Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si and Ti-Ga binaries, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al and Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C) Ti minor alloys
Multi-element alloys and binaries, nominal compositions only: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Al 5 to 6, V 5 to 6, Sn 1.5 to 2.5 wt%, Fe and Cu 0.35 to 1 wt% each)
Also known as UNS R56410, UNS R58640
This profile groups titanium alloys that are less common than Ti-6Al-4V and Beta 3.
Evidence level
2 of 5
Lab-measured
- 0Predicted only. No one has made it, or no measurement exists.
- 1Calculated. Only calculated or predicted values from sources.
- 2Lab-measured. Measured properties with their conditions stated.
- 3Space-relevant tests. Measured in conditions relevant to space, such as vacuum or atomic oxygen.
- 4Ground-qualified. Qualified for an application on the ground.
- 5Flown or field-proven. Flight or field results exist.
Strength
< 175 ksi
Ductility
< 10 %
Stiffness
15000 ksi
Heat
3000 degF
Recipe, share of the weight
- Ti not statedTitanium
- V 10%Vanadium
- Fe 2%Iron
- Al 3%Aluminium
- Mo not statedMolybdenum
- Fe not statedIron and titanium (TiFe)
- Si not statedSilicon (Ti5Si3)
Best for
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al for forged, heat-treated structural parts that must hold about 1000 N/mm2 tensile strength at room temperature and about 900 N/mm2 at 315 degC
Weakest at
Ti-Mo binaries lose ductility when aged or cast (Ti-15.05Mo falls to 6.95 % elongation after solution treatment), and Ti-Ga, Ti-Si and Ti-V have no alloy-level property value in the sources read
Risk at a glance
- People None found. Not classified for the metal
- If it fails No data. No failure risks recorded
- Corrosion Low. The supplier says Beta C resists reducing acids well. No test value was printed.
Quick facts: Ti minor alloys
| Property | Value | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 4.54 g/cm³ | 1 sourced value |
| Yield strength | 793 to 1,282 MPa | 4 sourced values across conditions |
| Tensile strength | 685 to 1,300 MPa | 8 sourced values across conditions |
| Young's modulus | 103 GPa | 1 sourced value |
| Thermal conductivity | 0.71 to 7.8 W/(m·K) | 3 sourced values across conditions |
| Thermal expansion (CTE) | 9.7 ppm/K | 1 sourced value |
| Melting point | 1,649 °C | 2 sourced values across conditions |
What is the density of Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si?
Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si has a density of 4.54 g/cm³. The source and test conditions are listed in the properties table on this page.
What is the thermal conductivity of Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si?
Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si has a thermal conductivity of 0.71 to 7.8 W/(m·K). The range covers 3 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What is the coefficient of thermal expansion of Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si?
Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 9.7 ppm/K. The source and test conditions are listed in the properties table on this page.
What is the melting point of Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si?
Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si has a melting point of 1,649 °C. The range covers 2 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What is the yield strength of Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si?
Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si has a yield strength of 793 to 1,282 MPa. The range covers 4 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What are the other names and codes for Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si?
Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si is also written as UNS R56410, UNS R58640. Each code is printed in the source listed beside it in the designations table.
What is Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si used for?
Uses recorded in the sources include Forged structural parts, helicopter rotor hubs and landing gear; Rocket cases, forgings and airframe sections (Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn); Springs and fasteners (Beta C).
Why it exists
These are the less common titanium alloys. Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al is a quasi-beta forging alloy used for structural parts, helicopter rotor hubs and landing gear. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn is an alpha-beta alloy with a higher strength than Ti-6Al-4V and is used for forgings, rocket cases and airframe sections, though it is harder to weld. Beta C is a beta alloy whose supplier lists it for springs and fasteners. The Ti-Mo binaries are research alloys for beta-phase behaviour, and TiFe is a hydrogen-storage compound.
Where it's used
Structural forgings and landing gear
Aubert and Duval lists structural parts, helicopter rotor hubs and landing gear as uses of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. The datasheet says the alloy is generally delivered in the heat treated condition.
Rocket cases and airframe sections
Titanium Industries lists forging applications, rocket cases, airframe sections and ordnance parts for Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn.
Springs and fasteners
Titanium Industries says Beta C is commonly used for springs and fasteners in aircraft, and lists airframe skins among its uses.
Recipe
Multi-element alloys and binaries, nominal compositions only: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Al 5 to 6, V 5 to 6, Sn 1.5 to 2.5 wt%, Fe and Cu 0.35 to 1 wt% each); Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (V 10, Fe 2, Al 3 wt%); Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Al 3 to 4, V 7.5 to 8.5, Cr 5.5 to 6.5, Zr 3.5 to 4.5, Mo 3.5 to 4.5 wt%); Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe (TiFe, 1:1 atomic), Ti-Si (Ti5Si3) and Ti-Ga binaries
Each alloy is titanium with a small set of alloying elements. Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al is nominally 10 % vanadium, 2 % iron and 3 % aluminium by weight, balance titanium. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn adds 5 to 6 % aluminium, 5 to 6 % vanadium, 1.5 to 2.5 % tin and 0.35 to 1 % each of iron and copper. Beta C has 3 to 4 % aluminium, 7.5 to 8.5 % vanadium, 5.5 to 6.5 % chromium, 3.5 to 4.5 % zirconium and 3.5 to 4.5 % molybdenum. The Ti-Mo binaries are measured at 10.02 to 15.05 % molybdenum. TiFe is a 1:1 atomic compound. The sources read do not describe the melting or forging route for these alloys.
| Ingredient | Share of the weight | What it does |
|---|---|---|
| Titanium Ti | not stated | Base metal in every alloy in this profile. |
| Vanadium V | 10% | Beta stabiliser and strength element. In Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al it is 10.00 % by weight. |
| Iron Fe | 2% | Beta stabiliser. In Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al it is 2.00 % by weight. |
| Aluminium Al | 3% | Alpha stabiliser. In Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al it is 3.00 % by weight. |
| Molybdenum Mo | not stated | Beta stabiliser. Ti-Mo binaries with 10 to 15 % Mo keep the beta phase when quenched. |
| Iron and titanium (TiFe) Fe | not stated | TiFe is a 1:1 intermetallic compound with a CsCl-type cubic structure. The cell takes up hydrogen at room temperature. |
| Silicon (Ti5Si3) Si | not stated | Silicide phase used as a binary intermetallic. Its properties are not recorded here. |
Weight shares are as printed in the sources.
What it can do
Strength
< 175 ksi
measured
Heat treated Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has a typical tensile strength of 1000 to 1300 N/mm2 at room temperature and 900 to 1170 N/mm2 at 315 °C. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn has a supplier maximum of 175 ksi. Solution-treated Ti-Mo binaries reach 684.65 to 764.22 MPa.
Ductility
< 10 %
measured
Heat treated Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has a typical elongation of 5 to 12 %. Ti-10.02Mo keeps 20.17 % after solution treatment, but Ti-15.05Mo falls to 6.95 %.
Stiffness
15000 ksi
measured
Beta C is listed with a modulus of 15000 ksi, though the supplier says its data are for reference only.
Heat
3000 degF
measured
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Beta C both print a melting point of 3000 °F.
