Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) Ti-6Al-4V

spore: profile
id: ti-6al-4v
spore_version: 0.2
family: titanium-alloys
name: Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5)
abbreviation: Ti-6Al-4V
role: structural alloy
category: metals
type: titanium
summary: |
  Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) is titanium alloyed with about 6 % aluminium and 4 % vanadium. It is the most commonly used titanium alloy. In the annealed condition a supplier datasheet gives a density of 4.43 g/cm3, an elastic modulus of 113.8 GPa in tension and a 0.2 % yield strength of 830 to 950 MPa. Its thermal conductivity is 6.7 W/(m K) at 20 degC, low for a metal. Aerospace bar is specified to AMS 4928 with a minimum tensile strength of 931 MPa for diameters under 2 inches.
best_for: Strength-to-weight structures that must stay strong up to about 400 degC, such as aerospace forgings and bars (the datasheet gives 4.43 g/cm3 density and 830 to 950 MPa yield)
weakest_at: Low thermal conductivity (6.7 W/(m K) at 20 degC), and lower ductility once it is solution-treated and aged (6 to 10 % elongation)
identity:
  formula: 'Ti-6Al-4V: titanium with about 6 wt % aluminium and 4 wt % vanadium (alpha-beta alloy); nominal composition, no fixed chemical formula'
  cas: ''
  source: aircraft-ti64
  where: Composition limits table, and wikipedia-titanium-alloy for the 6 % aluminium and 4 % vanadium nominal values
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: R56400
      source: ati-6-4-page
      where: Product heading, UNS R56400 under ATI 6-4
    - system: EN
      code: '3.7165'
      source: bibus-ti64
      where: Title line, 3.7165 / 3.7164.1 / UNS R56400
    - system: EN
      code: 3.7164.1
      source: bibus-ti64
      where: Title line, 3.7165 / 3.7164.1 / UNS R56400
    - system: GB
      code: TC4
      source: ssa-ti64-sheet
      where: Common Trade Names list (TC4 printed, no GB label)
    - system: ISO
      code: 5832-3
      note: wrought alloy
      source: ssa-ti64-sheet
      where: Common Specifications list, ISO 5832-3 line
    - system: BS
      code: TA11
      source: smiths-ti64
      where: Material Specifications list, BS TA11 bullet
    - system: AMS
      code: '4911'
      note: sheet and plate, annealed
      source: ssa-ti64-sheet
      where: Common Specifications list, AMS 4911 line
    - system: AMS
      code: '4928'
      note: bars, forgings and forging stock, annealed
      source: ati-6-4-tds
      where: Specifications list, AMS 4928 bullet
    - system: AMS
      code: '4965'
      note: bars and forgings, solution treated and aged
      source: ati-6-4-tds
      where: Specifications list, AMS 4965 bullet
    - system: AMS
      code: '4967'
      note: bars and forgings, annealed, heat treatable
      source: ati-6-4-tds
      where: Specifications list, AMS 4967 bullet
    - system: AMS
      code: '6931'
      note: sheet, bar and plate
      source: upmet-ti64
      where: Header line and datasheet title, AMS 6931
    - system: AMS
      code: T-9046
      note: sheet and plate
      source: ssa-ti64-sheet
      where: Common Specifications list, AMS-T-9046 line
    - system: MIL
      code: T-9046
      note: sheet and plate
      source: ssa-ti64-sheet
      where: Common Specifications list, MIL-T-9046 line
    - system: ASTM
      code: B265
      note: Grade 5, sheet and plate
      source: ssa-ti64-sheet
      where: Common Specifications list, ASTM B265 Grade 5 line
    - system: ASTM
      code: B348
      note: Grade 5, bar
      source: smiths-ti64
      where: Heading, Bar to ASTM B348 Grade 5
    - system: ASTM
      code: F1472
      note: bars, forgings, sheet, strip and plate
      source: ssa-ti64-sheet
      where: Common Specifications list, ASTM F 1472 line
    - system: ASME
      code: SB265
      note: Grade 5, sheet and plate
      source: ssa-ti64-sheet
      where: Common Specifications list, printed as ASTM SB265 Grade 5
    - system: Trade name
      code: ATI 6-4
      source: ati-6-4-page
      where: Product heading, ATI 6-4 trademark
    - system: Trade name
      code: TIMETAL 6-4
      source: timet-plate
      where: Alloy list on the plate page
    - system: Trade name
      code: TIMETAL 6Al-4V
      source: timet-plate
      where: Plate page introduction text
    - system: Trade name
      code: 6-4 Titanium
      source: ssa-ti64-sheet
      where: Common Trade Names list
    - system: Trade name
      code: Ti64
      source: ssa-ti64-sheet
      where: Common Trade Names list
    - system: Trade name
      code: 6Al4V Titanium
      source: ssa-ti64-sheet
      where: Common Trade Names list
    - system: Trade name
      code: Grade 5 Titanium
      source: ssa-ti64-sheet
      where: Common Trade Names list
    - system: Trade name
      code: Ti-Grade 5
      source: ssa-ti64-sheet
      where: Common Trade Names list
    - system: Trade name
      code: 6%Al-4%V Titanium
      source: ssa-ti64-sheet
      where: Common Trade Names list
    - system: Trade name
      code: Titan Grade 5
      note: 6Al-4V
      source: ssa-ti64-sheet
      where: Common Trade Names list
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses:
    - extreme-cold
  applications:
    - structures
    - propulsion-and-tanks
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density
    value: 4.43
