{ "spore": "profile", "id": "zirconia-msz-atz", "spore_version": "0.2", "family": "oxide-ceramics", "name": "Magnesia-stabilised zirconia and other zirconia grades", "abbreviation": "Mg-PSZ, ATZ, ZTA", "role": "structural ceramic", "category": "ceramics", "type": "oxides", "summary": "This profile covers the zirconia grades that are not yttria-stabilised. Magnesia-stabilised zirconia (Mg-PSZ) is zirconium dioxide with about 3.5 wt% MgO. It is a partly stabilised zirconia: MgO keeps a cubic matrix, and tetragonal precipitates in it transform under stress and toughen the ceramic. Morgan's TS grade reads 650 MPa and 15 MPa√m; CoorsTek's MgO column reads 900 MPa and 11 MPa√m. Alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ) is a zirconia matrix with alumina particles (2 to 19 per cent in the 2021 Materials paper). It reaches 12.7 MPa√m for its lowest-alumina grade and 1000 MPa mean bending for its 11 per cent grade. Zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) is the reverse, an alumina matrix with about 9 wt% zirconia. Ceramtec's Rubalit ZTA gives 700 MPa minimum bending and 3.5 MPa√m minimum toughness. Unstabilised zirconia has no stabiliser. NASA reports that it is monoclinic at room temperature and that it breaks into powder as it cools through 1170 °C. The difference from yttria-stabilised zirconia (zirconia-ysz.yaml) is the stabiliser and the microstructure. YSZ is fully tetragonal with 3 mol% yttria. Mg-PSZ keeps part of the zirconia cubic, and ATZ and ZTA are two-phase composites.\n", "best_for": "Thermal-cycling tools and rollers (Morgan TS grade: 650 MPa, 15 MPa√m and 500 thermal shock) and light alumina-based substrates (ZTA)", "weakest_at": "Unstabilised zirconia cracks on cooling through 1170 °C; ATZ loses 9.9 to 16.2 per cent strength in hot autoclave ageing; strength falls with temperature (Morgan TS grade: 650 MPa at 20 °C, 360 MPa at 820 °C)", "identity": { "formula": "ZrO2 with about 3.5 wt% MgO (Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade); Mg-PSZ is partly stabilised zirconia with MgO", "cas": "1314-23-4", "designations": [ { "system": "Name", "code": "Mg-PSZ", "source": "kyocera-fzm", "where": "Material Type line: Magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ) (ZrO2, MgO)" } ], "source": "pubchem-zro2", "where": "PubChem CID 62395, zirconium dioxide: CAS 1314-23-4 is the number for the host oxide; the stabilised ceramic has no separate CAS in the sources read. MgO content 3.5 wt% from the Morgan datasheet (Description). Kyocera's FZM sheet names the material as magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (ZrO2, MgO)." }, "tags": { "environments": [], "stresses": [ "extreme-heat" ], "applications": [ "mechanisms", "electronics-and-chips" ] }, "properties": [ { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "value": 5.72, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "temperature": "room temperature (chart note 1)", "test": "ASTM C20", "unit_in_source": "gm/cc" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Density row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column (the 12th of the 19 numeric columns)", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "value": 900, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "ASTM F417 (modulus of rupture, as printed)", "unit_in_source": "MPa (psi x 10^3)" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Flexural Strength (MOR) row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Elastic modulus, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "value": 200, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "ASTM C848", "unit_in_source": "GPa (psi x 10^6)" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Elastic Modulus row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "poissons_ratio", "label": "Poisson ratio, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "value": 0.3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "ASTM C848" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Poisson's Ratio row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column (printed as 0.30)", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "compressive_strength", "label": "Compressive strength, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "value": 1750, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "ASTM C773", "unit_in_source": "MPa (psi x 10^3)" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Compressive Strength row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "knoop_hardness", "label": "Knoop hardness, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "value": 11.8, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "load": "1000 gm, as printed (KNOOP 1000 gm)", "test": "Knoop indentation, as printed", "unit_in_source": "GPa (kg/mm2)" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Hardness, KNOOP 1000 gm row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column (printed as 11.8 (1200))", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "fracture_toughness", "label": "Fracture toughness, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "value": 11, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa√m", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "temperature": "room temperature (chart note 1)", "test": "notched beam, K(Ic) as printed", "unit_in_source": "Mpa m1/2" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Fracture Toughness row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "label": "Thermal conductivity, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "value": 2.2, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/(m·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "ASTM C408", "unit_in_source": "W/m K" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Thermal expansion, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "value": 10.2, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ppm/K", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "temperature_range": "25 to 1000 °C", "test": "ASTM C372", "unit_in_source": "1 x 10-6/°C" }, "method": "Mean coefficient from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "max_service_temp", "label": "Maximum use temperature, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "value": 500, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "load": "no load on the part (chart: NO-LOAD COND.)", "test": "chart rating" }, "method": "Rating