How it compares
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has the most usable data here: a typical tensile range at room temperature and at 315 °C, with a beta transus of 800 °C. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Beta C have supplier maxima only. The Ti-Mo binaries sit between 684.65 and 764.22 MPa after solution treatment, and their ductility drops at higher molybdenum, to 6.95 % at 15.05 %. TiFe has a single capacity value, and Ti-V, Ti-Ga and Ti-Si have no alloy-level value in the sources read.
The same measurements for each material, so you can compare them. Each row names the key condition under the value; the full conditions and methods are in the numbered notes under Technical details. Other materials are shown beside it; each was measured under its own conditions, so open its page before comparing closely. Compare every grade in the family.
| Measurement | Ti minor alloys | CP Ti Grade 2 | Ti-6Al-4V | Ti-6Al-4V ELI | Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9) | TiAl | Beta 3 | Ti Grade 11 | Ti Gr 12 | CP Ti Grade 3 | CP Ti Grade 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capacity and energy | |||||||||||
| Hydrogen storage capacity, stoichiometric TiFe | 1.75 wt%28 | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data |
| Thermal behavior and safety | |||||||||||
| Melting point, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn | 3000 degF1 | no data | 1604 °C | 1650 to 1660 °C | no data | no data | 3000 degF | 1670 °C | 1660 °C | no data | no data |
| Thermal conductivity, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn | 46.8 BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F2 | 22 W/(m·K) | 6.7 W/(m K) | 6.6 W/(m K) | no data | no data | no data | 21.79 W/(m·K) | 19.02 W/(m·K) | 151.2 Btu-in/(hr·ft²·°F) | 21.79 W/m-K |
| Thermal conductivity, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al | 7.8 W/(m·K)8 | 22 W/(m·K) | 6.7 W/(m K) | 6.6 W/(m K) | no data | no data | no data | 21.79 W/(m·K) | 19.02 W/(m·K) | 151.2 Btu-in/(hr·ft²·°F) | 21.79 W/m-K |
| Thermal conductivity, Beta C | 4.9 BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F15 | 22 W/(m·K) | 6.7 W/(m K) | 6.6 W/(m K) | no data | no data | no data | 21.79 W/(m·K) | 19.02 W/(m·K) | 151.2 Btu-in/(hr·ft²·°F) | 21.79 W/m-K |
| Melting point, Beta C | 3000 degF16 | no data | 1604 °C | 1650 to 1660 °C | no data | no data | 3000 degF | 1670 °C | 1660 °C | no data | no data |
| Physical and electrical | |||||||||||
| Density, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn spherical powderValue printed on a powder supplier product page | 4.54 g/cm³6 | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.43 g/cm³ | 4.42 g/cm³ | 4.48 g/cm³ | 3.8 g/cm³ | 5.07 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ |
| Hardness (HRC), Beta C, printed range | 24 to 38 HRC20 | 160 HV | 30 HRC | no data | 15 HRC | no data | 24 to 38 HRC | no data | no data | 200 HV | no data |
| Other measurements | |||||||||||
| Tensile strength, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, supplier maximum | < 175 ksi3 | > 345 MPa | no data | 828 MPa | > 620 MPa | 422 MPa | 1000 MPa | > 240 MPa | > 483 MPa | > 450 MPa | > 345 MPa |
| Yield strength (Rp0.2), Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, supplier maximum | < 186 ksi4 | > 275 MPa | 830 MPa | 759 MPa | > 483 MPa | 326 MPa | 965 MPa | > 138 MPa | > 345 MPa | > 380 MPa | > 275 MPa |
| Elongation, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, supplier maximum | < 10 %5 | > 20 % | 10 % | 10 % | > 15 % | 1.7 % | 7 % | > 24 % | > 18 % | > 18 % | > 20 % |
| Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al | 9.7 ppm/K7 | no data | 8.6 10^-6 /°C | 9 10^-6 /°C | no data | no data | no data | 9.7 μm/(m·°C) | 9.54 10^-6/°C | 8.6 10-6/°C | 9.7 µm/m-°C |
| Beta transus, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al | 800 °C9 | 913 °C | 995 °C | 966 °C | no data | no data | 750 °C | 888 °C | 890 °C | 1690 °F | no data |
| Tensile strength, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, ambient | 1000 to 1300 N/mm210 | > 345 MPa | no data | 828 MPa | > 620 MPa | 422 MPa | 1000 MPa | > 240 MPa | > 483 MPa | > 450 MPa | > 345 MPa |
| Yield strength (0.2 %), Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, ambient | 900 to 1200 N/mm211 | > 275 MPa | 830 MPa | 759 MPa | > 483 MPa | 326 MPa | 965 MPa | > 138 MPa | > 345 MPa | > 380 MPa | > 275 MPa |
| Elongation, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, ambientTypical range printed on a producer datasheet | 5 to 12 %12 | > 20 % | 10 % | 10 % | > 15 % | 1.7 % | 7 % | > 24 % | > 18 % | > 18 % | > 20 % |
| Tensile strength, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, 315 degC | 900 to 1170 N/mm213 | > 345 MPa | no data | 828 MPa | > 620 MPa | 422 MPa | 1000 MPa | > 240 MPa | > 483 MPa | > 450 MPa | > 345 MPa |
| Yield strength (0.2 %), Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, 315 degC | 800 to 1080 N/mm214 | > 275 MPa | 830 MPa | 759 MPa | > 483 MPa | 326 MPa | 965 MPa | > 138 MPa | > 345 MPa | > 380 MPa | > 275 MPa |
| Yield strength (Rp0.2), Beta C, supplier maximum | < 115 ksi17 | > 275 MPa | 830 MPa | 759 MPa | > 483 MPa | 326 MPa | 965 MPa | > 138 MPa | > 345 MPa | > 380 MPa | > 275 MPa |
| Tensile strength, Beta C, supplier maximum | < 120 ksi18 | > 345 MPa | no data | 828 MPa | > 620 MPa | 422 MPa | 1000 MPa | > 240 MPa | > 483 MPa | > 450 MPa | > 345 MPa |
| Elongation, Beta C, supplier maximum | < 15 %19 | > 20 % | 10 % | 10 % | > 15 % | 1.7 % | 7 % | > 24 % | > 18 % | > 18 % | > 20 % |
| Modulus of elasticity, Beta C | 15000 ksi21 | 103 GPa | 113.8 GPa | 107 to 122 GPa | 91 GPa | 168 GPa | 82 GPa | 112 GPa | 103 GPa | 103 GPa | 112 GPa |
| Tensile strength, Ti-10.02Mo binary, solution treated | 684.6 MPa22 | > 345 MPa | no data | 828 MPa | > 620 MPa | 422 MPa | 1000 MPa | > 240 MPa | > 483 MPa | > 450 MPa | > 345 MPa |
| Tensile strength, Ti-10.83Mo binary, solution treated | 764.2 MPa23 | > 345 MPa | no data | 828 MPa | > 620 MPa | 422 MPa | 1000 MPa | > 240 MPa | > 483 MPa | > 450 MPa | > 345 MPa |
| Tensile strength, Ti-12.89Mo binary, solution treated | 718.2 MPa24 | > 345 MPa | no data | 828 MPa | > 620 MPa | 422 MPa | 1000 MPa | > 240 MPa | > 483 MPa | > 450 MPa | > 345 MPa |
| Tensile strength, Ti-15.05Mo binary, solution treated | 705.9 MPa25 | > 345 MPa | no data | 828 MPa | > 620 MPa | 422 MPa | 1000 MPa | > 240 MPa | > 483 MPa | > 450 MPa | > 345 MPa |
| Elongation, Ti-10.02Mo binary, solution treated | 20.17 %26 | > 20 % | 10 % | 10 % | > 15 % | 1.7 % | 7 % | > 24 % | > 18 % | > 18 % | > 20 % |
| Elongation, Ti-15.05Mo binary, solution treated | 6.95 %27 | > 20 % | 10 % | 10 % | > 15 % | 1.7 % | 7 % | > 24 % | > 18 % | > 18 % | > 20 % |
Why choose it, and why not
Good for
- Forged structural parts that are heat treated to about 1000 N/mm2 tensile strength (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al).
