spore: profile id: ti-6al-4v spore_version: 0.2 family: titanium-alloys name: Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) abbreviation: Ti-6Al-4V role: structural alloy category: metals type: titanium summary: | Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) is titanium alloyed with about 6 % aluminium and 4 % vanadium. It is the most commonly used titanium alloy. In the annealed condition a supplier datasheet gives a density of 4.43 g/cm3, an elastic modulus of 113.8 GPa in tension and a 0.2 % yield strength of 830 to 950 MPa. Its thermal conductivity is 6.7 W/(m K) at 20 degC, low for a metal. Aerospace bar is specified to AMS 4928 with a minimum tensile strength of 931 MPa for diameters under 2 inches. best_for: Strength-to-weight structures that must stay strong up to about 400 degC, such as aerospace forgings and bars (the datasheet gives 4.43 g/cm3 density and 830 to 950 MPa yield) weakest_at: Low thermal conductivity (6.7 W/(m K) at 20 degC), and lower ductility once it is solution-treated and aged (6 to 10 % elongation) identity: formula: 'Ti-6Al-4V: titanium with about 6 wt % aluminium and 4 wt % vanadium (alpha-beta alloy); nominal composition, no fixed chemical formula' cas: '' source: aircraft-ti64 where: Composition limits table, and wikipedia-titanium-alloy for the 6 % aluminium and 4 % vanadium nominal values designations: - system: UNS code: R56400 source: ati-6-4-page where: Product heading, UNS R56400 under ATI 6-4 - system: EN code: '3.7165' source: bibus-ti64 where: Title line, 3.7165 / 3.7164.1 / UNS R56400 - system: EN code: 3.7164.1 source: bibus-ti64 where: Title line, 3.7165 / 3.7164.1 / UNS R56400 - system: GB code: TC4 source: ssa-ti64-sheet where: Common Trade Names list (TC4 printed, no GB label) - system: ISO code: 5832-3 note: wrought alloy source: ssa-ti64-sheet where: Common Specifications list, ISO 5832-3 line - system: BS code: TA11 source: smiths-ti64 where: Material Specifications list, BS TA11 bullet - system: AMS code: '4911' note: sheet and plate, annealed source: ssa-ti64-sheet where: Common Specifications list, AMS 4911 line - system: AMS code: '4928' note: bars, forgings and forging stock, annealed source: ati-6-4-tds where: Specifications list, AMS 4928 bullet - system: AMS code: '4965' note: bars and forgings, solution treated and aged source: ati-6-4-tds where: Specifications list, AMS 4965 bullet - system: AMS code: '4967' note: bars and forgings, annealed, heat treatable source: ati-6-4-tds where: Specifications list, AMS 4967 bullet - system: AMS code: '6931' note: sheet, bar and plate source: upmet-ti64 where: Header line and datasheet title, AMS 6931 - system: AMS code: T-9046 note: sheet and plate source: ssa-ti64-sheet where: Common Specifications list, AMS-T-9046 line - system: MIL code: T-9046 note: sheet and plate source: ssa-ti64-sheet where: Common Specifications list, MIL-T-9046 line - system: ASTM code: B265 note: Grade 5, sheet and plate source: ssa-ti64-sheet where: Common Specifications list, ASTM B265 Grade 5 line - system: ASTM code: B348 note: Grade 5, bar source: smiths-ti64 where: Heading, Bar to ASTM B348 Grade 5 - system: ASTM code: F1472 note: bars, forgings, sheet, strip and plate source: ssa-ti64-sheet where: Common Specifications list, ASTM F 1472 line - system: ASME code: SB265 note: Grade 5, sheet and plate source: ssa-ti64-sheet where: Common Specifications list, printed as ASTM SB265 Grade 5 - system: Trade name code: ATI 6-4 source: ati-6-4-page where: Product heading, ATI 6-4 trademark - system: Trade name code: TIMETAL 6-4 source: timet-plate where: Alloy list on the plate page - system: Trade name code: TIMETAL 6Al-4V source: timet-plate where: Plate page introduction text - system: Trade name code: 6-4 Titanium source: ssa-ti64-sheet where: Common Trade Names list - system: Trade name code: Ti64 source: ssa-ti64-sheet where: Common Trade Names list - system: Trade name code: 6Al4V Titanium source: ssa-ti64-sheet where: Common Trade Names list - system: Trade name code: Grade 5 Titanium source: ssa-ti64-sheet where: Common Trade Names list - system: Trade name code: Ti-Grade 5 source: ssa-ti64-sheet where: Common Trade Names list - system: Trade name code: 6%Al-4%V Titanium source: ssa-ti64-sheet where: Common Trade Names list - system: Trade name code: Titan Grade 5 note: 6Al-4V source: ssa-ti64-sheet where: Common Trade Names list tags: environments: [] stresses: - extreme-cold applications: - structures - propulsion-and-tanks properties: - benchmark: density label: Density value: 4.43 unit: g/cm3 scope: material conditions: condition: not stated; alloy density method: Value printed in a technical reference page for Ti-6Al-4V (Section 3.2 physical constants) status: ground source: boze-ti64 where: Section 3.2, physical constants table, Density row - benchmark: elastic_modulus label: Elastic modulus (tension) value: 113.8 unit: GPa scope: material conditions: loading: tension condition: not stated method: Value printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page status: ground source: boze-ti64 where: Section 3.2, physical constants table, Elastic modulus (tension) row - benchmark: poissons_ratio label: Poisson ratio value: 0.342 unit: dimensionless scope: material conditions: condition: not stated method: Value printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page status: ground source: boze-ti64 where: Section 3.2, physical constants table, Poisson's ratio row - benchmark: melting_point label: Melting range value: 1604 value_high: 1660 unit: degC scope: material conditions: basis: melting range printed as a range method: Printed range in a technical reference page (Section 3.2) status: ground source: boze-ti64 where: Section 3.2, physical constants table, Melting range row - benchmark: beta_transus label: Beta-transus temperature value: 995 unit: degC scope: material conditions: tolerance: plus or minus 15 degC as printed method: Printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page status: ground source: boze-ti64 where: Section 3.2, physical constants table, Beta-transus temperature row - benchmark: thermal_conductivity label: Thermal conductivity value: 6.7 unit: W/(m K) scope: material conditions: temperature: 20 degC method: Value printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page status: ground source: boze-ti64 where: Section 3.2, physical constants table, Thermal conductivity row - benchmark: cte label: Coefficient of thermal expansion value: 8.6 unit: 10^-6 /degC scope: material conditions: temperature_range: 20 to 100 degC method: Value printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page status: ground source: boze-ti64 where: Section 3.2, physical constants table, Coefficient of thermal expansion row - benchmark: specific_heat label: Specific heat capacity value: 0.526 unit: J/(g K) scope: material conditions: temperature: 20 degC method: Value printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page status: ground source: boze-ti64 where: Section 3.2, physical constants table, Specific heat capacity row - benchmark: yield_strength label: 0.2 % yield strength, annealed value: 830 value_high: 950 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: condition: annealed offset: 0.2 % method: Printed range for the annealed condition in a technical reference page (Section 3.1) status: ground source: boze-ti64 where: Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Yield strength (0.2% offset), Annealed column - benchmark: yield_strength label: 0.2 % yield strength, solution treated and aged value: 1000 value_high: 1100 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: condition: solution treated and aged (STA) offset: 0.2 % method: Printed range for the STA condition in a technical reference page (Section 3.1) status: ground source: boze-ti64 where: Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Yield strength (0.2% offset), STA column - benchmark: tensile_strength label: Tensile strength, annealed value: 900 value_high: 1000 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: condition: annealed method: Printed range for the annealed condition in a technical reference page (Section 3.1) status: ground source: boze-ti64 where: Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Tensile strength, Annealed column - benchmark: tensile_strength label: Tensile strength, minimum for AMS 4928 bar under 2 in diameter value: 931 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: specification: AMS 4928, annealed bar, diameter under 2.00 in minimum: 'yes' method: Minimum value printed in a table of typical annealed mechanical properties (AMS 4928) status: ground source: aircraft-ti64 where: 'Typical Mechanical Properties: Annealed Bar (per AMS 4928), row less than 2.00 in, UTS min column' - benchmark: yield_strength label: Yield strength minimum for AMS 4928 bar under 2 in diameter value: 862 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: specification: AMS 4928, annealed bar, diameter under 2.00 in minimum: 'yes' method: Value printed in a table of typical annealed mechanical properties (AMS 4928) status: ground source: aircraft-ti64 where: 'Typical Mechanical Properties: Annealed Bar (per AMS 4928), row less than 2.00 in, Yield column' - benchmark: elongation label: Elongation, annealed value: 10 value_high: 18 unit: '%' scope: material conditions: condition: annealed method: Printed range for the annealed condition in a technical reference page (Section 3.1) status: ground