from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "note": "Kyocera rates its Mg-PSZ at 900 °C in air. The basis of each rating is different, so the two are not compared as one scale.", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Maximum Use Temperature row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_shock_dt", "label": "Thermal shock temperature difference, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "value": 350, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "test": "quenched into water from elevated temperature; DTc is the step where flexural strength falls sharply (chart note 3)" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Thermal Shock Resistance row (note 3), MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "specific_heat", "label": "Specific heat, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "value": 400, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/(kg·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "temperature": "100 °C", "test": "ASTM E1269", "unit_in_source": "J/kg*K" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Thermal Specific Heat row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "dielectric_strength", "label": "Dielectric strength, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "value": 9.4, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kV/mm", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "test": "ASTM D116, ac", "sample": "samples 0.25 inch thick (chart note 5)", "unit_in_source": "ac-kV/mm (ac V/mil)" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Dielectric Strength row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column (printed as 9.4 (240))", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "dielectric_constant", "label": "Dielectric constant, CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "value": 28, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "frequency": "1 MHz", "temperature": "25 °C", "test": "ASTM D150" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Dielectric Constant row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "dissipation_factor", "label": "Dielectric loss (tan delta), CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "value": 0.001, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek MgO partially stabilised zirconia column", "frequency": "1 MHz", "temperature": "25 °C", "test": "ASTM D150" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Dielectric Loss (tan delta) row, MgO Partially Stabilized Zirconia column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ)", "value": 5.74, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "not printed on the datasheet" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet; the datasheet says values are based on test pieces, are not guaranteed and are for guidance only", "status": "ground", "source": "morgan-mgpsz", "where": "Physical Properties, Density row (20 °C)", "source_detail": { "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade", "id": "Morgan Advanced Materials, copyright 2013", "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 20 °C", "value": 650, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "not printed on the datasheet" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet; the datasheet says values are for guidance only", "status": "ground", "source": "morgan-mgpsz", "where": "Physical Properties, Flexural Strength row, 20 °C column", "source_detail": { "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade", "id": "Morgan Advanced Materials, copyright 2013", "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 820 °C", "value": 360, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)", "temperature": "820 °C", "test": "not printed on the datasheet" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet; the datasheet says values are for guidance only", "status": "ground", "source": "morgan-mgpsz", "where": "Physical Properties, Flexural Strength row, 820 °C column", "source_detail": { "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade", "id": "Morgan Advanced Materials, copyright 2013", "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 20 °C", "value": 390, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "not printed on the datasheet" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "morgan-mgpsz", "where": "Physical Properties, Tensile Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade", "id": "Morgan Advanced Materials, copyright 2013", "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "compressive_strength", "label": "Compressive strength, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 20 °C", "value": 1800, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "not printed on the datasheet" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "morgan-mgpsz", "where": "Physical Properties, Compressive Strength row, 20 °C column", "source_detail": { "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade", "id": "Morgan Advanced Materials, copyright 2013", "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Elastic modulus, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 20 °C", "value": 205, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "not printed on the datasheet" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "morgan-mgpsz", "where": "Physical Properties, Modulus of Elasticity row", "source_detail": { "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade", "id": "Morgan Advanced Materials, copyright 2013", "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "poissons_ratio", "label": "Poisson ratio, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 20 °C", "value": 0.31, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "not printed on the datasheet" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "morgan-mgpsz", "where": "Physical Properties, Poisson's Ratio row", "source_detail": { "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade", "id": "Morgan Advanced Materials, copyright 2013", "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "vickers_hardness", "label": "Vickers hardness HV0.3, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ)", "value": 1020, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kg/mm2", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)", "load": "HV0.3 as printed", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "not printed on the