- Springs and fasteners where a beta alloy is wanted (Beta C, supplier).
Watch out for
- Ductility falls with ageing and with higher Mo in the Ti-Mo binaries (Ti-15.05Mo at 6.95 % after solution treatment).
- Most maxima are supplier numbers marked reference only or typical, not guaranteed minimums, so do not design to them without an AMS or mill specification.
- Ti-V, Ti-Ga and Ti-Si have no alloy-level property value in the sources read.
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has the most usable data here and suits forged structural parts. Beta C and Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn have supplier maxima only. The Ti-Mo binaries show that molybdenum above 10 % cuts ductility. Ti-V, Ti-Ga and Ti-Si need primary data before any design use.
Technical details
For scientists and researchers. Everything above comes from the record below: every number with its method, its conditions and its source.
Other names and standards
The same grade under other systems, as datasheets and standards print them. Each code was checked against the page it comes from.
| System | Codes |
|---|---|
| UNS | R56410, R58640 |
Notes
The method, full conditions and any caveat for the numbered rows above.
| # | Measurement | Method | Conditions | Caveat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Melting point, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn | Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)basis value printed in degF on the supplier physical properties table | — |
| 2 | Thermal conductivity, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn | Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)basis printed unit kept, not converted | — |
| 3 | Tensile strength, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, supplier maximum | Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)condition not stated; maximum only, no minimum printedbasis supplier maximum, reference only | — |
| 4 | Yield strength (Rp0.2), Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, supplier maximum | Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)condition not stated; maximum only, no minimum printedbasis supplier maximum, reference only | — |
| 5 | Elongation, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, supplier maximum | Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)condition gauge length AL=5 x diameter; no minimum printedbasis supplier maximum, reference only | — |
| 6 | Density, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn spherical powder | — | grade Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)form spherical powder product page; bulk alloy density not readbasis value printed with unit on a powder product page | — |
| 7 | Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al | Printed as 9.7 x 10-6 m/m.°C; 10-6 per degC equals ppm/K, so the printed number is kept and only the unit label changes | grade Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)temperature range 20 °C to 400 °Cunit in source m/m.°C x 10-6, printed as 9.7 x 10-6 | — |
| 8 | Thermal conductivity, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al | Printed as W.m/m2.°C, which equals W/(m·K); number kept as printed | grade Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)temperature 20 °Cunit in source W.m/m2.°C | — |
| 9 | Beta transus, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al | Value printed in the physical properties block of a producer datasheet | grade Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)basis printed as Beta Transus 800°C under Critical points | — |
| 10 | Tensile strength, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, ambient | Typical range printed on a producer datasheet; N/mm2 is equal to MPa | grade Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)condition heat treated (the usual delivery condition); tensile test at ambient temperaturebasis typical range, not guaranteed minimum (the datasheet's own wording) | — |
| 11 | Yield strength (0.2 %), Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, ambient | Typical range printed on a producer datasheet; N/mm2 is equal to MPa | grade Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)condition heat treated; tensile test at ambient temperature; 0.2 % offsetbasis typical range, not guaranteed minimum | — |
| 12 | Elongation, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, ambient | — | grade Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)condition heat treated; ambient temperature; gauge length 5dbasis typical range, not guaranteed minimum | — |
| 13 | Tensile strength, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, 315 degC | Typical range printed on a producer datasheet; N/mm2 is equal to MPa | grade Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)condition heat treated; tensile test at 315 °Cbasis typical range, not guaranteed minimum | — |
| 14 | Yield strength (0.2 %), Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, 315 degC | Typical range printed on a producer datasheet; N/mm2 is equal to MPa | grade Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)condition heat treated; tensile test at 315 °C; 0.2 % offsetbasis typical range, not guaranteed minimum | — |
| 15 | Thermal conductivity, Beta C | Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640basis printed unit kept, not converted | — |
| 16 | Melting point, Beta C | Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640basis value printed in degF on the supplier page | — |
| 17 | Yield strength (Rp0.2), Beta C, supplier maximum | Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640condition not stated; maximum only, no minimum printedbasis supplier maximum, reference only | — |
| 18 | Tensile strength, Beta C, supplier maximum | Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640condition not stated; maximum only, no minimum printedbasis supplier maximum, reference only | — |
| 19 | Elongation, Beta C, supplier maximum | Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640condition gauge length AL=5 x diameter; maximum onlybasis supplier maximum, reference only | — |
| 20 | Hardness (HRC), Beta C, printed range | Minimum and maximum printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640condition not stated | — |
| 21 | Modulus of elasticity, Beta C | Value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page | grade Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640condition not stated on the pagebasis printed as a single value; supplier says its data are for reference only | — |
| 22 | Tensile strength, Ti-10.02Mo binary, solution treated | Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column) | grade Ti-10.02Mo binary (measured composition)condition solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)basis mean of three tensile tests as stated in the paper | — |
| 23 | Tensile strength, Ti-10.83Mo binary, solution treated | Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column) | grade Ti-10.83Mo binary (measured composition)condition solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)basis mean of three tensile tests as stated in the paper | — |
| 24 | Tensile strength, Ti-12.89Mo binary, solution treated | Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column) | grade Ti-12.89Mo binary (measured composition)condition solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)basis mean of three tensile tests as stated in the paper | — |
| 25 | Tensile strength, Ti-15.05Mo binary, solution treated | Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column) | grade Ti-15.05Mo binary (measured composition)condition solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)basis mean of three tensile tests as stated in the paper | — |
| 26 | Elongation, Ti-10.02Mo binary, solution treated | Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column) | grade Ti-10.02Mo binary (measured composition)condition solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods) | — |
| 27 | Elongation, Ti-15.05Mo binary, solution treated | Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column) | grade Ti-15.05Mo binary (measured composition)condition solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods) | — |
| 28 | Hydrogen storage capacity, stoichiometric TiFe | Value stated in an open-access paper; not measured in this run | grade TiFe (stoichiometric 1:1 compound, CsCl-type cubic)temperature room temperature (as printed)basis literature value quoted in the introduction of the paper; pressure not stated in the sentence | — |
Corrosion and compatibility
What happens when it meets other materials and environments.
| Environment | Concern | What happens |
|---|---|---|
| Reducing acids (Beta C) | low | The supplier says Beta C resists reducing acids well. No test value was printed.1 |
| General (Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn powder product) | low | The supplier calls Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn powder corrosion resistant. No test value was printed.2 |
| # | Environment | Details | Test conditions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Reducing acids (Beta C) | Titanium Industries states that Grade 19 (Beta C) demonstrates exceptional resistance to reducing acids. No corrosion rate or test condition is printed on the page, so the statement is a supplier claim. | basis supplier statement, no test data |
| 2 | General (Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn powder product) | The Stanford Advanced Materials product page describes Ti 6-6-2 spherical powder as a high-strength titanium alloy with good corrosion resistance. No test condition or rate is given. | basis product description, no test data |
Risks and side effects
Hazards to people, what happens when a cell overheats, and how the material is handled and stored.