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not stated; alloy density
    method: Value printed in a technical reference page for Ti-6Al-4V (Section 3.2 physical constants)
    status: ground
    source: boze-ti64
    where: Section 3.2, physical constants table, Density row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Elastic modulus (tension)
    value: 113.8
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      loading: tension
      condition: not stated
    method: Value printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page
    status: ground
    source: boze-ti64
    where: Section 3.2, physical constants table, Elastic modulus (tension) row
  - benchmark: poissons_ratio
    label: Poisson ratio
    value: 0.342
    unit: dimensionless
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not stated
    method: Value printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page
    status: ground
    source: boze-ti64
    where: Section 3.2, physical constants table, Poisson's ratio row
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting range
    value: 1604
    value_high: 1660
    unit: degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      basis: melting range printed as a range
    method: Printed range in a technical reference page (Section 3.2)
    status: ground
    source: boze-ti64
    where: Section 3.2, physical constants table, Melting range row
  - benchmark: beta_transus
    label: Beta-transus temperature
    value: 995
    unit: degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      tolerance: plus or minus 15 degC as printed
    method: Printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page
    status: ground
    source: boze-ti64
    where: Section 3.2, physical constants table, Beta-transus temperature row
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity
    value: 6.7
    unit: W/(m K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 degC
    method: Value printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page
    status: ground
    source: boze-ti64
    where: Section 3.2, physical constants table, Thermal conductivity row
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Coefficient of thermal expansion
    value: 8.6
    unit: 10^-6 /degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature_range: 20 to 100 degC
    method: Value printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page
    status: ground
    source: boze-ti64
    where: Section 3.2, physical constants table, Coefficient of thermal expansion row
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat capacity
    value: 0.526
    unit: J/(g K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 degC
    method: Value printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page
    status: ground
    source: boze-ti64
    where: Section 3.2, physical constants table, Specific heat capacity row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: 0.2 % yield strength, annealed
    value: 830
    value_high: 950
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: annealed
      offset: 0.2 %
    method: Printed range for the annealed condition in a technical reference page (Section 3.1)
    status: ground
    source: boze-ti64
    where: Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Yield strength (0.2% offset), Annealed column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: 0.2 % yield strength, solution treated and aged
    value: 1000
    value_high: 1100
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: solution treated and aged (STA)
      offset: 0.2 %
    method: Printed range for the STA condition in a technical reference page (Section 3.1)
    status: ground
    source: boze-ti64
    where: Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Yield strength (0.2% offset), STA column
  - benchmark: tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, annealed
    value: 900
    value_high: 1000
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: annealed
    method: Printed range for the annealed condition in a technical reference page (Section 3.1)
    status: ground
    source: boze-ti64
    where: Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Tensile strength, Annealed column
  - benchmark: tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, minimum for AMS 4928 bar under 2 in diameter
    value: 931
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      specification: AMS 4928, annealed bar, diameter under 2.00 in
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Minimum value printed in a table of typical annealed mechanical properties (AMS 4928)
    status: ground
    source: aircraft-ti64
    where: 'Typical Mechanical Properties: Annealed Bar (per AMS 4928), row less than 2.00 in, UTS min column'
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength minimum for AMS 4928 bar under 2 in diameter
    value: 862
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      specification: AMS 4928, annealed bar, diameter under 2.00 in
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Value printed in a table of typical annealed mechanical properties (AMS 4928)
    status: ground
    source: aircraft-ti64
    where: 'Typical Mechanical Properties: Annealed Bar (per AMS 4928), row less than 2.00 in, Yield column'
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, annealed
    value: 10
    value_high: 18
