{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "stainless-430f",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "stainless-ferritic",
  "name": "Stainless steel 430F",
  "abbreviation": "430F (UNS S43020)",
  "role": "free-machining bar alloy for automatic screw machines",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "steels-and-stainless",
  "summary": "Type 430F is the free-machining version of ferritic chromium stainless steel 430. A sulphur addition of at least 0.15 percent makes it machine far more easily, and Atlas says it is produced in bar form for high-speed machining on automatic screw machines. The sulphur also lowers corrosion resistance and makes welding poor: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke rates the EN 1.4104 equivalent low for corrosion resistance and poor for weldability, and says it is generally not welded.",
  "best_for": "Machined parts cut from bar on automatic screw machines, where machinability matters more than corrosion resistance or weldability (Atlas, Deutsche Edelstahlwerke)",
  "weakest_at": "Corrosion and welding. The sulphur addition reduces corrosion resistance, especially pitting and crevice attack, and weldability is poor (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Iron-chromium steel with a sulphur addition. ASTM A582 limits: 16.0 to 18.0 Cr, 0.12 C max, 1.25 Mn max, 1.00 Si max, 0.06 P max, 0.15 S min, Mo 0.60 max optional (Atlas, Ambica). EN 1.4104 limits: 15.5 to 17.5 Cr, 0.10 to 0.17 C, 0.20 to 0.60 Mo, 0.15 to 0.35 S, iron balance (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "S43020",
        "source": "atlas-430f",
        "where": "Grade Specification Comparison table, 430F row, UNS No column"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "1.4104",
        "source": "dew-1-4104",
        "where": "Title and Relevant current and obsolete standards table, EN 10088-3 row"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "X14CrMoS17",
        "source": "dew-1-4104",
        "where": "Title and chemical composition line"
      },
      {
        "system": "AISI",
        "code": "430F",
        "source": "dew-1-4104",
        "where": "Relevant current and obsolete standards table, AISI row"
      },
      {
        "system": "JIS",
        "code": "430F",
        "source": "dew-1-4104",
        "where": "Relevant current and obsolete standards table, JIS row"
      },
      {
        "system": "AFNOR",
        "code": "Z13CF17",
        "source": "dew-1-4104",
        "where": "Relevant current and obsolete standards table, AFNOR row"
      },
      {
        "system": "SS",
        "code": "2383",
        "source": "dew-1-4104",
        "where": "Relevant current and obsolete standards table, SIS row (Swedish standard SS 2383)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A582",
        "note": "bar",
        "source": "atlas-430f",
        "where": "Mechanical Property Specification text (430F specified for bar in ASTM A582)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "atlas-430f",
    "where": "Composition Specification table, 430F row (ASTM A582 limits); Deutsche Edelstahlwerke datasheet, chemical composition line for 1.4104"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "value": 7700,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/m3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed condition)",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Physical Properties table, 430F row, density printed as 7700 kg/m3",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "atlas-430f",
      "where": "Physical Properties table (430F row, Density column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)",
        "id": "Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "url": "https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "distributor data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "value": 7.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/dm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "1.4104 general datasheet value",
        "temper": "not printed",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Physical properties table, density row printed as 7.70 kg/dm3",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dew-1-4104",
      "where": "Physical properties table (density row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): Datasheet 1.4104 Chromium ferritic stainless steel with sulphur (X14CrMoS17), revision 4104-1",
        "id": "Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "year": 2007,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "value": 1482,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "SS 430F (Ambica)",
        "temper": "not printed",
        "temperature": "melting point, printed as approximate"
      },
      "method": "Physical properties table, printed as 1482 (approx.) °C; the approx. qualifier is kept in this note",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Printed as approximate by Ambica; not confirmed by a mill or standard source.",
      "source": "ambica-430f",
      "where": "Physical properties table (melting point row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ambica Steels: 430F stainless steel page (SS 430F, ASTM A582)",
        "id": "430F stainless steel page",
        "url": "https://www.ambicasteels.com/stainless-steel-430F",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "distributor page, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "value": 460,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/kg.K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed)",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "0 to 100 C"
      },
      "method": "Physical Properties table, 430F row, specific heat 0-100 C printed as 460 J/kg.K",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "atlas-430f",
      "where": "Physical Properties table (430F row, Specific Heat 0-100 C column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)",
        "id": "Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "url": "https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "distributor data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "value": 26.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m.K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed)",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "100 C"
      },
      "method": "Physical Properties table, 430F row, thermal conductivity at 100 C printed as 26.1 W/m.K",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "atlas-430f",
