Magnesia-stabilised zirconia and other zirconia grades Mg-PSZ, ATZ, ZTA

spore: profile
id: zirconia-msz-atz
spore_version: 0.2
family: oxide-ceramics
name: Magnesia-stabilised zirconia and other zirconia grades
abbreviation: Mg-PSZ, ATZ, ZTA
role: structural ceramic
category: ceramics
type: oxides
summary: |
  This profile covers the zirconia grades that are not yttria-stabilised. Magnesia-stabilised zirconia (Mg-PSZ) is zirconium dioxide with about 3.5 wt% MgO. It is a partly stabilised zirconia: MgO keeps a cubic matrix, and tetragonal precipitates in it transform under stress and toughen the ceramic. Morgan's TS grade reads 650 MPa and 15 MPa√m; CoorsTek's MgO column reads 900 MPa and 11 MPa√m. Alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ) is a zirconia matrix with alumina particles (2 to 19 per cent in the 2021 Materials paper). It reaches 12.7 MPa√m for its lowest-alumina grade and 1000 MPa mean bending for its 11 per cent grade. Zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) is the reverse, an alumina matrix with about 9 wt% zirconia. Ceramtec's Rubalit ZTA gives 700 MPa minimum bending and 3.5 MPa√m minimum toughness. Unstabilised zirconia has no stabiliser. NASA reports that it is monoclinic at room temperature and that it breaks into powder as it cools through 1170 °C. The difference from yttria-stabilised zirconia (zirconia-ysz.yaml) is the stabiliser and the microstructure. YSZ is fully tetragonal with 3 mol% yttria. Mg-PSZ keeps part of the zirconia cubic, and ATZ and ZTA are two-phase composites.
best_for: 'Thermal-cycling tools and rollers (Morgan TS grade: 650 MPa, 15 MPa√m and 500 thermal shock) and light alumina-based substrates (ZTA)'
weakest_at: 'Unstabilised zirconia cracks on cooling through 1170 °C; ATZ loses 9.9 to 16.2 per cent strength in hot autoclave ageing; strength falls with temperature (Morgan TS grade: 650 MPa at 20 °C, 360 MPa at 820 °C)'
identity:
  formula: ZrO2 with about 3.5 wt% MgO (Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade); Mg-PSZ is partly stabilised zirconia with MgO
  cas: 1314-23-4
  source: pubchem-zro2
  where: 'PubChem CID 62395, zirconium dioxide: CAS 1314-23-4 is the number for the host oxide; the stabilised ceramic has no separate CAS in the sources read. MgO content 3.5 wt% from the Morgan datasheet (Description). Kyocera''s FZM sheet names the material as magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (ZrO2, MgO).'
  designations:
    - system: Name
      code: Mg-PSZ
      source: kyocera-fzm
      where: 'Material Type line: Magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ) (ZrO2, MgO)'
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses:
    - extreme-heat
  applications:
    - mechanisms
    - electronics-and-chips
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
    value: 5.72
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
      temperature: room temperature (chart note 1)
      test: ASTM C20
      unit_in_source: gm/cc
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Properties table, Density row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column (the 12th of the 19 numeric columns)
  - benchmark: flexural_strength
    label: Flexural strength, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
    value: 900
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: ASTM F417 (modulus of rupture, as printed)
      unit_in_source: MPa (psi x 10^3)
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Properties table, Flexural Strength (MOR) row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Elastic modulus, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
    value: 200
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: ASTM C848
      unit_in_source: GPa (psi x 10^6)
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Properties table, Elastic Modulus row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column
  - benchmark: poissons_ratio
    label: Poisson ratio, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
    value: 0.3
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: ASTM C848
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Poisson's Ratio row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column (printed as 0.30)
  - benchmark: compressive_strength
    label: Compressive strength, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
    value: 1750
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: ASTM C773
      unit_in_source: MPa (psi x 10^3)
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Properties table, Compressive Strength row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column
  - benchmark: knoop_hardness
    label: Knoop hardness, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
    value: 11.8
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
      load: 1000 gm, as printed (KNOOP 1000 gm)
      test: Knoop indentation, as printed
      unit_in_source: GPa (kg/mm2)
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Hardness, KNOOP 1000 gm row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column (printed as 11.8 (1200))
  - benchmark: fracture_toughness
    label: Fracture toughness, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
    value: 11
    unit: MPa√m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
      temperature: room temperature (chart note 1)
      test: notched beam, K(Ic) as printed
      unit_in_source: Mpa m1/2
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Properties table, Fracture Toughness row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
    value: 2.2
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: ASTM C408
      unit_in_source: W/m K
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Thermal expansion, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
    value: 10.2
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
      temperature_range: 25 to 1000 °C
      test: ASTM C372
      unit_in_source: 1 x 10-6/°C
    method: Mean coefficient from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Properties table, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Maximum use temperature, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
    value: 500
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
      load: 'no load on the part (chart: NO-LOAD COND.)'
      test: chart rating
    method: Rating from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    note: Kyocera rates its Mg-PSZ at 900 °C in air. The basis of each rating is different, so the two are not compared as one scale.
