{ "spore": "profile", "id": "ti-6al-4v", "spore_version": "0.2", "family": "titanium-alloys", "name": "Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5)", "abbreviation": "Ti-6Al-4V", "role": "structural alloy", "category": "metals", "type": "titanium", "summary": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) is titanium alloyed with about 6 % aluminium and 4 % vanadium. It is the most commonly used titanium alloy. In the annealed condition a supplier datasheet gives a density of 4.43 g/cm3, an elastic modulus of 113.8 GPa in tension and a 0.2 % yield strength of 830 to 950 MPa. Its thermal conductivity is 6.7 W/(m K) at 20 degC, low for a metal. Aerospace bar is specified to AMS 4928 with a minimum tensile strength of 931 MPa for diameters under 2 inches.\n", "best_for": "Strength-to-weight structures that must stay strong up to about 400 degC, such as aerospace forgings and bars (the datasheet gives 4.43 g/cm3 density and 830 to 950 MPa yield)", "weakest_at": "Low thermal conductivity (6.7 W/(m K) at 20 degC), and lower ductility once it is solution-treated and aged (6 to 10 % elongation)", "identity": { "formula": "Ti-6Al-4V: titanium with about 6 wt % aluminium and 4 wt % vanadium (alpha-beta alloy); nominal composition, no fixed chemical formula", "cas": "", "designations": [ { "system": "UNS", "code": "R56400", "source": "ati-6-4-page", "where": "Product heading, UNS R56400 under ATI 6-4" }, { "system": "EN", "code": "3.7165", "source": "bibus-ti64", "where": "Title line, 3.7165 / 3.7164.1 / UNS R56400" }, { "system": "EN", "code": "3.7164.1", "source": "bibus-ti64", "where": "Title line, 3.7165 / 3.7164.1 / UNS R56400" }, { "system": "GB", "code": "TC4", "source": "ssa-ti64-sheet", "where": "Common Trade Names list (TC4 printed, no GB label)" }, { "system": "ISO", "code": "5832-3", "note": "wrought alloy", "source": "ssa-ti64-sheet", "where": "Common Specifications list, ISO 5832-3 line" }, { "system": "BS", "code": "TA11", "source": "smiths-ti64", "where": "Material Specifications list, BS TA11 bullet" }, { "system": "AMS", "code": "4911", "note": "sheet and plate, annealed", "source": "ssa-ti64-sheet", "where": "Common Specifications list, AMS 4911 line" }, { "system": "AMS", "code": "4928", "note": "bars, forgings and forging stock, annealed", "source": "ati-6-4-tds", "where": "Specifications list, AMS 4928 bullet" }, { "system": "AMS", "code": "4965", "note": "bars and forgings, solution treated and aged", "source": "ati-6-4-tds", "where": "Specifications list, AMS 4965 bullet" }, { "system": "AMS", "code": "4967", "note": "bars and forgings, annealed, heat treatable", "source": "ati-6-4-tds", "where": "Specifications list, AMS 4967 bullet" }, { "system": "AMS", "code": "6931", "note": "sheet, bar and plate", "source": "upmet-ti64", "where": "Header line and datasheet title, AMS 6931" }, { "system": "AMS", "code": "T-9046", "note": "sheet and plate", "source": "ssa-ti64-sheet", "where": "Common Specifications list, AMS-T-9046 line" }, { "system": "MIL", "code": "T-9046", "note": "sheet and plate", "source": "ssa-ti64-sheet", "where": "Common Specifications list, MIL-T-9046 line" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "B265", "note": "Grade 5, sheet and plate", "source": "ssa-ti64-sheet", "where": "Common Specifications list, ASTM B265 Grade 5 line" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "B348", "note": "Grade 5, bar", "source": "smiths-ti64", "where": "Heading, Bar to ASTM B348 Grade 5" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "F1472", "note": "bars, forgings, sheet, strip and plate", "source": "ssa-ti64-sheet", "where": "Common Specifications list, ASTM F 1472 line" }, { "system": "ASME", "code": "SB265", "note": "Grade 5, sheet and plate", "source": "ssa-ti64-sheet", "where": "Common Specifications list, printed as ASTM SB265 Grade 5" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "ATI 6-4", "source": "ati-6-4-page", "where": "Product heading, ATI 6-4 trademark" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "TIMETAL 6-4", "source": "timet-plate", "where": "Alloy list on the plate page" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "TIMETAL 6Al-4V", "source": "timet-plate", "where": "Plate page introduction text" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "6-4 Titanium", "source": "ssa-ti64-sheet", "where": "Common Trade Names list" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Ti64", "source": "ssa-ti64-sheet", "where": "Common Trade Names list" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "6Al4V Titanium", "source": "ssa-ti64-sheet", "where": "Common Trade Names list" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Grade 