        "basis": "reference only, not for design (the page's own wording)"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-beta-c",
      "where": "Table 3, Yield strength Rp0.2 offset row, Maximum",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C (UNS R58640) technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, Beta C, maximum printed",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr)",
        "condition": "not stated; maximum value only, gauge length AL=5 x diameter",
        "basis": "reference only, not for design"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-beta-c",
      "where": "Table 3, Elongation AL=5 x diameter row, Maximum",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C (UNS R58640) technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness, Beta C, printed range (HRC)",
      "value": 24,
      "value_high": 38,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "HRC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr)",
        "condition": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Minimum and maximum printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-beta-c",
      "where": "Table 3, Hardness (HRC) row, Minimum and Maximum",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C (UNS R58640) technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Seawater",
      "headline": "Titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater. The statement is for titanium, not for a beta alloy.",
      "effect": "The general titanium article says titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater and is used for propeller shafts, rigging and other boat parts exposed to seawater. No test on Beta 3, Beta C or TIMETAL 15-3 was found in the sources read.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "general statement, titanium family; no beta-alloy test"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-titanium-alloy",
      "where": "Properties section, seawater statement"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem reports for titanium (CID 23963): 606 of 808 company reports say it does not meet GHS hazard criteria. 202 of 808 reports give hazard codes, from 16 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. The signal word is Danger. These codes describe titanium as a whole, not these alloys; no supplier safety data sheet for the alloys was read.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228: Flammable solid",
          "H250: Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air",
          "H251: Self-heating; may catch fire"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Hazard Statements and ECHA C&L Notifications Summary (PubChem compound view JSON)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Precautionary statement codes listed with the GHS entry: P210, P222, P231, P233, P235, P240, P241, P280, P302+P335+P334, P370+P378, P407, P410, P413, P420.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, Precautionary Statement Codes"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Heat treatment (TIMETAL 15-3): solution treat at 1450 degF (790 degC) for 3 to 20 min with an air cool equivalent, then age for 4 to 16 h between 900 degF (480 degC) and 1150 degF (620 degC).",
        "source": "timet-15-3",
        "where": "Table 3, heat treatment"
      },
      {
        "text": "TIMETAL 15-3 is cold formable in the solution-treated condition and has high strength when aged (manufacturer statement).",
        "source": "timet-15-3",
        "where": "Opening paragraph"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Propellant tanks",
      "example": "The TIMET datasheet lists propellant tanks among the applications of TIMETAL 15-3, which it describes as used in critical applications on air and space vehicles.",
      "source": "timet-15-3",
      "where": "Applications list on the datasheet, Propellant Tanks entry; opening paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Fasteners and springs",
      "example": "The same applications list names fasteners and springs, along with honeycomb and hybrid laminates.",
      "source": "timet-15-3",
      "where": "Applications list on the datasheet, Fasteners and Springs entries"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Titanium sponge (feedstock for mill products and alloys)",
      "abundance": "Not read in this run",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 70.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_percent": 14.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 6.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 4.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Saudi Arabia",
          "share_percent": 3.2,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-ti-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; Import Sources (2021-24); World Sponge Metal Production table. Shares are computed from the printed world total, which USGS rounds."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Molybdenum (alloying element in Beta 3 and Beta C)",
      "abundance": "Not read in this run",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 37.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 16.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 15.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 15,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "share_percent": 6.5,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mo-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025 column. Shares computed from the printed rounded world total."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Vanadium (alloying element in TIMETAL 15-3 and Beta C)",
      "abundance": "Not read in this run",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 74.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 19.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 4.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 4.5,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-v-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table; Salient Statistics; Import Sources"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Goodfellow: Precipitation Hardenable Titanium Beta 3 Foil (Light Tight), UNS R58030",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/titanium-beta-3-alloy-foil-light-tight-group"