      "where": "Physical Properties table (430F row, Thermal Conductivity at 100 C column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)",
        "id": "Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "url": "https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "distributor data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "value": 26.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m.K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed)",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "500 C"
      },
      "method": "Physical Properties table, 430F row, thermal conductivity at 500 C printed as 26.3 W/m.K",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "atlas-430f",
      "where": "Physical Properties table (430F row, Thermal Conductivity at 500 C column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)",
        "id": "Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "url": "https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "distributor data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "value": 25,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m.K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "1.4104 general datasheet value",
        "temper": "not printed",
        "temperature": "20 C"
      },
      "method": "Physical properties table, thermal conductivity at 20 C printed as 25 W/m K",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dew-1-4104",
      "where": "Physical properties table (thermal conductivity at 20 C row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): Datasheet 1.4104 Chromium ferritic stainless steel with sulphur (X14CrMoS17), revision 4104-1",
        "id": "Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "year": 2007,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "value": 10.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "um/m/C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed)",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "0 to 100 C mean",
        "unit_in_source": "printed as um/m/C (micrometres per metre per degree C, equal to 10-6/K)"
      },
      "method": "Mean coefficient of expansion table, 0-100 C column, printed as 10.4 um/m/C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "atlas-430f",
      "where": "Physical Properties table (430F row, Mean Coefficient of Expansion 0-100 C column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)",
        "id": "Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "url": "https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "distributor data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "value": 11,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "um/m/C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed)",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "0 to 315 C mean",
        "unit_in_source": "printed as um/m/C (equal to 10-6/K)"
      },
      "method": "Mean coefficient of expansion table, 0-315 C column, printed as 11.0 um/m/C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "atlas-430f",
      "where": "Physical Properties table (430F row, Mean Coefficient of Expansion 0-315 C column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)",
        "id": "Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "url": "https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "distributor data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "value": 11.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "um/m/C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed)",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "0 to 538 C mean",
        "unit_in_source": "printed as um/m/C (equal to 10-6/K)"
      },
      "method": "Mean coefficient of expansion table, 0-538 C column, printed as 11.4 um/m/C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "atlas-430f",
      "where": "Physical Properties table (430F row, Mean Coefficient of Expansion 0-538 C column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)",
        "id": "Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "url": "https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "distributor data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10-6/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "1.4104 general datasheet value",
        "temper": "not printed",
        "temperature": "20 to 100 C",
        "unit_in_source": "printed as 10.0 x 10-6 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Thermal expansion table, 20 to 100 C row, printed as 10.0 x 10-6",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dew-1-4104",
      "where": "Physical properties table (thermal expansion, 20-100 C row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): Datasheet 1.4104 Chromium ferritic stainless steel with sulphur (X14CrMoS17), revision 4104-1",
        "id": "Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "year": 2007,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed)",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Physical Properties table, 430F row, elastic modulus printed as 200 GPa; Ambica also prints 200 GPa",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "atlas-430f",
      "where": "Physical Properties table (430F row, Elastic Modulus column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)",
        "id": "Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "url": "https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "distributor data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "value": 600,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "nΩ.m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "430F bar (Atlas typical physical properties, annealed)",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Physical Properties table, 430F row, electrical resistivity printed as 600 nΩ.m",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "atlas-430f",
      "where": "Physical Properties table (430F row, Electrical Resistivity column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)",
        "id": "Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "url": "https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "distributor data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "value": 0.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Ω mm2/m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "1.4104 general datasheet value",
        "temper": "not printed",
        "temperature": "20 C"
      },
