Stainless steel 430F 430F (UNS S43020)

spore: profile
id: stainless-430f
spore_version: 0.2
family: stainless-ferritic
name: Stainless steel 430F
abbreviation: 430F (UNS S43020)
role: free-machining bar alloy for automatic screw machines
category: metals
type: steels-and-stainless
summary: 'Type 430F is the free-machining version of ferritic chromium stainless steel 430. A sulphur addition of at least 0.15 percent makes it machine far more easily, and Atlas says it is produced in bar form for high-speed machining on automatic screw machines. The sulphur also lowers corrosion resistance and makes welding poor: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke rates the EN 1.4104 equivalent low for corrosion resistance and poor for weldability, and says it is generally not welded.'
best_for: Machined parts cut from bar on automatic screw machines, where machinability matters more than corrosion resistance or weldability (Atlas, Deutsche Edelstahlwerke)
weakest_at: Corrosion and welding. The sulphur addition reduces corrosion resistance, especially pitting and crevice attack, and weldability is poor (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke)
identity:
  formula: 'Iron-chromium steel with a sulphur addition. ASTM A582 limits: 16.0 to 18.0 Cr, 0.12 C max, 1.25 Mn max, 1.00 Si max, 0.06 P max, 0.15 S min, Mo 0.60 max optional (Atlas, Ambica). EN 1.4104 limits: 15.5 to 17.5 Cr, 0.10 to 0.17 C, 0.20 to 0.60 Mo, 0.15 to 0.35 S, iron balance (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke)'
  source: atlas-430f
  where: Composition Specification table, 430F row (ASTM A582 limits); Deutsche Edelstahlwerke datasheet, chemical composition line for 1.4104
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: S43020
      source: atlas-430f
      where: Grade Specification Comparison table, 430F row, UNS No column
    - system: EN
      code: '1.4104'
      source: dew-1-4104
      where: Title and Relevant current and obsolete standards table, EN 10088-3 row
    - system: EN name
      code: X14CrMoS17
      source: dew-1-4104
      where: Title and chemical composition line
    - system: AISI
      code: 430F
      source: dew-1-4104
      where: Relevant current and obsolete standards table, AISI row
    - system: JIS
      code: 430F
      source: dew-1-4104
      where: Relevant current and obsolete standards table, JIS row
    - system: AFNOR
      code: Z13CF17
      source: dew-1-4104
      where: Relevant current and obsolete standards table, AFNOR row
    - system: SS
      code: '2383'
      source: dew-1-4104
      where: Relevant current and obsolete standards table, SIS row (Swedish standard SS 2383)
    - system: ASTM
      code: A582
      note: bar
      source: atlas-430f
      where: Mechanical Property Specification text (430F specified for bar in ASTM A582)
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - mechanisms
    - structures
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    value: 7700
    unit: kg/m3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed condition)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: not printed
    method: Physical Properties table, 430F row, density printed as 7700 kg/m3
    status: ground
    source: atlas-430f
    where: Physical Properties table (430F row, Density column)
  - benchmark: density
    value: 7.7
    unit: kg/dm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 1.4104 general datasheet value
      temper: not printed
      temperature: not printed
    method: Physical properties table, density row printed as 7.70 kg/dm3
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4104
    where: Physical properties table (density row)
  - benchmark: melting_point
    value: 1482
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: SS 430F (Ambica)
      temper: not printed
      temperature: melting point, printed as approximate
    method: Physical properties table, printed as 1482 (approx.) °C; the approx. qualifier is kept in this note
    status: ground
    note: Printed as approximate by Ambica; not confirmed by a mill or standard source.
