{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "titanium-grade-9",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "titanium-alloys",
  "name": "Titanium Grade 9, Ti-3Al-2.5V (UNS R56320)",
  "abbreviation": "Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9)",
  "role": "medium-strength alpha-beta alloy, mostly sold as seamless tube",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "titanium",
  "summary": "Titanium Grade 9, Ti-3Al-2.5V (UNS R56320), is an alpha-beta titanium alloy with 2.5 to 3.5 % aluminium and 2.0 to 3.0 % vanadium. ASTM B338 gives a minimum tensile strength of 620 MPa and a minimum 0.2 % yield strength of 483 MPa when annealed, and 860 MPa and 725 MPa when cold-worked and stress-relieved. The Smiths High Performance datasheet says the alloy is most prevalent as tube and can be cold-worked, unlike Grade 5. Aircraft Materials and Smiths list it for aircraft and engine hydraulic tubing under AMS 4943, AMS 4944 and AMS 4945.\n",
  "best_for": "Seamless hydraulic and fluid tube, corrosion-resistant pipe and sporting frames, where more strength than commercially pure titanium is needed with more formability than Grade 5 (Smiths datasheets, Bibus)",
  "weakest_at": "Strength below Grade 5: 620 MPa minimum tensile when annealed, against 895 MPa for Grade 5 (ASTM B265). No thermal, cryogenic or space data for this grade were read in this run.",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Alpha-beta titanium alloy, Ti-3Al-2.5V (UNS R56320): 2.5 to 3.5 wt% aluminium and 2.0 to 3.0 wt% vanadium, titanium the balance",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "R56320",
        "source": "smiths-g9",
        "where": "Material Specifications, Commercial column: UNS R56320"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "3.7195",
        "note": "W.Nr., Commercial column",
        "source": "smiths-g9",
        "where": "Material Specifications, Commercial column: WNr. 3.7195"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "3.7194",
        "note": "W.Nr., Aerospace column",
        "source": "smiths-g9",
        "where": "Material Specifications, Aerospace column: WNr. 3.7194"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "3.7197",
        "note": "W.Nr., printed beside 3.7195",
        "source": "bibus-g9",
        "where": "Product title line: 3.7197, 3.7195 / UNS R56320"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "TiAl3V2.5",
        "source": "alloysintl-32",
        "where": "Ti 3Al-2.5V entry of the titanium grades list, TiAl3V2.5 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4943",
        "source": "smiths-g9",
        "where": "Material Specifications, Aerospace column: AMS 4943"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4944",
        "source": "smiths-g9",
        "where": "Material Specifications, Aerospace column: AMS 4944"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4945",
        "source": "smiths-g9",
        "where": "Material Specifications, Aerospace column: AMS 4945"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B265",
        "note": "strip, sheet and plate",
        "source": "astm-b265",
        "where": "Document title and Table 1 Grade 9 row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B338",
        "note": "seamless and welded tube, Grade 9",
        "source": "astm-b338",
        "where": "Document title and Table 1 and Table 3 Grade 9 rows"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B348",
        "source": "smiths-g9",
        "where": "Material Specifications, Commercial column: ASTM B348"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B337",
        "source": "smithshp-g9",
        "where": "Equivalent Specifications: ASTM B337 (9)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B381",
        "source": "smiths-g9",
        "where": "Material Specifications, Commercial column: ASTM B381"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B861",
        "source": "bibus-g9",
        "where": "Tubes and Pipes line: ASTM B 861"
      },
      {
        "system": "MIL",
        "code": "MIL-T-9046",
        "source": "smithshp-g9",
        "where": "Equivalent Specifications: MIL T-9046"
      },
      {
        "system": "MIL",
        "code": "MIL-T-9047",
        "source": "smithshp-g9",
        "where": "Equivalent Specifications: MIL T-9047"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Ti-3Al-2.5V",
        "note": "nominal composition name used on datasheets",
        "source": "smiths-g9",
        "where": "Document title: Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9)"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Ti-3-2.5",
        "note": "short name",
        "source": "acm-g9",
        "where": "Introduction paragraph: Ti3Al2.5V (Ti-3-2.5)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "astm-b338",
    "where": "Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Grade 9 column (ASTM B338-08b copy)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density",
      "value": 4.48,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube (Nexmetal listing)",
        "condition": "cold-worked and stress-relieved (CWSR), stated for all tubes in the listing",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 4.48 g/cm3 in the Material Properties, CWSR Condition table. The Smiths Metal Centres datasheet gives 4.48 g/cc for Grades 9 and 18 together, which agrees.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nexmetal-tube",
      "where": "Material Properties, CWSR Condition table, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Tube Gr9 (Ti-3Al-2.5V), Seamless CWSR (Nexmetal)",
        "id": "Nexmetal",
        "url": "https://nexmetal.com/products/titanium-tube",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Elastic modulus, typical",
      "value": 91,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated; the datasheet covers bar, wire, strip, sheet, plate, foil, forgings and tube",
        "condition": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "basis": "typical, not a minimum"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 91 in the Elastic modulus, GPa row, typical column, of the Smiths Metal Centres Mechanical Properties table. Smiths High Performance prints 100 GPa and Nexmetal's CWSR table prints 110 GPa; the spread is listed in gaps.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-g9",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Elastic modulus row, typical column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-3al-2-5v-grade-9.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Elastic modulus",
      "value": 100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated",
        "condition": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 100 GPa (14500 ksi) in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths High Performance datasheet. The table gives no temper and no minimum or typical basis.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smithshp-g9",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Elastic modulus (GPa/ksi) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti 3Al 2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths High Performance, revision 11.02.2025)",
        "id": "Smiths High Performance",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/titanium/ti3-al-2.5v-grade-9-titanium-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, CWSR tube",
      "value": 110,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube (Nexmetal listing)",
        "condition": "cold-worked and stress-relieved (CWSR)",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 110 GPa in the Material Properties, CWSR Condition table of the Nexmetal listing. This is a retailer's figure and sits above the 91 and 100 GPa printed by the two Smiths datasheets.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nexmetal-tube",
      "where": "Material Properties, CWSR Condition table, Modulus of Elasticity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Tube Gr9 (Ti-3Al-2.5V), Seamless CWSR (Nexmetal)",
        "id": "Nexmetal",
        "url": "https://nexmetal.com/products/titanium-tube",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "label": "Shear modulus",
      "value": 44,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated",