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: annealed
    method: Printed range for the annealed condition in a technical reference page (Section 3.1)
    status: ground
    source: boze-ti64
    where: Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Elongation, Annealed column
  - benchmark: hardness
    label: Hardness, annealed
    value: 30
    value_high: 36
    unit: HRC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: annealed
    method: Printed range for the annealed condition in a technical reference page (Section 3.1)
    status: ground
    source: boze-ti64
    where: Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Hardness, Annealed column
  - benchmark: impact_energy
    label: Charpy V-notch impact, annealed
    value: 18
    value_high: 30
    unit: J
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: annealed
      test: Charpy V-notch
    method: Printed range in a technical reference page (Section 3.1)
    status: ground
    source: boze-ti64
    where: Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Charpy V-notch impact, Annealed column
  - benchmark: fatigue_limit
    label: Fatigue endurance limit, annealed (10^7 cycles)
    value: 500
    value_high: 600
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: annealed
      cycles: 10^7
    method: Printed range in a technical reference page (Section 3.1)
    status: ground
    source: boze-ti64
    where: Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Fatigue endurance limit row, Annealed column
corrosion:
  - environment: Seawater
    headline: Titanium alloys have outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater.
    effect: The general titanium page says titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater and is used for propeller shafts, rigging and other boat parts exposed to seawater. The page is about commercially pure titanium and the family as a whole, not a Ti-6Al-4V test.
    rating: severe
    conditions:
      basis: general statement, titanium family
    source: wikipedia-titanium-alloy
    where: Titanium alloy article, applications section (Marine)
  - environment: Marine and offshore oil and gas
    headline: Grade 5 offers excellent resistance to many marine and offshore oil and gas environments.
    effect: The supplier datasheet states the resistance and lists marine equipment and offshore oil and gas equipment as typical applications. It notes that alloys such as grade 24 (0.05 % Pd) or grade 25 (0.05 % Pd, 0.5 % Ni) raise resistance in reducing acid, chloride and sour environments, to above 200 degC.
    rating: severe
    conditions:
      basis: supplier statement; no test conditions printed
    source: smiths-ti64
    where: Corrosion Resistance and Typical Applications sections
  - environment: Acids
    headline: Resists oxidising acids; rapidly attacked by hydrofluoric acid; not for red fuming nitric acid.
    effect: Titanium and its alloys resist a wide range of acids, being highly resistant to oxidising acids and useful against reducing acids. The datasheet says Grade 5 should not be used with red fuming nitric acid and is rapidly attacked by hydrofluoric acid.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: supplier statement, no concentrations printed
    source: smiths-ti64
    where: Corrosion Resistance section
  - environment: Simulated body fluid (Hank's solution), electrochemical
    headline: Ti-6Al-4V forms a passive film; the film behaves differently after transpassivation.
    effect: Passive films on as-cast Ti-6Al-4V were formed in Hank's solution by potentiostatic polarisation. The passivation current density in the repassivation range was significantly larger than in the passivation range, which the authors relate to a change in the film. This is an as-cast material in a simulated body fluid, not a seawater test.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      electrolyte: Hank's solution (simulated body fluid)
      method: potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarisation, EIS
      material: as-cast Ti-6Al-4V
    source: frontiers-ti64-passive
    where: Abstract
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: PubChem aggregates GHS reports for titanium from 808 company reports (18 ECHA C&L notifications). It gives H228 (flammable solid), signal word Danger, and lists Flammable solids Category 1. The fetched record also has a "Not Classified" line, and does not separate bulk metal from powder or swarf. Check the SDS for the form you handle.
      ghs:
        - 'H228: Flammable solid'
      source: pubchem-ti
      where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 23963)
    - text: Precautionary statements listed with the GHS entry include P210 (keep away from heat, sparks, open flames), P240 and P241 (grounding, explosion-proof equipment), and P280 (protective gloves).
      ghs: []
      source: pubchem-ti
      where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification precautionary statements
  failure_risks:
    - source: wikipedia-titanium-alloy
      where: Titanium alloy article, Ti-6Al-4V / Ti-6Al-4V-ELI section
      mode: Ti-6Al-4V has poor shear strength and poor surface wear properties in certain lo
      consequence: Ti-6Al-4V has poor shear strength and poor surface wear properties in certain loading conditions. Galling and fretting data were not found in a fetched source.
