spore: profile
id: titanium-minor-alloys
spore_version: 0.2
family: titanium-alloys
name: Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si and Ti-Ga binaries, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al and Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C)
abbreviation: Ti minor alloys
role: structural alloys and intermetallic additions
category: metals
type: titanium
summary: |
  This profile groups titanium alloys that are less common than Ti-6Al-4V and Beta 3. Three commercial alloys have printed supplier data: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (an alpha-beta alloy with a printed tensile maximum of 175 ksi), Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (a quasi-beta forging alloy with typical tensile strength of 1000 to 1300 N/mm2 when heat treated) and Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C, a beta alloy with a printed tensile maximum of 120 ksi that suppliers list for springs and fasteners). Ti-Mo binaries have measured tensile data from one open paper on solution-treated samples. Ti-Fe (the TiFe hydrogen-storage compound) has a printed hydrogen capacity. Ti-Si (Ti5Si3) and Ti-Ga have phase information only in the sources read, and Ti-V has no binary-alloy property value in the sources read.
best_for: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al for forged, heat-treated structural parts that must hold about 1000 N/mm2 tensile strength at room temperature and about 900 N/mm2 at 315 degC
weakest_at: Ti-Mo binaries lose ductility when aged or cast (Ti-15.05Mo falls to 6.95 % elongation after solution treatment), and Ti-Ga, Ti-Si and Ti-V have no alloy-level property value in the sources read
identity:
  formula: 'Multi-element alloys and binaries, nominal compositions only: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Al 5 to 6, V 5 to 6, Sn 1.5 to 2.5 wt%, Fe and Cu 0.35 to 1 wt% each); Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (V 10, Fe 2, Al 3 wt%); Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Al 3 to 4, V 7.5 to 8.5, Cr 5.5 to 6.5, Zr 3.5 to 4.5, Mo 3.5 to 4.5 wt%); Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe (TiFe, 1:1 atomic), Ti-Si (Ti5Si3) and Ti-Ga binaries'
  cas: ''
  source: ti-1023-aubert
  where: Composition block of the Ti1023 datasheet (V 10.00, Fe 2.00, Al 3.00, Ti base); the other compositions are in the Chemical Composition tables cited under each property
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: R56410
      source: ti-1023-aubert
      where: Specifications block, UNS line (Ti1023, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al)
    - system: UNS
      code: R58640
      source: ti-betac-titanium-com
      where: Page title, Titanium Beta C Grade 19 with UNS R58640
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - structures
    - propulsion-and-tanks
properties:
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting point, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
    value: 3000
    unit: degF
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)
      basis: value printed in degF on the supplier physical properties table
    method: Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page
    status: ground
    source: ti-662-titanium-com
    where: Table 2, Physical Properties, Melting Point (°F) row
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
    value: 46.8
    unit: BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)
      basis: printed unit kept, not converted
    method: Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page
    status: ground
    source: ti-662-titanium-com
    where: Table 2, Physical Properties, Thermal conductivity column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, supplier maximum
    value: 175
    bound: upper
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)
      condition: not stated; maximum only, no minimum printed
      basis: supplier maximum, reference only
    method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
    status: ground
    source: ti-662-titanium-com
    where: Table 3, Tensile Strength Range (Rm) (ksi), Maximum column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength (Rp0.2), Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, supplier maximum
    value: 186
    bound: upper
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)
      condition: not stated; maximum only, no minimum printed
      basis: supplier maximum, reference only
    method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
    status: ground
    source: ti-662-titanium-com
    where: Table 3, Yield Strength Range (Rp 0.2 Offset) (ksi), Maximum column
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, supplier maximum
    value: 10
    bound: upper
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)
      condition: gauge length AL=5 x diameter; no minimum printed
      basis: supplier maximum, reference only
    method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
    status: ground
    source: ti-662-titanium-com
    where: Table 3, Elongation (AL=5 x Ø) row, Maximum column
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn spherical powder
    value: 4.54
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)
      form: spherical powder product page; bulk alloy density not read
      basis: value printed with unit on a powder product page
    method: Value printed on a powder supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: stanford-662