        "condition": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 44 GPa (6380 ksi) in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths High Performance datasheet.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smithshp-g9",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Shear modulus (GPa/ksi) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti 3Al 2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths High Performance, revision 11.02.2025)",
        "id": "Smiths High Performance",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/titanium/ti3-al-2.5v-grade-9-titanium-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio",
      "value": 0.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated",
        "condition": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 0.30 in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths High Performance datasheet. Nexmetal's CWSR table prints 0.32, which is not recorded as a value here.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smithshp-g9",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Poisson's ratio row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti 3Al 2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths High Performance, revision 11.02.2025)",
        "id": "Smiths High Performance",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/titanium/ti3-al-2.5v-grade-9-titanium-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 620,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)",
        "condition": "annealed (Table 1 footnote A: other conditions by agreement)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "direction": "longitudinal and transverse to rolling (footnote A)",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum in Table 1, Grade 9 row, printed as 90 ksi and 620 MPa. Footnote A says the Table 1 limits apply to annealed material.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 9 row, tensile strength min (ksi 90, MPa 620)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 483,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)",
        "condition": "annealed (Table 1 footnote A)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "offset": "0.2 %",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum in Table 1, Grade 9 row, printed as 70 ksi and 483 MPa. The maximum column is blank for Grade 9.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 9 row, yield strength 0.2 % offset min (ksi 70, MPa 483)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)",
        "condition": "annealed (Table 1 footnote A)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "gauge": "2 in or 50 mm",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum in Table 1, Grade 9 row, printed as 15 with footnote F. Footnote F gives 12 % longitudinal and 8 % transverse for continuous rolled and annealed strip from coil, which is not used here.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 9 row, elongation in 2 in or 50 mm min %",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (seamless tube, row 9A)",
      "value": 620,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless and welded tube (ASTM B338 product)",
        "condition": "annealed (footnote A, row 9A)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Row 9A of Table 3 prints 90 ksi and 620 MPa. Footnote A says the row is for material in the annealed condition.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b338",
      "where": "Table 3 Tensile Requirements, row 9A, tensile strength min (ksi 90, MPa 620)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B338-08b: Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Titanium and Titanium Alloy Tubes (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B338-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B338.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum (seamless tube, row 9A)",
      "value": 483,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless and welded tube (ASTM B338 product)",
        "condition": "annealed (footnote A, row 9A)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "offset": "0.2 %",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Row 9A of Table 3 prints 70 ksi and 483 MPa as the yield minimum. Footnote A says the row is for annealed material.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b338",
      "where": "Table 3 Tensile Requirements, row 9A, yield strength 0.2 % offset min (ksi 70, MPa 483)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B338-08b: Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Titanium and Titanium Alloy Tubes (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B338-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B338.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, minimum (seamless tube, row 9A)",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless and welded tube (ASTM B338 product)",
        "condition": "annealed (footnote A, row 9A)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "gauge": "2 in or 50 mm",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Row 9A of Table 3 prints 15 with footnote E. Footnote E gives 12 % for welded tube made from continuously cold rolled and annealed strip for Grades 9, 12 and 18, which is not used here.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b338",
      "where": "Table 3 Tensile Requirements, row 9A, elongation in 2 in or 50 mm min %",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B338-08b: Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Titanium and Titanium Alloy Tubes (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B338-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B338.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (seamless tube, row 9D)",
      "value": 860,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless and welded tube (ASTM B338 product)",
        "condition": "cold-worked and stress-relieved (footnote D, row 9D)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Row 9D of Table 3 prints 125 ksi and 860 MPa. Footnote D says the row is for cold-worked and stress-relieved material.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b338",
      "where": "Table 3 Tensile Requirements, row 9D, tensile strength min (ksi 125, MPa 860)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B338-08b: Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Titanium and Titanium Alloy Tubes (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B338-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B338.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum (seamless tube, row 9D)",
      "value": 725,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless and welded tube (ASTM B338 product)",
        "condition": "cold-worked and stress-relieved (footnote D, row 9D)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "offset": "0.2 %",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Row 9D of Table 3 prints 105 ksi and 725 MPa as the yield minimum. Footnote D says the row is for cold-worked and stress-relieved material.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b338",
      "where": "Table 3 Tensile Requirements, row 9D, yield strength 0.2 % offset min (ksi 105, MPa 725)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B338-08b: Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Titanium and Titanium Alloy Tubes (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B338-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B338.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, minimum (seamless tube, row 9D)",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless and welded tube (ASTM B338 product)",
        "condition": "cold-worked and stress-relieved (footnote D, row 9D)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "gauge": "2 in or 50 mm",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Row 9D of Table 3 prints 10 in the elongation column, with no footnote on that cell.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b338",
      "where": "Table 3 Tensile Requirements, row 9D, elongation in 2 in or 50 mm min %",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B338-08b: Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Titanium and Titanium Alloy Tubes (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B338-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B338.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, CWSR tube (typical range)",