    - source: smiths-ti64
      where: Fabrication (typical values)
      mode: Weldability is rated fair by the supplier
      consequence: Weldability is rated fair by the supplier.
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: Specified bend radius is 4.5 times thickness for sections under 0.070 in and 5.0 times thickness above that (supplier fabrication values).
      source: smiths-ti64
      where: Fabrication (typical values)
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: structures
    device: Aerospace forging and bar (example of an AMS 4928 bar forging)
    example: A supplier's application example describes a 120 mm AMS 4928 bar forging with a 1.2 mm minimum wall, machined to a profile tolerance of plus or minus 0.025 mm.
    source: boze-ti64
    where: Section 4 (application examples), Aerospace example
  - application: structures
    device: Aircraft and spacecraft structural parts made to AMS 4928 and AMS 4911
    example: The alloy is specified to AMS 4928 for bar and to AMS 4911 for sheet, with the minimum tensile values printed in the aircraft-materials table.
    source: aircraft-ti64
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties tables (AMS 4928 bar; AMS 4911 sheet)
  - application: structures
    device: Aero-engine components and airframe components
    example: Grade 5 is listed for aero-engine and airframe components in the supplier datasheet, with AMS 4928 and AMS 4911 specifications.
    source: smiths-ti64
    where: Typical Applications; Material Specifications
  - application: structures
    device: Marine equipment and offshore oil and gas equipment
    example: Grade 5 is listed for marine and offshore oil and gas equipment, based on its resistance to seawater and many offshore environments.
    source: smiths-ti64
    where: Typical Applications; Corrosion Resistance
supply:
  - subject: Titanium sponge (feedstock for mill products and alloys)
    abundance: Not read in this run. USGS gives tonnages below but no crustal abundance for titanium.
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 70.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 260,000 t of 370,000 t world sponge (USGS table, World Sponge Metal Production)'
      - country: Japan
        share_percent: 14.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 53,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 6.8
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 25,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 4.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 16,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Saudi Arabia
        share_percent: 3.2
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 12,000 t of 370,000 t'
    us_position: The United States produced no titanium sponge in 2025; the last domestic sponge plant closed in 2024. US sponge imports were an estimated 44,000 t in 2025 (Japan 73 %, Kazakhstan 13 %, Saudi Arabia 13 % through July 2025). Net import reliance for sponge is 100 % (2025e).
    source: usgs-ti-2026
    where: Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; Events, Trends, and Issues; World Sponge Metal Production table
  - subject: Vanadium (mine production, feedstock for ferrovanadium and alloys)
    abundance: World resources exceed 63 million t; world mine reserves 21,000 t (2025e). Vanadium is mostly a coproduct of steel and titanomagnetite processing.
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 74.5
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 82,000 t of 110,000 t world mine production (USGS, 2025e)'
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 19.1
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 21,000 t of 110,000 t'
      - country: Brazil
        share_percent: 4.8
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 5,300 t of 110,000 t'
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 4.5
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 5,000 t of 110,000 t'
    us_position: 'No primary vanadium mine production in the US. Secondary production from ash, residues and spent catalysts was 7,500 t in 2025e. US net import reliance was 41 % of apparent consumption in 2025e (46 % in 2024). Imports 2021 to 2024: ferrovanadium from Canada 50 % and Austria 35 %; vanadium pentoxide from Brazil 47 % and South Africa 43 %.'