    source: coors-chart
    where: Properties table, Maximum Use Temperature row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column
  - benchmark: thermal_shock_dt
    label: Thermal shock temperature difference, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
    value: 350
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
      test: quenched into water from elevated temperature; DTc is the step where flexural strength falls sharply (chart note 3)
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Thermal Shock Resistance row (note 3), MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
    value: 400
    unit: J/(kg·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
      temperature: 100 °C
      test: ASTM E1269
      unit_in_source: J/kg*K
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Thermal Specific Heat row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column
  - benchmark: dielectric_strength
    label: Dielectric strength, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
    value: 9.4
    unit: kV/mm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
      test: ASTM D116, ac
      sample: samples 0.25 inch thick (chart note 5)
      unit_in_source: ac-kV/mm (ac V/mil)
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Dielectric Strength row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column (printed as 9.4 (240))
  - benchmark: dielectric_constant
    label: Dielectric constant, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
    value: 28
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
      frequency: 1 MHz
      temperature: 25 °C
      test: ASTM D150
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Dielectric Constant row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column
  - benchmark: dissipation_factor
    label: Dielectric loss (tan delta), CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
    value: 0.001
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column
      frequency: 1 MHz
      temperature: 25 °C
      test: ASTM D150
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Dielectric Loss (tan delta) row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ)
    value: 5.74
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: not printed on the datasheet
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet; the datasheet says values are based on test pieces, are not guaranteed and are for guidance only
    status: ground
    source: morgan-mgpsz
    where: Physical Properties, Density row (20 °C)
  - benchmark: flexural_strength
    label: Flexural strength, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 20 °C
    value: 650
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: not printed on the datasheet
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet; the datasheet says values are for guidance only
    status: ground
    source: morgan-mgpsz
    where: Physical Properties, Flexural Strength row, 20 °C column
  - benchmark: flexural_strength
    label: Flexural strength, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 820 °C
    value: 360
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)
      temperature: 820 °C
      test: not printed on the datasheet
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet; the datasheet says values are for guidance only
    status: ground
    source: morgan-mgpsz
    where: Physical Properties, Flexural Strength row, 820 °C column
  - benchmark: tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 20 °C
    value: 390
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: not printed on the datasheet
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: morgan-mgpsz
    where: Physical Properties, Tensile Strength row
  - benchmark: compressive_strength
    label: Compressive strength, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 20 °C
    value: 1800
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: not printed on the datasheet
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: morgan-mgpsz
    where: Physical Properties, Compressive Strength row, 20 °C column
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Elastic modulus, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 20 °C
    value: 205
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: not printed on the datasheet
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: morgan-mgpsz
    where: Physical Properties, Modulus of Elasticity row
  - benchmark: poissons_ratio
    label: Poisson ratio, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 20 °C
    value: 0.31
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: not printed on the datasheet
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: morgan-mgpsz
    where: Physical Properties, Poisson's Ratio row
  - benchmark: vickers_hardness
    label: Vickers hardness HV0.3, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ)
    value: 1020
    unit: kg/mm2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)
      load: HV0.3 as printed
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: not printed on the datasheet
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: morgan-mgpsz
    where: Physical Properties, Hardness HV0.3 row
  - benchmark: fracture_toughness
    label: Fracture toughness, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 20 °C
    value: 15
    unit: MPa√m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: not printed on the datasheet
      unit_in_source: MPa√m
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: morgan-mgpsz
    where: Physical Properties, Fracture Toughness row
  - benchmark: thermal_shock_dt
    label: Thermal shock resistance, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ)
    value: 500
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)
      test: not printed on the datasheet
    method: Rating from a manufacturer datasheet; the test method is not printed
    status: ground
    source: morgan-mgpsz
    where: Physical Properties, Thermal Shock Resistance, delta T row
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 20 °C
    value: 3.05
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: not printed on the datasheet
      unit_in_source: W/m-K
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: morgan-mgpsz
    where: Physical Properties, Thermal Conductivity row, 20 °C column
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Thermal expansion, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 25 to 400 °C
    value: 9.9
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)
      temperature_range: 25 to 400 °C
      test: not printed on the datasheet
      unit_in_source: x10-6 mm/mm/°C
    method: Coefficient from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: morgan-mgpsz
    where: Physical Properties, Thermal Expansion Coefficient row, 25-400 °C column
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 20 °C
    value: 0.47
    unit: J/(g·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: not printed on the datasheet
      unit_in_source: J/g-K
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: morgan-mgpsz
    where: Physical Properties, Specific Heat row
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia
    value: 5.7
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: DIN EN ISO 18754
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet; the sheet prints a minimum (printed as >= 5.70), so 5.7 is the minimum
    status: ground
    source: kyocera-fzm
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, Density row
  - benchmark: flexural_strength
    label: Flexural strength, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia
    value: 500
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: DIN EN 843-1, four-point bending
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet; the sheet says the values apply only to the test specimens (DIN 60672-2 note)
    status: ground
    source: kyocera-fzm
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, Flexural strength row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Elastic modulus, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia
    value: 207
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)
      test: EN 843-2, dynamic
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet; the sheet prints the dynamic basis only, so it is not a static modulus
    status: ground
    source: kyocera-fzm
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, Young's modulus row (dynamic)
  - benchmark: poissons_ratio
    label: Poisson ratio, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia
    value: 0.31
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)
      test: EN 843-2, resonance
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: kyocera-fzm
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, Poisson's ratio row
  - benchmark: fracture_toughness
    label: Fracture toughness, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia
    value: 6.3
    unit: MPa√m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)
      test: DIN EN ISO 23146, SEVNB
      unit_in_source: MPa m^0.5 (the exponent is printed beside the value)
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: kyocera-fzm
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, Fracture toughness row (SEVNB)
  - benchmark: compressive_strength
    label: Compressive strength, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia
    value: 2000