datasheet" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "morgan-mgpsz", "where": "Physical Properties, Hardness HV0.3 row", "source_detail": { "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade", "id": "Morgan Advanced Materials, copyright 2013", "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "fracture_toughness", "label": "Fracture toughness, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 20 °C", "value": 15, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa√m", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "not printed on the datasheet", "unit_in_source": "MPa√m" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "morgan-mgpsz", "where": "Physical Properties, Fracture Toughness row", "source_detail": { "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade", "id": "Morgan Advanced Materials, copyright 2013", "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_shock_dt", "label": "Thermal shock resistance, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ)", "value": 500, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)", "test": "not printed on the datasheet" }, "method": "Rating from a manufacturer datasheet; the test method is not printed", "status": "ground", "source": "morgan-mgpsz", "where": "Physical Properties, Thermal Shock Resistance, delta T row", "source_detail": { "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade", "id": "Morgan Advanced Materials, copyright 2013", "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "label": "Thermal conductivity, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 20 °C", "value": 3.05, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/(m·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "not printed on the datasheet", "unit_in_source": "W/m-K" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "morgan-mgpsz", "where": "Physical Properties, Thermal Conductivity row, 20 °C column", "source_detail": { "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade", "id": "Morgan Advanced Materials, copyright 2013", "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Thermal expansion, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 25 to 400 °C", "value": 9.9, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ppm/K", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)", "temperature_range": "25 to 400 °C", "test": "not printed on the datasheet", "unit_in_source": "x10-6 mm/mm/°C" }, "method": "Coefficient from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "morgan-mgpsz", "where": "Physical Properties, Thermal Expansion Coefficient row, 25-400 °C column", "source_detail": { "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade", "id": "Morgan Advanced Materials, copyright 2013", "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "specific_heat", "label": "Specific heat, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (Mg-PSZ), 20 °C", "value": 0.47, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/(g·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "not printed on the datasheet", "unit_in_source": "J/g-K" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "morgan-mgpsz", "where": "Physical Properties, Specific Heat row", "source_detail": { "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade", "id": "Morgan Advanced Materials, copyright 2013", "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia", "value": 5.7, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "DIN EN ISO 18754" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet; the sheet prints a minimum (printed as >= 5.70), so 5.7 is the minimum", "status": "ground", "source": "kyocera-fzm", "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, Density row", "source_detail": { "title": "Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia", "id": "KYOCERA Fineceramics Europe GmbH, FZM, February 2025", "url": "https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia", "value": 500, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "DIN EN 843-1, four-point bending" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet; the sheet says the values apply only to the test specimens (DIN 60672-2 note)", "status": "ground", "source": "kyocera-fzm", "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, Flexural strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia", "id": "KYOCERA Fineceramics Europe GmbH, FZM, February 2025", "url": "https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Elastic modulus, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia", "value": 207, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)", "test": "EN 843-2, dynamic" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet; the sheet prints the dynamic basis only, so it is not a static modulus", "status": "ground", "source": "kyocera-fzm", "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, Young's modulus row (dynamic)", "source_detail": { "title": "Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia", "id": "KYOCERA Fineceramics Europe GmbH, FZM, February 2025", "url": "https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "poissons_ratio", "label": "Poisson ratio, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia", "value": 0.31, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)", "test": "EN 843-2, resonance" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "kyocera-fzm", "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, Poisson's ratio row", "source_detail": { "title": "Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia", "id": "KYOCERA Fineceramics Europe GmbH, FZM, February 2025", "url": "https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "fracture_toughness", "label": "Fracture toughness, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia", "value": 6.3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa√m", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)", "test": "DIN EN ISO 23146, SEVNB", "unit_in_source": "MPa m^0.5 (the exponent is printed beside the value)" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "kyocera-fzm", "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, Fracture toughness row (SEVNB)", "source_detail": { "title": "Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia", "id": "KYOCERA Fineceramics Europe GmbH, FZM, February 2025", "url": "https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "compressive_strength", "label": "Compressive strength, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia", "value": 