      "method": "Physical properties table, electrical resistivity at 20 C printed as 0.70 Ω mm2/m. Atlas prints 600 nΩ.m, which is 0.6 Ω mm2/m; the two sources differ and both are kept",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dew-1-4104",
      "where": "Physical properties table (electrical resistivity at 20 C row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): Datasheet 1.4104 Chromium ferritic stainless steel with sulphur (X14CrMoS17), revision 4104-1",
        "id": "Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "year": 2007,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 379,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "430F bar, ASTM A582 basis (Atlas typical)",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "room temperature (typical)",
        "basis": "0.2 percent offset, typical"
      },
      "method": "Specified Properties table, 430F row, yield strength 0.2% proof printed as 379 MPa typical; Ambica prints 379 MPa for annealed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "atlas-430f",
      "where": "Mechanical Property Specification table (430F row, Yield Strength 0.2% Proof column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)",
        "id": "Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "url": "https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "distributor data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 500,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "1.4104 bar, quench and tempered to QT650",
        "temper": "QT650 (hardened 950 to 1070 C, tempered 550 to 650 C)",
        "temperature": "room temperature (specification)",
        "basis": "Rp0.2, specification minimum"
      },
      "method": "Heat treatment and mechanical properties table, QT650 specification column, Rp0.2 printed as 500 minimum (N/mm2 equals MPa)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dew-1-4104",
      "where": "Heat treatment and mechanical properties section, QT650 table (yield strength Rp0.2 row, Spec column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): Datasheet 1.4104 Chromium ferritic stainless steel with sulphur (X14CrMoS17), revision 4104-1",
        "id": "Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "year": 2007,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 552,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "430F bar, ASTM A582 basis (Atlas typical)",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "room temperature (typical)"
      },
      "method": "Specified Properties table, 430F row, tensile strength printed as 552 MPa typical; Ambica prints 552 MPa for annealed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "atlas-430f",
      "where": "Mechanical Property Specification table (430F row, Tensile Strength column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)",
        "id": "Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "url": "https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "distributor data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 730,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "1.4104 bar, annealed",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "room temperature (specification)"
      },
      "method": "Heat treatment and mechanical properties section, annealed table, tensile strength Rm printed as up to 730 N/mm2 (the datasheet prints a maximum, see gaps)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dew-1-4104",
      "where": "Heat treatment and mechanical properties section, annealed table (tensile strength Rm row, Specification column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): Datasheet 1.4104 Chromium ferritic stainless steel with sulphur (X14CrMoS17), revision 4104-1",
        "id": "Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "year": 2007,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 650,
      "value_high": 850,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "1.4104 bar, quench and tempered to QT650",
        "temper": "QT650 (hardened 950 to 1070 C, tempered 550 to 650 C)",
        "temperature": "room temperature (specification)"
      },
      "method": "QT650 table, tensile strength Rm specification printed as 650 to 850 N/mm2; the typical value printed is 725",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dew-1-4104",
      "where": "Heat treatment and mechanical properties section, QT650 table (tensile strength Rm row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): Datasheet 1.4104 Chromium ferritic stainless steel with sulphur (X14CrMoS17), revision 4104-1",
        "id": "Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "year": 2007,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 25,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "430F bar, ASTM A582 basis (Atlas typical)",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "room temperature (typical)",
        "gauge": "50 mm"
      },
      "method": "Specified Properties table, 430F row, elongation in 50 mm printed as 25 percent typical",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "atlas-430f",
      "where": "Mechanical Property Specification table (430F row, Elongation column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)",
        "id": "Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "url": "https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "distributor data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "1.4104 bar, annealed",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "room temperature (specification)",
        "gauge": "A5"
      },
      "method": "Annealed table, tensile elongation A5 printed as 15 maximum (the datasheet prints a maximum, see gaps)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dew-1-4104",
      "where": "Heat treatment and mechanical properties section, annealed table (tensile elongation A5 row, Specification column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): Datasheet 1.4104 Chromium ferritic stainless steel with sulphur (X14CrMoS17), revision 4104-1",
        "id": "Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "year": 2007,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 19,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "1.4104 bar, quench and tempered to QT650",
        "temper": "QT650 (hardened 950 to 1070 C, tempered 550 to 650 C)",
        "temperature": "room temperature (typical)",
        "gauge": "A5"
      },
      "method": "QT650 table, tensile elongation A5 printed as 19 typical",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dew-1-4104",