    source: ambica-430f
    where: Physical properties table (melting point row)
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    value: 460
    unit: J/kg.K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: 0 to 100 C
    method: Physical Properties table, 430F row, specific heat 0-100 C printed as 460 J/kg.K
    status: ground
    source: atlas-430f
    where: Physical Properties table (430F row, Specific Heat 0-100 C column)
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    value: 26.1
    unit: W/m.K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: 100 C
    method: Physical Properties table, 430F row, thermal conductivity at 100 C printed as 26.1 W/m.K
    status: ground
    source: atlas-430f
    where: Physical Properties table (430F row, Thermal Conductivity at 100 C column)
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    value: 26.3
    unit: W/m.K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: 500 C
    method: Physical Properties table, 430F row, thermal conductivity at 500 C printed as 26.3 W/m.K
    status: ground
    source: atlas-430f
    where: Physical Properties table (430F row, Thermal Conductivity at 500 C column)
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    value: 25
    unit: W/m.K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 1.4104 general datasheet value
      temper: not printed
      temperature: 20 C
    method: Physical properties table, thermal conductivity at 20 C printed as 25 W/m K
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4104
    where: Physical properties table (thermal conductivity at 20 C row)
  - benchmark: cte
    value: 10.4
    unit: um/m/C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: 0 to 100 C mean
      unit_in_source: printed as um/m/C (micrometres per metre per degree C, equal to 10-6/K)
    method: Mean coefficient of expansion table, 0-100 C column, printed as 10.4 um/m/C
    status: ground
    source: atlas-430f
    where: Physical Properties table (430F row, Mean Coefficient of Expansion 0-100 C column)
  - benchmark: cte
    value: 11
    unit: um/m/C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: 0 to 315 C mean
      unit_in_source: printed as um/m/C (equal to 10-6/K)
    method: Mean coefficient of expansion table, 0-315 C column, printed as 11.0 um/m/C
    status: ground
    source: atlas-430f
    where: Physical Properties table (430F row, Mean Coefficient of Expansion 0-315 C column)
  - benchmark: cte
    value: 11.4
    unit: um/m/C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: 0 to 538 C mean
      unit_in_source: printed as um/m/C (equal to 10-6/K)
    method: Mean coefficient of expansion table, 0-538 C column, printed as 11.4 um/m/C
    status: ground
    source: atlas-430f
    where: Physical Properties table (430F row, Mean Coefficient of Expansion 0-538 C column)
  - benchmark: cte
    value: 10
    unit: 10-6/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 1.4104 general datasheet value
      temper: not printed
      temperature: 20 to 100 C
      unit_in_source: printed as 10.0 x 10-6 K-1
    method: Thermal expansion table, 20 to 100 C row, printed as 10.0 x 10-6
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4104
    where: Physical properties table (thermal expansion, 20-100 C row)
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    value: 200
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: not printed
    method: Physical Properties table, 430F row, elastic modulus printed as 200 GPa; Ambica also prints 200 GPa
    status: ground
    source: atlas-430f
    where: Physical Properties table (430F row, Elastic Modulus column)
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    value: 600
    unit: nΩ.m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: not printed
    method: Physical Properties table, 430F row, electrical resistivity printed as 600 nΩ.m
    status: ground
    source: atlas-430f
    where: Physical Properties table (430F row, Electrical Resistivity column)
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    value: 0.7
    unit: Ω mm2/m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 1.4104 general datasheet value
      temper: not printed
      temperature: 20 C
    method: Physical properties table, electrical resistivity at 20 C printed as 0.70 Ω mm2/m. Atlas prints 600 nΩ.m, which is 0.6 Ω mm2/m; the two sources differ and both are kept
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4104
    where: Physical properties table (electrical resistivity at 20 C row)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 379
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430F bar, ASTM A582 basis (Atlas typical)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: room temperature (typical)
      basis: 0.2 percent offset, typical
    method: Specified Properties table, 430F row, yield strength 0.2% proof printed as 379 MPa typical; Ambica prints 379 MPa for annealed
    status: ground
    source: atlas-430f
    where: Mechanical Property Specification table (430F row, Yield Strength 0.2% Proof column)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 500
    unit: MPa
    bound: lower
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 1.4104 bar, quench and tempered to QT650
      temper: QT650 (hardened 950 to 1070 C, tempered 550 to 650 C)
      temperature: room temperature (specification)
      basis: Rp0.2, specification minimum
    method: Heat treatment and mechanical properties table, QT650 specification column, Rp0.2 printed as 500 minimum (N/mm2 equals MPa)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4104
    where: Heat treatment and mechanical properties section, QT650 table (yield strength Rp0.2 row, Spec column)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 552