2000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)", "test": "DIN ISO 17162" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "kyocera-fzm", "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, Compressive strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia", "id": "KYOCERA Fineceramics Europe GmbH, FZM, February 2025", "url": "https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "vickers_hardness", "label": "Vickers hardness HV1.0, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia", "value": 12, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)", "load": "HV 1.0", "test": "DIN EN ISO 14705, procedure A" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "kyocera-fzm", "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, Vickers hardness row", "source_detail": { "title": "Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia", "id": "KYOCERA Fineceramics Europe GmbH, FZM, February 2025", "url": "https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "max_service_temp", "label": "Maximum service temperature, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia", "value": 900, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)", "environment": "in air" }, "method": "Rating from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "kyocera-fzm", "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, Maximum service temperature row (in air)", "source_detail": { "title": "Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia", "id": "KYOCERA Fineceramics Europe GmbH, FZM, February 2025", "url": "https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Thermal expansion, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia, 20 to 500 °C", "value": 10.4, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ppm/K", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)", "temperature_range": "20 to 500 °C", "test": "DIN EN ISO 17562", "unit_in_source": "10-6/K" }, "method": "Mean coefficient from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "kyocera-fzm", "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, Mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion row, 20-500 °C", "source_detail": { "title": "Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia", "id": "KYOCERA Fineceramics Europe GmbH, FZM, February 2025", "url": "https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "specific_heat", "label": "Specific heat, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia, 20 °C", "value": 400, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/(kg·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "DIN EN 821-3" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "kyocera-fzm", "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, Specific heat capacity row", "source_detail": { "title": "Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia", "id": "KYOCERA Fineceramics Europe GmbH, FZM, February 2025", "url": "https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_shock_dt", "label": "Thermal shock resistance, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia", "value": 250, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)", "test": "DIN EN 820-3, R1, type A, in water" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "kyocera-fzm", "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, Thermal shock resistance row", "source_detail": { "title": "Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia", "id": "KYOCERA Fineceramics Europe GmbH, FZM, February 2025", "url": "https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "label": "Thermal conductivity, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia, 500 °C", "value": 2.3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/(m·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)", "temperature": "500 °C", "test": "DIN EN ISO 18755" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "kyocera-fzm", "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, Thermal conductivity row, 500 °C", "source_detail": { "title": "Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia", "id": "KYOCERA Fineceramics Europe GmbH, FZM, February 2025", "url": "https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "dielectric_strength", "label": "Dielectric strength, Kyocera FZM magnesia partially stabilised zirconia", "value": 30, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kV/mm", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Kyocera FZM (Mg-PSZ, ZrO2 and MgO)", "test": "DIN EN 60243-1" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer datasheet; the sheet prints a value above 30 (printed as > 30), so 30 is the lower bound", "status": "ground", "source": "kyocera-fzm", "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, Dielectric strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia", "id": "KYOCERA Fineceramics Europe GmbH, FZM, February 2025", "url": "https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density, CoorsTek ZTA column (zirconia-toughened alumina)", "value": 4.01, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column", "temperature": "room temperature (chart note 1)", "test": "ASTM C20", "unit_in_source": "gm/cc" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Density row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column (the 11th numeric column)", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength, CoorsTek ZTA column", "value": 450, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "ASTM F417 (modulus of rupture, as printed)", "unit_in_source": "MPa (psi x 10^3)" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Flexural Strength (MOR) row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Elastic modulus, CoorsTek ZTA column", "value": 360, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "ASTM C848" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Elastic Modulus row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "fracture_toughness", "label": "Fracture toughness, CoorsTek ZTA column", "value": 5, "value_high": 6, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa√m", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column", "temperature": "room temperature (chart note 1)", "test": "notched beam, K(Ic) as printed", "unit_in_source": "Mpa m1/2 (printed as 5-6)" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart; printed as a range", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Fracture