spore: profile id: titanium-beta-3 spore_version: 0.2 family: titanium-alloys name: Beta titanium alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta 3), with Beta C and Ti-15-3 abbreviation: Beta 3 role: structural alloy category: metals type: titanium summary: | Metastable beta titanium alloys hold enough beta stabilisers to keep the body-centred cubic beta phase when quenched, so they can be cold formed in the solution-treated state and then aged to high strength. This profile names three grades. Beta 3 (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn, the name Goodfellow uses for its foil) has a density of 5.07 g/cm3 as printed by Goodfellow; no alloy-specific strength value was found. TIMETAL 15-3 (Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al) has a density of 4.78 g/cm3 and aged strip with a specified minimum tensile strength of 1000 MPa after 8 h at 538 degC. Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr) is listed by a supplier with maximum tensile strength of 120 ksi and elongation of 15 %. best_for: Parts that are cold formed in the solution-treated state and then aged to high strength, such as TIMETAL 15-3 strip (1000 MPa minimum tensile after 8 h at 538 degC) weakest_at: Ductility after ageing (TIMETAL 15-3 strip falls to 5 to 7 % elongation), and the Beta 3 strength data are missing from the sources read identity: formula: Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn, metastable beta titanium alloy (Beta 3); nominal composition, no fixed chemical formula cas: '' source: efunda-beta3 where: 'Page heading and composition line: 11.5% Mo, 6% Zr, 4.5% Sn, balance Ti (by weight)' designations: - system: UNS code: R58030 source: goodfellow-beta3 where: Properties common to all products, UNS Number row - system: Trade name code: Beta 3 source: goodfellow-beta3 where: Product heading, Precipitation Hardenable Titanium Beta 3 Foil - system: AMS code: '4977' source: efunda-beta3 where: Other designations line, AMS 4977 - system: AMS code: '4980' source: efunda-beta3 where: Other designations line, AMS 4980 - system: MIL code: T-9047 source: efunda-beta3 where: Other designations line, MIL-T-9047 tags: environments: [] stresses: [] applications: - propulsion-and-tanks - structures properties: - benchmark: density label: Density, Beta 3 foil (annealed) value: 5.07 unit: g/cm3 scope: material conditions: grade: Beta 3 (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn), annealed foil 0.42 mm basis: value printed in the physical properties tab of the Goodfellow listing method: Value printed on a stockist product page status: ground source: goodfellow-beta3 where: Material Properties, Physical Properties tab, Density row - benchmark: density label: Density, TIMETAL 15-3 value: 4.78 unit: g/cm3 scope: material conditions: grade: TIMETAL 15-3 (Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al) basis: value printed alongside 0.173 lb in-3 method: Value printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet status: ground source: timet-15-3 where: Physical properties panel, Density row - benchmark: beta_transus label: Beta transus, TIMETAL 15-3 value: 750 value_high: 770 unit: degC scope: material conditions: grade: TIMETAL 15-3 basis: range printed as 1375 to 1425 degF and 750 to 770 degC method: Range printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet status: ground source: timet-15-3 where: Physical properties panel, Beta Transus row - benchmark: elastic_modulus label: Tensile modulus, TIMETAL 15-3, solution treated (annealed) value: 82 unit: GPa scope: material conditions: grade: TIMETAL 15-3 condition: solution treated (annealed) method: Value printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet status: ground source: timet-15-3 where: Physical properties panel, Tensile Modulus, Solution Treated (Annealed) row - benchmark: elastic_modulus label: Tensile modulus, TIMETAL 15-3, solution treated and aged 538 degC value: 107 unit: GPa scope: material conditions: grade: TIMETAL 15-3 condition: solution treated plus aged 1000 degF (538 degC) method: Value printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet status: ground source: timet-15-3 where: Physical properties panel, Tensile Modulus, Solution Treated plus Aged (1000 degF) row - benchmark: elastic_modulus label: Tensile modulus, TIMETAL 15-3, solution treated and aged 482 degC value: 111 unit: GPa scope: material conditions: grade: TIMETAL 15-3 condition: solution treated plus aged 900 degF (482 degC) method: Value printed in the physical properties panel of the manufacturer datasheet status: ground source: timet-15-3 where: Physical properties panel, Tensile Modulus, Solution Treated plus Aged (900 degF) row - benchmark: elastic_modulus label: Modulus of elasticity, Beta