      "value": 900,
      "value_high": 965,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube (Nexmetal listing)",
        "condition": "cold-worked and stress-relieved (CWSR)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "basis": "range printed in the Value (Metric) column"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 900 to 965 MPa (130 to 140 ksi) in the Material Properties, CWSR Condition table. The Notes column there reads Min 860 MPa / 125 ksi, which matches ASTM B338 row 9D.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nexmetal-tube",
      "where": "Material Properties, CWSR Condition table, Ultimate Tensile Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Tube Gr9 (Ti-3Al-2.5V), Seamless CWSR (Nexmetal)",
        "id": "Nexmetal",
        "url": "https://nexmetal.com/products/titanium-tube",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, CWSR tube (typical range)",
      "value": 760,
      "value_high": 860,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube (Nexmetal listing)",
        "condition": "cold-worked and stress-relieved (CWSR)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "basis": "range printed in the Value (Metric) column"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 760 to 860 MPa (110 to 125 ksi) in the Material Properties, CWSR Condition table. The Notes column reads Min 725 MPa / 105 ksi, which matches ASTM B338 row 9D.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nexmetal-tube",
      "where": "Material Properties, CWSR Condition table, 0.2% Yield Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Tube Gr9 (Ti-3Al-2.5V), Seamless CWSR (Nexmetal)",
        "id": "Nexmetal",
        "url": "https://nexmetal.com/products/titanium-tube",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, CWSR tube (typical range)",
      "value": 10,
      "value_high": 15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube (Nexmetal listing)",
        "condition": "cold-worked and stress-relieved (CWSR)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "gauge": "50 mm (2 in)",
        "basis": "range printed in the table"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 10 to 15 % in the Elongation (in 50 mm / 2 in) row of the Material Properties, CWSR Condition table.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nexmetal-tube",
      "where": "Material Properties, CWSR Condition table, Elongation (in 50 mm / 2 in) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Tube Gr9 (Ti-3Al-2.5V), Seamless CWSR (Nexmetal)",
        "id": "Nexmetal",
        "url": "https://nexmetal.com/products/titanium-tube",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (Smiths datasheet)",
      "value": 621,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated; the datasheet covers bar, wire, strip, sheet, plate, foil, forgings and tube",
        "condition": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 621 under Minimum in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths Metal Centres datasheet. The table gives no temper.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-g9",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, UTS MPa row, Minimum column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-3al-2-5v-grade-9.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, typical (Smiths datasheet)",
      "value": 740,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated; the datasheet covers bar, wire, strip, sheet, plate, foil, forgings and tube",
        "condition": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "basis": "typical, not a minimum"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 740 under Typical in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths Metal Centres datasheet. The table gives no temper.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-g9",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, UTS MPa row, Typical column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-3al-2-5v-grade-9.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0.2 % proof, typical (Smiths datasheet)",
      "value": 607,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated; the datasheet covers bar, wire, strip, sheet, plate, foil, forgings and tube",
        "condition": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "basis": "typical, not a minimum"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 607 under Typical in the 0.2% PS, MPa row of the Smiths Metal Centres Mechanical Properties table. The table gives no temper.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-g9",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, 0.2% PS MPa row, Typical column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-3al-2-5v-grade-9.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation on 2 in, typical (Smiths datasheet)",
      "value": 17,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated; the datasheet covers bar, wire, strip, sheet, plate, foil, forgings and tube",
        "condition": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "gauge": "2 in",
        "basis": "typical, not a minimum"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 17 under Typical in the Elongation on 2 in., % row of the Smiths Metal Centres Mechanical Properties table.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-g9",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Elongation on 2 in. row, Typical column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-3al-2-5v-grade-9.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "impact_energy",
      "label": "Charpy V-notch impact, minimum (pipe, L direction)",
      "value": 48,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "J",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "pipe, tested in the L direction",
        "condition": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "test": "Charpy V-notch",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 48 J under Minimum in the Charpy V notch impact row, which names the L direction of pipe. impact_energy is a snake_case name, as in the Grade 2 profile.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-g9",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Charpy V notch impact (J, L direction pipe) row, Minimum column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-3al-2-5v-grade-9.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness, typical (Rockwell C)",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HRC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated; the datasheet covers bar, wire, strip, sheet, plate, foil, forgings and tube",
        "condition": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "basis": "typical, not a minimum"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 15 under Typical in the Hardness, HRC row of the Smiths Metal Centres Mechanical Properties table.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-g9",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Hardness HRC row, Typical column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-3al-2-5v-grade-9.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength (Smiths High Performance)",
      "value": 860,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated",
        "condition": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 860 MPa (125 ksi) in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths High Performance datasheet. The table has no minimum or typical columns and no temper.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smithshp-g9",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile strength (MPa/ksi) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti 3Al 2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths High Performance, revision 11.02.2025)",
        "id": "Smiths High Performance",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/titanium/ti3-al-2.5v-grade-9-titanium-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength (Smiths High Performance)",
      "value": 725,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated",
