Stainless steel 430 430 (UNS S43000)

spore: profile
id: stainless-430
spore_version: 0.2
family: stainless-ferritic
name: Stainless steel 430
abbreviation: 430 (UNS S43000)
role: corrosion-resistant trim and sheet alloy
category: metals
type: steels-and-stainless
summary: Type 430 is a ferritic chromium stainless steel with 16.0 to 18.0 percent chromium and 0.12 percent carbon at most (ATI). It is ferromagnetic (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke datasheet) and cannot be hardened by heat treatment (Aalco). ATI and Macsteel list sinks, appliance trim, range hoods and architectural cladding as typical uses, where economy and moderate corrosion resistance matter more than strength.
best_for: Sinks, appliance trim and architectural cladding, where economy and moderate corrosion resistance matter more than strength (ATI)
weakest_at: Welds and sea water. Welds lose ductility and corrosion resistance, and the datasheet says the grade is not resistant to sea water (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke)
identity:
  formula: Fe balance; 16.0 to 18.0 Cr; max 0.12 C, 1.00 Mn, 1.00 Si, 0.75 Ni, 0.040 P, 0.030 S (wt%, ASTM A240 limits); molybdenum max 0.50 (ATI typical analysis)
  source: ati-page
  where: Composition table on the ATI product page (ASTM A240 limits); molybdenum from the ATI data sheet typical analysis; Aperam typical values C 0.047 and Cr 16.20 (Aperam product page)
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: S43000
    - system: EN
      code: '1.4016'
    - system: EN name
      code: X6Cr17
    - system: JIS
      code: '430'
    - system: ASTM
      code: A240
      note: Type 430
    - system: AISI
      code: '430'
    - system: BS
      code: 430S17
    - system: AFNOR
      code: Z8C17
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses:
    - extreme-heat
  applications:
    - structures
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    value: 7.7
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: ATI 430 ferritic stainless steel sheet and strip (data sheet, typical)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: not printed
    method: Physical properties table, printed as 0.278 lbs/in3 and 7.70 g/cm3
    status: ground
    source: ati-tds
    where: Physical Properties table (Density row)
  - benchmark: density
    value: 7.74
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430 stainless steel (Combined Metals data sheet, nominal)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: 20 C (At 20oC column)
    method: Physical properties table, At 20oC column, printed as 7.74 g/cm3 (0.28 lb/in3)
    status: ground
    source: combmet-430
    where: Physical Properties table (Density row)
  - benchmark: melting_point
    value: 1425
    value_high: 1510
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: ATI 430 sheet and strip (data sheet, typical)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: melting range
    method: Physical properties table, melting range printed as 2600 to 2750 F (1425 to 1510 C)
    status: ground
    source: ati-tds
    where: Physical Properties table (Melting Range row)
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    value: 460
    unit: J/kg.K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: ATI 430 sheet (data sheet, typical)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: 0 to 100 C
    method: Specific heat table, printed as 460 J/kg K for 0 to 100 C (0.11 BTU/lb F)
    status: ground
    source: ati-tds
    where: Specific Heat table (0-100 C row)
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    value: 23.86
    unit: W/m.K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: ATI 430 sheet (data sheet, typical)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: 20 to 100 C
    method: Thermal conductivity table, printed as 23.86 W/m K (13.8 BTU/ft h F)
    status: ground
    source: ati-tds
    where: Thermal Conductivity table (20-100 C row)
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    value: 25.96
    unit: W/m.K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: ATI 430 sheet (data sheet, typical)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: 20 to 500 C
    method: Thermal conductivity table, printed as 25.96 W/m K (15.0 BTU/ft h F)
    status: ground
    source: ati-tds
    where: Thermal Conductivity table (20-500 C row)
  - benchmark: cte
    value: 10.3
    unit: 10-6/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: ATI 430 sheet (data sheet, typical)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: 20 to 100 C mean
      unit_in_source: 10-6 per C, printed as 10.3 x 10-6 per C
    method: Linear coefficient of expansion table, printed as 10.3 x 10-6 per C (5.7 x 10-6 per F)
    status: ground
    source: ati-tds
    where: Linear Coefficient of Expansion table (20-100 C row)
  - benchmark: cte
    value: 11.2
    unit: 10-6/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: ATI 430 sheet (data sheet, typical)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: 20 to 500 C mean
      unit_in_source: 10-6 per C, printed as 11.2 x 10-6 per C
    method: Linear coefficient of expansion table, printed as 11.2 x 10-6 per C (6.2 x 10-6 per F)
    status: ground
    source: ati-tds
    where: Linear Coefficient of Expansion table (20-500 C row)
  - benchmark: cte
    value: 11.9
    unit: 10-6/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: ATI 430 sheet (data sheet, typical)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: 20 to 787 C mean
      unit_in_source: 10-6 per C, printed as 11.9 x 10-6 per C
    method: Linear coefficient of expansion table, printed as 11.9 x 10-6 per C (6.6 x 10-6 per F)
    status: ground
    source: ati-tds
    where: Linear Coefficient of Expansion table (20-787 C row)
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    value: 200