      "where": "Heat treatment and mechanical properties section, QT650 table (tensile elongation A5 row, Typical column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): Datasheet 1.4104 Chromium ferritic stainless steel with sulphur (X14CrMoS17), revision 4104-1",
        "id": "Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
        "year": 2007,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "value": 262,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "HB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "430F bar, ASTM A582 basis (Atlas)",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "scale": "Brinell"
      },
      "method": "Specified Properties table, 430F row, printed as 262 in the Brinell maximum column; Ambica prints 262 HB for annealed",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "hardness is not in spores/property-canon.yaml; the name follows the 430 profile.",
      "source": "atlas-430f",
      "where": "Mechanical Property Specification table (430F row, Brinell Max column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)",
        "id": "Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "url": "https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "distributor data sheet, cited"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Pitting and crevice attack, especially in chloride or other aggressive environments",
      "headline": "Sulphur severely compromises corrosion resistance against pitting and crevice attack.",
      "effect": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says the corrosion resistance of 1.4104 is severely compromised by the sulphur addition, particularly in environments that promote pitting and crevice corrosion. It quotes a PRE range of 16.16 to 19.48 but warns that sulphur is not counted in PRE. Atlas says the parent grade 430 resists pitting and crevice corrosion a little less than grade 304; Atlas gives this for grade 430, not for 430F.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "not printed",
        "basis": "qualitative datasheet statement; no pitting test for 430F was read"
      },
      "source": "dew-1-4104",
      "where": "Corrosion resistance section (PRE range note); Atlas Corrosion Resistance section for the parent grade"
    },
    {
      "environment": "General corrosion in corrosive media and atmospheres",
      "headline": "Corrosion resistance is rated low by the datasheet. Atlas says the parent grade is not usually recommended for exterior exposure.",
      "effect": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke rates the corrosion resistance of 1.4104 as low, against good mechanical properties. Atlas says the parent grade 430 has good resistance to a wide variety of corrosive media, including nitric acid and some organic acids, and performs well in mild indoor environments, but is not usually recommended for exterior exposure. Atlas gives these statements for grade 430, not separately for 430F.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "general; no time or concentration printed",
        "basis": "qualitative ratings from the datasheets"
      },
      "source": "dew-1-4104",
      "where": "General properties table (corrosion resistance row)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Oxidation at high temperature in air",
      "headline": "Oxidation service limits are printed for grade 430, not for 430F.",
      "effect": "Atlas says the parent grade 430 resists oxidation in intermittent service up to 870 C and in continuous service up to 815 C, and that prolonged heating at 400 to 600 C can embrittle it. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says neither elevated-temperature properties nor minimum impact properties are specified for 1.4104 because of the sulphur addition, so these limits are not carried over to 430F.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "air, grade 430 (parent grade) values",
        "basis": "statement about the parent grade; not a 430F test"
      },
      "source": "atlas-430f",
      "where": "Heat Resistance section"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem reports that elemental chromium (CID 23976) carries H317 (20.7 percent of notifications), H319 (19.1 percent) and H334 (20.3 percent, signal word Danger) in its aggregated notifications, with H320, H335, H341, H371, H400 and H410 also present. The record is for chromium, not for the 430F alloy.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H319",
          "H320",
          "H334",
          "H335",
          "H341",
          "H371",
          "H400",
          "H410"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-chromium",
        "where": "GHS Classification section (PubChem record, CID 23976)"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem reports that 1202 of 2404 company reports say elemental chromium does not meet GHS hazard criteria. The other reports carry the hazard statements above.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-chromium",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, Note row (PubChem record, CID 23976)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Embrittlement after prolonged heating at 400 to 600 C",
        "trigger": "Prolonged holding in the 400 to 600 C range",
        "consequence": "The grade may become brittle at room temperature. Annealing eliminates the effect. Atlas gives this for the parent grade 430, and it is not measured on 430F.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "atlas-430f",
        "where": "Heat Resistance section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Brittle after slow cooling through 540 to 400 C",
        "trigger": "Slow cooling through 540 to 400 C after heating",
        "consequence": "Atlas says slow cooling from 540 to 400 C causes embrittlement. The text is in the grade 430 heat treatment section.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "atlas-430f",
        "where": "Heat Treatment section, solution annealing paragraph"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Poor weldability",
        "trigger": "Fusion welding",
        "consequence": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke rates weldability as poor and says 1.4104 is generally not welded, other than occasionally by friction or resistance welding.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "dew-1-4104",
        "where": "General properties table (weldability row) and Welding section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Overheating in annealing",
        "trigger": "Annealing above 825 C",