source: boze-ti64 where: Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Elongation, Annealed column - benchmark: hardness label: Hardness, annealed value: 30 value_high: 36 unit: HRC scope: material conditions: condition: annealed method: Printed range for the annealed condition in a technical reference page (Section 3.1) status: ground source: boze-ti64 where: Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Hardness, Annealed column - benchmark: impact_energy label: Charpy V-notch impact, annealed value: 18 value_high: 30 unit: J scope: material conditions: condition: annealed test: Charpy V-notch method: Printed range in a technical reference page (Section 3.1) status: ground source: boze-ti64 where: Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Charpy V-notch impact, Annealed column - benchmark: fatigue_limit label: Fatigue endurance limit, annealed (10^7 cycles) value: 500 value_high: 600 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: condition: annealed cycles: 10^7 method: Printed range in a technical reference page (Section 3.1) status: ground source: boze-ti64 where: Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Fatigue endurance limit row, Annealed column corrosion: - environment: Seawater headline: Titanium alloys have outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater. effect: The general titanium page says titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater and is used for propeller shafts, rigging and other boat parts exposed to seawater. The page is about commercially pure titanium and the family as a whole, not a Ti-6Al-4V test. rating: severe conditions: basis: general statement, titanium family source: wikipedia-titanium-alloy where: Titanium alloy article, applications section (Marine) - environment: Marine and offshore oil and gas headline: Grade 5 offers excellent resistance to many marine and offshore oil and gas environments. effect: The supplier datasheet states the resistance and lists marine equipment and offshore oil and gas equipment as typical applications. It notes that alloys such as grade 24 (0.05 % Pd) or grade 25 (0.05 % Pd, 0.5 % Ni) raise resistance in reducing acid, chloride and sour environments, to above 200 degC. rating: severe conditions: basis: supplier statement; no test conditions printed source: smiths-ti64 where: Corrosion Resistance and Typical Applications sections - environment: Acids headline: Resists oxidising acids; rapidly attacked by hydrofluoric acid; not for red fuming nitric acid. effect: Titanium and its alloys resist a wide range of acids, being highly resistant to oxidising acids and useful against reducing acids. The datasheet says Grade 5 should not be used with red fuming nitric acid and is rapidly attacked by hydrofluoric acid. rating: low conditions: basis: supplier statement, no concentrations printed source: smiths-ti64 where: Corrosion Resistance section - environment: Simulated body fluid (Hank's solution), electrochemical headline: Ti-6Al-4V forms a passive film; the film behaves differently after transpassivation. effect: Passive films on as-cast Ti-6Al-4V were formed in Hank's solution by potentiostatic polarisation. The passivation current density in the repassivation range was significantly larger than in the passivation range, which the authors relate to a change in the film. This is an as-cast material in a simulated body fluid, not a seawater test. rating: moderate conditions: electrolyte: Hank's solution (simulated body fluid) method: potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarisation, EIS material: as-cast Ti-6Al-4V source: frontiers-ti64-passive where: Abstract risks: hazards: - text: PubChem aggregates GHS reports for titanium from 808 company reports (18 ECHA C&L notifications). It gives H228 (flammable solid), signal word Danger, and lists Flammable solids Category 1. The fetched record also has a "Not Classified" line, and does not separate bulk metal from powder or swarf. Check the SDS for the form you handle. ghs: - 'H228: Flammable solid' source: pubchem-ti where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 23963) - text: Precautionary statements listed with the GHS entry include P210 (keep away from heat, sparks, open flames), P240 and P241 (grounding, explosion-proof equipment), and P280 (protective gloves). ghs: [] source: pubchem-ti where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification precautionary statements failure_risks: - source: wikipedia-titanium-alloy where: Titanium alloy article, Ti-6Al-4V / Ti-6Al-4V-ELI section mode: Ti-6Al-4V has poor shear strength and poor surface wear properties in certain lo consequence: Ti-6Al-4V has poor shear strength and poor surface wear properties in certain loading