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430F bar, ASTM A582 basis (Atlas typical)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: room temperature (typical)
    method: Specified Properties table, 430F row, tensile strength printed as 552 MPa typical; Ambica prints 552 MPa for annealed
    status: ground
    source: atlas-430f
    where: Mechanical Property Specification table (430F row, Tensile Strength column)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 730
    unit: MPa
    bound: upper
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 1.4104 bar, annealed
      temper: annealed
      temperature: room temperature (specification)
    method: Heat treatment and mechanical properties section, annealed table, tensile strength Rm printed as up to 730 N/mm2 (the datasheet prints a maximum, see gaps)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4104
    where: Heat treatment and mechanical properties section, annealed table (tensile strength Rm row, Specification column)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 650
    value_high: 850
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 1.4104 bar, quench and tempered to QT650
      temper: QT650 (hardened 950 to 1070 C, tempered 550 to 650 C)
      temperature: room temperature (specification)
    method: QT650 table, tensile strength Rm specification printed as 650 to 850 N/mm2; the typical value printed is 725
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4104
    where: Heat treatment and mechanical properties section, QT650 table (tensile strength Rm row)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 25
    unit: '%'
    bound: lower
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430F bar, ASTM A582 basis (Atlas typical)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: room temperature (typical)
      gauge: 50 mm
    method: Specified Properties table, 430F row, elongation in 50 mm printed as 25 percent typical
    status: ground
    source: atlas-430f
    where: Mechanical Property Specification table (430F row, Elongation column)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 15
    unit: '%'
    bound: upper
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 1.4104 bar, annealed
      temper: annealed
      temperature: room temperature (specification)
      gauge: A5
    method: Annealed table, tensile elongation A5 printed as 15 maximum (the datasheet prints a maximum, see gaps)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4104
    where: Heat treatment and mechanical properties section, annealed table (tensile elongation A5 row, Specification column)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 19
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 1.4104 bar, quench and tempered to QT650
      temper: QT650 (hardened 950 to 1070 C, tempered 550 to 650 C)
      temperature: room temperature (typical)
      gauge: A5
    method: QT650 table, tensile elongation A5 printed as 19 typical
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4104
    where: Heat treatment and mechanical properties section, QT650 table (tensile elongation A5 row, Typical column)
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 262
    unit: HB
    bound: upper
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: 430F bar, ASTM A582 basis (Atlas)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: room temperature
      scale: Brinell
    method: Specified Properties table, 430F row, printed as 262 in the Brinell maximum column; Ambica prints 262 HB for annealed
    status: ground
    note: hardness is not in spores/property-canon.yaml; the name follows the 430 profile.
    source: atlas-430f
    where: Mechanical Property Specification table (430F row, Brinell Max column)
corrosion:
  - environment: Pitting and crevice attack, especially in chloride or other aggressive environments
    headline: Sulphur severely compromises corrosion resistance against pitting and crevice attack.
    effect: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says the corrosion resistance of 1.4104 is severely compromised by the sulphur addition, particularly in environments that promote pitting and crevice corrosion. It quotes a PRE range of 16.16 to 19.48 but warns that sulphur is not counted in PRE. Atlas says the parent grade 430 resists pitting and crevice corrosion a little less than grade 304; Atlas gives this for grade 430, not for 430F.
    rating: severe
    conditions:
      exposure: not printed
      basis: qualitative datasheet statement; no pitting test for 430F was read
    source: dew-1-4104
    where: Corrosion resistance section (PRE range note); Atlas Corrosion Resistance section for the parent grade
  - environment: General corrosion in corrosive media and atmospheres
    headline: Corrosion resistance is rated low by the datasheet. Atlas says the parent grade is not usually recommended for exterior exposure.
    effect: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke rates the corrosion resistance of 1.4104 as low, against good mechanical properties. Atlas says the parent grade 430 has good resistance to a wide variety of corrosive media, including nitric acid and some organic acids, and performs well in mild indoor environments, but is not usually recommended for exterior exposure. Atlas gives these statements for grade 430, not separately for 430F.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      exposure: general; no time or concentration printed
      basis: qualitative ratings from the datasheets
    source: dew-1-4104
    where: General properties table (corrosion resistance row)
  - environment: Oxidation at high temperature in air
    headline: Oxidation service limits are printed for grade 430, not for 430F.