        "consequence": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says a temperature of 825 C must not be exceeded during annealing. Ambica gives a lower annealing range for 430F, so the two sources disagree.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "dew-1-4104",
        "where": "Heat treatment and mechanical properties section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Difficult hot forging",
        "trigger": "Hot forging, where the mixed ferrite and austenite structure forms at forging temperature",
        "consequence": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says care is needed because of the high sulphur content, and that hammer and die forging is seldom used for the grade.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "dew-1-4104",
        "where": "Forging section and processing properties table"
      },
      {
        "mode": "No guaranteed impact or elevated-temperature properties",
        "trigger": "Design where toughness or hot strength must be guaranteed",
        "consequence": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says neither minimum impact properties nor elevated-temperature properties are specified for 1.4104 because of the sulphur addition.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "dew-1-4104",
        "where": "General comments section"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Anneal by holding at 800 C, then slow cool in air. Do not exceed 825 C during annealing (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).",
        "source": "dew-1-4104",
        "where": "Heat treatment and mechanical properties section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Atlas gives a solution anneal of 815 to 845 C for half an hour per 25 mm, slow furnace cool to 600 C and air cool. This is written for the parent grade 430.",
        "source": "atlas-430f",
        "where": "Heat Treatment section, solution annealing paragraph"
      },
      {
        "text": "Ambica gives an annealing range of 677 to 760 C followed by air cooling for SS 430F. This disagrees with the 800 C anneal of Deutsche Edelstahlwerke.",
        "source": "ambica-430f",
        "where": "Heat treatment temperatures section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Forging: heat gradually to about 850 C, then more rapidly to 1100 to 1130 C, and forge between 1130 and 1050 C (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).",
        "source": "dew-1-4104",
        "where": "Forging section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Turning on CNC, annealed bar (Rm 650 to 720 N/mm2): 250 m/min at 6 mm depth of cut with 0.5 mm per revolution feed, 300 m/min at 3 mm with 0.4 mm/rev, and 380 m/min at 1 mm with 0.2 mm/rev (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).",
        "source": "dew-1-4104",
        "where": "Machining section, turning CNC table, annealed row"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Anneal to remove embrittlement from prolonged heating in the 400 to 600 C range (Atlas, parent grade 430 text).",
        "source": "atlas-430f",
        "where": "Heat Resistance section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Atlas gives pre-heating at 150 to 200 C and a post-weld anneal at 790 to 815 C to reduce weld embrittlement, but this is written for grade 430. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says 1.4104 is generally not welded, so the two sources conflict for 430F.",
        "source": "atlas-430f",
        "where": "Welding section"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Machined parts cut from 430F bar on automatic screw machines",
      "example": "Atlas says 430F is produced in bar form for high-speed machining in automatic screw machines and is very much easier to machine than grade 430.",
      "source": "atlas-430f",
      "where": "Grade 430F introduction and Machining section"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Electronic equipment",
      "example": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke lists electronic equipment among the typical applications for 1.4104.",
      "source": "dew-1-4104",
      "where": "Typical applications table"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Automotive industry components",
      "example": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke lists the automotive industry and decorative applications and kitchen utensils among the typical applications for 1.4104.",
      "source": "dew-1-4104",
      "where": "Typical applications table"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Chromium",
      "abundance": "World mine production 51,000 thousand t gross weight in 2025 (estimated). World resources are greater than 12 billion t of shipping-grade chromite (USGS 2026)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 45.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "share_percent": 17.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 13.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 3.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Zimbabwe",
          "share_percent": 3.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Finland",
          "share_percent": 3.7,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Recycled chromium in stainless steel scrap receipts was 21 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025 (USGS 2026)",
      "substitutes": [
        "Chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use (USGS 2026)"
      ],
      "source": "usgs-chromium-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table (2025e; shares calculated against the printed world total of 51,000 thousand t); World Resources; Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Molybdenum",
      "abundance": "World mine production 260,000 t in 2025 (estimated). Resources of molybdenum are adequate to supply world needs for the foreseeable future (USGS 2026)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 37.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 16.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 15.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 15,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "share_percent": 6.5,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Molybdenum recycled as part of new and old steel and other scrap may be as much as 30 percent of apparent supply (USGS 2026)",
      "substitutes": [
        "There is little substitution for molybdenum in steels and cast irons. Potential substitutes in alloy steels include boron, chromium, niobium and vanadium (USGS 2026)"