    where: Product specification block, Density row
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al
    value: 9.7
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)
      temperature_range: 20 degC to 400 degC
      unit_in_source: m/m.°C x 10-6, printed as 9.7 x 10-6
    method: Printed as 9.7 x 10-6 m/m.°C; 10-6 per degC equals ppm/K, so the printed number is kept and only the unit label changes
    status: ground
    source: ti-1023-aubert
    where: Physical properties, Mean coefficient of expansion between 20°C and 400°C
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al
    value: 7.8
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)
      temperature: 20 degC
      unit_in_source: W.m/m2.°C
    method: Printed as W.m/m2.°C, which equals W/(m·K); number kept as printed
    status: ground
    source: ti-1023-aubert
    where: Physical properties, Thermal conductivity at 20°C
  - benchmark: beta_transus
    label: Beta transus, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al
    value: 800
    unit: degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)
      basis: printed as Beta Transus 800°C under Critical points
    method: Value printed in the physical properties block of a producer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: ti-1023-aubert
    where: Physical properties, Critical points, Beta Transus row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, ambient
    value: 1000
    value_high: 1300
    bound: range
    unit: N/mm2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)
      condition: heat treated (the usual delivery condition); tensile test at ambient temperature
      basis: typical range, not guaranteed minimum (the datasheet's own wording)
    method: Typical range printed on a producer datasheet; N/mm2 is equal to MPa
    status: ground
    source: ti-1023-aubert
    where: Typical mechanical properties, heat treated, ambient temperature, UTS row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength (0.2 %), Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, ambient
    value: 900
    value_high: 1200
    bound: range
    unit: N/mm2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)
      condition: heat treated; tensile test at ambient temperature; 0.2 % offset
      basis: typical range, not guaranteed minimum
    method: Typical range printed on a producer datasheet; N/mm2 is equal to MPa
    status: ground
    source: ti-1023-aubert
    where: Typical mechanical properties, heat treated, ambient temperature, 0.2 % yield strength row
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, ambient
    value: 5
    value_high: 12
    bound: range
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)
      condition: heat treated; ambient temperature; gauge length 5d
      basis: typical range, not guaranteed minimum
    method: Typical range printed on a producer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: ti-1023-aubert
    where: Typical mechanical properties, heat treated, ambient temperature, Elongation (5d) row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, 315 degC
    value: 900
    value_high: 1170
    bound: range
    unit: N/mm2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)
      condition: heat treated; tensile test at 315 degC
      basis: typical range, not guaranteed minimum
    method: Typical range printed on a producer datasheet; N/mm2 is equal to MPa
    status: ground
    source: ti-1023-aubert
    where: Typical mechanical properties, tensile test at 315°C, UTS row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength (0.2 %), Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, 315 degC
    value: 800
    value_high: 1080
    bound: range
    unit: N/mm2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)
      condition: heat treated; tensile test at 315 degC; 0.2 % offset
      basis: typical range, not guaranteed minimum
    method: Typical range printed on a producer datasheet; N/mm2 is equal to MPa
    status: ground
    source: ti-1023-aubert
    where: Typical mechanical properties, tensile test at 315°C, 0.2 % yield strength row
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, Beta C
    value: 4.9
    unit: BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640
      basis: printed unit kept, not converted
    method: Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page
    status: ground
    source: ti-betac-titanium-com
    where: Table 2, Physical Properties, Thermal conductivity column
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting point, Beta C
    value: 3000
    unit: degF
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640
      basis: value printed in degF on the supplier page
    method: Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page
    status: ground
    source: ti-betac-titanium-com
    where: Table 2, Physical Properties, Melting Point (°F) row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength (Rp0.2), Beta C, supplier maximum
    value: 115
    bound: upper
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640
      condition: not stated; maximum only, no minimum printed
      basis: supplier maximum, reference only
    method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
    status: ground
    source: ti-betac-titanium-com