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430 bar up to 100 mm (EN 10088-3:2005 typical)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: not printed
    method: Physical property table, printed as 200 GPa (Modulus of Elasticity row)
    status: ground
    source: aalco-430
    where: Physical Property table (Modulus of Elasticity row)
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    value: 60
    unit: micro-ohm-cm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: ATI 430 sheet (data sheet, typical)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: 20 C
    method: Electrical resistivity table, printed as 60.0 micro-ohm-cm at 20 C
    status: ground
    source: ati-tds
    where: Electrical Resistivity table (20 C row)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 30
    unit: ksi
    bound: lower
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: ASTM A240 sheet and strip basis (Combined Metals data sheet)
      temper: annealed (Min)
      temperature: room temperature (typical room temperature table)
      basis: 0.2 percent offset, minimum
    method: Typical room temperature mechanical properties table, annealed minimum printed as 30 ksi (205 MPa) minimum
    status: ground
    source: combmet-430
    where: Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table (Annealed (Min) row, 0.2% YS Min column)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 43
    value_high: 56
    bound: range
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet and strip, 0.04 to 0.115 in thick
      temper: cold rolled and annealed (ATI footnote)
      temperature: room temperature (typical)
      basis: 0.2 percent offset
    method: Mechanical properties table, 0.2% offset row, 0.04 to 0.115 in thickness range, printed as 43 to 56 ksi
    status: ground
    source: ati-tds
    where: Mechanical Properties table (Yield Strength 0.2% offset row, 0.04 to 0.115 in)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 300
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: annealed, longitudinal test direction (datasheet)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: not printed
      basis: 0.2 percent proof stress Rp0.2, typical; specification minimum 240 MPa
    method: Mechanical table for the annealed condition, Rp0.2 row, typical value printed as 300 N/mm2 (N/mm2 is MPa)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4016
    where: Mechanical table in the annealed condition (Rp0.2 row, typical column)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 240
    unit: MPa
    bound: lower
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: bar up to 100 mm diameter or thickness (EN 10088-3:2005)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: not printed
      basis: proof stress, minimum
    method: Mechanical property table, printed as 240 Min MPa (proof stress)
    status: ground
    source: aalco-430
    where: Bar, up to 100 mm, Mechanical Property table (Proof Stress row)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 65
    unit: ksi
    bound: lower
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: ASTM A240 sheet and strip basis (Combined Metals data sheet)
      temper: annealed (Min)
      temperature: room temperature (typical room temperature table)
    method: Typical room temperature mechanical properties table, annealed minimum printed as 65 ksi (450 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: combmet-430
    where: Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table (Annealed (Min) row, Tensile Strength column)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 66
    value_high: 78
    bound: range
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet and strip, 0.04 to 0.115 in thick
      temper: cold rolled and annealed (ATI footnote)
      temperature: room temperature (typical)
    method: Mechanical properties table, Ultimate Tensile Strength row, 0.04 to 0.115 in thickness range, printed as 66 to 78 ksi
    status: ground
    source: ati-tds
    where: Mechanical Properties table (Ultimate Tensile Strength row, 0.04 to 0.115 in)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 480
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: annealed, longitudinal test direction (datasheet)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: not printed
      basis: specification range 400 to 630 MPa
    method: Mechanical table for the annealed condition, Rm row, typical value printed as 480 N/mm2
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4016
    where: Mechanical table in the annealed condition (Rm row, typical column)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 400
    value_high: 630
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: bar up to 100 mm diameter or thickness (EN 10088-3:2005)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: not printed
    method: Mechanical property table, printed as 400 - 630 MPa (tensile strength)
    status: ground
    source: aalco-430
    where: Bar, up to 100 mm, Mechanical Property table (Tensile Strength row)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 315
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430 and 430 DDQ (Macsteel data sheet)
      temper: not printed for this row
      temperature: 500 C
      test: short-time elevated temperature tensile strength
    method: Short time elevated temperature tensile strength table, printed as 315 MPa in the 500 C column for the 430 row
    status: ground
    source: macsteel-430
    where: Short time elevated temperature tensile strength table (430 row, 500 C column)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 22
    unit: '%'
    bound: lower
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: ASTM A240 sheet and strip basis (Combined Metals data sheet)
      temper: annealed (Min)
      temperature: room temperature (typical room temperature table)
      gauge: 2 in (50.8 mm)
    method: Typical room temperature mechanical properties table, annealed minimum printed as 22% in 2 in
