{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "titanium-minor-alloys",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "titanium-alloys",
  "name": "Minor titanium alloys, Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si and Ti-Ga binaries, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al and Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C)",
  "abbreviation": "Ti minor alloys",
  "role": "structural alloys and intermetallic additions",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "titanium",
  "summary": "This profile groups titanium alloys that are less common than Ti-6Al-4V and Beta 3. Three commercial alloys have printed supplier data: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (an alpha-beta alloy with a printed tensile maximum of 175 ksi), Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (a quasi-beta forging alloy with typical tensile strength of 1000 to 1300 N/mm2 when heat treated) and Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C, a beta alloy with a printed tensile maximum of 120 ksi that suppliers list for springs and fasteners). Ti-Mo binaries have measured tensile data from one open paper on solution-treated samples. Ti-Fe (the TiFe hydrogen-storage compound) has a printed hydrogen capacity. Ti-Si (Ti5Si3) and Ti-Ga have phase information only in the sources read, and Ti-V has no binary-alloy property value in the sources read.\n",
  "best_for": "Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al for forged, heat-treated structural parts that must hold about 1000 N/mm2 tensile strength at room temperature and about 900 N/mm2 at 315 degC",
  "weakest_at": "Ti-Mo binaries lose ductility when aged or cast (Ti-15.05Mo falls to 6.95 % elongation after solution treatment), and Ti-Ga, Ti-Si and Ti-V have no alloy-level property value in the sources read",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Multi-element alloys and binaries, nominal compositions only: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Al 5 to 6, V 5 to 6, Sn 1.5 to 2.5 wt%, Fe and Cu 0.35 to 1 wt% each); Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (V 10, Fe 2, Al 3 wt%); Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Al 3 to 4, V 7.5 to 8.5, Cr 5.5 to 6.5, Zr 3.5 to 4.5, Mo 3.5 to 4.5 wt%); Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe (TiFe, 1:1 atomic), Ti-Si (Ti5Si3) and Ti-Ga binaries",
    "cas": "",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "R56410",
        "source": "ti-1023-aubert",
        "where": "Specifications block, UNS line (Ti1023, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al)"
      },
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "R58640",
        "source": "ti-betac-titanium-com",
        "where": "Page title, Titanium Beta C Grade 19 with UNS R58640"
      }
    ],
    "source": "ti-1023-aubert",
    "where": "Composition block of the Ti1023 datasheet (V 10.00, Fe 2.00, Al 3.00, Ti base); the other compositions are in the Chemical Composition tables cited under each property"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "structures",
      "propulsion-and-tanks"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn",
      "value": 3000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degF",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)",
        "basis": "value printed in degF on the supplier physical properties table"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-662-titanium-com",
      "where": "Table 2, Physical Properties, Melting Point (°F) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti 6Al-6V-2SN technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti 6Al-6V-2SN page (accessed 2026-10-26)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-6v-2sn/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn",
      "value": 46.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)",
        "basis": "printed unit kept, not converted"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-662-titanium-com",
      "where": "Table 2, Physical Properties, Thermal conductivity column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti 6Al-6V-2SN technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti 6Al-6V-2SN page (accessed 2026-10-26)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-6v-2sn/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, supplier maximum",
      "value": 175,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)",
        "condition": "not stated; maximum only, no minimum printed",
        "basis": "supplier maximum, reference only"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-662-titanium-com",
      "where": "Table 3, Tensile Strength Range (Rm) (ksi), Maximum column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti 6Al-6V-2SN technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti 6Al-6V-2SN page (accessed 2026-10-26)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-6v-2sn/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength (Rp0.2), Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, supplier maximum",
      "value": 186,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)",
        "condition": "not stated; maximum only, no minimum printed",
        "basis": "supplier maximum, reference only"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-662-titanium-com",
      "where": "Table 3, Yield Strength Range (Rp 0.2 Offset) (ksi), Maximum column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti 6Al-6V-2SN technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti 6Al-6V-2SN page (accessed 2026-10-26)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-6v-2sn/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, supplier maximum",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)",
        "condition": "gauge length AL=5 x diameter; no minimum printed",
        "basis": "supplier maximum, reference only"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-662-titanium-com",