    where: Table 3, Yield Strength Range (Rp 0.2 Offset) (ksi), Maximum column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, Beta C, supplier maximum
    value: 120
    bound: upper
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640
      condition: not stated; maximum only, no minimum printed
      basis: supplier maximum, reference only
    method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
    status: ground
    source: ti-betac-titanium-com
    where: Table 3, Tensile Strength Range (Rm) (ksi), Maximum column
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, Beta C, supplier maximum
    value: 15
    bound: upper
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640
      condition: gauge length AL=5 x diameter; maximum only
      basis: supplier maximum, reference only
    method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
    status: ground
    source: ti-betac-titanium-com
    where: Table 3, Elongation (AL=5 x Ø) row, Maximum column
  - benchmark: hardness
    label: Hardness (HRC), Beta C, printed range
    value: 24
    value_high: 38
    bound: range
    unit: HRC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640
      condition: not stated
    method: Minimum and maximum printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
    status: ground
    source: ti-betac-titanium-com
    where: Table 3, Hardness (HRC) row, Minimum and Maximum columns
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity, Beta C
    value: 15000
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640
      condition: not stated on the page
      basis: printed as a single value; supplier says its data are for reference only
    method: Value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page
    status: ground
    source: ti-betac-titanium-com
    where: Table 3, Modulus of Elasticity (ksi) (E) line
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, Ti-10.02Mo binary, solution treated
    value: 684.65
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-10.02Mo binary (measured composition)
      condition: solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)
      basis: mean of three tensile tests as stated in the paper
    method: Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)
    status: ground
    source: saimm-ti-mo-2024
    where: Table II, UTS (ST) MPa column, Ti-10.02Mo row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, Ti-10.83Mo binary, solution treated
    value: 764.22
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-10.83Mo binary (measured composition)
      condition: solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)
      basis: mean of three tensile tests as stated in the paper
    method: Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)
    status: ground
    source: saimm-ti-mo-2024
    where: Table II, UTS (ST) MPa column, Ti-10.83Mo row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, Ti-12.89Mo binary, solution treated
    value: 718.23
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-12.89Mo binary (measured composition)
      condition: solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)
      basis: mean of three tensile tests as stated in the paper
    method: Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)
    status: ground
    source: saimm-ti-mo-2024
    where: Table II, UTS (ST) MPa column, Ti-12.89Mo row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, Ti-15.05Mo binary, solution treated
    value: 705.91
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-15.05Mo binary (measured composition)
      condition: solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)
      basis: mean of three tensile tests as stated in the paper
    method: Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)
    status: ground
    source: saimm-ti-mo-2024
    where: Table II, UTS (ST) MPa column, Ti-15.05Mo row
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, Ti-10.02Mo binary, solution treated
    value: 20.17
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-10.02Mo binary (measured composition)
      condition: solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)
    method: Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)
    status: ground
    source: saimm-ti-mo-2024
    where: Table II, %E (ST) column, Ti-10.02Mo row
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, Ti-15.05Mo binary, solution treated
    value: 6.95
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Ti-15.05Mo binary (measured composition)
      condition: solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)
    method: Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)
    status: ground
    source: saimm-ti-mo-2024
    where: Table II, %E (ST) column, Ti-15.05Mo row
  - benchmark: hydrogen_capacity
    label: Hydrogen storage capacity, stoichiometric TiFe
    value: 1.75
    unit: wt%
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: TiFe (stoichiometric 1:1 compound, CsCl-type cubic)
      temperature: room temperature (as printed)
      basis: literature value quoted in the introduction of the paper; pressure not stated in the sentence
    method: Value stated in an open-access paper; not measured in this run
    status: ground
    source: arxiv-tife-2020
    where: Section 1 (Introduction), paragraph on the TiFe 1:1 compound
corrosion:
  - environment: Reducing acids (Beta C)
    headline: The supplier says Beta C resists reducing acids well. No test value was printed.