    status: ground
    source: combmet-430
    where: Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table (Annealed (Min) row, Elongation column)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 23
    value_high: 37
    bound: range
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet and strip, 0.04 to 0.115 in thick
      temper: cold rolled and annealed (ATI footnote)
      temperature: room temperature (typical)
      gauge: 2 in
    method: Mechanical properties table, Elongation in 2 in row, 0.04 to 0.115 in thickness range, printed as 23 to 37 percent
    status: ground
    source: ati-tds
    where: Mechanical Properties table (Elongation in 2 in row, 0.04 to 0.115 in)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 28
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: annealed, longitudinal test direction (datasheet)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: not printed
      gauge: A5
    method: Mechanical table for the annealed condition, elongation A5 row, typical value printed as 28 percent
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4016
    where: Mechanical table in the annealed condition (elongation A5 row, typical column)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 20
    unit: '%'
    bound: lower
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: bar up to 100 mm diameter or thickness (EN 10088-3:2005)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: not printed
      gauge: A50 mm
    method: Mechanical property table, printed as 20 Min percent for elongation A50 mm
    status: ground
    source: aalco-430
    where: Bar, up to 100 mm, Mechanical Property table (Elongation A50 mm row)
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 89
    unit: HRB
    bound: upper
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: ASTM A240 sheet and strip basis (Combined Metals data sheet)
      temper: annealed (row labelled Annealed (Min); hardness printed as a maximum)
      temperature: room temperature (typical room temperature table)
      scale: Rockwell B (HRBW printed)
    method: Typical room temperature mechanical properties table, printed as 89 HRBW (Max)
    status: ground
    source: combmet-430
    where: Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table (Hardness column, Annealed (Min) row)
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 75
    value_high: 83
    bound: range
    unit: HRB
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet and strip, 0.04 to 0.115 in thick
      temper: cold rolled and annealed (ATI footnote)
      temperature: room temperature (typical)
      scale: Rockwell B (Rb)
    method: Mechanical properties table, Hardness row, 0.04 to 0.115 in thickness range, printed as 75 to 83 (Rb)
    status: ground
    source: ati-tds
    where: Mechanical Properties table (Hardness row, 0.04 to 0.115 in)
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 200
    unit: HB
    bound: upper
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: bar up to 100 mm diameter or thickness (EN 10088-3:2005)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: not printed
      scale: Brinell
    method: Mechanical property table, printed as 200 Max HB (Hardness Brinell row)
    status: ground
    source: aalco-430
    where: Bar, up to 100 mm, Mechanical Property table (Hardness Brinell row)
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    value: 790
    value_high: 815
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430 (ATI data sheet)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: continuous service, oxidation resistance
      basis: printed as 1450 to 1500 F (790 to 815 C); oxidation rate depends on atmosphere and cycling
    method: Oxidation Resistance section, continuous service sentence, printed as 1450 to 1500 F (790 to 815 C)
    status: ground
    source: ati-tds
    where: Oxidation Resistance section (continuous service sentence)
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    value: 870
    bound: upper
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430 (ATI data sheet)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: intermittent service, oxidation resistance
      basis: printed as up to 1600 F (870 C)
    method: Oxidation Resistance section, intermittent service sentence, printed as up to 1600 F (870 C)
    status: ground
    source: ati-tds
    where: Oxidation Resistance section (intermittent service sentence)
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    value: 730
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430 and 430 DDQ (Macsteel data sheet)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: continuous service
      basis: maximum recommended service temperature
    method: Maximum recommended service temperature table, printed as continuous service 730 C
    status: ground
    source: macsteel-430
    where: Maximum recommended service temperature (continuous service row)
corrosion:
  - environment: Atmospheric exposure for 10 years (rural, marine and marine-industrial air)
    headline: Marine air corrosion rate is 0.0381 micrometres per year for 430, against 25.7 for mild steel.
    effect: Macsteel's 10-year table gives 430 corrosion rates of 0.0025 micrometres per year in rural air, 0.0381 in marine air and 0.0406 in marine-industrial air. Mild steel is 4.3, 25.7 and 37.1 in the same rows. Macsteel adds that staining may occur in highly polluted or marine environments.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      exposure: '10 years (Macsteel note: equivalents based on 10-years exposure)'
      unit: micrometres per year
    source: macsteel-430
    where: Corrosion Resistance, Atmospheric table (430 column) and General corrosion resistance text
  - environment: Mildly corrosive environments and atmospheric exposure
    headline: ATI says corrosion resistance approaches that of some nickel-bearing stainless steels in mild conditions.