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)
      test: DIN ISO 17162
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: kyocera-fzm
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, Compressive strength row
  - benchmark: vickers_hardness
    label: Vickers hardness HV1.0, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia
    value: 12
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)
      load: HV 1.0
      test: DIN EN ISO 14705, procedure A
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: kyocera-fzm
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, Vickers hardness row
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Maximum service temperature, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia
    value: 900
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)
      environment: in air
    method: Rating from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: kyocera-fzm
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, Maximum service temperature row (in air)
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Thermal expansion, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia, 20 to 500 °C
    value: 10.4
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)
      temperature_range: 20 to 500 °C
      test: DIN EN ISO 17562
      unit_in_source: 10-6/K
    method: Mean coefficient from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: kyocera-fzm
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, Mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion row, 20-500 °C
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia, 20 °C
    value: 400
    unit: J/(kg·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: DIN EN 821-3
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: kyocera-fzm
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, Specific heat capacity row
  - benchmark: thermal_shock_dt
    label: Thermal shock resistance, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia
    value: 250
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)
      test: DIN EN 820-3, R1, type A, in water
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: kyocera-fzm
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, Thermal shock resistance row
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia, 500 °C
    value: 2.3
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)
      temperature: 500 °C
      test: DIN EN ISO 18755
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: kyocera-fzm
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, Thermal conductivity row, 500 °C
  - benchmark: dielectric_strength
    label: Dielectric strength, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia
    value: 30
    unit: kV/mm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)
      test: DIN EN 60243-1
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet; the sheet prints a value above 30 (printed as > 30), so 30 is the lower bound
    status: ground
    source: kyocera-fzm
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, Dielectric strength row
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, CoorsTek ZTA column (zirconia-toughened alumina)
    value: 4.01
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column
      temperature: room temperature (chart note 1)
      test: ASTM C20
      unit_in_source: gm/cc
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Properties table, Density row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column (the 11th numeric column)
  - benchmark: flexural_strength
    label: Flexural strength, CoorsTek ZTA column
    value: 450
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: ASTM F417 (modulus of rupture, as printed)
      unit_in_source: MPa (psi x 10^3)
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Properties table, Flexural Strength (MOR) row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Elastic modulus, CoorsTek ZTA column
    value: 360
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: ASTM C848
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Properties table, Elastic Modulus row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column
  - benchmark: fracture_toughness
    label: Fracture toughness, CoorsTek ZTA column
    value: 5
    value_high: 6
    unit: MPa√m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column
      temperature: room temperature (chart note 1)
      test: notched beam, K(Ic) as printed
      unit_in_source: Mpa m1/2 (printed as 5-6)
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart; printed as a range
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Properties table, Fracture Toughness row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column
  - benchmark: knoop_hardness
    label: Knoop hardness, CoorsTek ZTA column
    value: 14.4
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column
      load: 1000 gm, as printed (KNOOP 1000 gm)
      test: Knoop indentation, as printed
      unit_in_source: GPa (kg/mm2)
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Hardness, KNOOP 1000 gm row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column
  - benchmark: compressive_strength
    label: Compressive strength, CoorsTek ZTA column
    value: 2900
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: ASTM C773
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Properties table, Compressive Strength row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, CoorsTek ZTA column
    value: 27
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: ASTM C408
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Thermal expansion, CoorsTek ZTA column
    value: 8.3
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column
      temperature_range: 25 to 1000 °C
      test: ASTM C372
      unit_in_source: 1 x 10-6/°C
    method: Mean coefficient from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Properties table, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Maximum use temperature, CoorsTek ZTA column
    value: 1500
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column
      load: 'no load on the part (chart: NO-LOAD COND.)'
      test: chart rating
    method: Rating from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Properties table, Maximum Use Temperature row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column
  - benchmark: thermal_shock_dt
    label: Thermal shock temperature difference, CoorsTek ZTA column
    value: 300
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column
      test: quenched into water from elevated temperature (chart note 3)
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Thermal Shock Resistance row (note 3), Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat, CoorsTek ZTA column
    value: 885
    unit: J/(kg·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column
      temperature: 100 °C
      test: ASTM E1269
      unit_in_source: J/kg*K
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Thermal Specific Heat row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column
  - benchmark: dielectric_constant
    label: Dielectric constant, CoorsTek ZTA column
    value: 10.6
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column
      frequency: 1 MHz
      temperature: 25 °C
      test: ASTM D150
    method: Typical value from a manufacturer property chart
    status: ground
    source: coors-chart
    where: Dielectric Constant row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density minimum, CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (alumina with 9 wt% zirconia)
    value: 4
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (90 wt% Al2O3, 9 wt% ZrO2)
      test: DIN EN 993-1
    method: Minimum value as printed in the datasheet (printed as >= 4.00)
    status: ground
    source: ceramtec-zta
    where: Physical Parameters table, Density row
  - benchmark: flexural_strength
    label: Bending strength minimum, CeramTec Rubalit ZTA
    value: 700
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (90 wt% Al2O3, 9 wt% ZrO2)
      temperature: 20 °C
      test: three-point bending, ASTM C1499-08
    method: Typical value as printed in the datasheet (printed as >= 700)
    status: ground
    source: ceramtec-zta
    where: Physical Parameters table, Bending strength sigma 0 row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Young's modulus minimum, CeramTec Rubalit ZTA
    value: 310
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (90 wt% Al2O3, 9 wt% ZrO2)
      test: ASTM C1250-15
    method: Typical value as printed in the datasheet (printed as >= 310)
    status: ground
    source: ceramtec-zta
    where: Physical Parameters table, Young's modulus row
  - benchmark: fracture_toughness
    label: Fracture toughness minimum, CeramTec Rubalit ZTA
    value: 3.5
    unit: MPa√m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (90 wt% Al2O3, 9 wt% ZrO2)
      test: IF method, as printed
    method: Typical value as printed in the datasheet (printed as >= 3.5)
    status: ground
    source: ceramtec-zta
    where: Physical Parameters table, Fracture toughness row
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, CeramTec Rubalit ZTA, room temperature
    value: 27
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (90 wt% Al2O3, 9 wt% ZrO2)
      temperature: room temperature (RT)
    method: Typical value as printed in the datasheet
    status: ground
    source: ceramtec-zta
    where: Physical Parameters table, Thermal conductivity row