    effect: Titanium Industries states that Grade 19 (Beta C) demonstrates exceptional resistance to reducing acids. No corrosion rate or test condition is printed on the page, so the statement is a supplier claim.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: supplier statement, no test data
    source: ti-betac-titanium-com
    where: Opening paragraph, product description
  - environment: General (Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn powder product)
    headline: The supplier calls Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn powder corrosion resistant. No test value was printed.
    effect: The Stanford Advanced Materials product page describes Ti 6-6-2 spherical powder as a high-strength titanium alloy with good corrosion resistance. No test condition or rate is given.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: product description, no test data
    source: stanford-662
    where: Product description paragraph
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: PubChem reports that titanium does not meet GHS hazard criteria in 606 of 808 company reports; 202 of 808 reports give hazard codes. The codes describe titanium as a whole and may not apply to bulk alloy. No supplier safety data sheet for these alloys was read.
      ghs:
        - 'H228: Flammable solid'
        - 'H250: Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air'
        - 'H251: Self-heating; may catch fire'
      source: pubchem-ti
      where: GHS Classification section, company reports summary and hazard statements (signal word Danger)
  failure_risks: []
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: 'Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn: the supplier says welding is not typically recommended for this material.'
      source: ti-662-titanium-com
      where: Product description paragraph
    - text: 'Beta C: the supplier says the solution-annealed condition is extremely ductile and can be cold worked; higher strength needs cold working, solution treating and ageing, alone or combined.'
      source: ti-betac-titanium-com
      where: Opening paragraph
    - text: Ti-Mo binaries were solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h and quenched in iced water before tensile testing, as printed in the methods of the paper.
      source: saimm-ti-mo-2024
      where: Experimental methods, solution treatment paragraph
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: structures
    device: Forged structural parts, helicopter rotor hubs and landing gear
    example: Aubert and Duval lists structural parts, helicopter rotor hubs and landing gear as applications of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, and says the alloy is generally delivered heat treated.
    source: ti-1023-aubert
    where: Applications list and Heat treatment section of the Ti1023 datasheet
  - application: propulsion-and-tanks
    device: Rocket cases, forgings and airframe sections (Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn)
    example: Titanium Industries lists forging applications, rocket cases, airframe sections and ordnance parts as uses of Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn.
    source: ti-662-titanium-com
    where: Questions and answers section, What is Titanium 6Al-6V-2SN used for
  - application: structures
    device: Springs and fasteners (Beta C)
    example: Titanium Industries says Beta C is commonly used for springs and fasteners in aircraft, and lists airframe skins among its uses.
    source: ti-betac-titanium-com
    where: Opening paragraph and questions and answers section
supply:
  - subject: Titanium sponge (feedstock for all titanium alloys)
    abundance: Not read in this run
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 70.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 260,000 t of 370,000 t world sponge production (USGS table, World Sponge Metal Production)'
      - country: Japan
        share_percent: 14.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 53,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 6.8
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 25,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 4.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 16,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Saudi Arabia
        share_percent: 3.2
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 12,000 t of 370,000 t'
    us_position: No titanium sponge was produced in the United States in 2025 (the last domestic sponge plant closed in 2024). Net import reliance is 100 percent in 2025e.
    source: usgs-ti-2026
    where: Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; World Sponge Metal Production table. Shares are computed from the printed world total, which USGS rounds.
  - subject: Molybdenum (alloying element in Ti-Mo binaries and Beta C)
    abundance: Not read in this run
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 37.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 97,000 t of 260,000 t world mine production (2025e)'
      - country: Chile
        share_percent: 16.2
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 42,000 t of 260,000 t'
      - country: United States
        share_percent: 15.4
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 40,000 t of 260,000 t'
      - country: Peru
        share_percent: 15
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 39,000 t of 260,000 t'
      - country: Mexico
        share_percent: 6.5
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 17,000 t of 260,000 t'
    source: usgs-mo-2026
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column. Shares are computed from the printed rounded world total.