For people
The PubChem titanium record is mostly not classified, but the codes it gives concern titanium as a whole. No safety data sheet for these alloys was read.
- Hazard codes
- PubChem gives H228, H250 and H251 for titanium, with the signal word Danger, in 202 of 808 company reports. The record does not separate bulk metal from fine powder.
- Powder
- The Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn powder is sold as a spherical powder product. Keep it away from ignition sources.
Handling and processing
- Welding
- The supplier says welding is not typically recommended for Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn.
- Beta C
- The solution-annealed Beta C is extremely ductile and can be cold worked. Higher strength comes from cold working, solution treating and ageing.
- Ti-Mo
- The binaries were solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h and quenched in iced water before testing.
Test details
The original wording and numbers from the sources, for readers who want them.
Handling and storage
- Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn: the supplier says welding is not typically recommended for this material.
- Beta C: the supplier says the solution-annealed condition is extremely ductile and can be cold worked; higher strength needs cold working, solution treating and ageing, alone or combined.
- Ti-Mo binaries were solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h and quenched in iced water before tensile testing, as printed in the methods of the paper.
Supply and geography
How common the raw materials are and where they come from.
Titanium sponge (feedstock for all titanium alloys)
Not read in this run
- Top producers (2025)
- China 70.3%, Japan 14.3%, Russia 6.8%, Kazakhstan 4.3%, Saudi Arabia 3.2%
Molybdenum (alloying element in Ti-Mo binaries and Beta C)
Not read in this run
- Top producers (2025)
- China 37.3%, Chile 16.2%, United States 15.4%, Peru 15%, Mexico 6.5%
Vanadium (alloying element in Beta C and in the Ti-V binary)
Not read in this run
- Top producers (2025)
- China 74.5%, Russia 19.1%, Brazil 4.8%, South Africa 4.5%
Gallium (Ti-Ga binary)
Not read in this run
- Top producers (2025)
- China 99%
Silicon (Ti-Si binary, Ti5Si3)
Not read in this run
- Top producers (2025)
- China 80%
Documents
Datasheets, safety data sheets, papers and standards you can open.
Full record
The complete spore, as stored. Free to reuse under CC-BY-4.0. Images keep the licence shown with each one.
Show the full YAML
spore: profile
id: titanium-minor-alloys
spore_version: 0.2
family: titanium-alloys
name: Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si and Ti-Ga binaries, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al and Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C)
abbreviation: Ti minor alloys
role: structural alloys and intermetallic additions
category: metals
type: titanium
summary: |
This profile groups titanium alloys that are less common than Ti-6Al-4V and Beta 3. Three commercial alloys have printed supplier data: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (an alpha-beta alloy with a printed tensile maximum of 175 ksi), Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (a quasi-beta forging alloy with typical tensile strength of 1000 to 1300 N/mm2 when heat treated) and Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C, a beta alloy with a printed tensile maximum of 120 ksi that suppliers list for springs and fasteners). Ti-Mo binaries have measured tensile data from one open paper on solution-treated samples. Ti-Fe (the TiFe hydrogen-storage compound) has a printed hydrogen capacity. Ti-Si (Ti5Si3) and Ti-Ga have phase information only in the sources read, and Ti-V has no binary-alloy property value in the sources read.
best_for: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al for forged, heat-treated structural parts that must hold about 1000 N/mm2 tensile strength at room temperature and about 900 N/mm2 at 315 degC
weakest_at: Ti-Mo binaries lose ductility when aged or cast (Ti-15.05Mo falls to 6.95 % elongation after solution treatment), and Ti-Ga, Ti-Si and Ti-V have no alloy-level property value in the sources read
identity:
formula: 'Multi-element alloys and binaries, nominal compositions only: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Al 5 to 6, V 5 to 6, Sn 1.5 to 2.5 wt%, Fe and Cu 0.35 to 1 wt% each); Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (V 10, Fe 2, Al 3 wt%); Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Al 3 to 4, V 7.5 to 8.5, Cr 5.5 to 6.5, Zr 3.5 to 4.5, Mo 3.5 to 4.5 wt%); Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe (TiFe, 1:1 atomic), Ti-Si (Ti5Si3) and Ti-Ga binaries'
cas: ''
source: ti-1023-aubert
where: Composition block of the Ti1023 datasheet (V 10.00, Fe 2.00, Al 3.00, Ti base); the other compositions are in the Chemical Composition tables cited under each property
designations:
- system: UNS
code: R56410
source: ti-1023-aubert
where: Specifications block, UNS line (Ti1023, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al)
- system: UNS
code: R58640
source: ti-betac-titanium-com
where: Page title, Titanium Beta C Grade 19 with UNS R58640
tags:
environments: []
stresses: []
applications:
- structures
- propulsion-and-tanks
properties:
- benchmark: melting_point
label: Melting point, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
value: 3000
unit: degF
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)
basis: value printed in degF on the supplier physical properties table
method: Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-662-titanium-com
where: Table 2, Physical Properties, Melting Point (°F) row
- benchmark: thermal_conductivity
label: Thermal conductivity, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
value: 46.8
unit: BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)
basis: printed unit kept, not converted
method: Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-662-titanium-com
where: Table 2, Physical Properties, Thermal conductivity column
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, supplier maximum
value: 175
bound: upper
unit: ksi
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)
condition: not stated; maximum only, no minimum printed
basis: supplier maximum, reference only
method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-662-titanium-com
where: Table 3, Tensile Strength Range (Rm) (ksi), Maximum column
- benchmark: yield_strength
label: Yield strength (Rp0.2), Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, supplier maximum
value: 186
bound: upper
unit: ksi
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)
condition: not stated; maximum only, no minimum printed
basis: supplier maximum, reference only
method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-662-titanium-com
where: Table 3, Yield Strength Range (Rp 0.2 Offset) (ksi), Maximum column
- benchmark: elongation
label: Elongation, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, supplier maximum
value: 10
bound: upper
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)
condition: gauge length AL=5 x diameter; no minimum printed
basis: supplier maximum, reference only
method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-662-titanium-com
where: Table 3, Elongation (AL=5 x Ø) row, Maximum column
- benchmark: density
label: Density, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn spherical powder
value: 4.54
unit: g/cm3
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)
form: spherical powder product page; bulk alloy density not read
basis: value printed with unit on a powder product page
method: Value printed on a powder supplier product page
status: ground
source: stanford-662
where: Product specification block, Density row
- benchmark: cte
label: Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al
value: 9.7
unit: ppm/K
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)
temperature_range: 20 degC to 400 degC
unit_in_source: m/m.°C x 10-6, printed as 9.7 x 10-6
method: Printed as 9.7 x 10-6 m/m.°C; 10-6 per degC equals ppm/K, so the printed number is kept and only the unit label changes
status: ground
source: ti-1023-aubert
where: Physical properties, Mean coefficient of expansion between 20°C and 400°C
- benchmark: thermal_conductivity
label: Thermal conductivity, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al
value: 7.8
unit: W/(m·K)
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)
temperature: 20 degC
unit_in_source: W.m/m2.°C
method: Printed as W.m/m2.°C, which equals W/(m·K); number kept as printed
status: ground
source: ti-1023-aubert
where: Physical properties, Thermal conductivity at 20°C
- benchmark: beta_transus
label: Beta transus, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al
value: 800
unit: degC
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)