C value: 15000 unit: ksi scope: material conditions: grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr), UNS R58640 condition: not stated on the page method: Value printed on a supplier technical page that states its data are for reference only, not for design status: ground source: ti-beta-c where: Modulus of elasticity line below Table 3, E row - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength label: Tensile strength, TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 8 h at 538 degC (specified minimum) value: 1000 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: grade: TIMETAL 15-3 strip condition: solution treated 1450 degF (790 degC) air cool equivalent, aged 8 h at 1000 degF (538 degC) basis: specified minimum method: Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing status: ground source: timet-15-3 where: Table 4, specified minimum tensile properties for strip after ageing, 8 h at 1000 degF (538 degC) row - benchmark: yield_strength label: Yield strength (0.2 %), TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 8 h at 538 degC (specified minimum) value: 965 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: grade: TIMETAL 15-3 strip condition: solution treated 1450 degF (790 degC) air cool equivalent, aged 8 h at 1000 degF (538 degC) offset: 0.2 % basis: specified minimum method: Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing status: ground source: timet-15-3 where: Table 4, specified minimum tensile properties for strip after ageing, 8 h at 1000 degF (538 degC) row, 0.2% YS column - benchmark: elongation label: Elongation, TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 8 h at 538 degC (specified minimum) value: 7 unit: '%' scope: material conditions: grade: TIMETAL 15-3 strip condition: solution treated, aged 8 h at 1000 degF (538 degC) basis: specified minimum method: Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing status: ground source: timet-15-3 where: Table 4, specified minimum tensile properties for strip after ageing, 8 h at 1000 degF row, Elong. column - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength label: Tensile strength, TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 16 h at 482 degC (specified minimum) value: 1241 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: grade: TIMETAL 15-3 strip condition: solution treated 1450 degF (790 degC) air cool equivalent, aged 16 h at 900 degF (482 degC) basis: specified minimum method: Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing status: ground source: timet-15-3 where: Table 4, specified minimum tensile properties for strip after ageing, 16 h at 900 degF row - benchmark: yield_strength label: Yield strength (0.2 %), TIMETAL 15-3 strip aged 16 h at 482 degC (specified minimum) value: 1172 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: grade: TIMETAL 15-3 strip condition: solution treated 1450 degF (790 degC) air cool equivalent, aged 16 h at 900 degF (482 degC) offset: 0.2 % basis: specified minimum method: Specified minimum printed in a table for strip after ageing status: ground source: timet-15-3 where: Table 4, specified minimum tensile properties for strip after ageing, 16 h at 900 degF row, 0.2% YS column - benchmark: max_service_temp label: Usual maximum use temperature, TIMETAL 15-3 value: 288 unit: degC scope: material conditions: grade: TIMETAL 15-3 basis: usually acceptable for use at temperatures up to 550 degF (288 degC), as printed method: Stated in the opening text of the manufacturer datasheet status: ground source: timet-15-3 where: Opening paragraph, first page - benchmark: melting_point label: Melting point, Beta C value: 3000 unit: degF scope: material conditions: grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr) basis: value printed in degF on the supplier page method: Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier technical page status: ground source: ti-beta-c where: Table 2, Physical Properties, Melting point row - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength label: Tensile strength, Beta C, maximum printed value: 120 bound: upper unit: ksi scope: material conditions: grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr) condition: not stated; maximum value only, no minimum printed basis: reference only, not for design (the page's own wording) method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page status: ground source: ti-beta-c where: Table 3, Tensile strength Rm row, Maximum - benchmark: yield_strength label: Yield strength (Rp0.2), Beta C, maximum printed value: 115 bound: upper unit: ksi scope: material conditions: grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr) condition: not stated; maximum value only, no minimum printed basis: reference only, not for