  - subject: Vanadium (alloying element in Beta C and in the Ti-V binary)
    abundance: Not read in this run
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 74.5
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 82,000 t of 110,000 t world mine production (2025e)'
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 19.1
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 21,000 t of 110,000 t'
      - country: Brazil
        share_percent: 4.8
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 5,300 t of 110,000 t'
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 4.5
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 5,000 t of 110,000 t'
    us_position: Net import reliance was 41 % of apparent consumption in 2025e (46 % in 2024).
    source: usgs-v-2026
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table; Salient Statistics
  - subject: Gallium (Ti-Ga binary)
    abundance: Not read in this run
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 99
        year: 2025
        basis: 'printed: China accounted for 99% of worldwide primary low-purity gallium production'
    us_position: No domestic primary gallium has been recovered since 1987. Net import reliance is 100 percent.
    source: usgs-ga-2026
    where: Domestic Production and Use; Net import reliance; Events, Trends, and Issues
  - subject: Silicon (Ti-Si binary, Ti5Si3)
    abundance: Not read in this run
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 80
        year: 2025
        basis: printed as almost 80% of total global estimated production of silicon materials
    source: usgs-si-2026
    where: Events, Trends, and Issues, silicon materials production paragraph
media: []
documents:
  - title: 'Titanium Industries: Ti 6Al-6V-2SN technical page'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-6v-2sn/
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Samaterials: Ti 6-6-2 titanium alloy spherical powder product page'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.samaterials.com/ti-6-6-2-titanium-alloy-spherical-powder.html
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C Grade 19 (UNS R58640) technical page'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Aubert and Duval: Ti1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) datasheet'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Ti1023_GB.pdf
    year: 2024
  - title: Makhatha et al., The influence of solution treatment on the phase evolution and tensile properties of binary Ti-Mo alloys (J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 124, 5, May 2024)
    type: paper
    url: https://scielo.org.za/pdf/jsaimm/v124n5/06.pdf
    year: 2024
  - title: Dematteis et al., Fundamental hydrogen storage properties of TiFe-alloy with partial substitution of Fe by Ti and Mn (arXiv:2012.00354)
    type: paper
    url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00354
    year: 2020
  - title: Li, Tedenac and Record, Thermodynamic analysis of the Ga-Ti system (J. Alloys Compd. 358, 2003)
    type: paper
    url: https://pure.bit.edu.cn/en/publications/thermodynamic-analysis-of-the-ga-ti-system/
    year: 2003
  - title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification (REST record)'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Gallium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-gallium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Silicon'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silicon.pdf
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - 'Ti-V binary: no binary Ti-V tensile, modulus or density value was found in a readable source. The NASA report found (NTRS 19750012451) covers Ti-50V based alloys with tensile values only in figures, and the Springer abstract for Ti-V (DOI 10.1007/BF02642942) gave no numbers. Ti-V is described qualitatively only.'
  - 'Ti-Ga: no alloy property value. The Wheeler 2024 paper on Ti-8Ga (Crystals 14, 1061) returned Access Denied to automated fetch, so its hardness and proof-stress figures are not recorded. The Li, Tedenac and Record 2003 abstract lists the compounds (Ti2Ga, Ti5Ga3, Ti2Ga3, TiGa2, TiGa3 stoichiometric; Ti3Ga, Ti5Ga4, TiGa with homogeneity ranges) but gives no numbers.'
  - 'Ti-Si (Ti5Si3): no property value from a readable source. The Springer JETP and JMR pages returned no article text, and the density, hardness and modulus figures seen in search results were not on a fetched page. The PMC TiB2/Ti5Si3 composite paper gives no density for pure Ti5Si3.'
  - 'Density not recorded for Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (4.65) and Beta C (0.173): the datasheets print the number with no unit, so the unit is not inferred. Density for Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn is from a powder product page only (4.54 g/cm3).'