5 Titanium", "source": "ssa-ti64-sheet", "where": "Common Trade Names list" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Ti-Grade 5", "source": "ssa-ti64-sheet", "where": "Common Trade Names list" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "6%Al-4%V Titanium", "source": "ssa-ti64-sheet", "where": "Common Trade Names list" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Titan Grade 5", "note": "6Al-4V", "source": "ssa-ti64-sheet", "where": "Common Trade Names list" } ], "source": "aircraft-ti64", "where": "Composition limits table, and wikipedia-titanium-alloy for the 6 % aluminium and 4 % vanadium nominal values" }, "tags": { "environments": [], "stresses": [ "extreme-cold" ], "applications": [ "structures", "propulsion-and-tanks" ] }, "properties": [ { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density", "value": 4.43, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "not stated; alloy density" }, "method": "Value printed in a technical reference page for Ti-6Al-4V (Section 3.2 physical constants)", "status": "ground", "source": "boze-ti64", "where": "Section 3.2, physical constants table, Density row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)", "id": "Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide", "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Elastic modulus (tension)", "value": 113.8, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "loading": "tension", "condition": "not stated" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page", "status": "ground", "source": "boze-ti64", "where": "Section 3.2, physical constants table, Elastic modulus (tension) row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)", "id": "Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide", "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "poissons_ratio", "label": "Poisson ratio", "value": 0.342, "bound": "exact", "unit": "dimensionless", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "not stated" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page", "status": "ground", "source": "boze-ti64", "where": "Section 3.2, physical constants table, Poisson's ratio row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)", "id": "Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide", "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Melting range", "value": 1604, "value_high": 1660, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degC", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "melting range printed as a range" }, "method": "Printed range in a technical reference page (Section 3.2)", "status": "ground", "source": "boze-ti64", "where": "Section 3.2, physical constants table, Melting range row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)", "id": "Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide", "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "beta_transus", "label": "Beta-transus temperature", "value": 995, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degC", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "tolerance": "plus or minus 15 degC as printed" }, "method": "Printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page", "status": "ground", "source": "boze-ti64", "where": "Section 3.2, physical constants table, Beta-transus temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)", "id": "Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide", "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "label": "Thermal conductivity", "value": 6.7, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/(m K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 degC" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page", "status": "ground", "source": "boze-ti64", "where": "Section 3.2, physical constants table, Thermal conductivity row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)", "id": "Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide", "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion", "value": 8.6, "bound": "exact", "unit": "10^-6 /degC", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature_range": "20 to 100 degC" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page", "status": "ground", "source": "boze-ti64", "where": "Section 3.2, physical constants table, Coefficient of thermal expansion row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)", "id": "Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide", "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "specific_heat", "label": "Specific heat capacity", "value": 0.526, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/(g