    effect: ATI says 430 has corrosion resistance approaching that of some nickel-bearing stainless steels in mildly corrosive environments or atmospheric exposures. It resists attack in a wide variety of corrosive media, including nitric acid and many organic acids, and is most corrosion resistant when polished or rolled to a mirror-like finish and bright annealed.
    rating: low
    source: ati-tds
    where: Introduction and Corrosion Resistance sections
  - environment: Moderately corrosive media with low chloride, such as natural waters and detergent solutions
    headline: Good in moderately corrosive media with low chloride concentration.
    effect: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says good corrosion resistance is shown in moderately corrosive media with low chloride ion concentrations, such as natural waters, soap and detergent solutions.
    rating: moderate
    source: dew-1-4016
    where: Corrosion resistance text (Corrosion row)
  - environment: Sea water
    headline: The datasheet says 1.4016 is not resistant to sea water.
    effect: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke states that 1.4016 is not resistant to sea water. No pitting or crevice test for 430 was found in the sources read in this run.
    rating: severe
    source: dew-1-4016
    where: Corrosion resistance text (Corrosion row)
  - environment: Nitric acid and organic acids
    headline: Good resistance to nitric attack, which Aalco says suits chemical applications.
    effect: Aalco says grade 430 has excellent resistance to nitric attack, which makes it suited to chemical applications. ATI lists resistance to nitric acid and many organic acids.
    rating: low
    source: aalco-430
    where: Introduction paragraph
  - environment: Welded or hot-formed condition (intergranular attack)
    headline: Susceptible to intergranular corrosion after welding or hot forming, restored by annealing.
    effect: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says 1.4016 resists intergranular corrosion as delivered, but not after welding or elevated-temperature forming. ATI says 430 becomes susceptible to intergranular corrosion in some environments after air cooling from above 815 C, and that annealing restores normal corrosion resistance and ductility.
    rating: moderate
    source: dew-1-4016
    where: Corrosion resistance text (Corrosion row)
  - environment: High-temperature oxidation in air
    headline: Oxidation resistant to 790 to 815 C continuous and 870 C intermittent (ATI).
    effect: ATI says 430 resists oxidation to 870 C for intermittent service and 790 to 815 C for continuous service, forming a tightly adherent scale. It adds that the oxidation rate depends strongly on the atmosphere and heating cycle, so no single data set applies to all conditions.
    rating: low
    source: ati-tds
    where: Oxidation Resistance section
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: PubChem aggregated GHS notifications for elemental chromium (CID 23976) include H317 (20.7 percent of notifications), H319 (19.1 percent) and H334 (20.3 percent, signal word Danger). H320, H335, H341, H371, H400 and H410 also appear. The record is for chromium, not for the 430 alloy.
      ghs:
        - H317
        - H319
        - H320
        - H334
        - H335
        - H341
        - H371
        - H400
        - H410
      source: pubchem-chromium
      where: UN GHS Classification (PubChem record, CID 23976)
    - text: PubChem reports that 1202 of 2404 company reports say elemental chromium does not meet GHS hazard criteria. The other reports carry the hazard statements above.
      ghs: []
      source: pubchem-chromium
      where: UN GHS Classification, reported as not meeting criteria (PubChem record, CID 23976)
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Loss of impact strength after holding at 425 to 540 C
      trigger: Several days held in the 800 to 1000 F (425 to 540 C) range
      consequence: Impact properties are greatly reduced. Annealing restores them (ATI).
      severity: high
      source: ati-tds
      where: Impact Strength section
    - mode: 475 C embrittlement (alpha prime) during ageing
      trigger: Ageing at 475 C after solution treatment at 1050 C for 30 minutes (2018 dissertation on AISI 430)
      consequence: The ductile-to-brittle change is more severe in Charpy impact specimens than in tensile specimens. The thesis is qualitative here; its numbers were not extracted.
      severity: moderate
      source: uepg-430-thesis
      where: Abstract (English), kinetics of the 475 C embrittlement
    - mode: Brittle cooling through 540 to 400 C
      trigger: Slow cooling through 540 to 400 C after heating
      consequence: The component becomes brittle (Aalco).
      severity: moderate
      source: aalco-430
      where: Heat Treatment section
    - mode: Coarse grain and low toughness in welds
      trigger: Arc welding, or annealing above 850 C (grain growth)
      consequence: Coarse-grained heat-affected zone. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says arc welding is not recommended for this grade.