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Thermal expansion, CeramTec Rubalit ZTA, 100 to 800 °C
    value: 6.9
    value_high: 10.3
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (90 wt% Al2O3, 9 wt% ZrO2)
      temperature_range: 100 to 800 °C
      test: DIN 51045-1
      unit_in_source: 10-6/K
    method: Typical value as printed in the datasheet, printed as a range
    status: ground
    source: ceramtec-zta
    where: Physical Parameters table, Coefficient of thermal expansion row
  - benchmark: dielectric_constant
    label: Dielectric constant, CeramTec Rubalit ZTA, 1 MHz
    value: 10.2
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (90 wt% Al2O3, 9 wt% ZrO2)
      frequency: 1 MHz
      temperature: room temperature (RT)
      test: ASTM D150
    method: Typical value as printed in the datasheet
    status: ground
    source: ceramtec-zta
    where: Physical Parameters table, Dielectric constant row
  - benchmark: vickers_hardness
    label: Vickers hardness HV, ATZ-B (2 % alumina), unaged
    value: 12
    uncertainty: ±0.8 GPa as printed
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ATZ-B, 2 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix
      test: Vickers hardness, as printed in Table 3
    method: Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples
    status: ground
    source: pmc-atz
    where: Table 3, Hardness HV row, ATZ-B column
  - benchmark: vickers_hardness
    label: Vickers hardness HV, ATZ-10 (11 % alumina), unaged
    value: 13.1
    uncertainty: ±2.6 GPa as printed
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ATZ-10, 11 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix
      test: Vickers hardness, as printed in Table 3
    method: Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples
    status: ground
    source: pmc-atz
    where: Table 3, Hardness HV row, ATZ-10 column
  - benchmark: vickers_hardness
    label: Vickers hardness HV, ATZ-20 (19 % alumina), unaged
    value: 13.8
    uncertainty: ±3.9 GPa as printed
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ATZ-20, 19 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix
      test: Vickers hardness, as printed in Table 3
    method: Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples
    status: ground
    source: pmc-atz
    where: Table 3, Hardness HV row, ATZ-20 column
  - benchmark: vickers_hardness
    label: Vickers hardness HV, 3Y-TZP reference (no alumina)
    value: 13.8
    uncertainty: ±3.0 GPa as printed
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 3Y-TZP reference material from the same paper (0 per cent alumina, Table 2)
      test: Vickers hardness, as printed in Table 3
    method: Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples
    status: ground
    source: pmc-atz
    where: Table 3, Hardness HV row, 3Y-TZP column
  - benchmark: fracture_toughness
    label: Fracture toughness K(IC), ATZ-B (2 % alumina), unaged
    value: 12.7
    uncertainty: ±0.8 MPa√m as printed
    unit: MPa√m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ATZ-B, 2 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix
      unit_in_source: MPa·m1/2
      test: as printed in Table 3
    method: Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples; the abstract calls it outstanding
    status: ground
    source: pmc-atz
    where: Table 3, K(IC) row, ATZ-B column
  - benchmark: fracture_toughness
    label: Fracture toughness K(IC), ATZ-10 (11 % alumina), unaged
    value: 9.8
    uncertainty: ±1.4 MPa√m as printed
    unit: MPa√m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ATZ-10, 11 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix
      unit_in_source: MPa·m1/2
      test: as printed in Table 3
    method: Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples
    status: ground
    source: pmc-atz
    where: Table 3, K(IC) row, ATZ-10 column
  - benchmark: fracture_toughness
    label: Fracture toughness K(IC), ATZ-20 (19 % alumina), unaged
    value: 10.9
    uncertainty: ±2.6 MPa√m as printed
    unit: MPa√m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ATZ-20, 19 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix
      unit_in_source: MPa·m1/2
      test: as printed in Table 3
    method: Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples
    status: ground
    source: pmc-atz
    where: Table 3, K(IC) row, ATZ-20 column
  - benchmark: fracture_toughness
    label: Fracture toughness K(IC), 3Y-TZP reference (no alumina)
    value: 5.1
    uncertainty: ±0.1 MPa√m as printed
    unit: MPa√m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 3Y-TZP reference material from the same paper (0 per cent alumina, Table 2)
      unit_in_source: MPa·m1/2
      test: as printed in Table 3
    method: Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples
    status: ground
    source: pmc-atz
    where: Table 3, K(IC) row, 3Y-TZP column
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Young's modulus, ATZ-B (2 % alumina), unaged
    value: 220
    uncertainty: ±10 GPa as printed
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ATZ-B, 2 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix
      test: as printed in Table 3
    method: Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples
    status: ground
    source: pmc-atz
    where: Table 3, Young's modulus row, ATZ-B column
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Young's modulus, ATZ-20 (19 % alumina), unaged
    value: 250
    uncertainty: ±15 GPa as printed
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ATZ-20, 19 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix
      test: as printed in Table 3
    method: Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples
    status: ground
    source: pmc-atz
    where: Table 3, Young's modulus row, ATZ-20 column
  - benchmark: flexural_strength
    label: Flexural strength, ATZ-B (2 % alumina), unaged
    value: 780
    uncertainty: ±50 MPa as printed
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ATZ-B, 2 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix
      test: four-point bending, as printed in Table 3
    method: Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples
    status: ground
    source: pmc-atz
    where: Table 3, Flexural strength row, ATZ-B column
  - benchmark: flexural_strength
    label: Flexural strength, ATZ-10 (11 % alumina), unaged
    value: 1000
    uncertainty: ±100 MPa as printed
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ATZ-10, 11 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix
      test: four-point bending, as printed in Table 3
    method: Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples
    status: ground
    source: pmc-atz
    where: Table 3, Flexural strength row, ATZ-10 column
  - benchmark: flexural_strength
    label: Flexural strength, ATZ-20 (19 % alumina), unaged
    value: 990
    uncertainty: ±100 MPa as printed
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ATZ-20, 19 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix
      test: four-point bending, as printed in Table 3
    method: Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples
    status: ground
    source: pmc-atz
    where: Table 3, Flexural strength row, ATZ-20 column
  - benchmark: flexural_strength
    label: Flexural strength, 3Y-TZP reference (no alumina), unaged
    value: 1040
    uncertainty: ±120 MPa as printed
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 3Y-TZP reference material from the same paper (0 per cent alumina, Table 2)
      test: four-point bending, as printed in Table 3
    method: Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples
    status: ground
    source: pmc-atz
    where: Table 3, Flexural strength row, 3Y-TZP column
  - benchmark: phase_transition_temperature
    label: Monoclinic to tetragonal transition on heating, unstabilised zirconia
    value: 1170
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: unstabilised zirconia (pure ZrO2)
      test: phase diagram and text, as printed
    method: Value printed in the NASA report text; name is not in the canonical list and is noted in gaps
    status: ground
    source: nasa-zirconia
    where: Overview of zirconia, text on cooling past 1170 °C and the phase relationships figure
  - benchmark: phase_transition_temperature
    label: Tetragonal to cubic transition, unstabilised zirconia
    value: 2370
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: unstabilised zirconia (pure ZrO2)
      test: phase diagram, as printed
    method: Value printed in the NASA report figure; name is not in the canonical list and is noted in gaps
    status: ground
    source: nasa-zirconia
    where: Overview of zirconia, phase relationships figure (Monoclinic, Tetragonal, Cubic, Liquid)
  - benchmark: transformation_strain
    label: Tetragonal to monoclinic strain, unstabilised zirconia
    value: 1.5
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: unstabilised zirconia (pure ZrO2)
      test: as printed in the NASA report
    method: Value printed in the NASA report text; name is not in the canonical list and is noted in gaps
    status: ground
    source: nasa-zirconia
    where: Overview of zirconia, text on the tetragonal-to-monoclinic strain
corrosion:
  - environment: Hot water or steam (hydrothermal ageing of ATZ composites, autoclave at 150 to 210 °C)
    headline: ATZ loses about 10 to 16 per cent flexural strength after hydrothermal ageing at 150 to 180 °C.