K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 degC" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical constants table of a technical reference page", "status": "ground", "source": "boze-ti64", "where": "Section 3.2, physical constants table, Specific heat capacity row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)", "id": "Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide", "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "0.2 % yield strength, annealed", "value": 830, "value_high": 950, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed", "offset": "0.2 %" }, "method": "Printed range for the annealed condition in a technical reference page (Section 3.1)", "status": "ground", "source": "boze-ti64", "where": "Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Yield strength (0.2% offset), Annealed column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)", "id": "Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide", "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "0.2 % yield strength, solution treated and aged", "value": 1000, "value_high": 1100, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "solution treated and aged (STA)", "offset": "0.2 %" }, "method": "Printed range for the STA condition in a technical reference page (Section 3.1)", "status": "ground", "source": "boze-ti64", "where": "Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Yield strength (0.2% offset), STA column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)", "id": "Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide", "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, annealed", "value": 900, "value_high": 1000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed" }, "method": "Printed range for the annealed condition in a technical reference page (Section 3.1)", "status": "ground", "source": "boze-ti64", "where": "Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Tensile strength, Annealed column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)", "id": "Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide", "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, minimum for AMS 4928 bar under 2 in diameter", "value": 931, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "specification": "AMS 4928, annealed bar, diameter under 2.00 in", "minimum": "yes" }, "method": "Minimum value printed in a table of typical annealed mechanical properties (AMS 4928)", "status": "ground", "source": "aircraft-ti64", "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties: Annealed Bar (per AMS 4928), row less than 2.00 in, UTS min column", "source_detail": { "title": "Titanium Alloy Grade 5 / Ti-6Al-4V (aircraft materials data)", "id": "aircraftmaterials.com", "url": "https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/titanium/ti6al4v.html", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength minimum for AMS 4928 bar under 2 in diameter", "value": 862, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "specification": "AMS 4928, annealed bar, diameter under 2.00 in", "minimum": "yes" }, "method": "Value printed in a table of typical annealed mechanical properties (AMS 4928)", "status": "ground", "source": "aircraft-ti64", "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties: Annealed Bar (per AMS 4928), row less than 2.00 in, Yield column", "source_detail": { "title": "Titanium Alloy Grade 5 / Ti-6Al-4V (aircraft materials data)", "id": "aircraftmaterials.com", "url": "https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/titanium/ti6al4v.html", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation, annealed", "value": 10, "value_high": 18, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed" }, "method": "Printed range for the annealed condition in a technical reference page (Section 3.1)", "status": "ground", "source": "boze-ti64", "where": "Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Elongation, Annealed column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)", "id": "Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide", "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "hardness", "label": "Hardness, annealed", "value": 30, "value_high": 36, "bound": "exact", "unit": "HRC", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed" }, "method": "Printed range for the annealed condition in a technical reference page (Section 3.1)", "status": "ground", "source": "boze-ti64", "where": "Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Hardness, Annealed column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)", "id": "Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide", "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "impact_energy", "label": "Charpy