      severity: high
      source: dew-1-4016
      where: Welding and Heat treatment text
    - mode: Martensite in weld zones lowers ductility and corrosion resistance
      trigger: Cooling after welding
      consequence: Ductility and corrosion resistance drop in the weld and heat-affected zone in some environments. Annealing restores both (ATI).
      severity: moderate
      source: ati-tds
      where: Weldability section
    - mode: Brittle fracture below freezing
      trigger: Service at sub-zero temperatures
      consequence: Macsteel says 430 has the potential to suffer brittle fracture at sub-zero temperatures and should not be used in cryogenic applications.
      severity: high
      source: macsteel-430
      where: Description text
    - mode: Attack in sea water
      trigger: Sea water exposure
      consequence: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says the grade is not resistant to sea water.
      severity: high
      source: dew-1-4016
      where: Corrosion resistance text (Corrosion row)
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: Anneal by holding at 750 to 850 C, then cool in air. Do not exceed 850 C, because the grade grows grain rapidly (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).
      source: dew-1-4016
      where: Heat treatment text
    - text: ATI anneals at 790 to 835 C, furnace cools at 30 C per hour to 590 C, then air cools.
      source: ati-tds
      where: Heat Treatment section
    - text: Remove the heat tint from welding and annealing to recover full corrosion resistance (ATI).
      source: ati-tds
      where: Heat Treatment and Cleaning sections
    - text: For arc welding, keep the heat input below 1 kJ/mm, avoid preheating and keep the joint clean (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).
      source: dew-1-4016
      where: Welding text
    - text: Aalco instead recommends preheating to 150 to 200 C for welding, and says annealing at 790 to 815 C relieves embrittlement of the heat-affected zone.
      source: aalco-430
      where: Weldability section
    - text: Stress relief after welding is usually not required. Where it is needed, 200 to 300 C is recommended (Macsteel).
      source: macsteel-430
      where: Stress relieving section
  mitigations:
    - text: Use an austenitic filler metal such as 308L, 309L or 316L to improve weld ductility (Macsteel).
      source: macsteel-430
      where: Welding section
    - text: Anneal after welding or hot working to restore ductility and corrosion resistance (ATI).
      source: ati-tds
      where: Weldability and Heat Treatment sections
uses:
  - application: structures
    device: Architectural trim, industrial roofing and wall cladding
    example: Macsteel lists automotive trim and architectural applications such as industrial roofing and wall cladding among the typical applications for 430.
    source: macsteel-430
    where: Typical Applications section
  - application: structures
    device: Sinks, sink rims, range hoods, dishwashers and appliance trim
    example: ATI lists sinks, sink rims, appliance trim, counter tops, dish washers, range hoods and flatware as typical applications. Aalco says domestic appliances and decorative trim are the most popular uses for 430.
    source: ati-tds
    where: Potential Applications section (ATI); Aalco introduction (cited in the example)
  - application: structures
    device: Automotive trim and appliance components
    example: Combined Metals lists appliance components and surfaces and automotive trim as typical applications for 430.
    source: combmet-430
    where: Data sheet header text (typical applications)
supply:
  - subject: Chromium
    abundance: World mine production 51,000 thousand t gross weight in 2025 (estimated). World resources are greater than 12 billion t of shipping-grade chromite, 95 percent in Kazakhstan and southern Africa (USGS 2026)
    producers:
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 45.1
        year: 2025
      - country: Turkey
        share_percent: 17.6
        year: 2025
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 13.7
        year: 2025
      - country: India
        share_percent: 5.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Brazil
        share_percent: 3.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Zimbabwe
        share_percent: 3.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Finland
        share_percent: 3.7
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Recycled chromium in stainless steel scrap receipts was 21 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025 (USGS 2026)
    substitutes:
      - Chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use (USGS 2026)
    source: usgs-chromium-2026
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table (2025e, thousand t gross weight; shares computed from the printed tonnage); World Resources; Recycling; Substitutes
  - subject: Chromium import reliance (United States)