    source: usgs-v-2026
    where: Salient Statistics; Import Sources; World Mine Production and Reserves table
media: []
documents:
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Smiths Metal Centres: Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) technical datasheet'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-6al-4v-grade-5.pdf
    year: 2023
  - title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification summary'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963
    year: 2026
  - title: Characteristics of Passive Films Formed on As-Cast Ti-6Al-4V in Hank's Solution (open access)
    type: paper
    url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.640081
    year: 2021
  - title: ATI 6-4 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V, Grade 5) product page
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-6-4-grade5
    year: 2026
  - title: ATI Ti-6Al-4V, Grade 5 Technical Data Sheet
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/titanium/alloyed/ati_6-4_tds_en_v1.pdf
    year: 2011
  - title: 'United Performance Metals: Ti-6Al-4V Grade 5 datasheet (sheet, bar and plate)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.upmet.com/sites/default/files/products/datasheet/ti-6al-4v-datasheet.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'BIBUS METALS: Titanium Grade 5 (6Al-4V) product page'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://metals.bibus.com/cn-zh/products/itm/titanium-grade-5-6al-4v/
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Service Steel Aerospace: Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Grade 5 Sheet (AMS 4911, UNS R56400)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.ssa-corp.com/en/Ti-6Al-4V-Titanium-Sheet-AMS-4911-UNSR56400.php
    year: 2026
  - title: 'TIMET: plate product page (TIMETAL 6-4, TIMETAL 6Al-4V)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.timet.com/products/plate.html
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - 'Hydrogen embrittlement and hydride formation: no fetched source. (A 2024 Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering paper was seen only as a search snippet and is not used.)'
  - 'Galling: no fetched source.'
  - 'Chloride pitting and crevice data for Ti-6Al-4V specifically: not read; the seawater statements are general titanium.'
  - 'Critical-mineral lists: the USGS titanium and vanadium MCS 2026 text does not list them; the USGS 2025 critical list and EU list were not read in this run.'
  - 'Space and orbital data (atomic oxygen erosion yield, outgassing, thermal cycling in orbit): no NASA source with Ti-6Al-4V numbers was read.'
  - 'Cryogenic properties: the NIST page gives only curve-fit coefficients, not printed values, so no number is used.'
  - 'Spacecraft tanks and fasteners as a use: no source read.'
  - 'Medical implants: the Wikipedia article says Ti-6Al-4V-ELI is the most common medical implant titanium alloy; this is the ELI grade, not Grade 5, so it is not listed as a Grade 5 use.'
  - 'Phone and watch frame claim: not supported by any fetched source.'
  - 'Heat-treatment temperature windows and cutting data: printed on the supplier page but not recorded as properties.'
  - Beta-transus and melting values come from one supplier page; no second source checked them.
  - 'Media and product-form data: not extracted.'
  - 'Designations not found on the pages read in this run: EN name TiAl6V4, AFNOR TA6V, JIS, ASTM B381 (forgings) and B367 (castings). Carpenter''s titanium alloy finder has no Ti-6Al-4V entry in static HTML. The ASM Material Data Sheet (asm.matweb.com) did not connect. Ulbrich and Upmet product pages are blocked by Cloudflare. TIMET product pages print trade names only. Not added: AMS 6930 (scope not stated), PWA LCS and GE GT193 (OEM specs), AMS-H-81200 (heat treatment), DMS 1592, CMMP015 and Grade 23 or ELI codes.'
sources:
  boze-ti64:
    title: 'Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)'
    id: Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide
    url: https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/
    year: 2025
    kind: web
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  aircraft-ti64:
    title: Titanium Alloy Grade 5 / Ti-6Al-4V (aircraft materials data)
    id: aircraftmaterials.com
    url: https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/titanium/ti6al4v.html
    year: 2025
    kind: web
    license: web page, cited not reproduced
  makeitfrom-ti64:
    title: Grade 5 (Ti-6Al-4V, 3.7165, R56400) Titanium material properties
    id: MakeItFrom.com
    url: https://www.makeitfrom.com/material-properties/Grade-5-Ti-6Al-4V-3.7165-R56400-Titanium
    year: 2025
    kind: web
    license: web page, cited not reproduced
  wikipedia-titanium-alloy:
    title: Titanium alloy (Wikipedia)
    id: Wikipedia, Titanium alloy
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: CC BY-SA 4.0
  usgs-ti-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, Titanium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: US Government work, public domain
  usgs-v-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium (USGS, February 2026)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, Vanadium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: US Government work, public domain
  smiths-ti64:
    title: Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) Technical Datasheet
    id: Smiths Metal Centres
    url: https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-6al-4v-grade-5.pdf