  - 'Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn elastic modulus: the Titanium Industries table prints 6530 ksi, which is about 45 GPa and too low for a titanium alloy, so it is not recorded. Brinell hardness (411 maximum) is not recorded because the table gives no unit on the page.'
  - 'Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn beta transus: not found on a fetched page. A 2021 Metals paper was found in search, but its full text was not readable.'
  - 'Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al: the AMS 4983, 4984 and 4987 minimum tensile values are not read (SAE pages are paywalled); the Titanium Industries and American Elements pages returned no content. Only the Aubert and Duval typical ranges are recorded.'
  - 'Ti-Mo binaries: the elastic moduli are plotted in a figure of the paper (Figure 8) and not printed as values in the text, so they are not recorded. Only solution-treated tensile strength and elongation are recorded.'
  - Ti-Mo binary composition is the measured composition of each alloy as named in Table II; no nominal Ti-Mo alloy is named in the paper beyond those rows.
  - Hydrogen capacity (wt%) and hardness are not canonical property names in spores/property-canon.yaml; hydrogen_capacity and beta_transus are short snake_case names used here, and hardness is used for the Beta C HRC range. The Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al beta transus is recorded as beta_transus.
  - 'Failure risks (fatigue, galling, hydrogen embrittlement, creep) for any alloy in this group: no fetched source.'
  - Hazard data are for titanium as a whole (PubChem). No supplier safety data sheet for these alloys was read, and the PubChem record for titanium powder is not separated from bulk.
  - 'Corrosion: no test data for Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si or Ti-Ga, and no corrosion statement for Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. The two corrosion entries are supplier statements without test values.'
  - 'Supply: abundance, critical-mineral lists (USGS 2025 list and EU list) and recycling for titanium, molybdenum, vanadium, gallium and silicon were not read in this run. Gallium and silicon shares are the printed phrases (99 % and almost 80 %), with the year taken as 2025 because the summary covers that year.'
  - 'Space and orbital data for these alloys: none found.'
sources:
  ti-662-titanium-com:
    title: 'Titanium Industries: Ti 6Al-6V-2SN technical page'
    id: Titanium Industries, Ti 6Al-6V-2SN page (accessed 2026-10-26)
    url: https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-6v-2sn/
    year: 2026
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  stanford-662:
    title: 'Samaterials: Ti 6-6-2 titanium alloy spherical powder'
    id: Stanford Advanced Materials, product TM4849 (accessed 2026-10-26)
    url: https://www.samaterials.com/ti-6-6-2-titanium-alloy-spherical-powder.html
    year: 2026
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  ti-betac-titanium-com:
    title: 'Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C Grade 19 (UNS R58640) technical page'
    id: Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page (accessed 2026-10-26)
    url: https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/
    year: 2026
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  ti-1023-aubert:
    title: 'Aubert and Duval: Ti1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) datasheet'
    id: Aubert and Duval, Ti1023 datasheet (UNS R56410)
    url: https://www.aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Ti1023_GB.pdf
    year: 2024
    kind: datasheet
    license: manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced
  saimm-ti-mo-2024:
    title: Makhatha et al., solution treatment and tensile properties of binary Ti-Mo alloys (SAIMM, May 2024)
    id: J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 124(5), 2024
    url: https://scielo.org.za/pdf/jsaimm/v124n5/06.pdf
    year: 2024
    kind: paper
    license: open access journal, cited not reproduced
  arxiv-tife-2020:
    title: Dematteis et al., Fundamental hydrogen storage properties of TiFe-alloy with partial substitution of Fe by Ti and Mn
    id: arXiv:2012.00354
    url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00354
    year: 2020
    kind: paper
    license: arXiv, cited not reproduced
  ga-ti-li2003:
    title: Li, Tedenac and Record, Thermodynamic analysis of the Ga-Ti system
    id: doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(03)00131-2 (J. Alloys Compd. 358, 133-141)
    url: https://pure.bit.edu.cn/en/publications/thermodynamic-analysis-of-the-ga-ti-system/
    year: 2003
    kind: paper
    license: publisher record, abstract only read
  pubchem-ti:
    title: PubChem compound record, Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification
    id: CID 23963
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: public domain (NCBI)
  usgs-ti-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, Titanium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-mo-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum (USGS, February 2026)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, Molybdenum
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-v-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium (USGS, February 2026)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, Vanadium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-ga-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Gallium (USGS, February 2026)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, Gallium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-gallium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-si-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Silicon (USGS, February 2026)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, Silicon
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silicon.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 28
  unreachable: 3
  caveats: 6
  note: Written 2026-10-26 by an assistant from pages fetched in this run. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al and Beta C have supplier or producer typical and maximum values; Ti-Mo has solution-treated tensile data for four binaries; TiFe has one literature capacity. Ti-V, Ti-Ga and Ti-Si have no alloy-level value in a readable source.