    abundance: 'US net import reliance 79 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated). Chromite imports 2021 to 2024: South Africa 96 percent, Turkey 3 percent (USGS 2026)'
    producers: []
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Recycled chromium was 21 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025
    substitutes: []
    source: usgs-chromium-2026
    where: Salient Statistics (net import reliance row); Import Sources (2021-24)
media: []
documents:
  - title: ATI 430 Technical Data Sheet (Ferritic Stainless Steel, UNS S43000), version 1
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/ferritic/ati_430_tds_en.pdf
    year: 2012
  - title: ATI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel product page (composition, ASTM A240 product specifications, density)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-430
  - title: 'Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): Datasheet 1.4016 Stainless ferritic chromium steel (X6Cr17)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4016_UK.pdf
  - title: 'Aperam: 430 - 1.4016 product page (norms and typical chemical composition)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.aperam.com/product/430-1-4016/
  - title: 'Aalco: Stainless Steel - Ferritic - 1.4016 (430) Bar datasheet'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Stainless-Steel-14016-430-Bar_348.ashx
  - title: 'Combined Metals: Alloy 430 Stainless Steel data sheet (rev. 2024-01-11)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/430-Stainless-Steel-Alloy-Data-Sheet-2024-01-11.pdf
    year: 2024
  - title: 'Macsteel: Stainless Steel 430 / 430 DDQ Technical Data'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://shop.macsteel.co.za/specsheets/sssh_430p4_0017.pdf
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), UN GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON
    year: 2026
  - title: Kinetics of the 475 C embrittlement and its effects in the mechanical properties of AISI 430 and SAF 2507 (master's dissertation, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, 2018)
    type: paper
    url: https://ri.uepg.br/bitstreams/32f198e3-38bb-4420-b7d3-5e73287e9351/download
    year: 2018
gaps:
  - No safety data sheet for 430 was read in this run. The Central Steel stainless SDS returned an HTML stub and a Zapp SDS returned XML, so the hazard entries rest on the PubChem record for elemental chromium only.
  - Welding fume and hexavalent chromium hazards for 430 are not sourced from a page read in this run. Search snippets were not used as values.
  - JIS SUS430 is not printed by any source read. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke prints JIS 430, which is the name used in identity designations.
  - Chromium critical-mineral status is not read. The USGS 2025 critical minerals page returned a stub, so critical_lists is empty.
  - No NASA or ESA source naming 430 in a spacecraft part was found. The uses come from the ATI, Macsteel, Aalco and Combined Metals data sheets.
  - Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, bulk modulus and fatigue strength for 430 are not printed by any source read in this run, so they are not in the file.
  - Physical values from ATI and Combined Metals carry no temper. The annealed condition is confirmed by the Deutsche Edelstahlwerke table and by the ASTM A240 annealed minima printed by Combined Metals.
  - Maximum service temperature differs by source. ATI gives 790 to 815 C continuous and 870 C intermittent, Macsteel gives 730 C continuous, and Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says suitable for use up to 650 C. The 650 C figure is not recorded as a property.
  - Elevated-temperature tensile strength comes from one Macsteel row at 500 C. The temper is not printed for that row.
  - Macsteel's mechanical table (EN 10088-2 and ASTM A240) is hard to read in the layout for the 430 and 430 DDQ rows, so its room-temperature mechanical values are not used.
  - Aalco's weldability text (preheat 150 to 200 C, annealing relieves heat-affected zone embrittlement) conflicts with Deutsche Edelstahlwerke and Macsteel, which call arc welding not recommended or weldability limited. Both are reported.
  - The 475 C embrittlement dissertation (2018, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa) is a Portuguese master's thesis on AISI 430 and SAF 2507. It is used qualitatively; its Charpy and hardness numbers were not extracted.
  - Chloride pitting and crevice data, and a pitting resistance index, are not printed by any source read. Sea water is covered only by the Deutsche Edelstahlwerke statement.
  - 'Composition: the ASTM A240 limits (ATI) and the EN 10088-3 limits (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke, carbon 0.08 maximum) differ. The recipe uses the ASTM A240 limits, and both are noted.'
  - Magnetism and non-hardening come from Deutsche Edelstahlwerke ('ferromagnetic grade', 'magnetizability yes') and Aalco ('cannot be hardened by heat treatment'). No other source was read for either.