      "where": "Table 3, Elongation (AL=5 x Ø) row, Maximum column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti 6Al-6V-2SN technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti 6Al-6V-2SN page (accessed 2026-10-26)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-6v-2sn/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn spherical powder",
      "value": 4.54,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti 6-6-2)",
        "form": "spherical powder product page; bulk alloy density not read",
        "basis": "value printed with unit on a powder product page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a powder supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stanford-662",
      "where": "Product specification block, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Samaterials: Ti 6-6-2 titanium alloy spherical powder",
        "id": "Stanford Advanced Materials, product TM4849 (accessed 2026-10-26)",
        "url": "https://www.samaterials.com/ti-6-6-2-titanium-alloy-spherical-powder.html",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al",
      "value": 9.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)",
        "temperature_range": "20 degC to 400 degC",
        "unit_in_source": "m/m.°C x 10-6, printed as 9.7 x 10-6"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 9.7 x 10-6 m/m.°C; 10-6 per degC equals ppm/K, so the printed number is kept and only the unit label changes",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-1023-aubert",
      "where": "Physical properties, Mean coefficient of expansion between 20°C and 400°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aubert and Duval: Ti1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, Ti1023 datasheet (UNS R56410)",
        "url": "https://www.aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Ti1023_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al",
      "value": 7.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)",
        "temperature": "20 degC",
        "unit_in_source": "W.m/m2.°C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as W.m/m2.°C, which equals W/(m·K); number kept as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-1023-aubert",
      "where": "Physical properties, Thermal conductivity at 20°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aubert and Duval: Ti1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, Ti1023 datasheet (UNS R56410)",
        "url": "https://www.aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Ti1023_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "beta_transus",
      "label": "Beta transus, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al",
      "value": 800,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)",
        "basis": "printed as Beta Transus 800°C under Critical points"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties block of a producer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-1023-aubert",
      "where": "Physical properties, Critical points, Beta Transus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aubert and Duval: Ti1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, Ti1023 datasheet (UNS R56410)",
        "url": "https://www.aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Ti1023_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, ambient",
      "value": 1000,
      "value_high": 1300,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)",
        "condition": "heat treated (the usual delivery condition); tensile test at ambient temperature",
        "basis": "typical range, not guaranteed minimum (the datasheet's own wording)"
      },
      "method": "Typical range printed on a producer datasheet; N/mm2 is equal to MPa",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-1023-aubert",
      "where": "Typical mechanical properties, heat treated, ambient temperature, UTS row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aubert and Duval: Ti1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, Ti1023 datasheet (UNS R56410)",
        "url": "https://www.aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Ti1023_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength (0.2 %), Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, ambient",
      "value": 900,
      "value_high": 1200,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)",
        "condition": "heat treated; tensile test at ambient temperature; 0.2 % offset",
        "basis": "typical range, not guaranteed minimum"
      },
      "method": "Typical range printed on a producer datasheet; N/mm2 is equal to MPa",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-1023-aubert",
      "where": "Typical mechanical properties, heat treated, ambient temperature, 0.2 % yield strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aubert and Duval: Ti1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, Ti1023 datasheet (UNS R56410)",
        "url": "https://www.aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Ti1023_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, ambient",
      "value": 5,
      "value_high": 12,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)",
        "condition": "heat treated; ambient temperature; gauge length 5d",
        "basis": "typical range, not guaranteed minimum"
      },
      "method": "Typical range printed on a producer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-1023-aubert",
      "where": "Typical mechanical properties, heat treated, ambient temperature, Elongation (5d) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aubert and Duval: Ti1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, Ti1023 datasheet (UNS R56410)",
        "url": "https://www.aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Ti1023_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, 315 degC",
      "value": 900,
      "value_high": 1170,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)",
        "condition": "heat treated; tensile test at 315 degC",
        "basis": "typical range, not guaranteed minimum"
      },
      "method": "Typical range printed on a producer datasheet; N/mm2 is equal to MPa",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-1023-aubert",