Toughness row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "knoop_hardness", "label": "Knoop hardness, CoorsTek ZTA column", "value": 14.4, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column", "load": "1000 gm, as printed (KNOOP 1000 gm)", "test": "Knoop indentation, as printed", "unit_in_source": "GPa (kg/mm2)" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Hardness, KNOOP 1000 gm row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "compressive_strength", "label": "Compressive strength, CoorsTek ZTA column", "value": 2900, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "ASTM C773" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Compressive Strength row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "label": "Thermal conductivity, CoorsTek ZTA column", "value": 27, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/(m·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "ASTM C408" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Thermal expansion, CoorsTek ZTA column", "value": 8.3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ppm/K", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column", "temperature_range": "25 to 1000 °C", "test": "ASTM C372", "unit_in_source": "1 x 10-6/°C" }, "method": "Mean coefficient from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "max_service_temp", "label": "Maximum use temperature, CoorsTek ZTA column", "value": 1500, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column", "load": "no load on the part (chart: NO-LOAD COND.)", "test": "chart rating" }, "method": "Rating from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Maximum Use Temperature row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_shock_dt", "label": "Thermal shock temperature difference, CoorsTek ZTA column", "value": 300, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column", "test": "quenched into water from elevated temperature (chart note 3)" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Thermal Shock Resistance row (note 3), Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "specific_heat", "label": "Specific heat, CoorsTek ZTA column", "value": 885, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/(kg·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column", "temperature": "100 °C", "test": "ASTM E1269", "unit_in_source": "J/kg*K" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Thermal Specific Heat row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "dielectric_constant", "label": "Dielectric constant, CoorsTek ZTA column", "value": 10.6, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CoorsTek Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) column", "frequency": "1 MHz", "temperature": "25 °C", "test": "ASTM D150" }, "method": "Typical value from a manufacturer property chart", "status": "ground", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Dielectric Constant row, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina column", "source_detail": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density minimum, CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (alumina with 9 wt% zirconia)", "value": 4, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (90 wt% Al2O3, 9 wt% ZrO2)", "test": "DIN EN 993-1" }, "method": "Minimum value as printed in the datasheet (printed as >= 4.00)", "status": "ground", "source": "ceramtec-zta", "where": "Physical Parameters table, Density row", "source_detail": { "title": "CeramTec material data sheet: Rubalit ZTA (zirconia-toughened alumina)", "id": "CA240153/EN/100/2503/IM, CeramTec GmbH 2025", "url": "https://www.ceramtec-group.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Corporate/11_Downloads/12_Substrate/CeramTec_Substrates_Datasheet_ZTA.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Bending strength minimum, CeramTec Rubalit ZTA", "value": 700, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (90 wt% Al2O3, 9 wt% ZrO2)", "temperature": "20 °C", "test": "three-point bending, ASTM C1499-08" }, "method": "Typical value as printed in the datasheet (printed as >= 700)", "status": "ground", "source": "ceramtec-zta", "where": "Physical Parameters table, Bending strength sigma 0 row", "source_detail": { "title": "CeramTec material data sheet: Rubalit ZTA (zirconia-toughened alumina)", "id": "CA240153/EN/100/2503/IM, CeramTec GmbH 2025", "url": "https://www.ceramtec-group.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Corporate/11_Downloads/12_Substrate/CeramTec_Substrates_Datasheet_ZTA.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Young's modulus minimum, CeramTec Rubalit ZTA", "value": 310, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (90 wt% Al2O3, 9 wt% ZrO2)", "test": "ASTM C1250-15" }, "method": "Typical value as printed in the datasheet (printed as >= 310)", "status": "ground", "source": "ceramtec-zta", "where": "Physical Parameters table, Young's modulus row", "source_detail": { "title": "CeramTec material data sheet: Rubalit ZTA (zirconia-toughened alumina)", "id": "CA240153/EN/100/2503/IM, CeramTec GmbH 2025", "url": "https://www.ceramtec-group.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Corporate/11_Downloads/12_Substrate/CeramTec_Substrates_Datasheet_ZTA.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "fracture_toughness", "label": "Fracture toughness minimum, CeramTec Rubalit ZTA", "value": 3.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa√m", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (90 wt% Al2O3, 9 wt% ZrO2)", "test": "IF method, as printed" }, "method": "Typical value as printed in the datasheet (printed as >= 3.5)", "status": "ground", "source": "ceramtec-zta", "where": "Physical Parameters table, Fracture toughness row", "source_detail": { "title": "CeramTec material data sheet: Rubalit ZTA (zirconia-toughened alumina)", "id": "CA240153/EN/100/2503/IM, CeramTec GmbH 2025", "url": "https://www.ceramtec-group.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Corporate/11_Downloads/12_Substrate/CeramTec_Substrates_Datasheet_ZTA.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "label": "Thermal conductivity, CeramTec Rubalit ZTA, room temperature", "value": 27, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/(m·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (90 wt% Al2O3, 9 wt% ZrO2)", "temperature": "room temperature (RT)" }, "method": "Typical value as printed in the datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "ceramtec-zta", "where": "Physical Parameters table, Thermal conductivity row", "source_detail": { "title": "CeramTec material data sheet: Rubalit ZTA (zirconia-toughened alumina)", "id": "CA240153/EN/100/2503/IM, CeramTec GmbH 2025", "url": "https://www.ceramtec-group.