    effect: The paper reports flexural strength changes of -16.2%, -12.0% and -9.9% for ATZ-B, ATZ-10 and ATZ-20, in a sentence that compares a 180 °C 24 h run with a 150 °C 48 h run. All ATZ grades were badly affected after 210 °C 24 h. The monoclinic share rose in the 150 °C and 180 °C runs, but the paper concludes the transformation was mainly on the surface, so bulk strength held up at those temperatures.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      material: ATZ-B, ATZ-10 and ATZ-20 (2, 11 and 19 per cent alumina, Table 2) and a 3Y-TZP reference
      test: autoclave in water vapour, 150 to 210 °C, 24 to 72 h (Table 1)
      result: '-16.2%, -12.0% and -9.9% flexural strength change in the paper''s runs'
    source: pmc-atz
    where: Results, flexural strength after ageing (paragraph after Table 5); Table 1 autoclaving conditions
  - environment: Cooling through 1170 °C (unstabilised zirconia)
    headline: Pure zirconia breaks into powder on cooling through 1170 °C.
    effect: NASA describes the tetragonal-to-monoclinic change as a disruptive transformation with a strain of about 1.5 percent. It causes pieces of the material to break into powder from internal stresses.
    rating: severe
    conditions:
      material: unstabilised ZrO2, no stabiliser
      test: cooling from high temperature, as described in the NASA report
      result: monoclinic form below 1170 °C; tetragonal to monoclinic strain 1.5 percent
    source: nasa-zirconia
    where: Overview of zirconia, text on cooling past 1170 °C and the tetragonal-to-monoclinic strain
  - environment: Molten copper, brass and zinc in metal-forming tools (Morgan TS grade, Mg-PSZ)
    headline: Morgan lists excellent corrosion resistance for the Mg-PSZ TS grade; no number is printed.
    effect: Morgan's features list excellent corrosion resistance and recommends the grade where thermal shock and corrosion both matter, for dies used in hot copper and brass extrusion and for zinc coating steel sheet. No test standard, environment or rate is printed, so the rating is the supplier's claim.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      material: Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)
      test: not printed on the datasheet
      result: qualitative claim only
    source: morgan-mgpsz
    where: Prime Features and Typical Applications
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: PubChem reports zirconium dioxide as Not Classified under GHS, as not meeting GHS hazard criteria in 1040 of 1116 company reports.
      ghs: []
      source: pubchem-zro2
      where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 62395)
    - text: PubChem lists H319 (serious eye irritation) and H335 (may cause respiratory irritation) as GHS statements for magnesium oxide, the stabiliser of Mg-PSZ. Most company reports (1586 of 1807) find no GHS hazard.
      ghs:
        - H319
        - H335
      source: pubchem-mgo
      where: GHS Classification, Hazard Statements (CID 14792)
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Brittle fracture under tension or impact
      trigger: Tensile load or impact on a part with a flaw or sharp corner
      consequence: Fracture toughness is 15 MPa√m for the Morgan TS grade and 11 MPa√m for the CoorsTek MgO column (notched beam). ZTA is 5 to 6 MPa√m (CoorsTek) or 3.5 MPa√m minimum (CeramTec). A flaw or sharp corner lowers the load a ceramic part can carry.
      severity: moderate
      source: coors-chart
      where: Properties table, Fracture Toughness row, MgO and ZTA columns
    - mode: Thermal shock of a Mg-PSZ part
      trigger: Rapid heating or quenching of a part
      consequence: 'Thermal shock limits differ by test: Kyocera 250 °C (R1, type A, in water), CoorsTek MgO column 350 °C (DTc) and Morgan 500 °C (test not printed).'
      severity: moderate
      source: kyocera-fzm
      where: Thermal shock resistance row (DIN EN 820-3 R1, type A)
    - mode: Ageing in hot water or steam (ATZ)
      trigger: Long exposure to hot water or steam; the paper's ageing test is an autoclave at 150 to 210 °C
      consequence: The paper reports strength losses of 9.9 to 16.2 per cent after hydrothermal ageing of ATZ composites. The transformation was mainly at the surface in the 150 to 180 °C runs.
      severity: moderate
      source: pmc-atz
      where: Results, flexural strength after ageing
    - mode: Cracking of unstabilised zirconia on cooling
      trigger: Cooling through 1170 °C with no stabiliser
      consequence: The tetragonal-to-monoclinic change, about 1.5 percent strain, breaks pieces of the material into powder (NASA).
      severity: critical
      source: nasa-zirconia
      where: Overview of zirconia, text on the tetragonal-to-monoclinic strain
    - mode: Service above the rating
      trigger: Use above the stated limit, or above the load basis of the rating
      consequence: The ratings disagree. CoorsTek rates its MgO column 500 °C with no load and Kyocera rates its Mg-PSZ 900 °C in air. Morgan prints 360 MPa at 820 °C, which is a strength value and not a rating. Ask for the load basis before using any single figure.
      severity: high
      source: coors-chart
      where: Maximum Use Temperature row, MgO column; Kyocera maximum service temperature row
  side_effects:
    - text: In partly stabilised zirconia, tetragonal precipitates stay tetragonal only while they are small. Larger precipitates transform spontaneously on cooling (NASA, PSZ section).
      affects: 'Microstructure: precipitate size controls the transformation'
      source: nasa-zirconia
      where: Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) section
  handling:
    - text: Ask the supplier for values on the grade and the test standard. CoorsTek says its values vary with method of manufacture, size and shape of the part. Kyocera says its values apply only to the test specimens (DIN 60672-2 note).
      source: coors-chart
      where: Chart footnote on property values
    - text: 'Treat magnesia powder as an irritant: PubChem lists H319 and H335 for magnesium oxide notifications.'
      source: pubchem-mgo
      where: GHS Classification, Hazard Statements (CID 14792)
    - text: 'Avoid rapid heating or quenching: thermal shock limits are 250 °C (Kyocera R1), 350 °C (CoorsTek MgO column) and 500 °C (Morgan, test not printed).'