basis: printed as Beta Transus 800°C under Critical points
method: Value printed in the physical properties block of a producer datasheet
status: ground
source: ti-1023-aubert
where: Physical properties, Critical points, Beta Transus row
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, ambient
value: 1000
value_high: 1300
bound: range
unit: N/mm2
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)
condition: heat treated (the usual delivery condition); tensile test at ambient temperature
basis: typical range, not guaranteed minimum (the datasheet's own wording)
method: Typical range printed on a producer datasheet; N/mm2 is equal to MPa
status: ground
source: ti-1023-aubert
where: Typical mechanical properties, heat treated, ambient temperature, UTS row
- benchmark: yield_strength
label: Yield strength (0.2 %), Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, ambient
value: 900
value_high: 1200
bound: range
unit: N/mm2
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)
condition: heat treated; tensile test at ambient temperature; 0.2 % offset
basis: typical range, not guaranteed minimum
method: Typical range printed on a producer datasheet; N/mm2 is equal to MPa
status: ground
source: ti-1023-aubert
where: Typical mechanical properties, heat treated, ambient temperature, 0.2 % yield strength row
- benchmark: elongation
label: Elongation, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, ambient
value: 5
value_high: 12
bound: range
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)
condition: heat treated; ambient temperature; gauge length 5d
basis: typical range, not guaranteed minimum
method: Typical range printed on a producer datasheet
status: ground
source: ti-1023-aubert
where: Typical mechanical properties, heat treated, ambient temperature, Elongation (5d) row
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, 315 degC
value: 900
value_high: 1170
bound: range
unit: N/mm2
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)
condition: heat treated; tensile test at 315 degC
basis: typical range, not guaranteed minimum
method: Typical range printed on a producer datasheet; N/mm2 is equal to MPa
status: ground
source: ti-1023-aubert
where: Typical mechanical properties, tensile test at 315°C, UTS row
- benchmark: yield_strength
label: Yield strength (0.2 %), Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, 315 degC
value: 800
value_high: 1080
bound: range
unit: N/mm2
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)
condition: heat treated; tensile test at 315 degC; 0.2 % offset
basis: typical range, not guaranteed minimum
method: Typical range printed on a producer datasheet; N/mm2 is equal to MPa
status: ground
source: ti-1023-aubert
where: Typical mechanical properties, tensile test at 315°C, 0.2 % yield strength row
- benchmark: thermal_conductivity
label: Thermal conductivity, Beta C
value: 4.9
unit: BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640
basis: printed unit kept, not converted
method: Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-betac-titanium-com
where: Table 2, Physical Properties, Thermal conductivity column
- benchmark: melting_point
label: Melting point, Beta C
value: 3000
unit: degF
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640
basis: value printed in degF on the supplier page
method: Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-betac-titanium-com
where: Table 2, Physical Properties, Melting Point (°F) row
- benchmark: yield_strength
label: Yield strength (Rp0.2), Beta C, supplier maximum
value: 115
bound: upper
unit: ksi
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640
condition: not stated; maximum only, no minimum printed
basis: supplier maximum, reference only
method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-betac-titanium-com
where: Table 3, Yield Strength Range (Rp 0.2 Offset) (ksi), Maximum column
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength, Beta C, supplier maximum
value: 120
bound: upper
unit: ksi
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640
condition: not stated; maximum only, no minimum printed
basis: supplier maximum, reference only
method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-betac-titanium-com
where: Table 3, Tensile Strength Range (Rm) (ksi), Maximum column
- benchmark: elongation
label: Elongation, Beta C, supplier maximum
value: 15
bound: upper
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640
condition: gauge length AL=5 x diameter; maximum only
basis: supplier maximum, reference only
method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-betac-titanium-com
where: Table 3, Elongation (AL=5 x Ø) row, Maximum column
- benchmark: hardness
label: Hardness (HRC), Beta C, printed range
value: 24
value_high: 38
bound: range
unit: HRC
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640
condition: not stated
method: Minimum and maximum printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-betac-titanium-com
where: Table 3, Hardness (HRC) row, Minimum and Maximum columns
- benchmark: elastic_modulus
label: Modulus of elasticity, Beta C
value: 15000
unit: ksi
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640
condition: not stated on the page
basis: printed as a single value; supplier says its data are for reference only
method: Value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
status: ground
source: ti-betac-titanium-com
where: Table 3, Modulus of Elasticity (ksi) (E) line
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength, Ti-10.02Mo binary, solution treated
value: 684.65
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-10.02Mo binary (measured composition)
condition: solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)
basis: mean of three tensile tests as stated in the paper
method: Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)
status: ground
source: saimm-ti-mo-2024
where: Table II, UTS (ST) MPa column, Ti-10.02Mo row
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength, Ti-10.83Mo binary, solution treated
value: 764.22
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-10.83Mo binary (measured composition)
condition: solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)
basis: mean of three tensile tests as stated in the paper
method: Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)
status: ground
source: saimm-ti-mo-2024
where: Table II, UTS (ST) MPa column, Ti-10.83Mo row
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength, Ti-12.89Mo binary, solution treated
value: 718.23
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-12.89Mo binary (measured composition)
condition: solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)
basis: mean of three tensile tests as stated in the paper
method: Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)
status: ground
source: saimm-ti-mo-2024
where: Table II, UTS (ST) MPa column, Ti-12.89Mo row
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength, Ti-15.05Mo binary, solution treated
value: 705.91
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-15.05Mo binary (measured composition)
condition: solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)
basis: mean of three tensile tests as stated in the paper
method: Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)
status: ground
source: saimm-ti-mo-2024
where: Table II, UTS (ST) MPa column, Ti-15.05Mo row
- benchmark: elongation
label: Elongation, Ti-10.02Mo binary, solution treated
value: 20.17
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-10.02Mo binary (measured composition)
condition: solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)
method: Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)
status: ground
source: saimm-ti-mo-2024
where: Table II, %E (ST) column, Ti-10.02Mo row
- benchmark: elongation
label: Elongation, Ti-15.05Mo binary, solution treated
value: 6.95
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
grade: Ti-15.05Mo binary (measured composition)
condition: solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)
method: Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)
status: ground
source: saimm-ti-mo-2024
where: Table II, %E (ST) column, Ti-15.05Mo row
- benchmark: hydrogen_capacity
label: Hydrogen storage capacity, stoichiometric TiFe
value: 1.75
unit: wt%
scope: material
conditions:
grade: TiFe (stoichiometric 1:1 compound, CsCl-type cubic)
temperature: room temperature (as printed)
basis: literature value quoted in the introduction of the paper; pressure not stated in the sentence
method: Value stated in an open-access paper; not measured in this run
status: ground
source: arxiv-tife-2020
where: Section 1 (Introduction), paragraph on the TiFe 1:1 compound
corrosion:
- environment: Reducing acids (Beta C)
headline: The supplier says Beta C resists reducing acids well. No test value was printed.