      "where": "Typical mechanical properties, tensile test at 315°C, UTS row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aubert and Duval: Ti1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, Ti1023 datasheet (UNS R56410)",
        "url": "https://www.aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Ti1023_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength (0.2 %), Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, heat treated, 315 degC",
      "value": 800,
      "value_high": 1080,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti1023)",
        "condition": "heat treated; tensile test at 315 degC; 0.2 % offset",
        "basis": "typical range, not guaranteed minimum"
      },
      "method": "Typical range printed on a producer datasheet; N/mm2 is equal to MPa",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-1023-aubert",
      "where": "Typical mechanical properties, tensile test at 315°C, 0.2 % yield strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aubert and Duval: Ti1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, Ti1023 datasheet (UNS R56410)",
        "url": "https://www.aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Ti1023_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Beta C",
      "value": 4.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640",
        "basis": "printed unit kept, not converted"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-betac-titanium-com",
      "where": "Table 2, Physical Properties, Thermal conductivity column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C Grade 19 (UNS R58640) technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page (accessed 2026-10-26)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, Beta C",
      "value": 3000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degF",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640",
        "basis": "value printed in degF on the supplier page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-betac-titanium-com",
      "where": "Table 2, Physical Properties, Melting Point (°F) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C Grade 19 (UNS R58640) technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page (accessed 2026-10-26)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength (Rp0.2), Beta C, supplier maximum",
      "value": 115,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640",
        "condition": "not stated; maximum only, no minimum printed",
        "basis": "supplier maximum, reference only"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-betac-titanium-com",
      "where": "Table 3, Yield Strength Range (Rp 0.2 Offset) (ksi), Maximum column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C Grade 19 (UNS R58640) technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page (accessed 2026-10-26)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Beta C, supplier maximum",
      "value": 120,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640",
        "condition": "not stated; maximum only, no minimum printed",
        "basis": "supplier maximum, reference only"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-betac-titanium-com",
      "where": "Table 3, Tensile Strength Range (Rm) (ksi), Maximum column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C Grade 19 (UNS R58640) technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page (accessed 2026-10-26)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, Beta C, supplier maximum",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640",
        "condition": "gauge length AL=5 x diameter; maximum only",
        "basis": "supplier maximum, reference only"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-betac-titanium-com",
      "where": "Table 3, Elongation (AL=5 x Ø) row, Maximum column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C Grade 19 (UNS R58640) technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page (accessed 2026-10-26)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness (HRC), Beta C, printed range",
      "value": 24,
      "value_high": 38,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "HRC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640",
        "condition": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Minimum and maximum printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-betac-titanium-com",
      "where": "Table 3, Hardness (HRC) row, Minimum and Maximum columns",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C Grade 19 (UNS R58640) technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page (accessed 2026-10-26)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, Beta C",
      "value": 15000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640",
        "condition": "not stated on the page",
        "basis": "printed as a single value; supplier says its data are for reference only"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-betac-titanium-com",
      "where": "Table 3, Modulus of Elasticity (ksi) (E) line",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C Grade 19 (UNS R58640) technical page",
        "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page (accessed 2026-10-26)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Ti-10.02Mo binary, solution treated",
      "value": 684.65,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-10.02Mo binary (measured composition)",
        "condition": "solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)",
        "basis": "mean of three tensile tests as stated in the paper"
      },
      "method": "Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "saimm-ti-mo-2024",
      "where": "Table II, UTS (ST) MPa column, Ti-10.02Mo row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Makhatha et al., solution treatment and tensile properties of binary Ti-Mo alloys (SAIMM, May 2024)",
        "id": "J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 124(5), 2024",
        "url": "https://scielo.org.za/pdf/jsaimm/v124n5/06.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access journal, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Ti-10.83Mo binary, solution treated",