    year: 2023
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced
  pubchem-ti:
    title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification'
    id: PubChem CID 23963
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: PubChem, public
  frontiers-ti64-passive:
    title: Characteristics of Passive Films Formed on As-Cast Ti-6Al-4V in Hank's Solution Before and After Transpassivation (Front. Mater. 2021)
    id: Guo et al., doi 10.3389/fmats.2020.640081
    url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.640081
    year: 2021
    kind: paper
    license: open access, cited not reproduced
  ati-6-4-page:
    title: ATI 6-4 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V, Grade 5) product page
    id: ATI Inc., ATI 6-4 product page
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-6-4-grade5
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced
  ati-6-4-tds:
    title: ATI Ti-6Al-4V, Grade 5 Technical Data Sheet
    id: ATI Inc., technical data sheet
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/titanium/alloyed/ati_6-4_tds_en_v1.pdf
    year: 2011
    kind: datasheet
    license: manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced
  upmet-ti64:
    title: Ti-6Al-4V Grade 5 Titanium datasheet (sheet, bar and plate; AMS 4911, 4928, 4967, 6931)
    id: United Performance Metals (Upmet), datasheet
    url: https://www.upmet.com/sites/default/files/products/datasheet/ti-6al-4v-datasheet.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: datasheet
    license: stockist datasheet, cited not reproduced
  bibus-ti64:
    title: Titanium Grade 5 (6Al-4V) product page (3.7165 / 3.7164.1 / UNS R56400)
    id: BIBUS METALS, stockist product page
    url: https://metals.bibus.com/cn-zh/products/itm/titanium-grade-5-6al-4v/
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: stockist web page, cited not reproduced
  ssa-ti64-sheet:
    title: Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Grade 5 Sheet, AMS 4911, UNS R56400 (product page)
    id: Service Steel Aerospace (SSA), product page
    url: https://www.ssa-corp.com/en/Ti-6Al-4V-Titanium-Sheet-AMS-4911-UNSR56400.php
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: stockist web page, cited not reproduced
  timet-plate:
    title: TIMET plate product page (TIMETAL 6-4, TIMETAL 6Al-4V)
    id: TIMET, plate product page
    url: https://www.timet.com/products/plate.html
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-19'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 17
  unreachable: 4
  caveats: 3
  note: Deepened 2026-10-19 by an assistant. Added recipe (Smiths datasheet), supply (USGS MCS 2026), corrosion, uses, hazards and remaining story sections. Existing properties and sources kept.
story:
  recipe:
    line: Ti-6Al-4V is titanium with 5.5 to 6.75 % aluminium and 3.5 to 4.5 % vanadium by weight, with maximum limits on iron (0.4 %) and oxygen (0.2 %), and titanium as the balance. The limits are from the Smiths Metal Centres datasheet for bar to ASTM B348 Grade 5. Aluminium stabilises the alpha phase and vanadium the beta phase, so the alloy is a two-phase alpha-beta material. Process routes are not described in the sources read here.
    parts:
      - name: Titanium
        symbol: Ti
        share: balance
        role: Base metal. Most of the alloy is titanium, which gives low density and corrosion resistance.
        source: smiths-ti64
        where: Chemical Composition table (balance is not printed; implied by the other limits)
        share_note: balance (the rest)
      - name: Aluminium
        symbol: Al
        share_percent: 5.5
        share_high: 6.75
        share_low: 5.5
        role: Alpha stabiliser. Raises the beta-transus temperature and strengthens the alpha phase.
        source: smiths-ti64
        where: Chemical Composition table, Al min 5.5 max 6.75
      - name: Vanadium
        symbol: V
        share_percent: 3.5
        share_high: 4.5
        share_low: 3.5
        role: Beta stabiliser. Lets the alloy be solution-treated and aged to higher strength.
        source: smiths-ti64
        where: Chemical Composition table, V min 3.5 max 4.5
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_percent: 0
        share_max: true
        role: Impurity, maximum limit.
        source: smiths-ti64
        where: Chemical Composition table, Fe max 0.4
        share_high: 0.4
      - name: Oxygen
        symbol: O
        share_percent: 0
        share_max: true
        role: Interstitial impurity, maximum limit. Raises strength and lowers ductility; the ELI grade caps it at 0.13 %.
        source: smiths-ti64
        where: Chemical Composition table, O max 0.2; ELI note in Product Description
        share_high: 0.2
      - name: Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen
        symbol: N, C, H
        share_max_values: N 0.05, C 0.08, H 0.015 (maximum)
        role: Interstitial impurities with maximum limits.
        source: smiths-ti64
        where: Chemical Composition table
        share_note: at most 0.08 C, 0.05 N, 0.015 H
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 0
      verdict: Not assessed in the sources fetched
      lead: The metal in solid form is not classified as hazardous in the fetched sources. The PubChem record gives a flammable-solid classification for titanium, which applies to powder and swarf.
      points:
        - label: Solid alloy
          line: Bar and sheet are covered by the supplier datasheet, which gives no hazard classification.