        "condition": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 725 MPa (105 ksi) in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths High Performance datasheet. The table has no minimum or typical columns and no temper.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smithshp-g9",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Yield strength (MPa/ksi) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti 3Al 2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths High Performance, revision 11.02.2025)",
        "id": "Smiths High Performance",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/titanium/ti3-al-2.5v-grade-9-titanium-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break (Smiths High Performance)",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated",
        "condition": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 10 in the Elongation at break (%) row of the Smiths High Performance Mechanical Properties table.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smithshp-g9",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Elongation at break (%) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti 3Al 2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths High Performance, revision 11.02.2025)",
        "id": "Smiths High Performance",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/titanium/ti3-al-2.5v-grade-9-titanium-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness, Vickers (Smiths High Performance)",
      "value": 300,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated",
        "condition": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 300 in the Hardness, Vickers row of the Smiths High Performance Mechanical Properties table.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smithshp-g9",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Hardness, Vickers row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti 3Al 2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths High Performance, revision 11.02.2025)",
        "id": "Smiths High Performance",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/titanium/ti3-al-2.5v-grade-9-titanium-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (annealed hydraulic seamless tubing)",
      "value": 621,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "hydraulic seamless tubing (Aircraft Materials table row)",
        "condition": "annealed (table row label)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 90 ksi and 621 MPa in the Typical Mechanical Properties table, under the Ti-3Al-2.5V Hydraulic Seamless Tubing (annealed) row, whose column heading reads Tensile Strength min.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "acm-g9",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength min column, Ti-3Al-2.5V Hydraulic Seamless Tubing (annealed) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Alloy Grade 9 / Ti 3Al-2.5V: Technical Data Sheet (Aircraft Materials)",
        "id": "Aircraft Materials",
        "url": "https://www.aircraftmaterials.com/data/titanium/ti3al2-5v.html",
        "year": 2013,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, minimum (annealed hydraulic seamless tubing)",
      "value": 517,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "hydraulic seamless tubing (Aircraft Materials table row)",
        "condition": "annealed (table row label)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 75 ksi and 517 MPa in the Typical Mechanical Properties table, under the same row, whose column heading reads Yield Strength min.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "acm-g9",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Yield Strength min column, Ti-3Al-2.5V Hydraulic Seamless Tubing (annealed) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Alloy Grade 9 / Ti 3Al-2.5V: Technical Data Sheet (Aircraft Materials)",
        "id": "Aircraft Materials",
        "url": "https://www.aircraftmaterials.com/data/titanium/ti3al2-5v.html",
        "year": 2013,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation (annealed hydraulic seamless tubing)",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "hydraulic seamless tubing (Aircraft Materials table row)",
        "condition": "annealed (table row label)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "basis": "printed in the Elongation column of the same row, which carries no min label"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 15 in the Elongation (%) column of the same row of the Typical Mechanical Properties table.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "acm-g9",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Elongation (%) column, Ti-3Al-2.5V Hydraulic Seamless Tubing (annealed) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium Alloy Grade 9 / Ti 3Al-2.5V: Technical Data Sheet (Aircraft Materials)",
        "id": "Aircraft Materials",
        "url": "https://www.aircraftmaterials.com/data/titanium/ti3al2-5v.html",
        "year": 2013,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (AMS 4944, as Boze describes it)",
      "value": 620,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "welded tubing (Boze's description of AMS 4944)",
        "condition": "annealed (Boze table row)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 620 MPa (90 ksi), annealed, under Tensile Strength (min) in the Technical Specifications and Properties table of the Boze AMS 4944 page. Boze calls AMS 4944 welded tubing, while Aircraft Materials and Smiths list AMS 4944 as hydraulic seamless tubing, so the form is in conflict (see gaps).",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "boze-ams4944",
      "where": "Technical Specifications and Properties table, Tensile Strength (min) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AMS 4944 Ti-3Al-2.5V Welded Tubing (Boze Titanium Manufacturing Center)",
        "id": "BOZE Titanium Manufacturing Center",
        "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/materials/ams-4944/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2 %, minimum (AMS 4944, as Boze describes it)",
      "value": 520,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "welded tubing (Boze's description of AMS 4944)",
        "condition": "annealed (Boze table row)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "offset": "0.2 %",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 520 MPa (75 ksi) under Yield Strength (0.2%) (min) in the Technical Specifications and Properties table of the Boze AMS 4944 page. The value is higher than the 483 MPa in ASTM B265 and B338.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "boze-ams4944",
      "where": "Technical Specifications and Properties table, Yield Strength 0.2% (min) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AMS 4944 Ti-3Al-2.5V Welded Tubing (Boze Titanium Manufacturing Center)",
        "id": "BOZE Titanium Manufacturing Center",
        "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/materials/ams-4944/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, minimum (AMS 4944, as Boze describes it)",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "welded tubing (Boze's description of AMS 4944)",
        "condition": "annealed (Boze table row)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 10 % under Elongation (min) in the Technical Specifications and Properties table of the Boze AMS 4944 page. ASTM B338 row 9A gives 15 % for annealed tube, so the two disagree.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "boze-ams4944",
      "where": "Technical Specifications and Properties table, Elongation (min) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AMS 4944 Ti-3Al-2.5V Welded Tubing (Boze Titanium Manufacturing Center)",
        "id": "BOZE Titanium Manufacturing Center",
        "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/materials/ams-4944/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness, maximum (annealed)",
      "value": 27,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "HRC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated",
        "condition": "annealed (Boze heading: Typical Mechanical Properties, Annealed Condition)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "basis": "upper limit printed as less than or equal to 27 HRC"
      },