    effect: Atlas says the parent grade 430 resists oxidation in intermittent service up to 870 C and in continuous service up to 815 C, and that prolonged heating at 400 to 600 C can embrittle it. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says neither elevated-temperature properties nor minimum impact properties are specified for 1.4104 because of the sulphur addition, so these limits are not carried over to 430F.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      exposure: air, grade 430 (parent grade) values
      basis: statement about the parent grade; not a 430F test
    source: atlas-430f
    where: Heat Resistance section
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: PubChem reports that elemental chromium (CID 23976) carries H317 (20.7 percent of notifications), H319 (19.1 percent) and H334 (20.3 percent, signal word Danger) in its aggregated notifications, with H320, H335, H341, H371, H400 and H410 also present. The record is for chromium, not for the 430F alloy.
      ghs:
        - H317
        - H319
        - H320
        - H334
        - H335
        - H341
        - H371
        - H400
        - H410
      source: pubchem-chromium
      where: GHS Classification section (PubChem record, CID 23976)
    - text: PubChem reports that 1202 of 2404 company reports say elemental chromium does not meet GHS hazard criteria. The other reports carry the hazard statements above.
      ghs: []
      source: pubchem-chromium
      where: GHS Classification section, Note row (PubChem record, CID 23976)
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Embrittlement after prolonged heating at 400 to 600 C
      trigger: Prolonged holding in the 400 to 600 C range
      consequence: The grade may become brittle at room temperature. Annealing eliminates the effect. Atlas gives this for the parent grade 430, and it is not measured on 430F.
      severity: moderate
      source: atlas-430f
      where: Heat Resistance section
    - mode: Brittle after slow cooling through 540 to 400 C
      trigger: Slow cooling through 540 to 400 C after heating
      consequence: Atlas says slow cooling from 540 to 400 C causes embrittlement. The text is in the grade 430 heat treatment section.
      severity: moderate
      source: atlas-430f
      where: Heat Treatment section, solution annealing paragraph
    - mode: Poor weldability
      trigger: Fusion welding
      consequence: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke rates weldability as poor and says 1.4104 is generally not welded, other than occasionally by friction or resistance welding.
      severity: high
      source: dew-1-4104
      where: General properties table (weldability row) and Welding section
    - mode: Overheating in annealing
      trigger: Annealing above 825 C
      consequence: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says a temperature of 825 C must not be exceeded during annealing. Ambica gives a lower annealing range for 430F, so the two sources disagree.
      severity: moderate
      source: dew-1-4104
      where: Heat treatment and mechanical properties section
    - mode: Difficult hot forging
      trigger: Hot forging, where the mixed ferrite and austenite structure forms at forging temperature
      consequence: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says care is needed because of the high sulphur content, and that hammer and die forging is seldom used for the grade.
      severity: low
      source: dew-1-4104
      where: Forging section and processing properties table
    - mode: No guaranteed impact or elevated-temperature properties
      trigger: Design where toughness or hot strength must be guaranteed
      consequence: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says neither minimum impact properties nor elevated-temperature properties are specified for 1.4104 because of the sulphur addition.
      severity: moderate
      source: dew-1-4104
      where: General comments section
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: Anneal by holding at 800 C, then slow cool in air. Do not exceed 825 C during annealing (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).
      source: dew-1-4104
      where: Heat treatment and mechanical properties section
    - text: Atlas gives a solution anneal of 815 to 845 C for half an hour per 25 mm, slow furnace cool to 600 C and air cool. This is written for the parent grade 430.
      source: atlas-430f
      where: Heat Treatment section, solution annealing paragraph
    - text: Ambica gives an annealing range of 677 to 760 C followed by air cooling for SS 430F. This disagrees with the 800 C anneal of Deutsche Edelstahlwerke.
      source: ambica-430f
      where: Heat treatment temperatures section
    - text: 'Forging: heat gradually to about 850 C, then more rapidly to 1100 to 1130 C, and forge between 1130 and 1050 C (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).'