V-notch impact, annealed", "value": 18, "value_high": 30, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed", "test": "Charpy V-notch" }, "method": "Printed range in a technical reference page (Section 3.1)", "status": "ground", "source": "boze-ti64", "where": "Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Charpy V-notch impact, Annealed column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)", "id": "Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide", "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "fatigue_limit", "label": "Fatigue endurance limit, annealed (10^7 cycles)", "value": 500, "value_high": 600, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed", "cycles": "10^7" }, "method": "Printed range in a technical reference page (Section 3.1)", "status": "ground", "source": "boze-ti64", "where": "Section 3.1, mechanical properties table, Fatigue endurance limit row, Annealed column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)", "id": "Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide", "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced" } } ], "corrosion": [ { "environment": "Seawater", "headline": "Titanium alloys have outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater.", "effect": "The general titanium page says titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater and is used for propeller shafts, rigging and other boat parts exposed to seawater. The page is about commercially pure titanium and the family as a whole, not a Ti-6Al-4V test.", "rating": "severe", "conditions": { "basis": "general statement, titanium family" }, "source": "wikipedia-titanium-alloy", "where": "Titanium alloy article, applications section (Marine)" }, { "environment": "Marine and offshore oil and gas", "headline": "Grade 5 offers excellent resistance to many marine and offshore oil and gas environments.", "effect": "The supplier datasheet states the resistance and lists marine equipment and offshore oil and gas equipment as typical applications. It notes that alloys such as grade 24 (0.05 % Pd) or grade 25 (0.05 % Pd, 0.5 % Ni) raise resistance in reducing acid, chloride and sour environments, to above 200 degC.", "rating": "severe", "conditions": { "basis": "supplier statement; no test conditions printed" }, "source": "smiths-ti64", "where": "Corrosion Resistance and Typical Applications sections" }, { "environment": "Acids", "headline": "Resists oxidising acids; rapidly attacked by hydrofluoric acid; not for red fuming nitric acid.", "effect": "Titanium and its alloys resist a wide range of acids, being highly resistant to oxidising acids and useful against reducing acids. The datasheet says Grade 5 should not be used with red fuming nitric acid and is rapidly attacked by hydrofluoric acid.", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "basis": "supplier statement, no concentrations printed" }, "source": "smiths-ti64", "where": "Corrosion Resistance section" }, { "environment": "Simulated body fluid (Hank's solution), electrochemical", "headline": "Ti-6Al-4V forms a passive film; the film behaves differently after transpassivation.", "effect": "Passive films on as-cast Ti-6Al-4V were formed in Hank's solution by potentiostatic polarisation. The passivation current density in the repassivation range was significantly larger than in the passivation range, which the authors relate to a change in the film. This is an as-cast material in a simulated body fluid, not a seawater test.", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "electrolyte": "Hank's solution (simulated body fluid)", "method": "potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarisation, EIS", "material": "as-cast Ti-6Al-4V" }, "source": "frontiers-ti64-passive", "where": "Abstract" } ], "risks": { "hazards": [ { "text": "PubChem aggregates GHS reports for titanium from 808 company reports (18 ECHA C&L notifications). It gives H228 (flammable solid), signal word Danger, and lists Flammable solids Category 1. The fetched record also has a \"Not Classified\" line, and does not separate bulk metal from powder or swarf. Check the SDS for the form you handle.", "ghs": [ "H228: Flammable solid" ], "source": "pubchem-ti", "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 23963)" }, { "text": "Precautionary statements listed with the GHS entry include P210 (keep away from heat, sparks, open flames), P240 and P241 (grounding, explosion-proof equipment), and P280 (protective gloves).", "ghs": [], "source": "pubchem-ti", "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification precautionary statements" } ], "failure_risks": [ { "mode": "Ti-6Al-4V has poor shear strength and poor surface wear properties in certain lo", "consequence": "Ti-6Al-4V has poor shear strength and poor surface wear properties in certain loading conditions. Galling and fretting data were not found in a fetched source.", "source": "wikipedia-titanium-alloy", "where": "Titanium alloy article, Ti-6Al-4V / Ti-6Al-4V-ELI section" }, { "mode": "Weldability is rated fair by the supplier", "consequence": "Weldability is rated fair by the supplier.", "source": "smiths-ti64", "where": "Fabrication (typical values)" } ], "side_effects": [], "handling": [ { "text": "Specified bend radius is 4.5 times thickness for sections under 0.070 in and 5.0 times thickness above that (supplier fabrication values).", "source": "smiths-ti64", "where": "Fabrication (typical values)" } ], "mitigations": [] }, "uses": [ { "application": "structures", "device": "Aerospace forging and bar (example of an AMS 4928 bar forging)", "example": "A supplier's application example describes a 120 mm AMS 4928 bar forging with a 1.2 mm minimum wall, machined to a profile tolerance of plus or minus 0.025 mm.", "source": "boze-ti64", "where": "Section 4 (application examples), Aerospace example" }, { "application": "structures", "device": "Aircraft and spacecraft structural parts made to AMS 4928 and AMS 4911", "example": "The alloy is specified to AMS 4928 for bar and to AMS 4911 for sheet, with the minimum tensile values printed in the aircraft-materials table.", "source": "aircraft-ti64", "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties tables (AMS 4928 bar; AMS 4911 sheet)" }, { "application": "structures", "device": "Aero-engine components and airframe components", "example": "Grade 5 is listed for aero-engine and airframe components in the supplier datasheet, with AMS 4928 and AMS 4911 specifications.", "source": "smiths-ti64", "where": "Typical Applications; Material Specifications" }, { "application": "structures", "device": "Marine equipment and offshore oil and gas equipment", "example": "Grade 5 is listed for marine and offshore oil and gas equipment, based on its resistance to seawater and many offshore environments.", "source": "smiths-ti64", "where": "Typical Applications; Corrosion Resistance" } ], "supply": [ { "subject": "Titanium sponge (feedstock for mill products and alloys)", "abundance": "Not read in this run. USGS gives tonnages below but no crustal abundance for titanium.", "producers": [ { "country": "China", "share_percent": 70.3, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Japan", "share_percent": 14.3, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Russia", "share_percent": 6.8, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Kazakhstan", "share_percent": 4.3, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Saudi Arabia", "share_percent": 3.2, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "substitutes": [], "source": "usgs-ti-2026", "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; Events, Trends, and Issues; World Sponge Metal Production table" }, { "subject": "Vanadium (mine production, feedstock for ferrovanadium and alloys)", "abundance": "World resources exceed 63 million t; world mine reserves 21,000 t (2025e). Vanadium is mostly a coproduct of steel and titanomagnetite processing.", "producers": [ { "country": "China", "share_percent": 74.5, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Russia", "share_percent": 19.1, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Brazil", "share_percent": 4.8, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "South Africa", "share_percent": 4.5, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "substitutes": [], "source": "usgs-v-2026", "where": "Salient Statistics; Import Sources; World Mine Production and Reserves table" } ], "media": [], "documents": [ { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Smiths Metal Centres: Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) technical datasheet", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-6al-4v-grade-5.pdf", "year": 2023 }, { "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification summary", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Characteristics of Passive Films Formed on As-Cast Ti-6Al-4V in Hank's Solution (open access)", "type": "paper", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.640081", "year": 2021 }, { "title": "ATI 6-4 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V, Grade 5) product page", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-6-4-grade5", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "ATI Ti-6Al-4V, Grade 5 Technical Data Sheet", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/titanium/alloyed/ati_6-4_tds_en_v1.pdf", "year": 2011 }, { "title": "United Performance Metals: Ti-6Al-4V Grade 5 datasheet (sheet, bar and plate)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.upmet.com/sites/default/files/products/datasheet/ti-6al-4v-datasheet.