effect: Titanium Industries states that Grade 19 (Beta C) demonstrates exceptional resistance to reducing acids. No corrosion rate or test condition is printed on the page, so the statement is a supplier claim.
rating: low
conditions:
basis: supplier statement, no test data
source: ti-betac-titanium-com
where: Opening paragraph, product description
- environment: General (Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn powder product)
headline: The supplier calls Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn powder corrosion resistant. No test value was printed.
effect: The Stanford Advanced Materials product page describes Ti 6-6-2 spherical powder as a high-strength titanium alloy with good corrosion resistance. No test condition or rate is given.
rating: low
conditions:
basis: product description, no test data
source: stanford-662
where: Product description paragraph
risks:
hazards:
- text: PubChem reports that titanium does not meet GHS hazard criteria in 606 of 808 company reports; 202 of 808 reports give hazard codes. The codes describe titanium as a whole and may not apply to bulk alloy. No supplier safety data sheet for these alloys was read.
ghs:
- 'H228: Flammable solid'
- 'H250: Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air'
- 'H251: Self-heating; may catch fire'
source: pubchem-ti
where: GHS Classification section, company reports summary and hazard statements (signal word Danger)
failure_risks: []
side_effects: []
handling:
- text: 'Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn: the supplier says welding is not typically recommended for this material.'
source: ti-662-titanium-com
where: Product description paragraph
- text: 'Beta C: the supplier says the solution-annealed condition is extremely ductile and can be cold worked; higher strength needs cold working, solution treating and ageing, alone or combined.'
source: ti-betac-titanium-com
where: Opening paragraph
- text: Ti-Mo binaries were solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h and quenched in iced water before tensile testing, as printed in the methods of the paper.
source: saimm-ti-mo-2024
where: Experimental methods, solution treatment paragraph
mitigations: []
uses:
- application: structures
device: Forged structural parts, helicopter rotor hubs and landing gear
example: Aubert and Duval lists structural parts, helicopter rotor hubs and landing gear as applications of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, and says the alloy is generally delivered heat treated.
source: ti-1023-aubert
where: Applications list and Heat treatment section of the Ti1023 datasheet
- application: propulsion-and-tanks
device: Rocket cases, forgings and airframe sections (Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn)
example: Titanium Industries lists forging applications, rocket cases, airframe sections and ordnance parts as uses of Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn.
source: ti-662-titanium-com
where: Questions and answers section, What is Titanium 6Al-6V-2SN used for
- application: structures
device: Springs and fasteners (Beta C)
example: Titanium Industries says Beta C is commonly used for springs and fasteners in aircraft, and lists airframe skins among its uses.
source: ti-betac-titanium-com
where: Opening paragraph and questions and answers section
supply:
- subject: Titanium sponge (feedstock for all titanium alloys)
abundance: Not read in this run
producers:
- country: China
share_percent: 70.3
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 260,000 t of 370,000 t world sponge production (USGS table, World Sponge Metal Production)'
- country: Japan
share_percent: 14.3
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 53,000 t of 370,000 t'
- country: Russia
share_percent: 6.8
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 25,000 t of 370,000 t'
- country: Kazakhstan
share_percent: 4.3
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 16,000 t of 370,000 t'
- country: Saudi Arabia
share_percent: 3.2
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 12,000 t of 370,000 t'
us_position: No titanium sponge was produced in the United States in 2025 (the last domestic sponge plant closed in 2024). Net import reliance is 100 percent in 2025e.
source: usgs-ti-2026
where: Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; World Sponge Metal Production table. Shares are computed from the printed world total, which USGS rounds.
- subject: Molybdenum (alloying element in Ti-Mo binaries and Beta C)
abundance: Not read in this run
producers:
- country: China
share_percent: 37.3
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 97,000 t of 260,000 t world mine production (2025e)'
- country: Chile
share_percent: 16.2
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 42,000 t of 260,000 t'
- country: United States
share_percent: 15.4
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 40,000 t of 260,000 t'
- country: Peru
share_percent: 15
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 39,000 t of 260,000 t'
- country: Mexico
share_percent: 6.5
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 17,000 t of 260,000 t'
source: usgs-mo-2026
where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column. Shares are computed from the printed rounded world total.
- subject: Vanadium (alloying element in Beta C and in the Ti-V binary)
abundance: Not read in this run
producers:
- country: China
share_percent: 74.5
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 82,000 t of 110,000 t world mine production (2025e)'
- country: Russia
share_percent: 19.1
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 21,000 t of 110,000 t'
- country: Brazil
share_percent: 4.8
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 5,300 t of 110,000 t'
- country: South Africa
share_percent: 4.5
year: 2025
basis: 'computed: 5,000 t of 110,000 t'
us_position: Net import reliance was 41 % of apparent consumption in 2025e (46 % in 2024).
source: usgs-v-2026
where: World Mine Production and Reserves table; Salient Statistics
- subject: Gallium (Ti-Ga binary)
abundance: Not read in this run
producers:
- country: China
share_percent: 99
year: 2025
basis: 'printed: China accounted for 99% of worldwide primary low-purity gallium production'
us_position: No domestic primary gallium has been recovered since 1987. Net import reliance is 100 percent.
source: usgs-ga-2026
where: Domestic Production and Use; Net import reliance; Events, Trends, and Issues
- subject: Silicon (Ti-Si binary, Ti5Si3)
abundance: Not read in this run
producers:
- country: China
share_percent: 80
year: 2025
basis: printed as almost 80% of total global estimated production of silicon materials
source: usgs-si-2026
where: Events, Trends, and Issues, silicon materials production paragraph
media: []
documents:
- title: 'Titanium Industries: Ti 6Al-6V-2SN technical page'
type: datasheet
url: https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-6v-2sn/
year: 2026
- title: 'Samaterials: Ti 6-6-2 titanium alloy spherical powder product page'
type: datasheet
url: https://www.samaterials.com/ti-6-6-2-titanium-alloy-spherical-powder.html
year: 2026
- title: 'Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C Grade 19 (UNS R58640) technical page'
type: datasheet
url: https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/
year: 2026
- title: 'Aubert and Duval: Ti1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) datasheet'
type: datasheet
url: https://www.aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Ti1023_GB.pdf
year: 2024
- title: Makhatha et al., The influence of solution treatment on the phase evolution and tensile properties of binary Ti-Mo alloys (J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 124, 5, May 2024)
type: paper
url: https://scielo.org.za/pdf/jsaimm/v124n5/06.pdf
year: 2024
- title: Dematteis et al., Fundamental hydrogen storage properties of TiFe-alloy with partial substitution of Fe by Ti and Mn (arXiv:2012.00354)
type: paper
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00354
year: 2020
- title: Li, Tedenac and Record, Thermodynamic analysis of the Ga-Ti system (J. Alloys Compd. 358, 2003)
type: paper
url: https://pure.bit.edu.cn/en/publications/thermodynamic-analysis-of-the-ga-ti-system/
year: 2003
- title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification (REST record)'
type: database
url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON
year: 2026
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
year: 2026
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf
year: 2026
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf
year: 2026
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Gallium'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-gallium.pdf
year: 2026
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Silicon'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silicon.pdf
year: 2026
gaps:
- 'Ti-V binary: no binary Ti-V tensile, modulus or density value was found in a readable source. The NASA report found (NTRS 19750012451) covers Ti-50V based alloys with tensile values only in figures, and the Springer abstract for Ti-V (DOI 10.1007/BF02642942) gave no numbers. Ti-V is described qualitatively only.'