design (the page's own wording) method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page status: ground source: ti-beta-c where: Table 3, Yield strength Rp0.2 offset row, Maximum - benchmark: elongation label: Elongation, Beta C, maximum printed value: 15 bound: upper unit: '%' scope: material conditions: grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr) condition: not stated; maximum value only, gauge length AL=5 x diameter basis: reference only, not for design method: Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page status: ground source: ti-beta-c where: Table 3, Elongation AL=5 x diameter row, Maximum - benchmark: hardness label: Hardness, Beta C, printed range (HRC) value: 24 value_high: 38 bound: range unit: HRC scope: material conditions: grade: Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr) condition: not stated method: Minimum and maximum printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier technical page status: ground source: ti-beta-c where: Table 3, Hardness (HRC) row, Minimum and Maximum corrosion: - environment: Seawater headline: Titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater. The statement is for titanium, not for a beta alloy. effect: The general titanium article says titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater and is used for propeller shafts, rigging and other boat parts exposed to seawater. No test on Beta 3, Beta C or TIMETAL 15-3 was found in the sources read. rating: low conditions: basis: general statement, titanium family; no beta-alloy test source: wikipedia-titanium-alloy where: Properties section, seawater statement risks: hazards: - text: 'PubChem reports for titanium (CID 23963): 606 of 808 company reports say it does not meet GHS hazard criteria. 202 of 808 reports give hazard codes, from 16 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. The signal word is Danger. These codes describe titanium as a whole, not these alloys; no supplier safety data sheet for the alloys was read.' ghs: - 'H228: Flammable solid' - 'H250: Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air' - 'H251: Self-heating; may catch fire' source: pubchem-ti where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Hazard Statements and ECHA C&L Notifications Summary (PubChem compound view JSON) - text: 'Precautionary statement codes listed with the GHS entry: P210, P222, P231, P233, P235, P240, P241, P280, P302+P335+P334, P370+P378, P407, P410, P413, P420.' ghs: [] source: pubchem-ti where: Safety and Hazards, Precautionary Statement Codes failure_risks: [] side_effects: [] handling: - text: 'Heat treatment (TIMETAL 15-3): solution treat at 1450 degF (790 degC) for 3 to 20 min with an air cool equivalent, then age for 4 to 16 h between 900 degF (480 degC) and 1150 degF (620 degC).' source: timet-15-3 where: Table 3, heat treatment - text: TIMETAL 15-3 is cold formable in the solution-treated condition and has high strength when aged (manufacturer statement). source: timet-15-3 where: Opening paragraph mitigations: [] uses: - application: propulsion-and-tanks device: Propellant tanks example: The TIMET datasheet lists propellant tanks among the applications of TIMETAL 15-3, which it describes as used in critical applications on air and space vehicles. source: timet-15-3 where: Applications list on the datasheet, Propellant Tanks entry; opening paragraph - application: structures device: Fasteners and springs example: The same applications list names fasteners and springs, along with honeycomb and hybrid laminates. source: timet-15-3 where: Applications list on the datasheet, Fasteners and Springs entries supply: - subject: Titanium sponge (feedstock for mill products and alloys) abundance: Not read in this run producers: - country: China share_percent: 70.3 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 260,000 t of 370,000 t world sponge (USGS table, World Sponge Metal Production)' - country: Japan share_percent: 14.3 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 53,000 t of 370,000 t' - country: Russia share_percent: 6.8 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 25,000 t of 370,000 t' - country: Kazakhstan share_percent: 4.3 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 16,000 t of 370,000 t' - country: Saudi Arabia share_percent: 3.2 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 12,000 t of 370,000 t' us_position: 'The United States produced no titanium sponge in 2025 (the last domestic sponge plant closed in 2024). Net import reliance for sponge is 100 percent (2025e). Sponge imports 2021 to 2024: Japan 77 %, Saudi Arabia 13 %, Kazakhstan 8 %.' source: usgs-ti-2026 where: Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; Import Sources (2021-24); World Sponge Metal Production