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "BIBUS METALS: Titanium Grade 5 (6Al-4V) product page", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://metals.bibus.com/cn-zh/products/itm/titanium-grade-5-6al-4v/", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Service Steel Aerospace: Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Grade 5 Sheet (AMS 4911, UNS R56400)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.ssa-corp.com/en/Ti-6Al-4V-Titanium-Sheet-AMS-4911-UNSR56400.php", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "TIMET: plate product page (TIMETAL 6-4, TIMETAL 6Al-4V)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.timet.com/products/plate.html", "year": 2026 } ], "gaps": [ "Hydrogen embrittlement and hydride formation: no fetched source. (A 2024 Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering paper was seen only as a search snippet and is not used.)", "Galling: no fetched source.", "Chloride pitting and crevice data for Ti-6Al-4V specifically: not read; the seawater statements are general titanium.", "Critical-mineral lists: the USGS titanium and vanadium MCS 2026 text does not list them; the USGS 2025 critical list and EU list were not read in this run.", "Space and orbital data (atomic oxygen erosion yield, outgassing, thermal cycling in orbit): no NASA source with Ti-6Al-4V numbers was read.", "Cryogenic properties: the NIST page gives only curve-fit coefficients, not printed values, so no number is used.", "Spacecraft tanks and fasteners as a use: no source read.", "Medical implants: the Wikipedia article says Ti-6Al-4V-ELI is the most common medical implant titanium alloy; this is the ELI grade, not Grade 5, so it is not listed as a Grade 5 use.", "Phone and watch frame claim: not supported by any fetched source.", "Heat-treatment temperature windows and cutting data: printed on the supplier page but not recorded as properties.", "Beta-transus and melting values come from one supplier page; no second source checked them.", "Media and product-form data: not extracted.", "Designations not found on the pages read in this run: EN name TiAl6V4, AFNOR TA6V, JIS, ASTM B381 (forgings) and B367 (castings). Carpenter's titanium alloy finder has no Ti-6Al-4V entry in static HTML. The ASM Material Data Sheet (asm.matweb.com) did not connect. Ulbrich and Upmet product pages are blocked by Cloudflare. TIMET product pages print trade names only. Not added: AMS 6930 (scope not stated), PWA LCS and GE GT193 (OEM specs), AMS-H-81200 (heat treatment), DMS 1592, CMMP015 and Grade 23 or ELI codes." ], "story": { "why": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) is the most commonly used titanium alloy. It is titanium with about 6 % aluminium and 4 % vanadium. It combines a density of 4.43 g/cm3 with an annealed yield strength of 830 to 950 MPa, which makes it much stronger per unit mass than most steels for a given load. Its thermal conductivity is low, 6.7 W/(m K) at 20 degC, so it is chosen for structure rather than heat spreading.", "uses": [ { "where": "Aerospace structures", "line": "A supplier application example describes a 120 mm AMS 4928 bar forging for an aerospace part, with a 1.2 mm minimum wall and a profile tolerance of plus or minus 0.025 mm. The aircraft-materials page gives the minimum strengths for AMS 4928 bar that such forgings are bought to." }, { "where": "Aero-engine and airframe parts", "line": "The supplier datasheet lists aero-engine and airframe components and marine and offshore equipment as typical uses, with AMS 4928 and AMS 4911 as the specifications." } ], "can_do": [ { "label": "Strength", "line": "In the annealed condition the 0.2 % yield strength is 830 to 950 MPa. In the solution-treated and aged condition it rises to 1000 to 1100 MPa, at the cost of ductility (elongation falls to 6 to 10 %).", "benchmark": "yield_strength", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Stiffness", "line": "The tensile elastic modulus is 113.8 GPa, with a Poisson ratio of 0.342.", "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Temperature", "line": "The beta-transus temperature is 995 plus or minus 15 degC. Heat treatment below this temperature keeps the alpha-beta structure, which is the basis of the annealed and aged conditions.", "benchmark": "beta_transus", "scope": "material" } ], "compare": "Ti-6Al-4V