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Corporate/11_Downloads/12_Substrate/CeramTec_Substrates_Datasheet_ZTA.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Thermal expansion, CeramTec Rubalit ZTA, 100 to 800 °C", "value": 6.9, "value_high": 10.3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ppm/K", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (90 wt% Al2O3, 9 wt% ZrO2)", "temperature_range": "100 to 800 °C", "test": "DIN 51045-1", "unit_in_source": "10-6/K" }, "method": "Typical value as printed in the datasheet, printed as a range", "status": "ground", "source": "ceramtec-zta", "where": "Physical Parameters table, Coefficient of thermal expansion row", "source_detail": { "title": "CeramTec material data sheet: Rubalit ZTA (zirconia-toughened alumina)", "id": "CA240153/EN/100/2503/IM, CeramTec GmbH 2025", "url": "https://www.ceramtec-group.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Corporate/11_Downloads/12_Substrate/CeramTec_Substrates_Datasheet_ZTA.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "dielectric_constant", "label": "Dielectric constant, CeramTec Rubalit ZTA, 1 MHz", "value": 10.2, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (90 wt% Al2O3, 9 wt% ZrO2)", "frequency": "1 MHz", "temperature": "room temperature (RT)", "test": "ASTM D150" }, "method": "Typical value as printed in the datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "ceramtec-zta", "where": "Physical Parameters table, Dielectric constant row", "source_detail": { "title": "CeramTec material data sheet: Rubalit ZTA (zirconia-toughened alumina)", "id": "CA240153/EN/100/2503/IM, CeramTec GmbH 2025", "url": "https://www.ceramtec-group.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Corporate/11_Downloads/12_Substrate/CeramTec_Substrates_Datasheet_ZTA.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "vickers_hardness", "label": "Vickers hardness HV, ATZ-B (2 % alumina), unaged", "value": 12, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "ATZ-B, 2 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix", "test": "Vickers hardness, as printed in Table 3" }, "method": "Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples", "status": "ground", "uncertainty": "±0.8 GPa as printed", "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Table 3, Hardness HV row, ATZ-B column", "source_detail": { "title": "Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content", "id": "doi:10.3390/ma14216418 (Materials 14(21), 2021, open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/", "year": 2021, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, as printed on the page" } }, { "benchmark": "vickers_hardness", "label": "Vickers hardness HV, ATZ-10 (11 % alumina), unaged", "value": 13.1, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "ATZ-10, 11 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix", "test": "Vickers hardness, as printed in Table 3" }, "method": "Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples", "status": "ground", "uncertainty": "±2.6 GPa as printed", "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Table 3, Hardness HV row, ATZ-10 column", "source_detail": { "title": "Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content", "id": "doi:10.3390/ma14216418 (Materials 14(21), 2021, open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/", "year": 2021, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, as printed on the page" } }, { "benchmark": "vickers_hardness", "label": "Vickers hardness HV, ATZ-20 (19 % alumina), unaged", "value": 13.8, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "ATZ-20, 19 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix", "test": "Vickers hardness, as printed in Table 3" }, "method": "Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples", "status": "ground", "uncertainty": "±3.9 GPa as printed", "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Table 3, Hardness HV row, ATZ-20 column", "source_detail": { "title": "Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content", "id": "doi:10.3390/ma14216418 (Materials 14(21), 2021, open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/", "year": 2021, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, as printed on the page" } }, { "benchmark": "vickers_hardness", "label": "Vickers hardness HV, 3Y-TZP reference (no alumina)", "value": 13.8, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "3Y-TZP reference material from the same paper (0 per cent alumina, Table 2)", "test": "Vickers hardness, as printed in Table 3" }, "method": "Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples", "status": "ground", "uncertainty": "±3.0 GPa as printed", "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Table 3, Hardness HV row, 3Y-TZP column", "source_detail": { "title": "Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content", "id": "doi:10.3390/ma14216418 (Materials 14(21), 2021, open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/", "year": 2021, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, as printed on the page" } }, { "benchmark": "fracture_toughness", "label": "Fracture toughness K(IC), ATZ-B (2 % alumina), unaged", "value": 12.7, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa√m", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "ATZ-B, 2 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix", "unit_in_source": "MPa·m1/2", "test": "as printed in Table 3" }, "method": "Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples; the abstract calls it outstanding", "status": "ground", "uncertainty": "±0.8 MPa√m as printed", "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Table 3, K(IC) row, ATZ-B column", "source_detail": { "title": "Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content", "id": "doi:10.3390/ma14216418 (Materials 14(21), 2021, open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/", "year": 2021, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, as printed on the page" } }, { "benchmark": "fracture_toughness", "label": "Fracture toughness K(IC), ATZ-10 (11 % alumina), unaged", "value": 