      ],
      "source": "usgs-molybdenum-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table (2025e; shares calculated against the printed world total of 260,000); Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Sulphur (the free-machining addition)",
      "abundance": "World production of sulfur in all forms 84,000 thousand t in 2025 (estimated). Resources of elemental sulfur total about 5 billion t (USGS 2026)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 22.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 9.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 8.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Saudi Arabia",
          "share_percent": 8.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United Arab Emirates",
          "share_percent": 7.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Typically 2.5 million to 5 million tons of spent sulfuric acid is reclaimed each year from petroleum refining and chemical processes (USGS 2026)",
      "substitutes": [
        "Substitutes for sulfur at present or anticipated price levels are not satisfactory (USGS 2026)"
      ],
      "source": "usgs-sulfur-2026",
      "where": "World Production and Reserves table (2025, all forms; shares calculated against the printed world total of 84,000); World Resources; Recycling; Substitutes"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke datasheet 1.4104 X14CrMoS17 (revision 4104-1)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
      "year": 2007
    },
    {
      "title": "Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "title": "Abrams Industries: AISI 430F stainless steel product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://us.abrams-industries.com/steel/stainless-steel/430f"
    },
    {
      "title": "Ambica Steels: 430F stainless steel page (SS 430F, ASTM A582)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.ambicasteels.com/stainless-steel-430F"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Sulfur",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-sulfur.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), UN GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No safety data sheet for 430F was read in this run. The hazard entries rest on the PubChem record for elemental chromium only, and that record is not for the alloy.",
    "Welding fume and hexavalent chromium hazards for 430F are not sourced. Machining fume or swarf hazards from the sulphur addition are not sourced either.",
    "Sources conflict on the molybdenum content. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke gives 0.20 to 0.60 percent, Ambica gives 0.60 max optional, Abrams gives 0.2 to 0.3 percent, and Atlas prints no molybdenum for 430F. The recipe uses the EN 1.4104 range.",
    "Sources conflict on manganese: Atlas and Ambica give 1.25 max under ASTM A582, and Abrams gives 1.5 max. The recipe uses 1.25.",
    "Sources conflict on phosphorus: Atlas and Ambica give 0.06 max and Abrams gives 0.04 max. The recipe uses 0.06.",
    "Atlas gives the EN equivalent of 430F as 1.4105 X6CrMoS17. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke gives 1.4104 X14CrMoS17 with AISI 430F as the equivalent. The file uses 1.4104 and does not list 1.4105 as a designation.",
    "Density conflicts. Atlas prints 7700 kg/m3, Deutsche Edelstahlwerke 7.70 kg/dm3, Abrams 7.7 g/cm3 (0.278 lb/in3), and Ambica 7.80 g/cm3. Ambica's 7.80 is not recorded because it is not reconciled with the others.",
    "Electrical resistivity conflicts: Atlas prints 600 nΩ.m and Deutsche Edelstahlwerke 0.70 Ω mm2/m. Both are recorded as printed, with their sources.",
    "Annealing temperatures conflict: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke 800 C with a 825 C limit, Ambica 677 to 760 C, and Atlas 815 to 845 C for the parent grade 430. The conflict is reported in handling, and no value is taken as the 430F standard.",
    "Welding conflicts. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says the grade is generally not welded. Atlas gives a pre-heat of 150 to 200 C and a post-weld anneal, and its welding text is written for grade 430.",
    "The Deutsche Edelstahlwerke annealed table prints tensile strength as 'Rm, 730 maximum' and elongation as 'A5, 15 maximum'. Both look like maxima printed for the EN specification and are recorded as printed. They may be printing or sign errors and should be checked against EN 10088-3.",
    "No maximum service temperature for 430F is recorded. Atlas gives oxidation limits for grade 430 only, and Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says elevated-temperature properties are not specified.",
    "No chloride pitting or crevice test, pitting resistance index value or sea water data for 430F was read. The PRE range printed by Deutsche Edelstahlwerke is not recorded as a property, because the datasheet itself says the sulphur effect is not included.",
    "Hardness is not in spores/property-canon.yaml. The name hardness follows the 430 profile.",
    "Corrosion statements and the 400 to 600 C embrittlement come from Atlas text written for grade 430 and are labelled as such. No 430F corrosion test was read.",
    "Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, bulk modulus and fatigue strength for 430F are not printed by any source read in this run, so they are not in the file.",
    "Critical-mineral status for chromium, molybdenum and sulphur is not read, so critical_lists is empty for each.",
    "No NASA or ESA source naming 430F in a spacecraft part was found. The uses come from the Atlas and Deutsche Edelstahlwerke datasheets.",
    "Machinability is recorded in the story text only, because the canonical property list has no machinability benchmark."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Type 430F is the free-machining version of ferritic chromium stainless steel 430. Its sulphur addition, 0.15 percent at least, makes the bar machine far more easily than 430, which Atlas calls very much easier and Deutsche Edelstahlwerke rates very good. The cost falls on corrosion resistance and weldability, both of which the datasheets rate low or poor. The grade fits machined parts made in quantity from bar, not parts that must resist corrosion or be welded.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Automatic screw machine parts",
        "line": "Atlas says 430F is produced in bar form for high-speed machining in automatic screw machines, and it is the grade to choose when more machinability than 430 is needed in bar product."