    },
    {
      "title": "TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (Titanium Metals Corporation, metastable beta alloys)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C technical page (UNS R58640)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Carpenter alloy finder: Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.carpentertechnology.com/alloy-finder/ti-3al-8v-6cr-4mo-4zr"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "efunda: Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn wrought titanium alloy page",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.efunda.com/glossary/materials/alloys/materials--alloys--titanium_alloy--wrought--ti-11.5mo-6zr-4.5sn.cfm"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Beta 3 strength and ductility: no alloy-specific yield, tensile, elongation or modulus value was found. The efunda page prints only general titanium-alloy figures (elastic modulus 100 to 120 GPa, density about 4.5 g/cm3, tensile 152 to 379 MPa); these are not for this grade and are not used.",
    "Beta 3 composition conflict: the Goodfellow listing prints Ti 77.5/Mo 12/Zr 6/Sn 4.5 (molybdenum 12) while its own description and efunda give 11.5 % Mo. Not resolved; the file uses the 11.5 % value.",
    "Beta 3 density conflict: Goodfellow prints 5.07 g/cm3; no second alloy-specific source was found.",
    "The name Ti-3.5Al-11Mo (from the request) does not match any source read. Beta 3 is Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn as printed by Goodfellow and efunda.",
    "Beta transus for Beta 3 and for Beta C: not found. The Beta transus value here is for TIMETAL 15-3 only, and beta_transus is not a canonical property name in spores/property-canon.yaml.",
    "Hardness is not a canonical property name in spores/property-canon.yaml; the hardness entry for Beta C uses the short name hardness.",
    "Beta C density: the supplier page prints 0.173 but does not give a clear unit in the read, so no density is recorded. The ULprospector datasheet returned HTTP 403 and was not used. The Metallographic page had no values.",
    "Beta C oxygen maximum differs between sources (0.12 in Carpenter, 0.14 in Titanium Industries); not recorded.",
    "Beta C uses and corrosion: no fetched source gave a use or a corrosion test for Beta C. Search snippets mentioned springs and reducing-acid resistance; neither was read on a fetched page, so neither is recorded.",
    "Beta alloy corrosion: no test or rating for Beta 3, Beta C or TIMETAL 15-3 was found. The seawater entry is a general titanium statement.",
    "Failure risks (galling, fatigue, hydrogen embrittlement): no fetched source.",
    "Hazard data are for titanium as a whole (PubChem). No supplier safety data sheet for these alloys was read. The PubChem web page returned a CAPTCHA, so the record was read from the PubChem REST endpoint.",
    "Supply: zirconium, tin, chromium and aluminium are not covered. Critical-mineral lists for titanium, molybdenum and vanadium were not read in this run. Abundance for these three elements was not read.",
    "Space and orbital data for the beta alloys: none found.",
    "Cold-formability table values for TIMETAL 15-3 (bend and draw data) are not recorded."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Beta titanium alloys are metastable: they contain enough beta stabilisers to keep the beta phase when quenched. That lets them be cold formed in the solution-treated state and then aged to high strength. Beta 3 (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn) is Goodfellow's listing for a precipitation-hardenable foil. TIMETAL 15-3 is a production alloy used for critical applications on air and space vehicles. Beta C is a high-strength beta alloy in which the supplier lists fatigue resistance and a low elastic modulus.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Propellant tanks and fasteners (TIMETAL 15-3)",
        "line": "The TIMET datasheet for TIMETAL 15-3 lists propellant tanks, fasteners and springs, along with honeycomb and hybrid laminates, among its applications. It describes the alloy as used in critical applications on air and space vehicles."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Aged TIMETAL 15-3 strip has a specified minimum tensile strength of 1000 MPa after 8 h at 538 degC, and 1241 MPa after 16 h at 482 degC. Beta C is listed with a maximum tensile strength of 120 ksi.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "TIMETAL 15-3 has a tensile modulus of 82 GPa solution treated and annealed, rising to 107 to 111 GPa when aged. Beta C is listed at 15000 ksi.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Cold forming",
        "line": "The TIMET datasheet says TIMETAL 15-3 has excellent cold formability in the solution-treated condition.",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The three grades differ in what they are used for. TIMETAL 15-3 is the one with a full printed heat-treatment and strip tensile table, and is lighter than Beta 3 by the printed density values (4.78 against 5.07 g/cm3). Beta C has supplier maxima only, marked reference-only, and a melting point of 3000 degF. Beta 3 has only a density and a composition in the sources read, so it cannot be ranked on strength here.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elastic modulus",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Heat treatment for TIMETAL 15-3: solution treat at 1450 degF (790 degC) for 3 to 20 min, then age for 4 to 16 h at 900 to 1150 degF (480 to 620 degC).",
      "Powder and swarf: PubChem gives H228, H250 and H251 for titanium. Keep away from heat and sources of ignition."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Cold forming in the solution-treated state, then ageing to high strength (TIMETAL 15-3).",
      "Parts that must hold strength up to about 288 degC (TIMETAL 15-3, usual use limit)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Ductility falls after ageing: TIMETAL 15-3 strip is 5 to 7 % elongation at its specified minimum.",
      "Beta 3 has no alloy-specific strength value in the sources read, and its density is printed as 5.07 g/cm3 by Goodfellow only.",
      "Beta C values are supplier maxima, marked reference only and not for design."