9.8, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa√m", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "ATZ-10, 11 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix", "unit_in_source": "MPa·m1/2", "test": "as printed in Table 3" }, "method": "Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples", "status": "ground", "uncertainty": "±1.4 MPa√m as printed", "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Table 3, K(IC) row, ATZ-10 column", "source_detail": { "title": "Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content", "id": "doi:10.3390/ma14216418 (Materials 14(21), 2021, open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/", "year": 2021, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, as printed on the page" } }, { "benchmark": "fracture_toughness", "label": "Fracture toughness K(IC), ATZ-20 (19 % alumina), unaged", "value": 10.9, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa√m", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "ATZ-20, 19 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix", "unit_in_source": "MPa·m1/2", "test": "as printed in Table 3" }, "method": "Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples", "status": "ground", "uncertainty": "±2.6 MPa√m as printed", "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Table 3, K(IC) row, ATZ-20 column", "source_detail": { "title": "Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content", "id": "doi:10.3390/ma14216418 (Materials 14(21), 2021, open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/", "year": 2021, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, as printed on the page" } }, { "benchmark": "fracture_toughness", "label": "Fracture toughness K(IC), 3Y-TZP reference (no alumina)", "value": 5.1, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa√m", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "3Y-TZP reference material from the same paper (0 per cent alumina, Table 2)", "unit_in_source": "MPa·m1/2", "test": "as printed in Table 3" }, "method": "Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples", "status": "ground", "uncertainty": "±0.1 MPa√m as printed", "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Table 3, K(IC) row, 3Y-TZP column", "source_detail": { "title": "Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content", "id": "doi:10.3390/ma14216418 (Materials 14(21), 2021, open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/", "year": 2021, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, as printed on the page" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Young's modulus, ATZ-B (2 % alumina), unaged", "value": 220, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "ATZ-B, 2 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix", "test": "as printed in Table 3" }, "method": "Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples", "status": "ground", "uncertainty": "±10 GPa as printed", "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Table 3, Young's modulus row, ATZ-B column", "source_detail": { "title": "Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content", "id": "doi:10.3390/ma14216418 (Materials 14(21), 2021, open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/", "year": 2021, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, as printed on the page" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Young's modulus, ATZ-20 (19 % alumina), unaged", "value": 250, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "ATZ-20, 19 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix", "test": "as printed in Table 3" }, "method": "Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples", "status": "ground", "uncertainty": "±15 GPa as printed", "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Table 3, Young's modulus row, ATZ-20 column", "source_detail": { "title": "Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content", "id": "doi:10.3390/ma14216418 (Materials 14(21), 2021, open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/", "year": 2021, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, as printed on the page" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength, ATZ-B (2 % alumina), unaged", "value": 780, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "ATZ-B, 2 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix", "test": "four-point bending, as printed in Table 3" }, "method": "Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples", "status": "ground", "uncertainty": "±50 MPa as printed", "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Table 3, Flexural strength row, ATZ-B column", "source_detail": { "title": "Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content", "id": "doi:10.3390/ma14216418 (Materials 14(21), 2021, open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/", "year": 2021, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, as printed on the page" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength, ATZ-10 (11 % alumina), unaged", "value": 1000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "ATZ-10, 11 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix", "test": "four-point bending, as printed in Table 3" }, "method": "Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples", "status": "ground", "uncertainty": "±100 MPa as printed", "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Table 3, Flexural strength row, ATZ-10 column", "source_detail": { "title": "Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content", "id": "doi:10.3390/ma14216418 (Materials 14(21), 2021, open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/", "year": 2021, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, as printed on the page" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength, ATZ-20 (19 % alumina), unaged", "value": 990, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "ATZ-20, 19 per cent alumina (Table 2), zirconia matrix", "test": "four-point bending, as printed in Table 3" }, "method": "Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples", "status": "ground", "uncertainty": "±100 MPa as printed", "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Table 3, Flexural strength row, ATZ-20 column", "source_detail": { "title": "Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content", "id": "doi:10.3390/ma14216418 (Materials 14(21), 2021, open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/", "year": 