      source: dew-1-4104
      where: Forging section
    - text: 'Turning on CNC, annealed bar (Rm 650 to 720 N/mm2): 250 m/min at 6 mm depth of cut with 0.5 mm per revolution feed, 300 m/min at 3 mm with 0.4 mm/rev, and 380 m/min at 1 mm with 0.2 mm/rev (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).'
      source: dew-1-4104
      where: Machining section, turning CNC table, annealed row
  mitigations:
    - text: Anneal to remove embrittlement from prolonged heating in the 400 to 600 C range (Atlas, parent grade 430 text).
      source: atlas-430f
      where: Heat Resistance section
    - text: Atlas gives pre-heating at 150 to 200 C and a post-weld anneal at 790 to 815 C to reduce weld embrittlement, but this is written for grade 430. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says 1.4104 is generally not welded, so the two sources conflict for 430F.
      source: atlas-430f
      where: Welding section
uses:
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Machined parts cut from 430F bar on automatic screw machines
    example: Atlas says 430F is produced in bar form for high-speed machining in automatic screw machines and is very much easier to machine than grade 430.
    source: atlas-430f
    where: Grade 430F introduction and Machining section
  - application: electronics-and-chips
    device: Electronic equipment
    example: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke lists electronic equipment among the typical applications for 1.4104.
    source: dew-1-4104
    where: Typical applications table
  - application: structures
    device: Automotive industry components
    example: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke lists the automotive industry and decorative applications and kitchen utensils among the typical applications for 1.4104.
    source: dew-1-4104
    where: Typical applications table
supply:
  - subject: Chromium
    abundance: World mine production 51,000 thousand t gross weight in 2025 (estimated). World resources are greater than 12 billion t of shipping-grade chromite (USGS 2026)
    producers:
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 45.1
        year: 2025
      - country: Turkey
        share_percent: 17.6
        year: 2025
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 13.7
        year: 2025
      - country: India
        share_percent: 5.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Brazil
        share_percent: 3.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Zimbabwe
        share_percent: 3.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Finland
        share_percent: 3.7
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Recycled chromium in stainless steel scrap receipts was 21 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025 (USGS 2026)
    substitutes:
      - Chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use (USGS 2026)
    source: usgs-chromium-2026
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table (2025e; shares calculated against the printed world total of 51,000 thousand t); World Resources; Recycling; Substitutes
  - subject: Molybdenum
    abundance: World mine production 260,000 t in 2025 (estimated). Resources of molybdenum are adequate to supply world needs for the foreseeable future (USGS 2026)
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 37.3
        year: 2025
      - country: Chile
        share_percent: 16.2
        year: 2025
      - country: United States
        share_percent: 15.4
        year: 2025
      - country: Peru
        share_percent: 15
        year: 2025
      - country: Mexico
        share_percent: 6.5
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Molybdenum recycled as part of new and old steel and other scrap may be as much as 30 percent of apparent supply (USGS 2026)
    substitutes:
      - There is little substitution for molybdenum in steels and cast irons. Potential substitutes in alloy steels include boron, chromium, niobium and vanadium (USGS 2026)
    source: usgs-molybdenum-2026
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table (2025e; shares calculated against the printed world total of 260,000); Recycling; Substitutes
  - subject: Sulphur (the free-machining addition)
    abundance: World production of sulfur in all forms 84,000 thousand t in 2025 (estimated). Resources of elemental sulfur total about 5 billion t (USGS 2026)
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 22.6
        year: 2025
      - country: United States
        share_percent: 9.6
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 8.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Saudi Arabia
        share_percent: 8.6
        year: 2025
      - country: United Arab Emirates
        share_percent: 7.5
        year: 2025
      - country: Canada
        share_percent: 6
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Typically 2.5 million to 5 million tons of spent sulfuric acid is reclaimed each year from petroleum refining and chemical processes (USGS 2026)
    substitutes:
      - Substitutes for sulfur at present or anticipated price levels are not satisfactory (USGS 2026)
    source: usgs-sulfur-2026
    where: World Production and Reserves table (2025, all forms; shares calculated against the printed world total of 84,000); World Resources; Recycling; Substitutes
media: []
documents:
  - title: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke datasheet 1.4104 X14CrMoS17 (revision 4104-1)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf
    year: 2007
  - title: 'Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf
    year: 2021
  - title: 'Abrams Industries: AISI 430F stainless steel product page'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://us.abrams-industries.com/steel/stainless-steel/430f
  - title: 'Ambica Steels: 430F stainless steel page (SS 430F, ASTM A582)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.ambicasteels.com/stainless-steel-430F
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Sulfur'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-sulfur.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), UN GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - No safety data sheet for 430F was read in this run. The hazard entries rest on the PubChem record for elemental chromium only, and that record is not for the alloy.