- 'Ti-Ga: no alloy property value. The Wheeler 2024 paper on Ti-8Ga (Crystals 14, 1061) returned Access Denied to automated fetch, so its hardness and proof-stress figures are not recorded. The Li, Tedenac and Record 2003 abstract lists the compounds (Ti2Ga, Ti5Ga3, Ti2Ga3, TiGa2, TiGa3 stoichiometric; Ti3Ga, Ti5Ga4, TiGa with homogeneity ranges) but gives no numbers.'
- 'Ti-Si (Ti5Si3): no property value from a readable source. The Springer JETP and JMR pages returned no article text, and the density, hardness and modulus figures seen in search results were not on a fetched page. The PMC TiB2/Ti5Si3 composite paper gives no density for pure Ti5Si3.'
- 'Density not recorded for Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (4.65) and Beta C (0.173): the datasheets print the number with no unit, so the unit is not inferred. Density for Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn is from a powder product page only (4.54 g/cm3).'
- 'Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn elastic modulus: the Titanium Industries table prints 6530 ksi, which is about 45 GPa and too low for a titanium alloy, so it is not recorded. Brinell hardness (411 maximum) is not recorded because the table gives no unit on the page.'
- 'Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn beta transus: not found on a fetched page. A 2021 Metals paper was found in search, but its full text was not readable.'
- 'Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al: the AMS 4983, 4984 and 4987 minimum tensile values are not read (SAE pages are paywalled); the Titanium Industries and American Elements pages returned no content. Only the Aubert and Duval typical ranges are recorded.'
- 'Ti-Mo binaries: the elastic moduli are plotted in a figure of the paper (Figure 8) and not printed as values in the text, so they are not recorded. Only solution-treated tensile strength and elongation are recorded.'
- Ti-Mo binary composition is the measured composition of each alloy as named in Table II; no nominal Ti-Mo alloy is named in the paper beyond those rows.
- Hydrogen capacity (wt%) and hardness are not canonical property names in spores/property-canon.yaml; hydrogen_capacity and beta_transus are short snake_case names used here, and hardness is used for the Beta C HRC range. The Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al beta transus is recorded as beta_transus.
- 'Failure risks (fatigue, galling, hydrogen embrittlement, creep) for any alloy in this group: no fetched source.'
- Hazard data are for titanium as a whole (PubChem). No supplier safety data sheet for these alloys was read, and the PubChem record for titanium powder is not separated from bulk.
- 'Corrosion: no test data for Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si or Ti-Ga, and no corrosion statement for Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. The two corrosion entries are supplier statements without test values.'
- 'Supply: abundance, critical-mineral lists (USGS 2025 list and EU list) and recycling for titanium, molybdenum, vanadium, gallium and silicon were not read in this run. Gallium and silicon shares are the printed phrases (99 % and almost 80 %), with the year taken as 2025 because the summary covers that year.'
- 'Space and orbital data for these alloys: none found.'
sources:
ti-662-titanium-com:
title: 'Titanium Industries: Ti 6Al-6V-2SN technical page'
id: Titanium Industries, Ti 6Al-6V-2SN page (accessed 2026-10-26)
url: https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-6v-2sn/
year: 2026
kind: datasheet
license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
stanford-662:
title: 'Samaterials: Ti 6-6-2 titanium alloy spherical powder'
id: Stanford Advanced Materials, product TM4849 (accessed 2026-10-26)
url: https://www.samaterials.com/ti-6-6-2-titanium-alloy-spherical-powder.html
year: 2026
kind: datasheet
license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
ti-betac-titanium-com:
title: 'Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C Grade 19 (UNS R58640) technical page'
id: Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page (accessed 2026-10-26)
url: https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/
year: 2026
kind: datasheet
license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
ti-1023-aubert:
title: 'Aubert and Duval: Ti1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) datasheet'
id: Aubert and Duval, Ti1023 datasheet (UNS R56410)
url: https://www.aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Ti1023_GB.pdf
year: 2024
kind: datasheet
license: manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced
saimm-ti-mo-2024:
title: Makhatha et al., solution treatment and tensile properties of binary Ti-Mo alloys (SAIMM, May 2024)
id: J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 124(5), 2024
url: https://scielo.org.za/pdf/jsaimm/v124n5/06.pdf
year: 2024
kind: paper
license: open access journal, cited not reproduced
arxiv-tife-2020:
title: Dematteis et al., Fundamental hydrogen storage properties of TiFe-alloy with partial substitution of Fe by Ti and Mn
id: arXiv:2012.00354
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00354
year: 2020
kind: paper
license: arXiv, cited not reproduced
ga-ti-li2003:
title: Li, Tedenac and Record, Thermodynamic analysis of the Ga-Ti system
id: doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(03)00131-2 (J. Alloys Compd. 358, 133-141)
url: https://pure.bit.edu.cn/en/publications/thermodynamic-analysis-of-the-ga-ti-system/
year: 2003
kind: paper
license: publisher record, abstract only read
pubchem-ti:
title: PubChem compound record, Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification
id: CID 23963
url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON
year: 2026
kind: database
license: public domain (NCBI)
usgs-ti-2026:
title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)'
id: USGS MCS 2026, Titanium
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
year: 2026
kind: report
license: public domain (USGS)
usgs-mo-2026:
title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum (USGS, February 2026)'
id: USGS MCS 2026, Molybdenum
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf
year: 2026
kind: report
license: public domain (USGS)
usgs-v-2026:
title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium (USGS, February 2026)'
id: USGS MCS 2026, Vanadium
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf
year: 2026
kind: report
license: public domain (USGS)
usgs-ga-2026:
title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Gallium (USGS, February 2026)'
id: USGS MCS 2026, Gallium
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-gallium.pdf
year: 2026
kind: report
license: public domain (USGS)
usgs-si-2026:
title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Silicon (USGS, February 2026)'
id: USGS MCS 2026, Silicon
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silicon.pdf
year: 2026
kind: report
license: public domain (USGS)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
status: draft
method: assistant
checked_values: 28
unreachable: 3
caveats: 6
note: Written 2026-10-26 by an assistant from pages fetched in this run. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al and Beta C have supplier or producer typical and maximum values; Ti-Mo has solution-treated tensile data for four binaries; TiFe has one literature capacity. Ti-V, Ti-Ga and Ti-Si have no alloy-level value in a readable source.