      source: kyocera-fzm
      where: Thermal shock resistance row
    - text: 'For ATZ, avoid long exposure to hot water or steam: the paper reports 9.9 to 16.2 per cent strength loss after autoclave ageing.'
      source: pmc-atz
      where: Results, flexural strength after ageing
  mitigations:
    - text: Ask the supplier for specified values for critical parts. CoorsTek says close control of most properties can be maintained if specified.
      source: coors-chart
      where: Chart footnote on property values
    - text: Use a stabilised grade (MgO here, Y2O3 for YSZ) rather than pure zirconia. NASA describes pure zirconia breaking into powder on cooling through 1170 °C.
      source: nasa-zirconia
      where: Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) section and transformation text
uses:
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Metal-forming dies and guide rollers (Mg-PSZ, Morgan TS grade)
    example: Morgan lists its TS grade for dies in hot copper and brass extrusion, guide rollers for welded tube production and zinc coating of steel sheet.
    source: morgan-mgpsz
    where: Typical Applications
  - application: electronics-and-chips
    device: Power-module substrate (CeramTec Rubalit ZTA)
    example: CeramTec describes its Rubalit ZTA as a substrate for power modules, mainly for vehicle electrification, and says it gives higher bending strength than alumina for thick copper metallisation (DBC).
    source: ceramtec-zta
    where: Key advantages and Mainly used in automotive applications
supply:
  - subject: Zirconium (from zircon concentrate, shared with zirconia-ysz)
    abundance: 'USGS: world reserves of zirconium, as ZrO2 content, are more than 70,000 thousand metric tons; reserves for Australia, China, Indonesia and South Africa are reported separately.'
    producers:
      - country: Australia
        share_percent: 33.3
        year: 2025
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 22.5
        year: 2025
      - country: Mozambique
        share_percent: 13.3
        year: 2025
      - country: China
        share_percent: 8.3
        year: 2025
      - country: Senegal
        share_percent: 5.8
        year: 2025
      - country: Indonesia
        share_percent: 4.3
        year: 2025
      - country: Madagascar
        share_percent: 2.2
        year: 2025
      - country: Sierra Leone
        share_percent: 2.1
        year: 2025
      - country: Other countries
        share_percent: 3.3
        year: 2025
    recycling: 'USGS: companies in Oregon and Utah recycled zirconium from new scrap generated during metal production; refractories are often recycled but could not be quantified.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: chromite and olivine can substitute for zircon in some foundry applications; dolomite and spinel refractories can substitute in certain high-temperature applications.'
    source: usgs-zrhf
    where: 'World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (thousand metric tons, ZrO2 content); shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the printed 2025e world total of 1,200 thousand t, with the United States line not used; Recycling; Substitutes; Import sources 2021 to 2024 for zirconium ores and concentrates: South Africa 48%, Australia 35%, Senegal 15%, other 2%.'
  - subject: Magnesium oxide (the stabiliser of Mg-PSZ)
    abundance: 'USGS: world magnesite mine production was about 21,000 thousand metric tons in 2025e (gross weight), and world magnesite reserves are 7,800,000 thousand tons; magnesium compounds can also be recovered from seawater, brines and serpentine.'
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 60.5
        year: 2025
      - country: Brazil
        share_percent: 8.6
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 8.1
        year: 2025
      - country: Turkey
        share_percent: 7.6
        year: 2025
      - country: Austria
        share_percent: 3.1
        year: 2025
    recycling: 'USGS: some magnesia-based refractories are recycled as construction aggregate, reused in refractory, and as foundry sand.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: alumina, chromite and silica substitute for magnesia in some refractory applications.'
    source: usgs-mgcomp
    where: 'World Magnesite Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (gross weight); shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the printed 2025e world total of 21,000 thousand t; Substitutes; Import sources 2021 to 2024 for dead-burned and fused magnesia: China 69%, Brazil 17%, other 14%.'
  - subject: Alumina (the matrix of ZTA and the toughening phase of ATZ)
    abundance: 'USGS: bauxite is the only raw material used for alumina on a commercial scale in the United States; global bauxite resources are estimated at 55 billion to 75 billion tons.'
    producers:
      - country: China
        year: 2025
      - country: Australia
        year: 2025
      - country: Brazil
        year: 2025
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: silicon carbide and alumina zirconia can substitute for alumina and bauxite in some refractory uses.'
    source: usgs-bauxite
    where: 'Alumina production table, 2025e column (thousand metric tons, as printed: China 93,000; Australia 17,000; Brazil 11,000; no shares calculated because the world total was not read cleanly); Substitutes; resources statement in World Resources.'
documents:
  - title: CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard chart, 8510-1042 Rev. J (copy hosted by the University of Chicago)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf
    year: 2008
  - title: Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (2025)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf
    year: 2025
  - title: 'Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade (Mg-PSZ, 3.5 wt% MgO)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf
    year: 2013
  - title: 'CeramTec material data sheet: Rubalit ZTA (zirconia-toughened alumina substrate)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.ceramtec-group.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Corporate/11_Downloads/12_Substrate/CeramTec_Substrates_Datasheet_ZTA.pdf
    year: 2025
  - title: Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content (Materials 14(21), 6418)
    type: paper
    url: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/
    year: 2021
  - title: NASA TP-2286, Overview of Zirconia With Respect to Gas Turbine Applications
    type: report
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19840013672
    year: 1984
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Zirconium and Hafnium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-zirconium-hafnium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Magnesium Compounds'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-magnesium-compounds.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Bauxite and Alumina'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-bauxite-alumina.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Magnesium oxide (CID 14792), GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14792
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Zirconium dioxide (CID 62395), GHS classification and identifiers'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/62395
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - 'Unstabilised zirconia: no density, hardness or modulus was read on a page in this run. The 5.83 g/cm3 monoclinic density could not be verified, and the 3 to 6 percent volume-change figures found in patents and forums were not used.'
  - 'Unstabilised zirconia: the transition temperatures and the 1.5 percent strain come from one NASA report (1984). Their names (phase_transition_temperature, transformation_strain) are not in the canonical list and need a canonical entry before import.'
  - 'ATZ: only one paper gives numbers, and it is the 2021 Materials study of three 3Y-TZP and alumina composites. No manufacturer ATZ (zirconia-matrix) datasheet with a single set of values was found, and the 3Y-TZP plus 20 wt% alumina search found no open dense-sintered table.'