  - Welding fume and hexavalent chromium hazards for 430F are not sourced. Machining fume or swarf hazards from the sulphur addition are not sourced either.
  - Sources conflict on the molybdenum content. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke gives 0.20 to 0.60 percent, Ambica gives 0.60 max optional, Abrams gives 0.2 to 0.3 percent, and Atlas prints no molybdenum for 430F. The recipe uses the EN 1.4104 range.
  - 'Sources conflict on manganese: Atlas and Ambica give 1.25 max under ASTM A582, and Abrams gives 1.5 max. The recipe uses 1.25.'
  - 'Sources conflict on phosphorus: Atlas and Ambica give 0.06 max and Abrams gives 0.04 max. The recipe uses 0.06.'
  - Atlas gives the EN equivalent of 430F as 1.4105 X6CrMoS17. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke gives 1.4104 X14CrMoS17 with AISI 430F as the equivalent. The file uses 1.4104 and does not list 1.4105 as a designation.
  - Density conflicts. Atlas prints 7700 kg/m3, Deutsche Edelstahlwerke 7.70 kg/dm3, Abrams 7.7 g/cm3 (0.278 lb/in3), and Ambica 7.80 g/cm3. Ambica's 7.80 is not recorded because it is not reconciled with the others.
  - 'Electrical resistivity conflicts: Atlas prints 600 nΩ.m and Deutsche Edelstahlwerke 0.70 Ω mm2/m. Both are recorded as printed, with their sources.'
  - 'Annealing temperatures conflict: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke 800 C with a 825 C limit, Ambica 677 to 760 C, and Atlas 815 to 845 C for the parent grade 430. The conflict is reported in handling, and no value is taken as the 430F standard.'
  - Welding conflicts. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says the grade is generally not welded. Atlas gives a pre-heat of 150 to 200 C and a post-weld anneal, and its welding text is written for grade 430.
  - The Deutsche Edelstahlwerke annealed table prints tensile strength as 'Rm, 730 maximum' and elongation as 'A5, 15 maximum'. Both look like maxima printed for the EN specification and are recorded as printed. They may be printing or sign errors and should be checked against EN 10088-3.
  - No maximum service temperature for 430F is recorded. Atlas gives oxidation limits for grade 430 only, and Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says elevated-temperature properties are not specified.
  - No chloride pitting or crevice test, pitting resistance index value or sea water data for 430F was read. The PRE range printed by Deutsche Edelstahlwerke is not recorded as a property, because the datasheet itself says the sulphur effect is not included.
  - Hardness is not in spores/property-canon.yaml. The name hardness follows the 430 profile.
  - Corrosion statements and the 400 to 600 C embrittlement come from Atlas text written for grade 430 and are labelled as such. No 430F corrosion test was read.
  - Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, bulk modulus and fatigue strength for 430F are not printed by any source read in this run, so they are not in the file.
  - Critical-mineral status for chromium, molybdenum and sulphur is not read, so critical_lists is empty for each.
  - No NASA or ESA source naming 430F in a spacecraft part was found. The uses come from the Atlas and Deutsche Edelstahlwerke datasheets.