      "method": "Printed as less than or equal to 27 HRC in the Typical Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition) block of the Boze Grade 9 page, as an upper value.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "bozemetal-g9",
      "where": "Chemical and Mechanical Properties section, Typical Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition), Hardness line",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Grade 9 (Ti-3Al-2.5V) Titanium: Properties, Specifications and Applications (BOZE Metal)",
        "id": "BOZE Metal",
        "url": "https://www.bozemetal.com/titanium-grades/grade-9-titanium",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media, including chlorides",
      "headline": "Good corrosion resistance in oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media, including chlorides.",
      "effect": "Smiths Metal Centres says the material offers good corrosion resistance in these media. The datasheet prints no test conditions and no corrosion rate.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer statement; no test conditions printed"
      },
      "source": "smiths-g9",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance section, first paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Sea water and marine service",
      "headline": "Excellent sea water corrosion resistance, with good resistance in oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media (Bibus).",
      "effect": "Bibus says the grade has excellent sea water corrosion resistance and good resistance in oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media. It prints no test conditions.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "distributor statement; no test conditions printed"
      },
      "source": "bibus-g9",
      "where": "Product description paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "General industrial and marine environments",
      "headline": "Good corrosion resistance in general industrial and marine environments (Boze).",
      "effect": "Boze says Grade 9 has good corrosion resistance in general industrial and marine environments. It prints no test conditions.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "supplier statement; no test conditions printed"
      },
      "source": "bozemetal-g9",
      "where": "Key Features list, corrosion item"
    },
    {
      "environment": "General corrosion (benefit list)",
      "headline": "Excellent corrosion resistance (Smiths High Performance).",
      "effect": "Smiths High Performance lists excellent corrosion resistance among the benefits of Grade 9. No environment or test conditions are printed.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "benefit list; no test conditions printed"
      },
      "source": "smithshp-g9",
      "where": "Benefits list"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Oxidation at high temperature",
      "headline": "Resists oxidation up to 600 °F (316 °C).",
      "effect": "Smiths Metal Centres says the alloy resists oxidation up to 600 °F (316 °C). It prints no oxidation data above that figure.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "up to 316 °C (600 °F), as printed"
      },
      "source": "smiths-g9",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance section, last sentence"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's GHS record for unalloyed titanium (CID 23963) says 606 of 808 company reports do not meet GHS hazard criteria. The record covers titanium, not this alloy, and does not separate bulk metal from powder.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-ghs",
        "where": "GHS Classification: Not Classified and aggregated report counts"
      },
      {
        "text": "The same record lists 16 notifications from 202 of 808 reports with hazard codes, under the signal word Danger.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228: Flammable solid",
          "H250: Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air",
          "H251: Self-heating; may catch fire"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-ghs",
        "where": "GHS Hazard Statements and Signal word"
      },
      {
        "text": "Precautionary codes listed with the record: P210, P222, P231, P233, P235, P240, P241, P280, P302+P335+P334, P370+P378, P407, P410, P413 and P420.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-ghs",
        "where": "Precautionary Statement Codes"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Wrinkling or cracking in tight bends of cold-worked and stress-relieved tube",
        "trigger": "Bend radius below the absolute minimum centreline radius for the tube size, or tighter than 2 times OD",
        "consequence": "Nexmetal warns of wrinkling or cracking below its absolute minimum radius, and says bends tighter than 2 times OD usually need hot bending or annealed material",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "nexmetal-tube",
        "where": "Recommended Mandrel Bend Radii table and rule-of-thumb list"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Lower ductility in the cold-worked and stress-relieved condition",
        "trigger": "Choosing the cold-worked and stress-relieved condition where high elongation is needed",
        "consequence": "ASTM B338 minimum elongation is 10 % for row 9D against 15 % for annealed row 9A",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "astm-b338",
        "where": "Table 3 Tensile Requirements, rows 9A and 9D, elongation min"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Oxidation above the stated limit",
        "trigger": "Exposure above 600 °F (316 °C)",
        "consequence": "Smiths Metal Centres gives no oxidation data above 316 °C",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "smiths-g9",
        "where": "Corrosion Resistance section, last sentence"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Weldability is good (Smiths Metal Centres).",
        "source": "smiths-g9",
        "where": "Fabrication (typical values), Weldability row"
      },
      {
        "text": "Smiths Metal Centres prints a specific bend radius for thickness below 0.070 x thickness as 2.5 (typical).",
        "source": "smiths-g9",
        "where": "Fabrication (typical values), specific bend radius row"
      },
      {
        "text": "ASTM B265 bend test for Grade 9: mandrel radius 2.5T below 0.070 in thickness and 3T from 0.070 to 0.187 in.",
        "source": "astm-b265",
        "where": "Table 1, Bend Test column, Grade 9 row"
      },
      {
        "text": "Nexmetal gives 2.5 to 3.0 times OD as the minimum centreline radius for reliable production bends, calls 3 to 4 times OD very safe, and says bends tighter than 2 times OD usually need hot bending or annealed material.",
        "source": "nexmetal-tube",
        "where": "Recommended Mandrel Bend Radii table and rule-of-thumb list"
      },
      {
        "text": "Smiths High Performance says the grade is cold workable, unlike Grade 5, and ideal for precision machining. Aircraft Materials says it can be cold rolled.",
        "source": "smithshp-g9",
        "where": "Product description and Benefits list"
      },
      {
        "text": "Boze describes excellent weldability and cold formability for its seamless tube.",
        "source": "bozemetal-g9",
        "where": "Key Features list"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Aircraft and engine hydraulic tubing",
      "example": "Smiths Metal Centres lists tubing in aircraft and engine hydraulic systems. Alloys International calls Ti 3-2.5 the hydraulic tubing alloy, supplied as seamless tube. Aircraft Materials lists AMS 4943, AMS 4944 and AMS 4945 hydraulic seamless tubing.",
      "source": "smiths-g9",
      "where": "Typical Applications list; Material Specifications, Aerospace column"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Corrosion-resistant pipe and vessels",
      "example": "Smiths Metal Centres lists corrosion resistant pipes and vessels. Bibus lists pipes and vessels in refineries and petrochemical plants, and sea water handling and process systems in the oil and gas industry.",
      "source": "bibus-g9",
      "where": "Product description paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Bicycle frames and sporting goods",