  - 'ATZ: the paper gives alumina content as 2, 11 and 19 per cent (Table 2) while the text names ATZ-10 and ATZ-20 as 10 and 20 vol% nominal, so the grade labels are kept as printed.'
  - 'ATZ aging: the paper''s aging percentages are quoted from one sentence that mixes two runs. The 150 to 180 degree rows of Table 5 were not converted to phase fractions in this profile.'
  - 'ZTA: the CoorsTek ZTA column (450 MPa, 5 to 6 MPa√m) and the CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (700 MPa minimum, 3.5 MPa√m minimum) are different products and are not averaged. The STC ZTA chart (ceramics.net) returned an HTML stub and was not read.'
  - 'Mg-PSZ: CoorsTek''s MgO column does not print mol% MgO. Morgan''s 3.5 wt% MgO is the only composition read. Kyocera''s FZM does not print its MgO content.'
  - 'Mg-PSZ: Kyocera prints its modulus only as dynamic (207 GPa, 2025 sheet). No static modulus was read on a page in this run.'
  - 'Mg-PSZ corrosion: no numeric corrosion or ageing data were found for Mg-PSZ. The Morgan entry is a supplier claim only.'
  - Weibull modulus (Kyocera above 15, Morgan above 30) and electrical resistivity (printed as exponents) are not entered.
  - 'Critical-mineral lists: the EU and US lists were not re-read in this run for magnesium or alumina. Zirconium is carried over from zirconia-ysz.yaml. No critical list is recorded for these subjects.'
  - Atomic weights are not entered in the recipe, since no fetched page prints them for this record.
  - Hazard data rest on PubChem; no supplier safety data sheet for Mg-PSZ, ATZ or ZTA powder was opened.
  - 'Designations: only Mg-PSZ is printed as a name on a source read in this run. No UNS, EN or DIN code was found for these grades.'
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 77
  unreachable: 3
  caveats: 4
  note: 'Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from pages fetched in this run: CoorsTek chart (MgO and ZTA columns), Kyocera FZM 2025 sheet, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade datasheet, CeramTec Rubalit ZTA datasheet, the Materials 2021 ATZ paper (PMC8585464), NASA TP-2286 (NTRS 19840013672), USGS MCS 2026 zirconium and hafnium, magnesium compounds and bauxite and alumina chapters, and PubChem CIDs 14792 and 62395. Unreachable in this run: STC ZTA chart (ceramics.net stub), IPEN ATZ PDF (not downloaded), UCTM 2017 zirconia paper (not downloaded). Caveats: CoorsTek does not print the MgO mol%; ATZ values come from one paper; ZTA sources differ in composition; unstabilised zirconia has only NASA values.'
sources:
  coors-chart:
    title: CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)
    id: CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008
    url: https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf
    year: 2008
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier document, linked not reproduced
  kyocera-fzm:
    title: Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia
    id: KYOCERA Fineceramics Europe GmbH, FZM, February 2025
    url: https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf
    year: 2025
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier document, linked not reproduced
  morgan-mgpsz:
    title: 'Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade'
    id: Morgan Advanced Materials, copyright 2013
    url: https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf
    year: 2013
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier document, linked not reproduced
  ceramtec-zta:
    title: 'CeramTec material data sheet: Rubalit ZTA (zirconia-toughened alumina)'
    id: CA240153/EN/100/2503/IM, CeramTec GmbH 2025
    url: https://www.ceramtec-group.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Corporate/11_Downloads/12_Substrate/CeramTec_Substrates_Datasheet_ZTA.pdf
    year: 2025
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier document, linked not reproduced
  pmc-atz:
    title: Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content
    id: doi:10.3390/ma14216418 (Materials 14(21), 2021, open access)
    url: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/
    year: 2021
    kind: paper
    license: open access, as printed on the page
  nasa-zirconia:
    title: 'NASA TP-2286: Overview of Zirconia With Respect to Gas Turbine Applications'
    id: NASA Technical Paper 2286, March 1984; NTRS 19840013672
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19840013672
    year: 1984
    kind: report
    license: US government work
  usgs-zrhf:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Zirconium and Hafnium'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-zirconium-hafnium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-mgcomp:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Magnesium Compounds'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-magnesium-compounds.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-bauxite:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Bauxite and Alumina'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-bauxite-alumina.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  pubchem-mgo:
    title: PubChem compound record, Magnesium oxide (CID 14792)
    id: CID 14792
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14792
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: public domain (NCBI)
  pubchem-zro2:
    title: PubChem compound record, Zirconium dioxide (CID 62395)
    id: CID 62395; CAS 1314-23-4
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/62395
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: public domain (NCBI)
story:
  recipe:
    line: Zirconium dioxide with magnesia (MgO) added as the stabiliser. Morgan's TS grade comprises 3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2. NASA says partially stabilised zirconia is made by hot pressing zirconia powder or by sintering a mechanical mixture of pure zirconia and stabiliser, and the stabiliser is added in an amount too small to keep the whole ceramic cubic on cooling.
    parts:
      - name: Zirconium
        symbol: Zr
        share_note: 1 per formula unit of ZrO2 (Morgan datasheet)
        role: The host metal. Each formula unit has one zirconium bonded to oxygen.
      - name: Oxygen
        symbol: O
        share_note: 2 per formula unit of ZrO2 (Morgan datasheet)
        role: Two oxygen per zirconium make the oxide lattice.
      - name: Magnesium
        symbol: Mg
        share_note: 3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2 (Morgan TS grade)
        role: The stabiliser. MgO keeps most of the zirconia cubic and leaves tetragonal precipitates that toughen the ceramic (NASA).
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 0
      verdict: Mostly not classified hazardous
      lead: PubChem classes zirconium dioxide as not hazardous in most reports. Magnesium oxide carries eye and respiratory codes in some notifications.
      points:
        - label: Zirconium dioxide
          line: PubChem's GHS entry reads Not Classified. 1040 of 1116 company reports say it does not meet GHS hazard criteria.
        - label: Magnesia powder
          line: PubChem lists H319 and H335 for magnesium oxide notifications. Most company reports find no GHS hazard (1586 of 1807).