sources:
  ati-tds:
    title: ATI 430 Technical Data Sheet (Ferritic Stainless Steel, UNS S43000), version 1
    id: ati_430_tds_en.pdf
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/ferritic/ati_430_tds_en.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    year: 2012
    license: cited, not reproduced
  ati-page:
    title: ATI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel product page (composition, ASTM A240 product specifications, density)
    id: ati-430
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-430
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  dew-1-4016:
    title: 'Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): Datasheet 1.4016 Stainless ferritic chromium steel (X6Cr17)'
    id: Datenblatt_4016_UK.pdf
    url: https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4016_UK.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  aperam-430:
    title: 'Aperam: 430 - 1.4016 product page (norms and typical chemical composition)'
    id: 430-1-4016
    url: https://www.aperam.com/product/430-1-4016/
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  aalco-430:
    title: 'Aalco: Stainless Steel - Ferritic - 1.4016 (430) Bar datasheet'
    id: Stainless-Steel-14016-430-Bar_348
    url: https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Stainless-Steel-14016-430-Bar_348.ashx
    kind: datasheet
    license: distributor data sheet, cited
  combmet-430:
    title: 'Combined Metals: Alloy 430 Stainless Steel data sheet (rev. 2024-01-11)'
    id: 430-Stainless-Steel-Alloy-Data-Sheet-2024-01-11.pdf
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/430-Stainless-Steel-Alloy-Data-Sheet-2024-01-11.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    year: 2024
    license: cited, not reproduced
  macsteel-430:
    title: 'Macsteel: Stainless Steel 430 / 430 DDQ Technical Data'
    id: sssh_430p4_0017.pdf
    url: https://shop.macsteel.co.za/specsheets/sssh_430p4_0017.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: distributor data sheet, cited
  usgs-chromium-2026:
    title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    id: mcs2026-chromium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    kind: report
    year: 2026
    license: public domain
  pubchem-chromium:
    title: 'PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), UN GHS classification'
    id: CID 23976
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON
    kind: database
    license: PubChem terms (public)
  uepg-430-thesis:
    title: Kinetics of the 475 C embrittlement and its effects in the mechanical properties of AISI 430 and SAF 2507 (master's dissertation, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa)
    id: ri.uepg.br handle 123456789/2262
    url: https://ri.uepg.br/bitstreams/32f198e3-38bb-4420-b7d3-5e73287e9351/download
    kind: paper
    year: 2018
    license: open repository, cited
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-24'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 30
  unreachable: 0
  caveats: 3
  note: 'Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from pages fetched in this run: ATI 430 data sheet (version 1, 2012) and ATI product page, Deutsche Edelstahlwerke 1.4016 data sheet, Aperam 430 page, Aalco 1.4016 bar data sheet, Combined Metals 430 data sheet (2024), Macsteel 430 data sheet, USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 chromium, PubChem chromium record, and the 2018 Ponta Grossa dissertation on AISI 430 at 475 C. Caveats: service-temperature limits differ by source; the ATI data sheet is version 1 from 2012; Aalco and Macsteel are distributor sheets; the Macsteel mechanical table is not used.'
story:
  recipe:
    line: Type 430 is an iron-chromium steel. ASTM A240 limits (ATI product page) give 16.0 to 18.0 percent chromium and 0.12 percent carbon at most, with small limits on manganese, silicon, nickel, phosphorus and sulfur. Aperam's typical heat has 16.20 percent chromium and 0.047 percent carbon. The grade is sold as sheet, strip and plate (ATI).
    parts:
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_note: balance (the rest)
        role: The matrix of the alloy. It forms the ferritic structure, which is magnetic.
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        share_percent: 16
        share_high: 18
        role: Forms the passive oxide film that gives corrosion resistance, and gives the grade its oxidation resistance at heat.
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.12
        role: Interstitial element held at 0.12 percent maximum; it forms chromium carbides that ATI shows dispersed through the ferrite.
      - name: Manganese
        symbol: Mn
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 1
        role: Melt addition held at 1.00 percent maximum.
      - name: Silicon
        symbol: Si
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 1
        role: Melt addition held at 1.00 percent maximum.
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.75
        role: Held low; ASTM A240 maximum 0.75 percent. Nickel is not what gives this grade its resistance.
      - name: Phosphorus
        symbol: P
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.04
        role: Impurity held low.
      - name: Sulfur
        symbol: S
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.03
        role: Impurity held low.
      - name: Molybdenum
        symbol: Mo
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.5
        role: Present only in small amounts (ATI typical analysis, maximum 0.50 percent).
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 1
      verdict: Chromium record, not the alloy
      lead: No 430 safety data sheet could be read in this run. The PubChem record for elemental chromium gives sensitisation and respiratory codes for the element, not for the alloy.
      points:
        - label: Chromium
          line: PubChem lists sensitisation codes H317 and H334 and eye irritation code H319 for elemental chromium in its aggregated notifications. 1202 of 2404 reports say it does not meet GHS criteria.
    - title: In the environment
      level: 2
      verdict: Sea water is the watch point
      lead: Sea water is the main limit. Macsteel's 10-year marine rate is low, but it warns that staining may occur in marine environments.
      points:
        - label: Sea water
          line: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says 1.4016 is not resistant to sea water.
        - label: Marine air
          line: Macsteel's 10-year marine rate is 0.0381 micrometres per year, against 25.7 for mild steel.