      "example": "Smiths Metal Centres lists golf club shafts, tennis racquets and bicycle frames. Smiths High Performance lists bike frames, and Nexmetal says cold-worked and stress-relieved tube is typical for high-performance bicycle frames.",
      "source": "smiths-g9",
      "where": "Typical Applications list"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Titanium sponge (feedstock for titanium mill products such as Grade 9 tube)",
      "abundance": "The USGS 2026 titanium summary read here gives no crustal abundance or resource tonnage. It refers to its titanium mineral concentrates chapter.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 70.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_percent": 14.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 6.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 4.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Saudi Arabia",
          "share_percent": 3.2,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-ti-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Events, Trends, and Issues; World Sponge Metal Production table"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Aluminium (alloying element, 2.5 to 3.5 wt% in Grade 9; USGS spells it aluminum)",
      "abundance": "USGS gives global bauxite resources of 55 billion to 75 billion tons, which it says are sufficient for world aluminum demand well into the future.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 60.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 4.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United Arab Emirates",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-al-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; World Smelter Production and Capacity table"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Vanadium (alloying element, 2.0 to 3.0 wt% in Grade 9)",
      "abundance": "USGS gives world vanadium resources above 63 million tons, and says vanadium is mostly recovered as a byproduct or coproduct, so resources do not show available supply.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 74.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 19.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 4.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 4.5,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-v-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; World Mine Production and Reserves table; Substitutes"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Smiths Metal Centres: Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9) technical datasheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-3al-2-5v-grade-9.pdf",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "title": "Smiths High Performance: Ti 3Al 2.5V (Grade 9) technical datasheet, revision 11.02.2025",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/titanium/ti3-al-2.5v-grade-9-titanium-english.pdf",
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "title": "ASTM B265-08b copy hosted by GS Alloy (titanium strip, sheet and plate)",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "title": "ASTM B338-08b copy hosted by GS Alloy (seamless and welded titanium tubes)",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B338.pdf",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS Classification section (PUG View JSON)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON?heading=GHS%20Classification",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Thermal data: melting range, beta transus, thermal conductivity, specific heat and thermal expansion were not found in any page read in this run.",
    "Cryogenic and space data: Wikipedia says the alloy was designed for cryogenic service and is used for aircraft frames and landing gear. No NASA, NIST or other source with Grade 9 data was read, so no cryogenic, outgassing, atomic oxygen or thermal cycling value is recorded. Wikipedia is used for composition and history only.",
    "AMS text: the SAE pages for AMS 4943 and AMS 4944 returned no content. AMS limits come from vendor pages (Boze, Aircraft Materials) and are labelled as such. AMS 4945 has no value of its own.",
    "AMS 4944 form: Boze calls AMS 4944 welded tubing. Aircraft Materials and Smiths Metal Centres list AMS 4944 as hydraulic seamless tubing, and Alloys International lists AMS 4943 and 4944 against seamless tube. Boze values are kept with Boze's form.",
    "Elastic modulus: Smiths Metal Centres gives 91 GPa (typical), Smiths High Performance 100 GPa, and Nexmetal 110 GPa for CWSR tube. All three are recorded with their sources.",
    "Composition: ASTM B338 Table 1 (used in the recipe) and ASTM B265 Table 2 agree, and Smiths Metal Centres prints the same limits. Smiths High Performance (as per AMS 4944) gives Fe 0.30, O 0.12, C 0.050, N 0.020 and H 0.005 maximum. Aircraft Materials gives C 0.05, Fe 0.30, N 0.02, O 0.12 and H 0.015. These are noted in the composition note only.",
    "EN numbers: Smiths Metal Centres prints WNr. 3.7194 (Aerospace column) and WNr. 3.7195 (Commercial column); Alloys International prints W.Nr 3.7194; Bibus prints 3.7197 and 3.7195. Each source prints its number for this grade, so all are listed as designations. The sources do not say which is the official number.",
    "Not recorded as designations: AMS 4954 is in the Smiths High Performance equivalents list for Grade 9, but Alloys International lists it under Ti-6Al-4V. PWA 1260, DMS 2241 and GE B50TF117 (Smiths High Performance) are not in the designation systems. ERTi-9 (Nexmetal) is a welding wire name, not a grade name.",
    "Grade 18 (UNS R56322) is Grade 9 with 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium (Smiths Metal Centres). It is a related grade, not an alias, so it is not a designation and no Grade 18 value is used.",
    "Temper: the Smiths Metal Centres and Smiths High Performance mechanical tables print no temper, so those values carry condition not stated.",
    "Grade 2 and Grade 5 comparison: ASTM B265 Table 1 is the only fetched source with Grade 2, Grade 5 and Grade 9 in one table. Those Grade 2 and Grade 5 figures appear in the compare text only, not as Grade 9 properties.",
    "Cold workability: the statements are qualitative (Smiths High Performance, Aircraft Materials, Boze, Wikipedia). The only numeric bend limits are ASTM B265 Table 1 and the Nexmetal rule of thumb.",
    "Corrosion: no crevice, galvanic, stress-corrosion, erosion or seawater test data for Grade 9 were read in this run. Pang and Blackwood (2016) is not used for this grade.",
    "Hazards: the PubChem GHS record is for unalloyed titanium and does not separate powder from bulk metal. No SDS for Ti-3Al-2.5V was read, and no GHS or SDS data for vanadium, aluminium dust or machining fume was read in this run.",
    "Unreachable pages: TW Metals tubing page (no text), Continental Steel (Cloudflare block), SAE AMS 4943 and AMS 4944 pages (no text), and the MakeItFrom Grade 9 page (no text). None of their values is used.",
    "Critical-mineral lists: the USGS 2026 titanium, aluminum and vanadium summaries read here print no critical-mineral list. The EU and USGS critical lists were not fetched, so critical_lists is empty.",
    "Atomic weights of titanium, aluminium and vanadium were not fetched, so the recipe parts carry weight-percent limits only.",
    "Property names: impact_energy and hardness are not in spores/property-canon.yaml and are used as snake_case names, as in the Grade 2 profile.",
    "No values found for fatigue, creep, fracture toughness, the process route (melting, forging and tube making), or product-form values beyond the datasheet tables."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Grade 9 gives more strength than the commercially pure grades, with more formability and weldability than Grade 5 (Smiths Metal Centres). Alloys International calls it the hydraulic tubing alloy, and Nexmetal and Alloys International describe the tube as cold-worked and stress-relieved. Its annealed minimum tensile strength is 620 MPa (ASTM B265 Table 1).",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Aircraft and engine hydraulic tubing",
        "line": "Smiths Metal Centres lists tubing in aircraft and engine hydraulic systems. Aircraft Materials lists AMS 4943, AMS 4944 and AMS 4945 hydraulic seamless tubing."