    - title: If it fails
      lead: These results come from manufacturer tests and one cited ageing study, not from incidents in service.
      points:
        - label: Cracking
          line: Toughness is 15 MPa√m for the Morgan TS grade and 11 MPa√m for the CoorsTek MgO column. ZTA is 3.5 MPa√m minimum (CeramTec). Ceramics break by crack growth, so flaws and sharp corners set the risk.
        - label: Ageing in steam
          line: ATZ strength falls 9.9 to 16.2 per cent after the paper's autoclave runs, and the 2021 paper reports a surface-only transformation at 150 to 180 °C.
        - label: Pure zirconia
          line: NASA says unstabilised zirconia breaks into powder on cooling through 1170 °C.
        - label: Thermal shock
          line: Kyocera lists 250 °C (R1, in water) for its Mg-PSZ, CoorsTek 350 °C for the MgO column and Morgan 500 °C for the TS grade.
    - title: Handling and storage
      gap: No supplier safety data sheet for Mg-PSZ, ATZ or ZTA powder was opened in this run.
      points:
        - label: Powder
          line: 'Treat magnesia powder as an irritant: PubChem lists H319 and H335 for magnesium oxide.'
        - label: Supplier values
          line: CoorsTek says its values vary with the method of manufacture, size and shape of the part. Kyocera says its values apply only to test specimens.
  why: 'Magnesia-stabilised zirconia (Mg-PSZ) is partly stabilised. MgO keeps most of the zirconia cubic, and tetragonal precipitates in that matrix transform under stress and toughen the ceramic (NASA). ATZ and ZTA are two-phase composites: ATZ is a zirconia matrix with alumina particles, and ZTA is an alumina matrix with zirconia. Unstabilised zirconia has no stabiliser and breaks up on cooling through 1170 °C, so it is used only with a stabiliser or in a composite. Yttria-stabilised zirconia (zirconia-ysz.yaml) is fully tetragonal with 3 mol% yttria, so the difference from Mg-PSZ is the stabiliser and the microstructure.'
  uses:
    - where: Metal-forming dies and guide rollers
      line: Morgan lists its Mg-PSZ TS grade for dies used in hot copper and brass extrusion, guide rollers for welded tube and zinc coating of steel sheet.
    - where: Power-module substrates
      line: CeramTec lists its Rubalit ZTA for power modules, mainly for vehicle electrification, with a bending strength of 700 MPa minimum.
  can_do:
    - label: Strength
      value: 650 MPa
      line: Morgan's TS grade has a flexural strength of 650 MPa at 20 °C and 360 MPa at 820 °C. CoorsTek's MgO column reads 900 MPa, and Kyocera's FZM reads 500 MPa.
    - label: Toughness
      value: 15 MPa√m
      line: Morgan lists 15 MPa√m for the TS grade. CoorsTek lists 11 MPa√m for its MgO column (notched beam).
    - label: Thermal shock
      value: 500 °C
      line: Morgan's TS grade lists a thermal shock resistance of 500 °C (test not printed). CoorsTek's MgO column is 350 °C (DTc).
    - label: Heat
      value: 900 °C
      line: Kyocera rates its Mg-PSZ at 900 °C maximum service in air.
    - label: Hardness
      value: 11.8 GPa
      line: CoorsTek lists a Knoop hardness of 11.8 GPa for its MgO column. Morgan lists 1020 HV0.3 (kg/mm2) for the TS grade.
  compare: The grades are not interchangeable. Morgan's Mg-PSZ TS grade (650 MPa, 15 MPa√m, 5.74 g/cm3) and CoorsTek's MgO column (900 MPa, 11 MPa√m, 5.72 g/cm3) bracket the Mg-PSZ strength range. The ATZ composites in the 2021 paper give 780 to 1000 MPa mean bending and 9.8 to 12.7 MPa√m toughness, against 1040 MPa and 5.1 MPa√m for the 3Y-TZP reference. ZTA is much lighter at 4.01 g/cm3 (CoorsTek) and is tougher than the CoorsTek alumina grades (4 to 5 MPa√m), but its toughness is only 5 to 6 MPa√m (CoorsTek) or 3.5 MPa√m minimum (CeramTec). Unstabilised zirconia is not comparable, because its room-temperature form breaks on cooling.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Flexural strength
      benchmark: flexural_strength
    - label: Fracture toughness
      benchmark: fracture_toughness
    - label: Maximum use temperature
      benchmark: max_service_temp
  handling:
    - 'Read the supplier''s values for the grade: CoorsTek says values vary with the method of manufacture, size and shape of the part, and Kyocera says its values apply only to the test specimens.'
    - 'Treat magnesia powder as an irritant: PubChem lists H319 and H335 for magnesium oxide notifications.'
    - 'Avoid rapid heating or quenching: thermal shock limits are 250 °C (Kyocera), 350 °C (CoorsTek MgO column) and 500 °C (Morgan).'
    - 'For ATZ, avoid long exposure to hot water or steam: the paper reports 9.9 to 16.2 per cent strength loss after autoclave ageing.'
  good_for:
    - Thermal-cycling tools. Morgan lists dies for hot copper and brass extrusion and guide rollers for welded tube, for its Mg-PSZ TS grade.
    - Tough ceramic parts that must beat alumina on toughness. Mg-PSZ reaches 11 to 15 MPa√m; ZTA reaches 3.5 MPa√m minimum.
    - Power-module substrates. CeramTec's Rubalit ZTA is aimed at vehicle electrification and gives 700 MPa minimum bending.
  watch_out:
    - Hot water and steam for ATZ. The paper reports 9.9 to 16.2 per cent strength loss after autoclave ageing.
    - Unstabilised zirconia. It breaks into powder on cooling through 1170 °C (NASA), so it should not be used alone.
    - Conflicting ratings. CoorsTek's MgO column is rated 500 °C with no load, while Kyocera rates its Mg-PSZ 900 °C in air.
    - Test basis. Morgan's values are indicative and not guaranteed; Kyocera's values apply only to test specimens.
  verdict: Mg-PSZ is the thermal-shock choice of this group, ATZ is the strength-and-toughness composite with an ageing caveat, and ZTA is the light alumina-based option for power modules. Pure zirconia is not usable alone. The unstabilised zirconia entry has only transition and strain values from NASA, so its density and modulus are still missing.