table. Shares are computed from the printed world total, which USGS rounds. - subject: Molybdenum (alloying element in Beta 3 and Beta C) abundance: Not read in this run producers: - country: China share_percent: 37.3 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 97,000 t of 260,000 t world mine production (USGS, World Mine Production table)' - country: Chile share_percent: 16.2 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 42,000 t of 260,000 t' - country: United States share_percent: 15.4 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 40,000 t of 260,000 t' - country: Peru share_percent: 15 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 39,000 t of 260,000 t' - country: Mexico share_percent: 6.5 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 17,000 t of 260,000 t' source: usgs-mo-2026 where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025 column. Shares computed from the printed rounded world total. - subject: Vanadium (alloying element in TIMETAL 15-3 and Beta C) abundance: Not read in this run producers: - country: China share_percent: 74.5 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 82,000 t of 110,000 t world mine production (USGS, 2025e)' - country: Russia share_percent: 19.1 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 21,000 t of 110,000 t' - country: Brazil share_percent: 4.8 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 5,300 t of 110,000 t' - country: South Africa share_percent: 4.5 year: 2025 basis: 'computed: 5,000 t of 110,000 t' us_position: 'Net import reliance was 41 % of apparent consumption in 2025e (46 % in 2024). Ferrovanadium imports 2021 to 2024: Canada 50 %, Austria 35 %.' source: usgs-v-2026 where: World Mine Production and Reserves table; Salient Statistics; Import Sources media: [] documents: - title: 'Goodfellow: Precipitation Hardenable Titanium Beta 3 Foil (Light Tight), UNS R58030' type: datasheet url: https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/titanium-beta-3-alloy-foil-light-tight-group - title: TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (Titanium Metals Corporation, metastable beta alloys) type: datasheet url: https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf year: 2000 - title: 'Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C technical page (UNS R58640)' type: datasheet url: https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/ - title: 'Carpenter alloy finder: Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr' type: datasheet url: https://www.carpentertechnology.com/alloy-finder/ti-3al-8v-6cr-4mo-4zr - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium' type: report url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf year: 2026 - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum' type: report url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf year: 2026 - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium' type: report url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf year: 2026 - title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification' type: database url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963 year: 2026 - title: 'efunda: Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn wrought titanium alloy page' type: database url: https://www.efunda.com/glossary/materials/alloys/materials--alloys--titanium_alloy--wrought--ti-11.5mo-6zr-4.5sn.cfm gaps: - 'Beta 3 strength and ductility: no alloy-specific yield, tensile, elongation or modulus value was found. The efunda page prints only general titanium-alloy figures (elastic modulus 100 to 120 GPa, density about 4.5 g/cm3, tensile 152 to 379 MPa); these are not for this grade and are not used.' - 'Beta 3 composition conflict: the Goodfellow listing prints Ti 77.5/Mo 12/Zr 6/Sn 4.5 (molybdenum 12) while its own description and efunda give 11.5 % Mo. Not resolved; the file uses the 11.5 % value.' - 'Beta 3 density conflict: Goodfellow prints 5.07 g/cm3; no second alloy-specific source was found.' - The name Ti-3.5Al-11Mo (from the request) does not match any source read. Beta 3 is Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn as printed by Goodfellow and efunda. - 'Beta transus for Beta 3 and for Beta C: not found. The Beta transus value here is for TIMETAL 15-3 only, and beta_transus is not a canonical property name in spores/property-canon.yaml.' - Hardness is not a canonical property name in spores/property-canon.yaml; the hardness entry for Beta C uses the short name hardness. - 'Beta C density: the supplier page prints 0.173 but does not give a clear unit in the read, so no density is recorded. The ULprospector datasheet returned HTTP 403 and was not used. The Metallographic page had no values.' - Beta C oxygen maximum differs