  - Machinability is recorded in the story text only, because the canonical property list has no machinability benchmark.
sources:
  dew-1-4104:
    title: 'Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): Datasheet 1.4104 Chromium ferritic stainless steel with sulphur (X14CrMoS17), revision 4104-1'
    id: Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf
    url: https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    year: 2007
    license: cited, not reproduced
  atlas-430f:
    title: 'Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)'
    id: Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf
    url: https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    year: 2021
    license: distributor data sheet, cited
  abrams-430f:
    title: 'Abrams Industries: AISI 430F stainless steel product page'
    id: 430f product page
    url: https://us.abrams-industries.com/steel/stainless-steel/430f
    kind: datasheet
    license: distributor page, cited
  ambica-430f:
    title: 'Ambica Steels: 430F stainless steel page (SS 430F, ASTM A582)'
    id: 430F stainless steel page
    url: https://www.ambicasteels.com/stainless-steel-430F
    kind: datasheet
    license: distributor page, cited
  usgs-chromium-2026:
    title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    id: mcs2026-chromium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    kind: report
    year: 2026
    license: public domain
  usgs-molybdenum-2026:
    title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum'
    id: mcs2026-molybdenum
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf
    kind: report
    year: 2026
    license: public domain
  usgs-sulfur-2026:
    title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Sulfur'
    id: mcs2026-sulfur
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-sulfur.pdf
    kind: report
    year: 2026
    license: public domain
  pubchem-chromium:
    title: 'PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), UN GHS classification'
    id: CID 23976
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON
    kind: database
    year: 2026
    license: PubChem terms (public)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 23
  unreachable: 0
  caveats: 4
  note: 'Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from pages fetched in this run: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke 1.4104 datasheet (2007), Atlas Steels 430/430F data sheet (2021), Abrams Industries 430F page, Ambica Steels 430F page, USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 for chromium, molybdenum and sulfur, and the PubChem chromium GHS record. Caveats: the sources disagree on molybdenum, manganese, density, annealing temperature and welding; the Deutsche Edelstahlwerke elongation and tensile maxima are recorded as printed; the corrosion and embrittlement statements from Atlas are for grade 430; no 430F safety data sheet was read.'
story:
  recipe:
    line: Type 430F is an iron-chromium steel with a sulphur addition. ASTM A582 limits (Atlas, Ambica) give 16.0 to 18.0 percent chromium, 0.12 percent carbon at most and 0.15 percent sulphur at least. The EN 1.4104 datasheet (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke) gives 15.5 to 17.5 percent chromium, 0.10 to 0.17 percent carbon, 0.20 to 0.60 percent molybdenum and 0.15 to 0.35 percent sulphur. The grade is supplied as bar for automatic screw machines (Atlas).
    parts:
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_note: balance (the rest)
        role: The matrix of the alloy. It forms the ferritic structure, which is magnetic.
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        share_percent: 16
        share_high: 18
        role: Forms the passive oxide film that gives corrosion resistance. Less resistant than an unsulphured ferritic grade because of the sulphur addition (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).
      - name: Sulphur
        symbol: S
        share_percent: 0.15
        share_high: 0.35
        role: The free-machining addition. It breaks up chips for fast machining, and it lowers corrosion resistance and weldability.
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.12
        role: Interstitial element held at 0.12 percent maximum in ASTM A582. The EN 1.4104 range runs to 0.17 percent.
      - name: Manganese
        symbol: Mn
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 1.25
        role: Melt addition held at 1.25 percent maximum (ASTM A582 limit printed by Atlas and Ambica).
      - name: Silicon
        symbol: Si
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 1
        role: Melt addition held at 1.00 percent maximum.
      - name: Phosphorus
        symbol: P
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.06
        role: Impurity held low, 0.06 percent maximum (Atlas and Ambica).
      - name: Molybdenum
        symbol: Mo
        share_percent: 0.2
        share_high: 0.6
        role: Small addition in the EN 1.4104 range (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke). Ambica prints 0.60 max as optional, and Abrams prints 0.2 to 0.3.
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 1
      verdict: Chromium record, not the alloy
      lead: No 430F safety data sheet was read in this run. The PubChem record for elemental chromium gives sensitisation and irritation codes for the element, not for the alloy.
      points:
        - label: Chromium
          line: PubChem lists H317 (20.7 percent of notifications), H334 (20.3 percent) and H319 (19.1 percent) for elemental chromium. Half of the 2404 company reports (1202) say it does not meet GHS criteria.