      "value": 764.22,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-10.83Mo binary (measured composition)",
        "condition": "solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)",
        "basis": "mean of three tensile tests as stated in the paper"
      },
      "method": "Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "saimm-ti-mo-2024",
      "where": "Table II, UTS (ST) MPa column, Ti-10.83Mo row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Makhatha et al., solution treatment and tensile properties of binary Ti-Mo alloys (SAIMM, May 2024)",
        "id": "J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 124(5), 2024",
        "url": "https://scielo.org.za/pdf/jsaimm/v124n5/06.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access journal, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Ti-12.89Mo binary, solution treated",
      "value": 718.23,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-12.89Mo binary (measured composition)",
        "condition": "solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)",
        "basis": "mean of three tensile tests as stated in the paper"
      },
      "method": "Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "saimm-ti-mo-2024",
      "where": "Table II, UTS (ST) MPa column, Ti-12.89Mo row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Makhatha et al., solution treatment and tensile properties of binary Ti-Mo alloys (SAIMM, May 2024)",
        "id": "J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 124(5), 2024",
        "url": "https://scielo.org.za/pdf/jsaimm/v124n5/06.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access journal, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Ti-15.05Mo binary, solution treated",
      "value": 705.91,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-15.05Mo binary (measured composition)",
        "condition": "solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)",
        "basis": "mean of three tensile tests as stated in the paper"
      },
      "method": "Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "saimm-ti-mo-2024",
      "where": "Table II, UTS (ST) MPa column, Ti-15.05Mo row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Makhatha et al., solution treatment and tensile properties of binary Ti-Mo alloys (SAIMM, May 2024)",
        "id": "J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 124(5), 2024",
        "url": "https://scielo.org.za/pdf/jsaimm/v124n5/06.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access journal, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, Ti-10.02Mo binary, solution treated",
      "value": 20.17,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-10.02Mo binary (measured composition)",
        "condition": "solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)"
      },
      "method": "Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "saimm-ti-mo-2024",
      "where": "Table II, %E (ST) column, Ti-10.02Mo row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Makhatha et al., solution treatment and tensile properties of binary Ti-Mo alloys (SAIMM, May 2024)",
        "id": "J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 124(5), 2024",
        "url": "https://scielo.org.za/pdf/jsaimm/v124n5/06.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access journal, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, Ti-15.05Mo binary, solution treated",
      "value": 6.95,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-15.05Mo binary (measured composition)",
        "condition": "solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h, iced-water quench (as printed in the methods)"
      },
      "method": "Tensile test reported in an open-access paper (Table II, solution-treated column)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "saimm-ti-mo-2024",
      "where": "Table II, %E (ST) column, Ti-15.05Mo row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Makhatha et al., solution treatment and tensile properties of binary Ti-Mo alloys (SAIMM, May 2024)",
        "id": "J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 124(5), 2024",
        "url": "https://scielo.org.za/pdf/jsaimm/v124n5/06.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access journal, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hydrogen_capacity",
      "label": "Hydrogen storage capacity, stoichiometric TiFe",
      "value": 1.75,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TiFe (stoichiometric 1:1 compound, CsCl-type cubic)",
        "temperature": "room temperature (as printed)",
        "basis": "literature value quoted in the introduction of the paper; pressure not stated in the sentence"
      },
      "method": "Value stated in an open-access paper; not measured in this run",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "arxiv-tife-2020",
      "where": "Section 1 (Introduction), paragraph on the TiFe 1:1 compound",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Dematteis et al., Fundamental hydrogen storage properties of TiFe-alloy with partial substitution of Fe by Ti and Mn",
        "id": "arXiv:2012.00354",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00354",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv, cited not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Reducing acids (Beta C)",
      "headline": "The supplier says Beta C resists reducing acids well. No test value was printed.",
      "effect": "Titanium Industries states that Grade 19 (Beta C) demonstrates exceptional resistance to reducing acids. No corrosion rate or test condition is printed on the page, so the statement is a supplier claim.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "supplier statement, no test data"
      },
      "source": "ti-betac-titanium-com",
      "where": "Opening paragraph, product description"
    },
    {
      "environment": "General (Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn powder product)",
      "headline": "The supplier calls Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn powder corrosion resistant. No test value was printed.",