between sources (0.12 in Carpenter, 0.14 in Titanium Industries); not recorded. - 'Beta C uses and corrosion: no fetched source gave a use or a corrosion test for Beta C. Search snippets mentioned springs and reducing-acid resistance; neither was read on a fetched page, so neither is recorded.' - 'Beta alloy corrosion: no test or rating for Beta 3, Beta C or TIMETAL 15-3 was found. The seawater entry is a general titanium statement.' - 'Failure risks (galling, fatigue, hydrogen embrittlement): no fetched source.' - Hazard data are for titanium as a whole (PubChem). No supplier safety data sheet for these alloys was read. The PubChem web page returned a CAPTCHA, so the record was read from the PubChem REST endpoint. - 'Supply: zirconium, tin, chromium and aluminium are not covered. Critical-mineral lists for titanium, molybdenum and vanadium were not read in this run. Abundance for these three elements was not read.' - 'Space and orbital data for the beta alloys: none found.' - Cold-formability table values for TIMETAL 15-3 (bend and draw data) are not recorded. sources: goodfellow-beta3: title: 'Goodfellow: Precipitation Hardenable Titanium Beta 3 Foil (Light Tight)' id: Goodfellow Metals, product listing url: https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/titanium-beta-3-alloy-foil-light-tight-group year: 2026 kind: datasheet license: stockist web page, cited not reproduced efunda-beta3: title: 'efunda: Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn wrought titanium alloy' id: efunda glossary, Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn url: https://www.efunda.com/glossary/materials/alloys/materials--alloys--titanium_alloy--wrought--ti-11.5mo-6zr-4.5sn.cfm year: 2026 kind: web license: web page, cited not reproduced timet-15-3: title: TIMETAL 15-3 datasheet (metastable beta alloy, strip) id: Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET), TMC-0000 url: https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/metastable-beta-alloys/timetal-15-3-3-3.pdf year: 2000 kind: datasheet license: manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced ti-beta-c: title: 'Titanium Industries: Ti Beta C (UNS R58640) technical page' id: Titanium Industries, Ti Beta C page url: https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-beta-c-grade-19/ year: 2026 kind: datasheet license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced carpenter-beta-c: title: 'Carpenter Technology alloy finder: Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr' id: Carpenter Technology, alloy finder url: https://www.carpentertechnology.com/alloy-finder/ti-3al-8v-6cr-4mo-4zr year: 2026 kind: datasheet license: manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced wikipedia-titanium-alloy: title: Titanium alloy (Wikipedia) id: Wikipedia, Titanium alloy url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy year: 2026 kind: web license: CC BY-SA 4.0 usgs-ti-2026: title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)' id: USGS MCS 2026, Titanium url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf year: 2026 kind: report license: US Government work, public domain usgs-mo-2026: title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum (USGS, February 2026)' id: USGS MCS 2026, Molybdenum url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf year: 2026 kind: report license: US Government work, public domain usgs-v-2026: title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium (USGS, February 2026)' id: USGS MCS 2026, Vanadium url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf year: 2026 kind: report license: US Government work, public domain pubchem-ti: title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification' id: PubChem CID 23963 url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963 year: 2026 kind: database license: PubChem, public license: CC-BY-4.0 updated: '2026-10-26' review: status: draft method: assistant checked_values: 18 unreachable: 2 caveats: 4 note: Written 2026-10-26 by an assistant from pages fetched in this run. Beta 3 has only density and composition; no alloy-specific strength value was found. Beta C values are supplier maxima marked reference only. Beta 3 composition conflicts between Goodfellow (Mo 12) and efunda (Mo 11.5). story: recipe: line: Beta 3 is titanium with 11.5 % molybdenum, 6 % zirconium and 4.5 % tin (efunda), balance titanium. Goodfellow prints molybdenum 12 % in its composition line, which is not resolved. TIMETAL 15-3 and Beta C are multi-element beta alloys with vanadium, chromium, tin, aluminium, molybdenum and zirconium; their printed composition ranges are on the cited manufacturer pages and are not repeated here. Process routes are not described in the sources read here. parts: - name: Titanium