      },
      {
        "where": "Electronic equipment and automotive components",
        "line": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke lists electronic equipment, the automotive industry, decorative applications and kitchen utensils among the typical applications for 1.4104."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Annealed bar has a typical tensile strength of 552 MPa and a typical 0.2 percent yield strength of 379 MPa (Atlas, ASTM A582 basis; Ambica prints the same values). Quench and tempered to QT650, the EN 1.4104 specification is 650 to 850 MPa tensile with at least 500 MPa yield (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Elastic modulus is 200 GPa (Atlas and Ambica).",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "Density is 7700 kg/m3 (Atlas) and 7.70 kg/dm3 (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Machining",
        "line": "Annealed CNC turning is 250 m/min at 6 mm depth of cut with 0.5 mm per revolution feed, and 380 m/min at 1 mm (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "250 m/min at 6 mm depth"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Against standard 430, Atlas prints the same density (7700 kg/m3), elastic modulus (200 GPa) and specific heat (460 J/kg.K), and a slightly higher thermal conductivity (26.1 W/m.K at 100 C). Free machining is the difference. The cost is corrosion resistance and weldability: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says the sulphur addition reduces corrosion resistance, so a ferritic grade without the sulphur addition is significantly more corrosion resistant (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Anneal by holding at 800 C and cool slowly in air. Do not exceed 825 C (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).",
      "Atlas and Ambica give different annealing ranges for this family. Check the mill procedure before heat treating.",
      "Forge with gradual heating to about 850 C, then rapid heating to 1100 to 1130 C (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).",
      "Avoid fusion welding where possible. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says the grade is generally not welded, and Atlas's welding advice is for grade 430."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Machined parts from bar on automatic screw machines, where machinability is the priority (Atlas).",
      "Parts that do not need corrosion resistance, weldability or impact toughness guaranteed by the datasheets."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Sea water and pitting. The sulphur addition severely compromises corrosion resistance (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).",
      "Welds and heat. Fusion welding is poor, and holds at 400 to 600 C or slow cooling through 540 to 400 C embrittle the grade (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke, Atlas).",
      "No guaranteed impact or elevated-temperature properties (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke)."
    ],
    "verdict": "Type 430F is the free-machining ferritic grade for screw-machine parts from bar. It machines easily and is magnetic, but its sulphur content costs corrosion resistance and weldability. Keep it out of corrosive, welded or impact-critical service.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Type 430F is an iron-chromium steel with a sulphur addition. ASTM A582 limits (Atlas, Ambica) give 16.0 to 18.0 percent chromium, 0.12 percent carbon at most and 0.15 percent sulphur at least. The EN 1.4104 datasheet (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke) gives 15.5 to 17.5 percent chromium, 0.10 to 0.17 percent carbon, 0.20 to 0.60 percent molybdenum and 0.15 to 0.35 percent sulphur. The grade is supplied as bar for automatic screw machines (Atlas).",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "The matrix of the alloy. It forms the ferritic structure, which is magnetic.",
          "share_note": "balance (the rest)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Forms the passive oxide film that gives corrosion resistance. Less resistant than an unsulphured ferritic grade because of the sulphur addition (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke).",
          "share_percent": 16,
          "share_high": 18
        },
        {
          "name": "Sulphur",
          "symbol": "S",
          "role": "The free-machining addition. It breaks up chips for fast machining, and it lowers corrosion resistance and weldability.",
          "share_percent": 0.15,
          "share_high": 0.35
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Interstitial element held at 0.12 percent maximum in ASTM A582. The EN 1.4104 range runs to 0.17 percent.",
          "share_percent": 0,
          "share_high": 0.12
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Melt addition held at 1.25 percent maximum (ASTM A582 limit printed by Atlas and Ambica).",
          "share_percent": 0,
          "share_high": 1.25
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "Melt addition held at 1.00 percent maximum.",
          "share_percent": 0,
          "share_high": 1
        },
        {
          "name": "Phosphorus",
          "symbol": "P",
          "role": "Impurity held low, 0.06 percent maximum (Atlas and Ambica).",
          "share_percent": 0,
          "share_high": 0.06
        },
        {
          "name": "Molybdenum",
          "symbol": "Mo",