      "effect": "The Stanford Advanced Materials product page describes Ti 6-6-2 spherical powder as a high-strength titanium alloy with good corrosion resistance. No test condition or rate is given.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "product description, no test data"
      },
      "source": "stanford-662",
      "where": "Product description paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem reports that titanium does not meet GHS hazard criteria in 606 of 808 company reports; 202 of 808 reports give hazard codes. The codes describe titanium as a whole and may not apply to bulk alloy. No supplier safety data sheet for these alloys was read.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228: Flammable solid",
          "H250: Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air",
          "H251: Self-heating; may catch fire"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, company reports summary and hazard statements (signal word Danger)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn: the supplier says welding is not typically recommended for this material.",
        "source": "ti-662-titanium-com",
        "where": "Product description paragraph"
      },
      {
        "text": "Beta C: the supplier says the solution-annealed condition is extremely ductile and can be cold worked; higher strength needs cold working, solution treating and ageing, alone or combined.",
        "source": "ti-betac-titanium-com",
        "where": "Opening paragraph"
      },
      {
        "text": "Ti-Mo binaries were solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h and quenched in iced water before tensile testing, as printed in the methods of the paper.",
        "source": "saimm-ti-mo-2024",
        "where": "Experimental methods, solution treatment paragraph"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Forged structural parts, helicopter rotor hubs and landing gear",
      "example": "Aubert and Duval lists structural parts, helicopter rotor hubs and landing gear as applications of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, and says the alloy is generally delivered heat treated.",
      "source": "ti-1023-aubert",
      "where": "Applications list and Heat treatment section of the Ti1023 datasheet"
    },
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Rocket cases, forgings and airframe sections (Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn)",
      "example": "Titanium Industries lists forging applications, rocket cases, airframe sections and ordnance parts as uses of Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn.",
      "source": "ti-662-titanium-com",
      "where": "Questions and answers section, What is Titanium 6Al-6V-2SN used for"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Springs and fasteners (Beta C)",
      "example": "Titanium Industries says Beta C is commonly used for springs and fasteners in aircraft, and lists airframe skins among its uses.",
      "source": "ti-betac-titanium-com",
      "where": "Opening paragraph and questions and answers section"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Titanium sponge (feedstock for all titanium alloys)",
      "abundance": "Not read in this run",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 70.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_percent": 14.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 6.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 4.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Saudi Arabia",
          "share_percent": 3.2,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-ti-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; World Sponge Metal Production table. Shares are computed from the printed world total, which USGS rounds."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Molybdenum (alloying element in Ti-Mo binaries and Beta C)",
      "abundance": "Not read in this run",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 37.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 16.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 15.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 15,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "share_percent": 6.5,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mo-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column. Shares are computed from the printed rounded world total."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Vanadium (alloying element in Beta C and in the Ti-V binary)",
      "abundance": "Not read in this run",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 74.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 19.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 4.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 4.5,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-v-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table; Salient Statistics"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Gallium (Ti-Ga binary)",
      "abundance": "Not read in this run",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 99,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-ga-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Net import reliance; Events, Trends, and Issues"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Silicon (Ti-Si binary, Ti5Si3)",
      "abundance": "Not read in this run",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 80,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-si-2026",