conditions. Galling and fretting data were not found in a fetched source. - source: smiths-ti64 where: Fabrication (typical values) mode: Weldability is rated fair by the supplier consequence: Weldability is rated fair by the supplier. side_effects: [] handling: - text: Specified bend radius is 4.5 times thickness for sections under 0.070 in and 5.0 times thickness above that (supplier fabrication values). source: smiths-ti64 where: Fabrication (typical values) mitigations: [] uses: - application: structures device: Aerospace forging and bar (example of an AMS 4928 bar forging) example: A supplier's application example describes a 120 mm AMS 4928 bar forging with a 1.2 mm minimum wall, machined to a profile tolerance of plus or minus 0.025 mm. source: boze-ti64 where: Section 4 (application examples), Aerospace example - application: structures device: Aircraft and spacecraft structural parts made to AMS 4928 and AMS 4911 example: The alloy is specified to AMS 4928 for bar and to AMS 4911 for sheet, with the minimum tensile values printed in the aircraft-materials table. source: aircraft-ti64 where: Typical Mechanical Properties tables (AMS 4928 bar; AMS 4911 sheet) - application: structures device: Aero-engine components and airframe components example: Grade 5 is listed for aero-engine and airframe components in the supplier datasheet, with AMS 4928 and AMS 4911 specifications. source: smiths-ti64 where: Typical Applications; Material Specifications - application: structures device: Marine equipment and offshore oil and gas equipment example: Grade 5 is listed for marine and offshore oil and gas equipment, based on its resistance to seawater and many offshore environments. source: smiths-ti64 where: Typical Applications; Corrosion Resistance supply: - subject: Titanium sponge (feedstock for mill products and alloys) abundance: Not read in this run. USGS gives tonnages below but no crustal abundance for titanium. producers: - country: China share_percent: 70.3 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 260,000 t of 370,000 t world sponge (USGS table, World Sponge Metal Production)' - country: Japan share_percent: 14.3 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 53,000 t of 370,000 t' - country: Russia share_percent: 6.8 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 25,000 t of 370,000 t' - country: Kazakhstan share_percent: 4.3 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 16,000 t of 370,000 t' - country: Saudi Arabia share_percent: 3.2 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 12,000 t of 370,000 t' us_position: The United States produced no titanium sponge in 2025; the last domestic sponge plant closed in 2024. US sponge imports were an estimated 44,000 t in 2025 (Japan 73 %, Kazakhstan 13 %, Saudi Arabia 13 % through July 2025). Net import reliance for sponge is 100 % (2025e). source: usgs-ti-2026 where: Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; Events, Trends, and Issues; World Sponge Metal Production table - subject: Vanadium (mine production, feedstock for ferrovanadium and alloys) abundance: World resources exceed 63 million t; world mine reserves 21,000 t (2025e). Vanadium is mostly a coproduct of steel and titanomagnetite processing. producers: - country: China share_percent: 74.5 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 82,000 t of 110,000 t world mine production (USGS, 2025e)' - country: Russia share_percent: 19.1 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 21,000 t of 110,000 t' - country: Brazil share_percent: 4.8 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 5,300 t of 110,000 t' - country: South Africa share_percent: 4.5 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 5,000 t of 110,000 t' us_position: 'No primary vanadium mine production in the US. Secondary production from ash, residues and spent catalysts was 7,500 t in 2025e. US net import reliance was 41 % of apparent consumption in 2025e (46 % in 2024). Imports 2021 to 2024: ferrovanadium from Canada 50 % and Austria 35 %; vanadium pentoxide from Brazil 47 % and South Africa 43 %.' source: usgs-v-2026 where: Salient Statistics; Import Sources; World Mine Production and Reserves table media: [] documents: - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium' type: report url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf year: 2026 - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium' type: report url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf year: 2026 - title: 'Smiths Metal Centres: Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) technical datasheet' type: datasheet url: https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-6al-4v-grade-5.pdf year: 2023 - title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification summary' type: database url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963 year: 2026 - title: Characteristics of Passive Films Formed on As-Cast Ti-6Al-4V in Hank's Solution (open access) type: paper url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.640081 year: 2021 - title: ATI 6-4 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V, Grade 5) product page type: datasheet url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-6-4-grade5 year: 2026 - title: ATI Ti-6Al-4V, Grade 5 Technical Data Sheet type: datasheet url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/titanium/alloyed/ati_6-4_tds_en_v1.pdf year: 2011 - title: 'United Performance Metals: Ti-6Al-4V Grade 5 datasheet (sheet, bar and plate)' type: datasheet url: https://www.upmet.com/sites/default/files/products/datasheet/ti-6al-4v-datasheet.pdf year: 2026 - title: 'BIBUS METALS: Titanium Grade 5 (6Al-4V) product page' type: datasheet url: https://metals.bibus.com/cn-zh/products/itm/titanium-grade-5-6al-4v/ year: 2026 - title: 'Service Steel Aerospace: Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Grade 5 Sheet (AMS 4911, UNS R56400)' type: datasheet url: https://www.ssa-corp.com/en/Ti-6Al-4V-Titanium-Sheet-AMS-4911-UNSR56400.php year: 2026 - title: 'TIMET: plate product page (TIMETAL 6-4, TIMETAL 6Al-4V)' type: datasheet url: https://www.timet.com/products/plate.html year: 2026 gaps: - 'Hydrogen embrittlement and hydride formation: no fetched source. (A 2024 Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering paper was seen only as a search snippet and is not used.)' - 'Galling: no fetched source.' - 'Chloride pitting and crevice data for Ti-6Al-4V specifically: not read; the seawater statements are general titanium.' - 'Critical-mineral lists: the USGS titanium and vanadium MCS 2026 text does not list them; the USGS 2025 critical list and EU list were not read in this run.' - 'Space and orbital data (atomic oxygen erosion yield, outgassing, thermal cycling in orbit): no NASA source with Ti-6Al-4V numbers was read.' - 'Cryogenic properties: the NIST page gives only curve-fit coefficients, not printed values, so no number is used.' - 'Spacecraft tanks and fasteners as a use: no source read.' - 'Medical implants: the Wikipedia article says Ti-6Al-4V-ELI is the most common medical implant titanium alloy; this is the ELI grade, not Grade 5, so it is not listed as a Grade 5 use.' - 'Phone and watch frame claim: not supported by any fetched source.' - 'Heat-treatment temperature windows and cutting data: printed on the supplier page but not recorded as properties.' - Beta-transus and melting values come from one supplier page; no second source checked them. - 'Media and product-form data: not extracted.' - 'Designations not found on the pages read in this run: EN name TiAl6V4, AFNOR TA6V, JIS, ASTM B381 (forgings) and B367 (castings). Carpenter''s titanium alloy finder has no Ti-6Al-4V entry in static HTML. The ASM Material Data Sheet (asm.matweb.com) did not connect. Ulbrich and Upmet product pages are blocked by Cloudflare. TIMET product pages print trade names only. Not added: AMS 6930 (scope not stated), PWA LCS and GE GT193 (OEM specs), AMS-H-81200 (heat treatment), DMS 1592, CMMP015 and Grade 23 or ELI codes.' sources: boze-ti64: title: 'Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)' id: Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide url: https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/ year: 2025 kind: web license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced aircraft-ti64: title: Titanium Alloy Grade 5 / Ti-6Al-4V (aircraft materials data) id: aircraftmaterials.com url: https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/titanium/ti6al4v.html year: 2025 kind: web license: web page, cited not reproduced makeitfrom-ti64: title: Grade 5 (Ti-6Al-4V, 3.7165, R56400) Titanium material properties id: MakeItFrom.com url: https://www.makeitfrom.com/material-properties/Grade-5-Ti-6Al-4V-3.7165-R56400-Titanium year: 2025 kind: web license: web page, cited not reproduced wikipedia-titanium-alloy: title: Titanium alloy (Wikipedia) id: Wikipedia, Titanium alloy url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy year: 2026 kind: web license: CC BY-SA 4.0 usgs-ti-2026: title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)' id: USGS MCS 2026, Titanium url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf year: 2026 kind: report license: US Government work, public domain usgs-v-2026: title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium (USGS, February 2026)' id: USGS MCS 2026, Vanadium url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf year: 2026 kind: report license: US Government work, public domain smiths-ti64: title: Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) Technical Datasheet id: Smiths Metal Centres url: https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-6al-4v-grade-5.pdf year: 2023 kind: datasheet license: supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced pubchem-ti: title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification' id: PubChem CID 23963 url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963 year: 2026 kind: database license: PubChem, public frontiers-ti64-passive: title: Characteristics of Passive Films Formed on As-Cast Ti-6Al-4V in Hank's Solution Before and After Transpassivation (Front. Mater. 