story:
  recipe:
    line: Each alloy is titanium with a small set of alloying elements. Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al is nominally 10 % vanadium, 2 % iron and 3 % aluminium by weight, balance titanium. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn adds 5 to 6 % aluminium, 5 to 6 % vanadium, 1.5 to 2.5 % tin and 0.35 to 1 % each of iron and copper. Beta C has 3 to 4 % aluminium, 7.5 to 8.5 % vanadium, 5.5 to 6.5 % chromium, 3.5 to 4.5 % zirconium and 3.5 to 4.5 % molybdenum. The Ti-Mo binaries are measured at 10.02 to 15.05 % molybdenum. TiFe is a 1:1 atomic compound. The sources read do not describe the melting or forging route for these alloys.
    parts:
      - name: Titanium
        symbol: Ti
        share: balance
        role: Base metal in every alloy in this profile.
        source: ti-1023-aubert
        where: Composition block, Titanium Base
      - name: Vanadium
        symbol: V
        share_percent: 10
        role: Beta stabiliser and strength element. In Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al it is 10.00 % by weight.
        source: ti-1023-aubert
        where: Composition block, Vanadium 10.00
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_percent: 2
        role: Beta stabiliser. In Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al it is 2.00 % by weight.
        source: ti-1023-aubert
        where: Composition block, Iron 2.00
      - name: Aluminium
        symbol: Al
        share_percent: 3
        role: Alpha stabiliser. In Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al it is 3.00 % by weight.
        source: ti-1023-aubert
        where: Composition block, Aluminum 3.00
      - name: Molybdenum
        symbol: Mo
        share: 10.02 to 15.05 % in the measured Ti-Mo binaries
        role: Beta stabiliser. Ti-Mo binaries with 10 to 15 % Mo keep the beta phase when quenched.
        source: saimm-ti-mo-2024
        where: Table II, measured composition rows
      - name: Iron and titanium (TiFe)
        symbol: Fe
        share: 1:1 atomic ratio with titanium
        role: TiFe is a 1:1 intermetallic compound with a CsCl-type cubic structure. The cell takes up hydrogen at room temperature.
        source: arxiv-tife-2020
        where: Section 1, stoichiometric 1:1 compound TiFe
      - name: Silicon (Ti5Si3)
        symbol: Si
        share: Ti5Si3 stoichiometry as named in the sources; no composition range read
        role: Silicide phase used as a binary intermetallic. Its properties are not recorded here.
        source: usgs-si-2026
        where: Named in the profile scope; no composition figure read
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 0
      verdict: Not classified for the metal
      lead: The PubChem titanium record is mostly not classified, but the codes it gives concern titanium as a whole. No safety data sheet for these alloys was read.
      points:
        - label: Hazard codes
          line: PubChem gives H228, H250 and H251 for titanium, with the signal word Danger, in 202 of 808 company reports. The record does not separate bulk metal from fine powder.
        - label: Powder
          line: The Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn powder is sold as a spherical powder product. Keep it away from ignition sources.
    - title: Handling and processing
      points:
        - label: Welding
          line: The supplier says welding is not typically recommended for Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn.