      "where": "Events, Trends, and Issues, silicon materials production paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti 6Al-6V-2SN technical page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-6v-2sn/",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Samaterials: Ti 6-6-2 titanium alloy spherical powder product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.samaterials.com/ti-6-6-2-titanium-alloy-spherical-powder.html",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C Grade 19 (UNS R58640) technical page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Aubert and Duval: Ti1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) datasheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Ti1023_GB.pdf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "Makhatha et al., The influence of solution treatment on the phase evolution and tensile properties of binary Ti-Mo alloys (J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 124, 5, May 2024)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://scielo.org.za/pdf/jsaimm/v124n5/06.pdf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "Dematteis et al., Fundamental hydrogen storage properties of TiFe-alloy with partial substitution of Fe by Ti and Mn (arXiv:2012.00354)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00354",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "title": "Li, Tedenac and Record, Thermodynamic analysis of the Ga-Ti system (J. Alloys Compd. 358, 2003)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://pure.bit.edu.cn/en/publications/thermodynamic-analysis-of-the-ga-ti-system/",
      "year": 2003
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification (REST record)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Gallium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-gallium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Silicon",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silicon.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Ti-V binary: no binary Ti-V tensile, modulus or density value was found in a readable source. The NASA report found (NTRS 19750012451) covers Ti-50V based alloys with tensile values only in figures, and the Springer abstract for Ti-V (DOI 10.1007/BF02642942) gave no numbers. Ti-V is described qualitatively only.",
    "Ti-Ga: no alloy property value. The Wheeler 2024 paper on Ti-8Ga (Crystals 14, 1061) returned Access Denied to automated fetch, so its hardness and proof-stress figures are not recorded. The Li, Tedenac and Record 2003 abstract lists the compounds (Ti2Ga, Ti5Ga3, Ti2Ga3, TiGa2, TiGa3 stoichiometric; Ti3Ga, Ti5Ga4, TiGa with homogeneity ranges) but gives no numbers.",
    "Ti-Si (Ti5Si3): no property value from a readable source. The Springer JETP and JMR pages returned no article text, and the density, hardness and modulus figures seen in search results were not on a fetched page. The PMC TiB2/Ti5Si3 composite paper gives no density for pure Ti5Si3.",
    "Density not recorded for Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (4.65) and Beta C (0.173): the datasheets print the number with no unit, so the unit is not inferred. Density for Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn is from a powder product page only (4.54 g/cm3).",
    "Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn elastic modulus: the Titanium Industries table prints 6530 ksi, which is about 45 GPa and too low for a titanium alloy, so it is not recorded. Brinell hardness (411 maximum) is not recorded because the table gives no unit on the page.",
    "Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn beta transus: not found on a fetched page. A 2021 Metals paper was found in search, but its full text was not readable.",
    "Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al: the AMS 4983, 4984 and 4987 minimum tensile values are not read (SAE pages are paywalled); the Titanium Industries and American Elements pages returned no content. Only the Aubert and Duval typical ranges are recorded.",
    "Ti-Mo binaries: the elastic moduli are plotted in a figure of the paper (Figure 8) and not printed as values in the text, so they are not recorded. Only solution-treated tensile strength and elongation are recorded.",
    "Ti-Mo binary composition is the measured composition of each alloy as named in Table II; no nominal Ti-Mo alloy is named in the paper beyond those rows.",
    "Hydrogen capacity (wt%) and hardness are not canonical property names in spores/property-canon.yaml; hydrogen_capacity and beta_transus are short snake_case names used here, and hardness is used for the Beta C HRC range. The Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al beta transus is recorded as beta_transus.",
    "Failure risks (fatigue, galling, hydrogen embrittlement, creep) for any alloy in this group: no fetched source.",
    "Hazard data are for titanium as a whole (PubChem). No supplier safety data sheet for these alloys was read, and the PubChem record for titanium powder is not separated from bulk.",
    "Corrosion: no test data for Ti-Mo, Ti-V, Ti-Fe, Ti-Si or Ti-Ga, and no corrosion statement for Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. The two corrosion entries are supplier statements without test values.",
    "Supply: abundance, critical-mineral lists (USGS 2025 list and EU list) and recycling for titanium, molybdenum, vanadium, gallium and silicon were not read in this run. Gallium and silicon shares are the printed phrases (99 % and almost 80 %), with the year taken as 2025 because the summary covers that year.",
    "Space and orbital data for these alloys: none found."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "These are the less common titanium alloys. Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al is a quasi-beta forging alloy used for structural parts, helicopter rotor hubs and landing gear. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn is an alpha-beta alloy with a higher strength than Ti-6Al-4V and is used for forgings, rocket cases and airframe sections, though it is harder to weld. Beta C is a beta alloy whose supplier lists it for springs and fasteners. The Ti-Mo binaries are research alloys for beta-phase behaviour, and TiFe is a hydrogen-storage compound.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Structural forgings and landing gear",
        "line": "Aubert and Duval lists structural parts, helicopter rotor hubs and landing gear as uses of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. The datasheet says the alloy is generally delivered in the heat treated condition."
      },
      {
        "where": "Rocket cases and airframe sections",
        "line": "Titanium Industries lists forging applications, rocket cases, airframe sections and ordnance parts for Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn."