    - title: Welding and heat
      level: 3
      verdict: Heat history sets the risk
      lead: Welds lose toughness and corrosion resistance, and holds in the embrittling range cut impact strength. Annealing restores most of it.
      points:
        - label: Weld
          line: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says arc welding is not recommended and that grain growth gives a coarse heat-affected zone. Aalco takes the opposite view and says the grade can be readily welded with preheat.
        - label: Hold
          line: ATI says impact properties are greatly reduced after several days at 425 to 540 C and are restored by annealing.
        - label: Cool
          line: Aalco says the component becomes brittle if it is slow cooled from 540 to 400 C.
    - title: Cold conditions
      level: 2
      verdict: Not for cryogenic service
      lead: Ferritic steel can fracture in a brittle way below freezing.
      points:
        - label: Sub-zero
          line: Macsteel says 430 has the potential to suffer brittle fracture at sub-zero temperatures and should not be used in cryogenic applications.
  why: Type 430 is a ferritic chromium stainless steel with 16.0 to 18.0 percent chromium (ATI). Deutsche Edelstahlwerke calls it a ferromagnetic grade, and Aalco says it cannot be hardened by heat treatment. ATI says it is used where economy plus corrosion resistance matters more than high strength. Its limits are weld and heat-history sensitivity, and the datasheet says it is not resistant to sea water.
  uses:
    - where: Architectural trim, roofing and wall cladding
      line: Macsteel lists automotive trim and architectural applications such as industrial roofing and wall cladding as typical uses.
    - where: Sinks, range hoods, dishwashers and appliance trim
      line: ATI lists sinks, sink rims, appliance trim, counter tops, dish washers, range hoods and flatware as typical applications. Aalco says domestic appliances and decorative trim are the most popular uses.
    - where: Automotive trim and appliance components
      line: Combined Metals lists appliance components and surfaces and automotive trim as typical applications.
  can_do:
    - label: Strength
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: Annealed sheet and strip have a minimum tensile strength of 65 ksi (450 MPa) under ASTM A240 (Combined Metals). The annealed typical value is 480 MPa (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).
    - label: Yield
      benchmark: yield_strength
      line: The annealed minimum is 30 ksi (205 MPa) under ASTM A240 (Combined Metals). The typical 0.2 percent proof stress is 300 MPa (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).
    - label: Stiffness
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      line: Elastic modulus is 200 GPa (Aalco).
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
      line: Density is 7.70 g/cm3 (ATI) and 7.74 g/cm3 (Combined Metals).
    - label: Heat
      benchmark: max_service_temp
      line: Macsteel recommends continuous service up to 730 C. ATI gives oxidation resistance to 790 to 815 C continuous and 870 C intermittent.
  compare: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says 1.4016 is more corrosion resistant than lower-chromium ferritic steels, but it is not resistant to sea water. ATI says its elongation is relatively low compared with austenitic stainless steels, so it is less suited to stretch forming. Aalco says it is less ductile than common austenitic stainless steel but work hardens to a lesser extent.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Tensile strength
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Thermal conductivity
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
  handling:
    - Anneal by holding at 750 to 850 C and cool in air. Do not exceed 850 C, because the grade grows grain rapidly (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).
    - ATI's annealing range is 790 to 835 C, with furnace cooling at 30 C per hour to 590 C, then air cooling.
    - Remove the heat tint from welding or annealing to recover full corrosion resistance (ATI).
    - Keep arc-welding heat input below 1 kJ/mm, avoid preheating and keep the joint clean (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke). Aalco recommends preheating to 150 to 200 C instead, so the sources disagree.
    - Stress relief after welding is usually not required; 200 to 300 C is recommended if it is needed (Macsteel).
  good_for:
    - Sinks, appliance trim and range hoods, the uses ATI names first (ATI).
    - Architectural roofing, wall cladding and trim in mildly corrosive or atmospheric service (ATI, Macsteel).
    - 'Deep drawing: ATI says the alloy has excellent deep drawing properties and is used to make stainless sinks.'
  watch_out:
    - Sea water. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says 1.4016 is not resistant to sea water.
    - Welds and heat. Arc welds form coarse grains and lose toughness (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke, Macsteel). Several days at 425 to 540 C cut impact strength (ATI), and slow cooling through 540 to 400 C makes it brittle (Aalco).
    - Sub-zero service. Macsteel says the grade can fracture in a brittle way below freezing and should not be used in cryogenic applications.
  verdict: Type 430 is the economy ferritic grade for trim and sheet. It is magnetic and cannot be hardened by heat treatment, and it forms well. It needs careful welding and should stay out of sea water and cryogenic service.