          "role": "Small addition in the EN 1.4104 range (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke). Ambica prints 0.60 max as optional, and Abrams prints 0.2 to 0.3.",
          "share_percent": 0.2,
          "share_high": 0.6
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "No 430F safety data sheet was read in this run. The PubChem record for elemental chromium gives sensitisation and irritation codes for the element, not for the alloy.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Chromium",
            "line": "PubChem lists H317 (20.7 percent of notifications), H334 (20.3 percent) and H319 (19.1 percent) for elemental chromium. Half of the 2404 company reports (1202) say it does not meet GHS criteria."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Chromium record, not the alloy"
      },
      {
        "title": "In the environment",
        "lead": "The sulphur addition lowers corrosion resistance, so the grade is not the choice where pitting or crevice attack is likely.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Pitting",
            "line": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke says corrosion resistance is severely compromised by the sulphur addition, especially in pitting and crevice conditions."
          },
          {
            "label": "General",
            "line": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke rates general corrosion resistance low. Atlas says the parent grade 430 is not usually recommended for exterior exposure."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Corrosion is the watch point"
      },
      {
        "title": "Welding and heat",
        "lead": "The grade is generally not welded. Holds in the embrittling range and slow cooling make it brittle.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Weld",
            "line": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke rates weldability as poor and says 1.4104 is generally not welded, except occasionally by friction or resistance welding."
          },
          {
            "label": "Hold",
            "line": "Atlas says prolonged heating at 400 to 600 C may make the grade brittle at room temperature. Annealing removes the effect."
          },
          {
            "label": "Cool",
            "line": "Atlas says slow cooling from 540 to 400 C causes embrittlement."
          }
        ],
        "level": 3,
        "verdict": "Avoid fusion welding"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 23,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from pages fetched in this run: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke 1.4104 datasheet (2007), Atlas Steels 430/430F data sheet (2021), Abrams Industries 430F page, Ambica Steels 430F page, USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 for chromium, molybdenum and sulfur, and the PubChem chromium GHS record. Caveats: the sources disagree on molybdenum, manganese, density, annealing temperature and welding; the Deutsche Edelstahlwerke elongation and tensile maxima are recorded as printed; the corrosion and embrittlement statements from Atlas are for grade 430; no 430F safety data sheet was read."
  },
  "sources": {
    "dew-1-4104": {
      "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): Datasheet 1.4104 Chromium ferritic stainless steel with sulphur (X14CrMoS17), revision 4104-1",
      "id": "Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
      "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4104_UK.pdf",
      "year": 2007,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "atlas-430f": {
      "title": "Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 430, 430F Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021)",
      "id": "Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
      "url": "https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel-430-430F-Grade-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf",
      "year": 2021,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "distributor data sheet, cited"
    },
    "abrams-430f": {
      "title": "Abrams Industries: AISI 430F stainless steel product page",
      "id": "430f product page",
      "url": "https://us.abrams-industries.com/steel/stainless-steel/430f",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "distributor page, cited"
    },
    "ambica-430f": {
      "title": "Ambica Steels: 430F stainless steel page (SS 430F, ASTM A582)",
      "id": "430F stainless steel page",
      "url": "https://www.ambicasteels.com/stainless-steel-430F",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "distributor page, cited"
    },
    "usgs-chromium-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "id": "mcs2026-chromium",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "usgs-molybdenum-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "id": "mcs2026-molybdenum",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "usgs-sulfur-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Sulfur",
      "id": "mcs2026-sulfur",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-sulfur.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "pubchem-chromium": {
      "title": "PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), UN GHS classification",
      "id": "CID 23976",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem terms (public)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/stainless-430f/"
}