      },
      {
        "where": "Springs and fasteners",
        "line": "Titanium Industries says Beta C is commonly used for springs and fasteners in aircraft, and lists airframe skins among its uses."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Heat treated Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has a typical tensile strength of 1000 to 1300 N/mm2 at room temperature and 900 to 1170 N/mm2 at 315 °C. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn has a supplier maximum of 175 ksi. Solution-treated Ti-Mo binaries reach 684.65 to 764.22 MPa.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Ductility",
        "line": "Heat treated Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has a typical elongation of 5 to 12 %. Ti-10.02Mo keeps 20.17 % after solution treatment, but Ti-15.05Mo falls to 6.95 %.",
        "benchmark": "elongation",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Beta C is listed with a modulus of 15000 ksi, though the supplier says its data are for reference only.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat",
        "line": "Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Beta C both print a melting point of 3000 °F.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has the most usable data here: a typical tensile range at room temperature and at 315 °C, with a beta transus of 800 °C. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Beta C have supplier maxima only. The Ti-Mo binaries sit between 684.65 and 764.22 MPa after solution treatment, and their ductility drops at higher molybdenum, to 6.95 % at 15.05 %. TiFe has a single capacity value, and Ti-V, Ti-Ga and Ti-Si have no alloy-level value in the sources read.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Melting point",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elongation",
        "benchmark": "elongation",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn: welding is not typically recommended (supplier).",
      "Beta C: the solution-annealed state can be cold worked; higher strength needs cold working or ageing (supplier).",
      "Ti-Mo binaries: solution treat at 1100 °C for 1 h and quench in iced water, as in the paper.",
      "Powder and swarf: PubChem gives H228, H250 and H251 for titanium. Keep away from ignition sources."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Forged structural parts that are heat treated to about 1000 N/mm2 tensile strength (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al).",
      "Springs and fasteners where a beta alloy is wanted (Beta C, supplier)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Ductility falls with ageing and with higher Mo in the Ti-Mo binaries (Ti-15.05Mo at 6.95 % after solution treatment).",
      "Most maxima are supplier numbers marked reference only or typical, not guaranteed minimums, so do not design to them without an AMS or mill specification.",
      "Ti-V, Ti-Ga and Ti-Si have no alloy-level property value in the sources read."
    ],
    "verdict": "Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has the most usable data here and suits forged structural parts. Beta C and Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn have supplier maxima only. The Ti-Mo binaries show that molybdenum above 10 % cuts ductility. Ti-V, Ti-Ga and Ti-Si need primary data before any design use.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Each alloy is titanium with a small set of alloying elements. Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al is nominally 10 % vanadium, 2 % iron and 3 % aluminium by weight, balance titanium. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn adds 5 to 6 % aluminium, 5 to 6 % vanadium, 1.5 to 2.5 % tin and 0.35 to 1 % each of iron and copper. Beta C has 3 to 4 % aluminium, 7.5 to 8.5 % vanadium, 5.5 to 6.5 % chromium, 3.5 to 4.5 % zirconium and 3.5 to 4.5 % molybdenum. The Ti-Mo binaries are measured at 10.02 to 15.05 % molybdenum. TiFe is a 1:1 atomic compound. The sources read do not describe the melting or forging route for these alloys.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Base metal in every alloy in this profile.",
          "source": "ti-1023-aubert",
          "where": "Composition block, Titanium Base"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vanadium",
          "symbol": "V",
          "role": "Beta stabiliser and strength element. In Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al it is 10.00 % by weight.",
          "share_percent": 10,
          "source": "ti-1023-aubert",
          "where": "Composition block, Vanadium 10.00"
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Beta stabiliser. In Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al it is 2.00 % by weight.",
          "share_percent": 2,
          "source": "ti-1023-aubert",
          "where": "Composition block, Iron 2.00"
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "Alpha stabiliser. In Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al it is 3.00 % by weight.",
          "share_percent": 3,
          "source": "ti-1023-aubert",
          "where": "Composition block, Aluminum 3.00"
        },
        {
          "name": "Molybdenum",
          "symbol": "Mo",
          "role": "Beta stabiliser. Ti-Mo binaries with 10 to 15 % Mo keep the beta phase when quenched.",
          "source": "saimm-ti-mo-2024",
          "where": "Table II, measured composition rows"
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron and titanium (TiFe)",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "TiFe is a 1:1 intermetallic compound with a CsCl-type cubic structure. The cell takes up hydrogen at room temperature.",
          "source": "arxiv-tife-2020",
          "where": "Section 1, stoichiometric 1:1 compound TiFe"
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon (Ti5Si3)",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "Silicide phase used as a binary intermetallic. Its properties are not recorded here.",
          "source": "usgs-si-2026",
          "where": "Named in the profile scope; no composition figure read"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The PubChem titanium record is mostly not classified, but the codes it gives concern titanium as a whole. No safety data sheet for these alloys was read.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Hazard codes",
            "line": "PubChem gives H228, H250 and H251 for titanium, with the signal word Danger, in 202 of 808 company reports. The record does not separate bulk metal from fine powder."