      },
      {
        "where": "Corrosion-resistant pipe and vessels",
        "line": "Bibus lists corrosion resistant pipes and vessels in refineries and petrochemical plants, and sea water handling and process systems."
      },
      {
        "where": "Bicycle frames and sporting goods",
        "line": "Smiths Metal Centres lists golf club shafts, tennis racquets and bicycle frames. Nexmetal says cold-worked and stress-relieved tube is typical for high-performance bicycle frames."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Annealed minimum tensile 620 MPa and 0.2 % yield 483 MPa (ASTM B265 and B338). Cold-worked and stress-relieved tube: 860 MPa and 725 MPa minimum (ASTM B338, row 9D).",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Ductility",
        "line": "Minimum elongation 15 % annealed and 10 % cold-worked and stress-relieved (ASTM B338). Smiths High Performance prints 10 % at break.",
        "benchmark": "elongation",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Elastic modulus printed as 91 GPa (Smiths Metal Centres, typical), 100 GPa (Smiths High Performance) and 110 GPa (Nexmetal, CWSR tube).",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Forming",
        "line": "Cold-workable, unlike Grade 5 (Smiths High Performance). Aircraft Materials says it is commonly grouped with the commercially pure grades because it can be cold rolled. Smiths Metal Centres says it is more formable and weldable than Ti-6Al-4V.",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Corrosion",
        "line": "Good corrosion resistance in oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media, including chlorides (Smiths Metal Centres), and in general industrial and marine environments (Boze).",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Oxidation",
        "line": "Resists oxidation up to 600 °F (316 °C) (Smiths Metal Centres). Aircraft Materials says Grade 9 can be used at higher temperatures than Grades 1 to 4.",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Grade 9 sits between the commercially pure grades and Grade 5. ASTM B265 Table 1, annealed, gives Grade 9 a minimum tensile strength of 620 MPa and a minimum 0.2 % yield strength of 483 MPa. The same table gives Grade 2 345 MPa and 275 MPa, and Grade 5 895 MPa and 828 MPa. Minimum elongation is 15 % for Grade 9, 20 % for Grade 2 and 10 % for Grade 5. Smiths Metal Centres says Grade 9 gives 20 to 50 % greater strength than the commercially pure grades and is more formable and weldable than Grade 5. Smiths High Performance says that, like Grade 5, it is much stronger than the commercially pure grades, but with better ductility it is not quite as strong. ASTM B338 row 9D, cold-worked and stress-relieved, gives 860 MPa and 725 MPa minimum, and Nexmetal and Alloys International describe the tube they sell in that condition.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elastic modulus",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Yield strength",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Weldability is good (Smiths Metal Centres). Boze describes excellent weldability and cold formability for its seamless tube (Boze).",
      "Bends: Smiths Metal Centres prints 2.5 (typical) for thickness below 0.070 in. ASTM B265 Table 1 gives 2.5T below 0.070 in and 3T from 0.070 to 0.187 in.",
      "Cold-worked and stress-relieved tube: Nexmetal gives 2.5 to 3.0 times OD as the minimum radius for reliable production bends, and says tighter than 2 times OD usually needs hot bending or annealed material.",
      "Machining: Smiths High Performance calls the grade ideal for precision machining. Cold work: unlike Grade 5, it can be cold-worked (Smiths High Performance)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Seamless hydraulic and fluid tube in aircraft and engine systems (Smiths Metal Centres, Alloys International).",
      "Corrosion resistant pipe and vessels in refineries, petrochemical plants and sea water systems (Bibus).",
      "Bicycle frames, golf club shafts and tennis racquets (Smiths Metal Centres, Nexmetal)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Strength below Grade 5: 620 MPa minimum tensile when annealed, against 895 MPa for Grade 5 (ASTM B265 Table 1).",
      "Temper changes the numbers: cold-worked and stress-relieved tube has 860 MPa and 725 MPa minimum but 10 % elongation, against 620 MPa, 483 MPa and 15 % when annealed (ASTM B338 rows 9D and 9A).",
      "AMS 4944 form conflicts: Boze calls it welded tubing, while Aircraft Materials and Smiths list it as hydraulic seamless tubing.",
      "Elastic modulus differs by source: 91, 100 and 110 GPa.",
      "Composition limits differ by specification: Smiths High Performance (as per AMS 4944) gives Fe 0.30 and O 0.12 maximum, against 0.25 and 0.15 in ASTM B338.",
      "Grade 18 (UNS R56322) adds 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium for corrosion resistance. It is a different grade, and its figures are not used here (Smiths Metal Centres).",
      "Powder and swarf are a flammable-solid fire hazard (PubChem H228)."