2021) id: Guo et al., doi 10.3389/fmats.2020.640081 url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.640081 year: 2021 kind: paper license: open access, cited not reproduced ati-6-4-page: title: ATI 6-4 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V, Grade 5) product page id: ATI Inc., ATI 6-4 product page url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-6-4-grade5 year: 2026 kind: web license: manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced ati-6-4-tds: title: ATI Ti-6Al-4V, Grade 5 Technical Data Sheet id: ATI Inc., technical data sheet url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/titanium/alloyed/ati_6-4_tds_en_v1.pdf year: 2011 kind: datasheet license: manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced upmet-ti64: title: Ti-6Al-4V Grade 5 Titanium datasheet (sheet, bar and plate; AMS 4911, 4928, 4967, 6931) id: United Performance Metals (Upmet), datasheet url: https://www.upmet.com/sites/default/files/products/datasheet/ti-6al-4v-datasheet.pdf year: 2026 kind: datasheet license: stockist datasheet, cited not reproduced bibus-ti64: title: Titanium Grade 5 (6Al-4V) product page (3.7165 / 3.7164.1 / UNS R56400) id: BIBUS METALS, stockist product page url: https://metals.bibus.com/cn-zh/products/itm/titanium-grade-5-6al-4v/ year: 2026 kind: web license: stockist web page, cited not reproduced ssa-ti64-sheet: title: Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Grade 5 Sheet, AMS 4911, UNS R56400 (product page) id: Service Steel Aerospace (SSA), product page url: https://www.ssa-corp.com/en/Ti-6Al-4V-Titanium-Sheet-AMS-4911-UNSR56400.php year: 2026 kind: web license: stockist web page, cited not reproduced timet-plate: title: TIMET plate product page (TIMETAL 6-4, TIMETAL 6Al-4V) id: TIMET, plate product page url: https://www.timet.com/products/plate.html year: 2026 kind: web license: manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced license: CC-BY-4.0 updated: '2026-10-19' review: status: draft method: assistant checked_values: 17 unreachable: 4 caveats: 3 note: Deepened 2026-10-19 by an assistant. Added recipe (Smiths datasheet), supply (USGS MCS 2026), corrosion, uses, hazards and remaining story sections. Existing properties and sources kept. story: recipe: line: Ti-6Al-4V is titanium with 5.5 to 6.75 % aluminium and 3.5 to 4.5 % vanadium by weight, with maximum limits on iron (0.4 %) and oxygen (0.2 %), and titanium as the balance. The limits are from the Smiths Metal Centres datasheet for bar to ASTM B348 Grade 5. Aluminium stabilises the alpha phase and vanadium the beta phase, so the alloy is a two-phase alpha-beta material. Process routes are not described in the sources read here. parts: - name: Titanium symbol: Ti share: balance role: Base metal. Most of the alloy is titanium, which gives low density and corrosion resistance. source: smiths-ti64 where: Chemical Composition table (balance is not printed; implied by the other limits) share_note: balance (the rest) - name: Aluminium symbol: Al share_percent: 5.5 share_high: 6.75 share_low: 5.5 role: Alpha stabiliser. Raises the beta-transus temperature and strengthens the alpha phase. source: smiths-ti64 where: Chemical Composition table, Al min 5.5 max 6.75 - name: Vanadium symbol: V share_percent: 3.5 share_high: 4.5 share_low: 3.5 role: Beta stabiliser. Lets the alloy be solution-treated and aged to higher strength. source: smiths-ti64 where: Chemical Composition table, V min 3.5 max 4.5 - name: Iron symbol: Fe share_percent: 0 share_max: true role: Impurity, maximum limit. source: smiths-ti64 where: Chemical Composition table, Fe max 0.4 share_high: 0.4 - name: Oxygen symbol: O share_percent: 0 share_max: true role: Interstitial impurity, maximum limit. Raises strength and lowers ductility; the ELI grade caps it at 0.13 %. source: smiths-ti64 where: Chemical Composition table, O max 0.2; ELI note in Product Description share_high: 0.2 - name: Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen symbol: N, C, H share_max_values: N 0.05, C 0.08, H 0.015 (maximum) role: Interstitial impurities with maximum limits. source: smiths-ti64 where: Chemical Composition table share_note: at most 0.08 C, 0.05 N, 0.015 H risk_groups: - title: For people level: 0 verdict: Not assessed in the sources fetched lead: The metal in solid form is not classified as hazardous in the fetched sources. The PubChem record gives a flammable-solid classification for titanium, which applies to powder and swarf. points: - label: Solid alloy line: Bar and sheet are covered by the supplier datasheet, which gives no hazard classification. - label: Powder and swarf line: PubChem gives H228 (flammable solid) for titanium, from aggregated reports. Treat powder and swarf as a fire hazard. why: Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) is the most commonly used titanium alloy. It is titanium with about 6 % aluminium and 4 % vanadium. It combines a density of 4.43 g/cm3 with an annealed yield strength of 830 to 950 MPa, which makes it much stronger per unit mass than most steels for a given load. Its thermal conductivity is low, 6.7 W/(m K) at 20 degC, so it is chosen for structure rather than heat spreading. uses: - where: Aerospace structures line: A supplier application example describes a 120 mm AMS 4928 bar forging for an aerospace part, with a 1.2 mm minimum wall and a profile tolerance of plus or minus 0.025 mm. The aircraft-materials page gives the minimum strengths for AMS 4928 bar that such forgings are bought to. - where: Aero-engine and airframe parts line: The supplier datasheet lists aero-engine and airframe components and marine and offshore equipment as typical uses, with AMS 4928 and AMS 4911 as the specifications. can_do: - label: Strength benchmark: yield_strength line: In the annealed condition the 0.2 % yield strength is 830 to 950 MPa. In the solution-treated and aged condition it rises to 1000 to 1100 MPa, at the cost of ductility (elongation falls to 6 to 10 %). - label: Stiffness benchmark: elastic_modulus line: The tensile elastic modulus is 113.8 GPa, with a Poisson ratio of 0.342. - label: Temperature benchmark: beta_transus line: The beta-transus temperature is 995 plus or minus 15 degC. Heat treatment below this temperature keeps the alpha-beta structure, which is the basis of the annealed and aged conditions. compare: Ti-6Al-4V sits between the commercially pure titanium grades and high-strength steels. It is stronger than pure titanium, and it is lighter than steel at similar strength. It conducts heat poorly compared with aluminium and copper, with a thermal conductivity of 6.7 W/(m K) at 20 degC against a density of 4.43 g/cm3. compare_rows: - scope: material label: Density benchmark: density - scope: material label: Elastic modulus benchmark: elastic_modulus - scope: material label: Yield strength benchmark: yield_strength handling: - 'Fabrication: weldability is fair. Specified bend radius is 4.5 times thickness for sections under 0.070 in and 5.0 times above that (supplier datasheet).' - 'Powder and swarf: H228 flammable-solid classification (PubChem). Keep away from heat and sparks and ground the equipment.' - 'Heat treatment: the alloy is used annealed or solution-treated and aged. The temperature windows are on the supplier page but are not carried into this profile yet (see gaps).' good_for: - Strength for its weight. Annealed yield is 830 to 950 MPa at a density of 4.43 g/cm3. - Structural parts that need to hold strength up to about 400 degC, the service limit given on the Wikipedia page. watch_out: - Low thermal conductivity, 6.7 W/(m K) at 20 degC. - Ductility drops in the aged condition, to 6 to 10 % elongation. - Hazard and corrosion data were not checked in this run. - Poor shear and surface wear behaviour in certain loading conditions (Wikipedia). Galling was not checked. - Hydrofluoric acid attacks the alloy rapidly (supplier datasheet). verdict: 'Ti-6Al-4V is the default structural titanium for demanding aerospace parts: it gives high strength at low density and is well documented. Its weak point is heat conduction, and the sources read here do not cover corrosion or hazards.' supply_note: Shares are computed by the assistant from the printed tonnage and the printed world total (USGS rounds its world totals), not printed by USGS. critical_lists: [] composition: basis: weight percent, bar to ASTM B348 Grade 5 as printed in the supplier datasheet source: smiths-ti64 where: Chemical Composition (Bar to ASTM B348 Grade 5) table limits: - element: Al min: 5.5 max: 6.75 - element: V min: 3.5 max: 4.5 - element: Fe max: 0.4 - element: O max: 0.2 - element: C max: 0.08 - element: 'N' max: 0.05 - element: H max: 0.015 eli_oxygen_max: 0.13 note: Grade 23 (ELI) caps oxygen at 0.13 % max (supplier Product Description)