          },
          {
            "label": "Powder",
            "line": "The Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn powder is sold as a spherical powder product. Keep it away from ignition sources."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Not classified for the metal"
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and processing",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Welding",
            "line": "The supplier says welding is not typically recommended for Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn."
          },
          {
            "label": "Beta C",
            "line": "The solution-annealed Beta C is extremely ductile and can be cold worked. Higher strength comes from cold working, solution treating and ageing."
          },
          {
            "label": "Ti-Mo",
            "line": "The binaries were solution treated at 1100 °C for 1 h and quenched in iced water before testing."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 28,
    "unreachable": 3,
    "caveats": 6,
    "note": "Written 2026-10-26 by an assistant from pages fetched in this run. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al and Beta C have supplier or producer typical and maximum values; Ti-Mo has solution-treated tensile data for four binaries; TiFe has one literature capacity. Ti-V, Ti-Ga and Ti-Si have no alloy-level value in a readable source."
  },
  "sources": {
    "ti-662-titanium-com": {
      "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti 6Al-6V-2SN technical page",
      "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti 6Al-6V-2SN page (accessed 2026-10-26)",
      "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-6v-2sn/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "stanford-662": {
      "title": "Samaterials: Ti 6-6-2 titanium alloy spherical powder",
      "id": "Stanford Advanced Materials, product TM4849 (accessed 2026-10-26)",
      "url": "https://www.samaterials.com/ti-6-6-2-titanium-alloy-spherical-powder.html",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "ti-betac-titanium-com": {
      "title": "Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C Grade 19 (UNS R58640) technical page",
      "id": "Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page (accessed 2026-10-26)",
      "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "ti-1023-aubert": {
      "title": "Aubert and Duval: Ti1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) datasheet",
      "id": "Aubert and Duval, Ti1023 datasheet (UNS R56410)",
      "url": "https://www.aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Ti1023_GB.pdf",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "saimm-ti-mo-2024": {
      "title": "Makhatha et al., solution treatment and tensile properties of binary Ti-Mo alloys (SAIMM, May 2024)",
      "id": "J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 124(5), 2024",
      "url": "https://scielo.org.za/pdf/jsaimm/v124n5/06.pdf",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "open access journal, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "arxiv-tife-2020": {
      "title": "Dematteis et al., Fundamental hydrogen storage properties of TiFe-alloy with partial substitution of Fe by Ti and Mn",
      "id": "arXiv:2012.00354",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00354",
      "year": 2020,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "arXiv, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "ga-ti-li2003": {
      "title": "Li, Tedenac and Record, Thermodynamic analysis of the Ga-Ti system",
      "id": "doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(03)00131-2 (J. Alloys Compd. 358, 133-141)",
      "url": "https://pure.bit.edu.cn/en/publications/thermodynamic-analysis-of-the-ga-ti-system/",
      "year": 2003,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "publisher record, abstract only read"
    },
    "pubchem-ti": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record, Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification",
      "id": "CID 23963",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "usgs-ti-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Titanium",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mo-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Molybdenum",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-v-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Vanadium",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-ga-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Gallium (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Gallium",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-gallium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-si-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Silicon (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Silicon",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silicon.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/titanium-minor-alloys/"
}