    ],
    "verdict": "Grade 9 is the mid-strength option among the titanium alloys read here. It is stronger than Grade 2 and easier to form and weld than Grade 5, but weaker than Grade 5. Its strength depends on temper, so the annealed and cold-worked and stress-relieved figures must be specified separately.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Titanium with 2.5 to 3.5 wt% aluminium and 2.0 to 3.0 wt% vanadium, the balance titanium, and maximum limits on iron, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen (ASTM B338 Table 1). Wikipedia gives the nominal 3.0 % aluminium and 2.5 % vanadium. Alloys International and Nexmetal say the tube they supply is cold-worked and stress-relieved. The sources read here do not describe the melting or forming route.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Base metal. Smiths Metal Centres calls the alloy medium strength with more formability than Ti-6Al-4V.",
          "share_note": "balance (the rest)",
          "source": "astm-b338",
          "where": "Table 1 Chemical Requirements, titanium balance row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "Alloying element. Wikipedia gives the nominal 3.0 % aluminium for Grade 9.",
          "share_high": 3.5,
          "share_note": "2.5 to 3.5 wt%",
          "source": "astm-b338",
          "where": "Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Aluminum row, Grade 9 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vanadium",
          "symbol": "V",
          "role": "Alloying element. Wikipedia gives the nominal 2.5 % vanadium for Grade 9.",
          "share_high": 3,
          "share_note": "2.0 to 3.0 wt%",
          "source": "astm-b338",
          "where": "Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Vanadium row, Grade 9 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.25,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.25 %",
          "source": "astm-b338",
          "where": "Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Iron max row, Grade 9 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.15,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.15 %",
          "source": "astm-b338",
          "where": "Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Oxygen max row, Grade 9 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.08,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.08 %",
          "source": "astm-b338",
          "where": "Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Carbon max row, Grade 9 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Nitrogen",
          "symbol": "N",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.03,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.03 %",
          "source": "astm-b338",
          "where": "Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Nitrogen max row, Grade 9 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Hydrogen",
          "symbol": "H",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.015,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.015 %",
          "source": "astm-b338",
          "where": "Table 1 Chemical Requirements, Hydrogen max row, Grade 9 column"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "Most company reports to PubChem say unalloyed titanium does not meet GHS criteria. Some report H228 (flammable solid), which applies to powder and swarf. Treat machining swarf and powder as a fire hazard.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Solid alloy",
            "line": "The datasheets read here carry no hazard classification. PubChem's record for titanium is Not Classified in 606 of 808 company reports."
          },
          {
            "label": "Powder and swarf",
            "line": "PubChem lists H228 (flammable solid), H250 and H251 from 16 notifications (202 of 808 reports), with signal word Danger."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Solid: mostly not classed. Powder and swarf: flammable"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-24",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 35,
    "unreachable": 5,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Written 2026-10-24 by an assistant from pages fetched in this run: the Smiths Metal Centres and Smiths High Performance datasheets, the ASTM B265-08b and B338-08b copies, Aircraft Materials, Boze (two pages), Alloys International, Nexmetal, Bibus, Wikipedia, the PubChem GHS section and the USGS MCS 2026 titanium, aluminum and vanadium summaries. TW Metals, Continental Steel, the two SAE AMS pages and MakeItFrom returned no readable text and are not used."
  },
  "sources": {
    "smiths-g9": {
      "title": "Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
      "id": "Smiths Metal Centres",
      "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/ti-3al-2-5v-grade-9.pdf",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "smithshp-g9": {
      "title": "Ti 3Al 2.5V (Grade 9) Technical Datasheet (Smiths High Performance, revision 11.02.2025)",
      "id": "Smiths High Performance",
      "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/titanium/ti3-al-2.5v-grade-9-titanium-english.pdf",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "astm-b265": {
      "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
      "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
      "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
      "year": 2008,
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "astm-b338": {
      "title": "ASTM B338-08b: Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Titanium and Titanium Alloy Tubes (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
      "id": "ASTM B338-08b",
      "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B338.pdf",
      "year": 2008,
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "usgs-ti-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Titanium",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US Government work, public domain"
    },
    "usgs-al-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Aluminum",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US Government work, public domain"
    },
    "usgs-v-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Vanadium",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US Government work, public domain"
    },
    "pubchem-ghs": {
      "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS Classification section (PUG View JSON)",
      "id": "PubChem CID 23963",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON?heading=GHS%20Classification",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem, public"
    },
    "acm-g9": {
      "title": "Titanium Alloy Grade 9 / Ti 3Al-2.5V: Technical Data Sheet (Aircraft Materials)",
      "id": "Aircraft Materials",
      "url": "https://www.aircraftmaterials.com/data/titanium/ti3al2-5v.html",
      "year": 2013,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "boze-ams4944": {
      "title": "AMS 4944 Ti-3Al-2.5V Welded Tubing (Boze Titanium Manufacturing Center)",
      "id": "BOZE Titanium Manufacturing Center",
      "url": "https://cnc.bozemetal.com/materials/ams-4944/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "bozemetal-g9": {
      "title": "Grade 9 (Ti-3Al-2.5V) Titanium: Properties, Specifications and Applications (BOZE Metal)",
      "id": "BOZE Metal",
      "url": "https://www.bozemetal.com/titanium-grades/grade-9-titanium",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "alloysintl-32": {
      "title": "Titanium and Titanium Alloys: Grades, Specs and Forms (Alloys International)",
      "id": "Alloys International",
      "url": "https://alloysintl.com/titanium/titanium_3-2-5/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "nexmetal-tube": {
      "title": "Titanium Tube Gr9 (Ti-3Al-2.5V), Seamless CWSR (Nexmetal)",
      "id": "Nexmetal",
      "url": "https://nexmetal.com/products/titanium-tube",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "bibus-g9": {
      "title": "Titanium Grade 9 (3AL2.5V) (BIBUS Metals)",
      "id": "BIBUS Metals",
      "url": "https://metals.bibus.com/id-en/products/itm/titanium-grade-9/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "wiki-ti-alloy": {
      "title": "Titanium alloy (Wikipedia)",
      "id": "Wikipedia, Titanium alloy",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/titanium-grade-9/"
}