sits between the commercially pure titanium grades and high-strength steels. It is stronger than pure titanium, and it is lighter than steel at similar strength. It conducts heat poorly compared with aluminium and copper, with a thermal conductivity of 6.7 W/(m K) at 20 degC against a density of 4.43 g/cm3.", "compare_rows": [ { "label": "Density", "benchmark": "density", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Elastic modulus", "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Yield strength", "benchmark": "yield_strength", "scope": "material" } ], "handling": [ "Fabrication: weldability is fair. Specified bend radius is 4.5 times thickness for sections under 0.070 in and 5.0 times above that (supplier datasheet).", "Powder and swarf: H228 flammable-solid classification (PubChem). Keep away from heat and sparks and ground the equipment.", "Heat treatment: the alloy is used annealed or solution-treated and aged. The temperature windows are on the supplier page but are not carried into this profile yet (see gaps)." ], "good_for": [ "Strength for its weight. Annealed yield is 830 to 950 MPa at a density of 4.43 g/cm3.", "Structural parts that need to hold strength up to about 400 degC, the service limit given on the Wikipedia page." ], "watch_out": [ "Low thermal conductivity, 6.7 W/(m K) at 20 degC.", "Ductility drops in the aged condition, to 6 to 10 % elongation.", "Hazard and corrosion data were not checked in this run.", "Poor shear and surface wear behaviour in certain loading conditions (Wikipedia). Galling was not checked.", "Hydrofluoric acid attacks the alloy rapidly (supplier datasheet)." ], "verdict": "Ti-6Al-4V is the default structural titanium for demanding aerospace parts: it gives high strength at low density and is well documented. Its weak point is heat conduction, and the sources read here do not cover corrosion or hazards.", "recipe": { "line": "Ti-6Al-4V is titanium with 5.5 to 6.75 % aluminium and 3.5 to 4.5 % vanadium by weight, with maximum limits on iron (0.4 %) and oxygen (0.2 %), and titanium as the balance. The limits are from the Smiths Metal Centres datasheet for bar to ASTM B348 Grade 5. Aluminium stabilises the alpha phase and vanadium the beta phase, so the alloy is a two-phase alpha-beta material. Process routes are not described in the sources read here.", "parts": [ { "name": "Titanium", "symbol": "Ti", "role": "Base metal. Most of the alloy is titanium, which gives low density and corrosion resistance.", "share_note": "balance (the rest)", "source": "smiths-ti64", "where": "Chemical Composition table (balance is not printed; implied by the other limits)" }, { "name": "Aluminium", "symbol": "Al", "role": "Alpha stabiliser. Raises the beta-transus temperature and strengthens the alpha phase.", "share_percent": 5.5, "share_high": 6.75, "source": "smiths-ti64", "where": "Chemical Composition table, Al min 5.5 max 6.75" }, { "name": "Vanadium", "symbol": "V", "role": "Beta stabiliser. Lets the alloy be solution-treated and aged to higher strength.", "share_percent": 3.5, "share_high": 4.5, "source": "smiths-ti64", "where": "Chemical Composition table, V min 3.5 max 4.5" }, { "name": "Iron", "symbol": "Fe", "role": "Impurity, maximum limit.", "share_percent": 0, "share_high": 0.4, "source": "smiths-ti64", "where": "Chemical Composition table, Fe max 0.4" }, { "name": "Oxygen", "symbol": "O", "role": "Interstitial impurity, maximum limit. Raises strength and lowers ductility; the ELI grade caps it at 0.13 %.", "share_percent": 0, "share_high": 0.2, "source": "smiths-ti64", "where": "Chemical Composition table, O max 0.2; ELI note in Product Description" }, { "name": "Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen", "symbol": "N, C, H", "role": "Interstitial impurities with maximum limits.", "share_note": "at most 0.08 C, 0.05 N, 0.015 H", "source": "smiths-ti64", "where": "Chemical Composition table" } ] }, "risk_groups": [ { "title": "For people", "lead": "The metal in solid form is not classified as hazardous in the fetched sources. The PubChem record gives a flammable-solid classification for titanium, which applies to powder and swarf.", "points": [ { "label": "Solid alloy", "line": "Bar and sheet are covered by the supplier datasheet, which gives no hazard classification." }, { "label": "Powder and swarf", "line": "PubChem gives H228 (flammable solid) for titanium, from aggregated reports. Treat powder and swarf as a fire hazard." } ], "level": 0, "verdict": "Not assessed in the sources fetched" } ] }, "updated": "2026-10-19", "review": { "status": "draft", "method": "assistant", "checked_values": 17, "unreachable": 4, "caveats": 