        - label: Powder and swarf
          line: PubChem gives H228 (flammable solid) for titanium, from aggregated reports. Treat powder and swarf as a fire hazard.
  why: Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) is the most commonly used titanium alloy. It is titanium with about 6 % aluminium and 4 % vanadium. It combines a density of 4.43 g/cm3 with an annealed yield strength of 830 to 950 MPa, which makes it much stronger per unit mass than most steels for a given load. Its thermal conductivity is low, 6.7 W/(m K) at 20 degC, so it is chosen for structure rather than heat spreading.
  uses:
    - where: Aerospace structures
      line: A supplier application example describes a 120 mm AMS 4928 bar forging for an aerospace part, with a 1.2 mm minimum wall and a profile tolerance of plus or minus 0.025 mm. The aircraft-materials page gives the minimum strengths for AMS 4928 bar that such forgings are bought to.
    - where: Aero-engine and airframe parts
      line: The supplier datasheet lists aero-engine and airframe components and marine and offshore equipment as typical uses, with AMS 4928 and AMS 4911 as the specifications.
  can_do:
    - label: Strength
      benchmark: yield_strength
      line: In the annealed condition the 0.2 % yield strength is 830 to 950 MPa. In the solution-treated and aged condition it rises to 1000 to 1100 MPa, at the cost of ductility (elongation falls to 6 to 10 %).
    - label: Stiffness
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      line: The tensile elastic modulus is 113.8 GPa, with a Poisson ratio of 0.342.
    - label: Temperature
      benchmark: beta_transus
      line: The beta-transus temperature is 995 plus or minus 15 degC. Heat treatment below this temperature keeps the alpha-beta structure, which is the basis of the annealed and aged conditions.
  compare: Ti-6Al-4V sits between the commercially pure titanium grades and high-strength steels. It is stronger than pure titanium, and it is lighter than steel at similar strength. It conducts heat poorly compared with aluminium and copper, with a thermal conductivity of 6.7 W/(m K) at 20 degC against a density of 4.43 g/cm3.
  compare_rows:
    - scope: material
      label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - scope: material
      label: Elastic modulus
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
    - scope: material
      label: Yield strength
      benchmark: yield_strength
  handling:
    - 'Fabrication: weldability is fair. Specified bend radius is 4.5 times thickness for sections under 0.070 in and 5.0 times above that (supplier datasheet).'
    - 'Powder and swarf: H228 flammable-solid classification (PubChem). Keep away from heat and sparks and ground the equipment.'
    - 'Heat treatment: the alloy is used annealed or solution-treated and aged. The temperature windows are on the supplier page but are not carried into this profile yet (see gaps).'
  good_for:
    - Strength for its weight. Annealed yield is 830 to 950 MPa at a density of 4.43 g/cm3.
    - Structural parts that need to hold strength up to about 400 degC, the service limit given on the Wikipedia page.
  watch_out:
    - Low thermal conductivity, 6.7 W/(m K) at 20 degC.
    - Ductility drops in the aged condition, to 6 to 10 % elongation.
    - Hazard and corrosion data were not checked in this run.
    - Poor shear and surface wear behaviour in certain loading conditions (Wikipedia). Galling was not checked.
    - Hydrofluoric acid attacks the alloy rapidly (supplier datasheet).
  verdict: 'Ti-6Al-4V is the default structural titanium for demanding aerospace parts: it gives high strength at low density and is well documented. Its weak point is heat conduction, and the sources read here do not cover corrosion or hazards.'
supply_note: Shares are computed by the assistant from the printed tonnage and the printed world total (USGS rounds its world totals), not printed by USGS.
critical_lists: []
composition:
  basis: weight percent, bar to ASTM B348 Grade 5 as printed in the supplier datasheet
  source: smiths-ti64
  where: Chemical Composition (Bar to ASTM B348 Grade 5) table
  limits:
    - element: Al
      min: 5.5
      max: 6.75
    - element: V
      min: 3.5
      max: 4.5
    - element: Fe
      max: 0.4
    - element: O
      max: 0.2
    - element: C
      max: 0.08
    - element: 'N'
      max: 0.05
    - element: H
      max: 0.015
  eli_oxygen_max: 0.13
  note: Grade 23 (ELI) caps oxygen at 0.13 % max (supplier Product Description)