symbol: Ti share: balance role: Base metal. Most of the alloy is titanium. source: efunda-beta3 where: Composition line, balance Ti (by weight) - name: Molybdenum symbol: Mo share_percent: 11.5 role: Alloying element named in the composition line (Goodfellow prints 12 %). source: efunda-beta3 where: Composition line, 11.5% Mo - name: Zirconium symbol: Zr share_percent: 6 role: Alloying element named in the composition line. source: efunda-beta3 where: Composition line, 6% Zr - name: Tin symbol: Sn share_percent: 4.5 role: Alloying element named in the composition line. source: efunda-beta3 where: Composition line, 4.5% Sn risk_groups: - title: For people level: 0 verdict: Not classified hazardous in the titanium record lead: The PubChem record for titanium is mostly not classified, but the hazard codes it gives concern titanium as a whole. No safety data sheet for these alloys was read. points: - label: Solid alloy line: PubChem reports that 606 of 808 company reports say titanium does not meet GHS hazard criteria. Only 202 of 808 reports give hazard codes. - label: Hazard codes line: The codes given are H228 (flammable solid), H250 (catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air) and H251 (self-heating). The signal word is Danger. Whether these apply to bulk alloy or only to powder and swarf is not stated. - title: Handling and processing points: - label: Heat treatment line: TIMETAL 15-3 is solution treated at 1450 degF (790 degC), then aged for 4 to 16 h between 900 and 1150 degF (480 to 620 degC), per the manufacturer. - label: Use limit line: TIMETAL 15-3 is usually acceptable up to 550 degF (288 degC), per the manufacturer. why: 'Beta titanium alloys are metastable: they contain enough beta stabilisers to keep the beta phase when quenched. That lets them be cold formed in the solution-treated state and then aged to high strength. Beta 3 (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn) is Goodfellow''s listing for a precipitation-hardenable foil. TIMETAL 15-3 is a production alloy used for critical applications on air and space vehicles. Beta C is a high-strength beta alloy in which the supplier lists fatigue resistance and a low elastic modulus.' uses: - where: Propellant tanks and fasteners (TIMETAL 15-3) line: The TIMET datasheet for TIMETAL 15-3 lists propellant tanks, fasteners and springs, along with honeycomb and hybrid laminates, among its applications. It describes the alloy as used in critical applications on air and space vehicles. can_do: - label: Strength benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength line: Aged TIMETAL 15-3 strip has a specified minimum tensile strength of 1000 MPa after 8 h at 538 degC, and 1241 MPa after 16 h at 482 degC. Beta C is listed with a maximum tensile strength of 120 ksi. - label: Stiffness benchmark: elastic_modulus line: TIMETAL 15-3 has a tensile modulus of 82 GPa solution treated and annealed, rising to 107 to 111 GPa when aged. Beta C is listed at 15000 ksi. - label: Cold forming line: The TIMET datasheet says TIMETAL 15-3 has excellent cold formability in the solution-treated condition. compare: The three grades differ in what they are used for. TIMETAL 15-3 is the one with a full printed heat-treatment and strip tensile table, and is lighter than Beta 3 by the printed density values (4.78 against 5.07 g/cm3). Beta C has supplier maxima only, marked reference-only, and a melting point of 3000 degF. Beta 3 has only a density and a composition in the sources read, so it cannot be ranked on strength here. compare_rows: - scope: material label: Density benchmark: density - scope: material label: Elastic modulus benchmark: elastic_modulus - scope: material label: Tensile strength benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength handling: - 'Heat treatment for TIMETAL 15-3: solution treat at 1450 degF (790 degC) for 3 to 20 min, then age for 4 to 16 h at 900 to 1150 degF (480 to 620 degC).' - 'Powder and swarf: PubChem gives H228, H250 and H251 for titanium. Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.' good_for: - Cold forming in the solution-treated state, then ageing to high strength (TIMETAL 15-3). - Parts that must hold strength up to about 288 degC (TIMETAL 15-3, usual use limit). watch_out: - 'Ductility falls after ageing: TIMETAL 15-3 strip is 5 to 7 % elongation at its specified minimum.' - Beta 3 has no alloy-specific strength value in the sources read, and its density is printed as 5.07 g/cm3 by Goodfellow only. - Beta C values are supplier maxima, marked reference only and not for design. verdict: The beta alloys trade density and cost for formability and high ageing strength. TIMETAL 15-3 is the best documented here; Beta 3 and Beta C lack the alloy-specific data a design would need.