        - label: Beta C
          line: The solution-annealed Beta C is extremely ductile and can be cold worked. Higher strength comes from cold working, solution treating and ageing.
        - label: Ti-Mo
          line: The binaries were solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h and quenched in iced water before testing.
  why: These are the less common titanium alloys. Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al is a quasi-beta forging alloy used for structural parts, helicopter rotor hubs and landing gear. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn is an alpha-beta alloy with a higher strength than Ti-6Al-4V and is used for forgings, rocket cases and airframe sections, though it is harder to weld. Beta C is a beta alloy whose supplier lists it for springs and fasteners. The Ti-Mo binaries are research alloys for beta-phase behaviour, and TiFe is a hydrogen-storage compound.
  uses:
    - where: Structural forgings and landing gear
      line: Aubert and Duval lists structural parts, helicopter rotor hubs and landing gear as uses of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. The datasheet says the alloy is generally delivered in the heat treated condition.
    - where: Rocket cases and airframe sections
      line: Titanium Industries lists forging applications, rocket cases, airframe sections and ordnance parts for Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn.
    - where: Springs and fasteners
      line: Titanium Industries says Beta C is commonly used for springs and fasteners in aircraft, and lists airframe skins among its uses.
  can_do:
    - label: Strength
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: Heat treated Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has a typical tensile strength of 1000 to 1300 N/mm2 at room temperature and 900 to 1170 N/mm2 at 315 °C. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn has a supplier maximum of 175 ksi. Solution-treated Ti-Mo binaries reach 684.65 to 764.22 MPa.
    - label: Ductility
      benchmark: elongation
      line: Heat treated Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has a typical elongation of 5 to 12 %. Ti-10.02Mo keeps 20.17 % after solution treatment, but Ti-15.05Mo falls to 6.95 %.
    - label: Stiffness
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      line: Beta C is listed with a modulus of 15000 ksi, though the supplier says its data are for reference only.
    - label: Heat
      benchmark: melting_point
      line: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Beta C both print a melting point of 3000 °F.
  compare: 'Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has the most usable data here: a typical tensile range at room temperature and at 315 °C, with a beta transus of 800 °C. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Beta C have supplier maxima only. The Ti-Mo binaries sit between 684.65 and 764.22 MPa after solution treatment, and their ductility drops at higher molybdenum, to 6.95 % at 15.05 %. TiFe has a single capacity value, and Ti-V, Ti-Ga and Ti-Si have no alloy-level value in the sources read.'
  compare_rows:
    - scope: material
      label: Melting point
      benchmark: melting_point
    - scope: material
      label: Tensile strength
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    - scope: material
      label: Elongation
      benchmark: elongation
  handling:
    - 'Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn: welding is not typically recommended (supplier).'
    - 'Beta C: the solution-annealed state can be cold worked; higher strength needs cold working or ageing (supplier).'
    - 'Ti-Mo binaries: solution treat at 1100 °C for 1 h and quench in iced water, as in the paper.'
    - 'Powder and swarf: PubChem gives H228, H250 and H251 for titanium. Keep away from ignition sources.'
  good_for:
    - Forged structural parts that are heat treated to about 1000 N/mm2 tensile strength (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al).
    - Springs and fasteners where a beta alloy is wanted (Beta C, supplier).
  watch_out:
    - Ductility falls with ageing and with higher Mo in the Ti-Mo binaries (Ti-15.05Mo at 6.95 % after solution treatment).
    - Most maxima are supplier numbers marked reference only or typical, not guaranteed minimums, so do not design to them without an AMS or mill specification.
    - Ti-V, Ti-Ga and Ti-Si have no alloy-level property value in the sources read.
  verdict: Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has the most usable data here and suits forged structural parts. Beta C and Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn have supplier maxima only. The Ti-Mo binaries show that molybdenum above 10 % cuts ductility. Ti-V, Ti-Ga and Ti-Si need primary data before any design use.