story:
recipe:
line: Each alloy is titanium with a small set of alloying elements. Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al is nominally 10 % vanadium, 2 % iron and 3 % aluminium by weight, balance titanium. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn adds 5 to 6 % aluminium, 5 to 6 % vanadium, 1.5 to 2.5 % tin and 0.35 to 1 % each of iron and copper. Beta C has 3 to 4 % aluminium, 7.5 to 8.5 % vanadium, 5.5 to 6.5 % chromium, 3.5 to 4.5 % zirconium and 3.5 to 4.5 % molybdenum. The Ti-Mo binaries are measured at 10.02 to 15.05 % molybdenum. TiFe is a 1:1 atomic compound. The sources read do not describe the melting or forging route for these alloys.
parts:
- name: Titanium
symbol: Ti
share: balance
role: Base metal in every alloy in this profile.
source: ti-1023-aubert
where: Composition block, Titanium Base
- name: Vanadium
symbol: V
share_percent: 10
role: Beta stabiliser and strength element. In Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al it is 10.00 % by weight.
source: ti-1023-aubert
where: Composition block, Vanadium 10.00
- name: Iron
symbol: Fe
share_percent: 2
role: Beta stabiliser. In Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al it is 2.00 % by weight.
source: ti-1023-aubert
where: Composition block, Iron 2.00
- name: Aluminium
symbol: Al
share_percent: 3
role: Alpha stabiliser. In Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al it is 3.00 % by weight.
source: ti-1023-aubert
where: Composition block, Aluminum 3.00
- name: Molybdenum
symbol: Mo
share: 10.02 to 15.05 % in the measured Ti-Mo binaries
role: Beta stabiliser. Ti-Mo binaries with 10 to 15 % Mo keep the beta phase when quenched.
source: saimm-ti-mo-2024
where: Table II, measured composition rows
- name: Iron and titanium (TiFe)
symbol: Fe
share: 1:1 atomic ratio with titanium
role: TiFe is a 1:1 intermetallic compound with a CsCl-type cubic structure. The cell takes up hydrogen at room temperature.
source: arxiv-tife-2020
where: Section 1, stoichiometric 1:1 compound TiFe
- name: Silicon (Ti5Si3)
symbol: Si
share: Ti5Si3 stoichiometry as named in the sources; no composition range read
role: Silicide phase used as a binary intermetallic. Its properties are not recorded here.
source: usgs-si-2026
where: Named in the profile scope; no composition figure read
risk_groups:
- title: For people
level: 0
verdict: Not classified for the metal
lead: The PubChem titanium record is mostly not classified, but the codes it gives concern titanium as a whole. No safety data sheet for these alloys was read.
points:
- label: Hazard codes
line: PubChem gives H228, H250 and H251 for titanium, with the signal word Danger, in 202 of 808 company reports. The record does not separate bulk metal from fine powder.
- label: Powder
line: The Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn powder is sold as a spherical powder product. Keep it away from ignition sources.
- title: Handling and processing
points:
- label: Welding
line: The supplier says welding is not typically recommended for Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn.
- label: Beta C
line: The solution-annealed Beta C is extremely ductile and can be cold worked. Higher strength comes from cold working, solution treating and ageing.
- label: Ti-Mo
line: The binaries were solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h and quenched in iced water before testing.
why: These are the less common titanium alloys. Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al is a quasi-beta forging alloy used for structural parts, helicopter rotor hubs and landing gear. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn is an alpha-beta alloy with a higher strength than Ti-6Al-4V and is used for forgings, rocket cases and airframe sections, though it is harder to weld. Beta C is a beta alloy whose supplier lists it for springs and fasteners. The Ti-Mo binaries are research alloys for beta-phase behaviour, and TiFe is a hydrogen-storage compound.
uses:
- where: Structural forgings and landing gear
line: Aubert and Duval lists structural parts, helicopter rotor hubs and landing gear as uses of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. The datasheet says the alloy is generally delivered in the heat treated condition.
- where: Rocket cases and airframe sections
line: Titanium Industries lists forging applications, rocket cases, airframe sections and ordnance parts for Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn.
- where: Springs and fasteners
line: Titanium Industries says Beta C is commonly used for springs and fasteners in aircraft, and lists airframe skins among its uses.
can_do:
- label: Strength
benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
line: Heat treated Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has a typical tensile strength of 1000 to 1300 N/mm2 at room temperature and 900 to 1170 N/mm2 at 315 °C. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn has a supplier maximum of 175 ksi. Solution-treated Ti-Mo binaries reach 684.65 to 764.22 MPa.
- label: Ductility
benchmark: elongation
line: Heat treated Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has a typical elongation of 5 to 12 %. Ti-10.02Mo keeps 20.17 % after solution treatment, but Ti-15.05Mo falls to 6.95 %.
- label: Stiffness
benchmark: elastic_modulus
line: Beta C is listed with a modulus of 15000 ksi, though the supplier says its data are for reference only.
- label: Heat
benchmark: melting_point
line: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Beta C both print a melting point of 3000 °F.
compare: 'Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has the most usable data here: a typical tensile range at room temperature and at 315 °C, with a beta transus of 800 °C. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Beta C have supplier maxima only. The Ti-Mo binaries sit between 684.65 and 764.22 MPa after solution treatment, and their ductility drops at higher molybdenum, to 6.95 % at 15.05 %. TiFe has a single capacity value, and Ti-V, Ti-Ga and Ti-Si have no alloy-level value in the sources read.'
compare_rows:
- scope: material
label: Melting point
benchmark: melting_point
- scope: material
label: Tensile strength
benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
- scope: material
label: Elongation
benchmark: elongation
handling:
- 'Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn: welding is not typically recommended (supplier).'
- 'Beta C: the solution-annealed state can be cold worked; higher strength needs cold working or ageing (supplier).'
- 'Ti-Mo binaries: solution treat at 1100 °C for 1 h and quench in iced water, as in the paper.'
- 'Powder and swarf: PubChem gives H228, H250 and H251 for titanium. Keep away from ignition sources.'
good_for:
- Forged structural parts that are heat treated to about 1000 N/mm2 tensile strength (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al).
- Springs and fasteners where a beta alloy is wanted (Beta C, supplier).
watch_out:
- Ductility falls with ageing and with higher Mo in the Ti-Mo binaries (Ti-15.05Mo at 6.95 % after solution treatment).
- Most maxima are supplier numbers marked reference only or typical, not guaranteed minimums, so do not design to them without an AMS or mill specification.
- Ti-V, Ti-Ga and Ti-Si have no alloy-level property value in the sources read.
verdict: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has the most usable data here and suits forged structural parts. Beta C and Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn have supplier maxima only. The Ti-Mo binaries show that molybdenum above 10 % cuts ductility. Ti-V, Ti-Ga and Ti-Si need primary data before any design use.
References
Every number above carries a reference number. Click one to see the source and where in it the value comes from.