    - title: In the environment
      level: 2
      verdict: Corrosion is the watch point
      lead: The sulphur addition lowers corrosion resistance, so the grade is not the choice where pitting or crevice attack is likely.
      points:
        - label: Pitting
          line: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says corrosion resistance is severely compromised by the sulphur addition, especially in pitting and crevice conditions.
        - label: General
          line: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke rates general corrosion resistance low. Atlas says the parent grade 430 is not usually recommended for exterior exposure.
    - title: Welding and heat
      level: 3
      verdict: Avoid fusion welding
      lead: The grade is generally not welded. Holds in the embrittling range and slow cooling make it brittle.
      points:
        - label: Weld
          line: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke rates weldability as poor and says 1.4104 is generally not welded, except occasionally by friction or resistance welding.
        - label: Hold
          line: Atlas says prolonged heating at 400 to 600 C may make the grade brittle at room temperature. Annealing removes the effect.
        - label: Cool
          line: Atlas says slow cooling from 540 to 400 C causes embrittlement.
  why: Type 430F is the free-machining version of ferritic chromium stainless steel 430. Its sulphur addition, 0.15 percent at least, makes the bar machine far more easily than 430, which Atlas calls very much easier and Deutsche Edelstahlwerke rates very good. The cost falls on corrosion resistance and weldability, both of which the datasheets rate low or poor. The grade fits machined parts made in quantity from bar, not parts that must resist corrosion or be welded.
  uses:
    - where: Automatic screw machine parts
      line: Atlas says 430F is produced in bar form for high-speed machining in automatic screw machines, and it is the grade to choose when more machinability than 430 is needed in bar product.
    - where: Electronic equipment and automotive components
      line: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke lists electronic equipment, the automotive industry, decorative applications and kitchen utensils among the typical applications for 1.4104.
  can_do:
    - label: Strength
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: Annealed bar has a typical tensile strength of 552 MPa and a typical 0.2 percent yield strength of 379 MPa (Atlas, ASTM A582 basis; Ambica prints the same values). Quench and tempered to QT650, the EN 1.4104 specification is 650 to 850 MPa tensile with at least 500 MPa yield (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).
    - label: Stiffness
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      line: Elastic modulus is 200 GPa (Atlas and Ambica).
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
      line: Density is 7700 kg/m3 (Atlas) and 7.70 kg/dm3 (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).
    - label: Machining
      value: 250 m/min at 6 mm depth
      line: Annealed CNC turning is 250 m/min at 6 mm depth of cut with 0.5 mm per revolution feed, and 380 m/min at 1 mm (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).
  compare: 'Against standard 430, Atlas prints the same density (7700 kg/m3), elastic modulus (200 GPa) and specific heat (460 J/kg.K), and a slightly higher thermal conductivity (26.1 W/m.K at 100 C). Free machining is the difference. The cost is corrosion resistance and weldability: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says the sulphur addition reduces corrosion resistance, so a ferritic grade without the sulphur addition is significantly more corrosion resistant (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).'
  compare_rows:
    - label: Tensile strength
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Thermal conductivity
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
  handling:
    - Anneal by holding at 800 C and cool slowly in air. Do not exceed 825 C (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).
    - Atlas and Ambica give different annealing ranges for this family. Check the mill procedure before heat treating.
    - Forge with gradual heating to about 850 C, then rapid heating to 1100 to 1130 C (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).
    - Avoid fusion welding where possible. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says the grade is generally not welded, and Atlas's welding advice is for grade 430.
  good_for:
    - Machined parts from bar on automatic screw machines, where machinability is the priority (Atlas).
    - Parts that do not need corrosion resistance, weldability or impact toughness guaranteed by the datasheets.
  watch_out:
    - Sea water and pitting. The sulphur addition severely compromises corrosion resistance (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).
    - Welds and heat. Fusion welding is poor, and holds at 400 to 600 C or slow cooling through 540 to 400 C embrittle the grade (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke, Atlas).
    - No guaranteed impact or elevated-temperature properties (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).
  verdict: Type 430F is the free-machining ferritic grade for screw-machine parts from bar. It machines easily and is magnetic, but its sulphur content costs corrosion resistance and weldability. Keep it out of corrosive, welded or impact-critical service.