    ],
    "verdict": "The beta alloys trade density and cost for formability and high ageing strength. TIMETAL 15-3 is the best documented here; Beta 3 and Beta C lack the alloy-specific data a design would need.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Beta 3 is titanium with 11.5 % molybdenum, 6 % zirconium and 4.5 % tin (efunda), balance titanium. Goodfellow prints molybdenum 12 % in its composition line, which is not resolved. TIMETAL 15-3 and Beta C are multi-element beta alloys with vanadium, chromium, tin, aluminium, molybdenum and zirconium; their printed composition ranges are on the cited manufacturer pages and are not repeated here. Process routes are not described in the sources read here.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Base metal. Most of the alloy is titanium.",
          "source": "efunda-beta3",
          "where": "Composition line, balance Ti (by weight)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Molybdenum",
          "symbol": "Mo",
          "role": "Alloying element named in the composition line (Goodfellow prints 12 %).",
          "share_percent": 11.5,
          "source": "efunda-beta3",
          "where": "Composition line, 11.5% Mo"
        },
        {
          "name": "Zirconium",
          "symbol": "Zr",
          "role": "Alloying element named in the composition line.",
          "share_percent": 6,
          "source": "efunda-beta3",
          "where": "Composition line, 6% Zr"
        },
        {
          "name": "Tin",
          "symbol": "Sn",
          "role": "Alloying element named in the composition line.",
          "share_percent": 4.5,
          "source": "efunda-beta3",
          "where": "Composition line, 4.5% Sn"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The PubChem record for titanium is mostly not classified, but the hazard codes it gives concern titanium as a whole. No safety data sheet for these alloys was read.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Solid alloy",
            "line": "PubChem reports that 606 of 808 company reports say titanium does not meet GHS hazard criteria. Only 202 of 808 reports give hazard codes."
          },
          {
            "label": "Hazard codes",
            "line": "The codes given are H228 (flammable solid), H250 (catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air) and H251 (self-heating). The signal word is Danger. Whether these apply to bulk alloy or only to powder and swarf is not stated."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Not classified hazardous in the titanium record"
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and processing",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Heat treatment",
            "line": "TIMETAL 15-3 is solution treated at 1450 degF (790 degC), then aged for 4 to 16 h between 900 and 1150 degF (480 to 620 degC), per the manufacturer."
          },
          {
            "label": "Use limit",
            "line": "TIMETAL 15-3 is usually acceptable up to 550 degF (288 degC), per the manufacturer."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 18,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Written 2026-10-26 by an assistant from pages fetched in this run. Beta 3 has only density and composition; no alloy-specific strength value was found. Beta C values are supplier maxima marked reference only. Beta 3 composition conflicts between Goodfellow (Mo 12) and efunda (Mo 11.5)."
  },
  "sources": {
    "goodfellow-beta3": {
      "title": "Goodfellow: Precipitation Hardenable Titanium Beta 3 Foil (Light Tight)",
      "id": "Goodfellow Metals, product listing",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/titanium-beta-3-alloy-foil-light-tight-group",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "stockist web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "efunda-beta3": {
      "title": "efunda: Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn wrought titanium alloy",
      "id": "efunda glossary, Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn",
      "url": "https://www.efunda.com/glossary/materials/alloys/materials--alloys--titanium_alloy--wrought--ti-11.5mo-6zr-4.5sn.cfm",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "timet-15-3": {
      "title": "TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (metastable beta alloy, strip)",
      "id": "Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET), TMC-0000",
      "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf",
      "year": 2000,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "ti-beta-c": {
      "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C (UNS R58640) technical page",
      "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page",
      "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "carpenter-beta-c": {
      "title": "Carpenter Technology alloy finder: Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr",
      "id": "Carpenter Technology, alloy finder",
      "url": "https://www.carpentertechnology.com/alloy-finder/ti-3al-8v-6cr-4mo-4zr",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "wikipedia-titanium-alloy": {
      "title": "Titanium alloy (Wikipedia)",
      "id": "Wikipedia, Titanium alloy",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
    },
    "usgs-ti-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Titanium",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US Government work, public domain"
    },
    "usgs-mo-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Molybdenum",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US Government work, public domain"
    },
    "usgs-v-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Vanadium",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US Government work, public domain"
    },
    "pubchem-ti": {
      "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification",
      "id": "PubChem CID 23963",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem, public"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/titanium-beta-3/"
}