3, "note": "Deepened 2026-10-19 by an assistant. Added recipe (Smiths datasheet), supply (USGS MCS 2026), corrosion, uses, hazards and remaining story sections. Existing properties and sources kept." }, "sources": { "boze-ti64": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) titanium: material guide (physical constants, mechanical properties and application examples)", "id": "Boze Titanium, CNC machining guide", "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/blog/ti-6al-4v-grade-5-titanium-guide/", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced" }, "aircraft-ti64": { "title": "Titanium Alloy Grade 5 / Ti-6Al-4V (aircraft materials data)", "id": "aircraftmaterials.com", "url": "https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/titanium/ti6al4v.html", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "web page, cited not reproduced" }, "makeitfrom-ti64": { "title": "Grade 5 (Ti-6Al-4V, 3.7165, R56400) Titanium material properties", "id": "MakeItFrom.com", "url": "https://www.makeitfrom.com/material-properties/Grade-5-Ti-6Al-4V-3.7165-R56400-Titanium", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "web page, cited not reproduced" }, "wikipedia-titanium-alloy": { "title": "Titanium alloy (Wikipedia)", "id": "Wikipedia, Titanium alloy", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy", "year": 2026, "kind": "web", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, "usgs-ti-2026": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)", "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Titanium", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "US Government work, public domain" }, "usgs-v-2026": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium (USGS, February 2026)", "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Vanadium", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "US Government work, public domain" }, "smiths-ti64": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) Technical Datasheet", "id": "Smiths Metal Centres", "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-6al-4v-grade-5.pdf", "year": 2023, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced" }, "pubchem-ti": { "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification", "id": "PubChem CID 23963", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963", "year": 2026, "kind": "database", "license": "PubChem, public" }, "frontiers-ti64-passive": { "title": "Characteristics of Passive Films Formed on As-Cast Ti-6Al-4V in Hank's Solution Before and After Transpassivation (Front. Mater. 2021)", "id": "Guo et al., doi 10.3389/fmats.2020.640081", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.640081", "year": 2021, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, cited not reproduced" }, "ati-6-4-page": { "title": "ATI 6-4 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V, Grade 5) product page", "id": "ATI Inc., ATI 6-4 product page", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-6-4-grade5", "year": 2026, "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" }, "ati-6-4-tds": { "title": "ATI Ti-6Al-4V, Grade 5 Technical Data Sheet", "id": "ATI Inc., technical data sheet", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/titanium/alloyed/ati_6-4_tds_en_v1.pdf", "year": 2011, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced" }, "upmet-ti64": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V Grade 5 Titanium datasheet (sheet, bar and plate; AMS 4911, 4928, 4967, 6931)", "id": "United Performance Metals (Upmet), datasheet", "url": "https://www.upmet.com/sites/default/files/products/datasheet/ti-6al-4v-datasheet.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "stockist datasheet, cited not reproduced" }, "bibus-ti64": { "title": "Titanium Grade 5 (6Al-4V) product page (3.7165 / 3.7164.1 / UNS R56400)", "id": "BIBUS METALS, stockist product page", "url": "https://metals.bibus.com/cn-zh/products/itm/titanium-grade-5-6al-4v/", "year": 2026, "kind": "web", "license": "stockist web page, cited not reproduced" }, "ssa-ti64-sheet": { "title": "Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Grade 5 Sheet, AMS 4911, UNS R56400 (product page)", "id": "Service Steel Aerospace (SSA), product page", "url": "https://www.ssa-corp.com/en/Ti-6Al-4V-Titanium-Sheet-AMS-4911-UNSR56400.php", "year": 2026, "kind": "web", "license": "stockist web page, cited not reproduced" }, "timet-plate": { "title": "TIMET plate product page (TIMETAL 6-4, TIMETAL 6Al-4V)", "id": "TIMET, plate product page", "url": "https://www.timet.com/products/plate.html", "year": 2026, "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/ti-6al-4v/" }