2021, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, as printed on the page" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength, 3Y-TZP reference (no alumina), unaged", "value": 1040, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "3Y-TZP reference material from the same paper (0 per cent alumina, Table 2)", "test": "four-point bending, as printed in Table 3" }, "method": "Mean value from Table 3 of the paper, unaged samples", "status": "ground", "uncertainty": "±120 MPa as printed", "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Table 3, Flexural strength row, 3Y-TZP column", "source_detail": { "title": "Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content", "id": "doi:10.3390/ma14216418 (Materials 14(21), 2021, open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/", "year": 2021, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, as printed on the page" } }, { "benchmark": "phase_transition_temperature", "label": "Monoclinic to tetragonal transition on heating, unstabilised zirconia", "value": 1170, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "unstabilised zirconia (pure ZrO2)", "test": "phase diagram and text, as printed" }, "method": "Value printed in the NASA report text; name is not in the canonical list and is noted in gaps", "status": "ground", "source": "nasa-zirconia", "where": "Overview of zirconia, text on cooling past 1170 °C and the phase relationships figure", "source_detail": { "title": "NASA TP-2286: Overview of Zirconia With Respect to Gas Turbine Applications", "id": "NASA Technical Paper 2286, March 1984; NTRS 19840013672", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19840013672", "year": 1984, "kind": "report", "license": "US government work" } }, { "benchmark": "phase_transition_temperature", "label": "Tetragonal to cubic transition, unstabilised zirconia", "value": 2370, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "unstabilised zirconia (pure ZrO2)", "test": "phase diagram, as printed" }, "method": "Value printed in the NASA report figure; name is not in the canonical list and is noted in gaps", "status": "ground", "source": "nasa-zirconia", "where": "Overview of zirconia, phase relationships figure (Monoclinic, Tetragonal, Cubic, Liquid)", "source_detail": { "title": "NASA TP-2286: Overview of Zirconia With Respect to Gas Turbine Applications", "id": "NASA Technical Paper 2286, March 1984; NTRS 19840013672", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19840013672", "year": 1984, "kind": "report", "license": "US government work" } }, { "benchmark": "transformation_strain", "label": "Tetragonal to monoclinic strain, unstabilised zirconia", "value": 1.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "unstabilised zirconia (pure ZrO2)", "test": "as printed in the NASA report" }, "method": "Value printed in the NASA report text; name is not in the canonical list and is noted in gaps", "status": "ground", "source": "nasa-zirconia", "where": "Overview of zirconia, text on the tetragonal-to-monoclinic strain", "source_detail": { "title": "NASA TP-2286: Overview of Zirconia With Respect to Gas Turbine Applications", "id": "NASA Technical Paper 2286, March 1984; NTRS 19840013672", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19840013672", "year": 1984, "kind": "report", "license": "US government work" } } ], "corrosion": [ { "environment": "Hot water or steam (hydrothermal ageing of ATZ composites, autoclave at 150 to 210 °C)", "headline": "ATZ loses about 10 to 16 per cent flexural strength after hydrothermal ageing at 150 to 180 °C.", "effect": "The paper reports flexural strength changes of -16.2%, -12.0% and -9.9% for ATZ-B, ATZ-10 and ATZ-20, in a sentence that compares a 180 °C 24 h run with a 150 °C 48 h run. All ATZ grades were badly affected after 210 °C 24 h. The monoclinic share rose in the 150 °C and 180 °C runs, but the paper concludes the transformation was mainly on the surface, so bulk strength held up at those temperatures.", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "material": "ATZ-B, ATZ-10 and ATZ-20 (2, 11 and 19 per cent alumina, Table 2) and a 3Y-TZP reference", "test": "autoclave in water vapour, 150 to 210 °C, 24 to 72 h (Table 1)", "result": "-16.2%, -12.0% and -9.9% flexural strength change in the paper's runs" }, "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Results, flexural strength after ageing (paragraph after Table 5); Table 1 autoclaving conditions" }, { "environment": "Cooling through 1170 °C (unstabilised zirconia)", "headline": "Pure zirconia breaks into powder on cooling through 1170 °C.", "effect": "NASA describes the tetragonal-to-monoclinic change as a disruptive transformation with a strain of about 1.5 percent. It causes pieces of the material to break into powder from internal stresses.", "rating": "severe", "conditions": { "material": "unstabilised ZrO2, no stabiliser", "test": "cooling from high temperature, as described in the NASA report", "result": "monoclinic form below 1170 °C; tetragonal to monoclinic strain 1.5 percent" }, "source": "nasa-zirconia", "where": "Overview of zirconia, text on cooling past 1170 °C and the tetragonal-to-monoclinic strain" }, { "environment": "Molten copper, brass and zinc in metal-forming tools (Morgan TS grade, Mg-PSZ)", "headline": "Morgan lists excellent corrosion resistance for the Mg-PSZ TS grade; no number is printed.", "effect": "Morgan's features list excellent corrosion resistance and recommends the grade where thermal shock and corrosion both matter, for dies used in hot copper and brass extrusion and for zinc coating steel sheet. No test standard, environment or rate is printed, so the rating is the supplier's claim.", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "material": "Nilcra Zirconia TS grade (3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2)", "test": "not printed on the datasheet", "result": "qualitative claim only" }, "source": "morgan-mgpsz", "where": "Prime Features and Typical Applications" } ], "risks": { "hazards": [ { "text": "PubChem reports zirconium dioxide as Not Classified under GHS, as not meeting GHS hazard criteria in 1040 of 1116 company reports.", "ghs": [], "source": "pubchem-zro2", "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 62395)" }, { "text": "PubChem lists H319 (serious eye irritation) and H335 (may cause respiratory irritation) as GHS statements for magnesium oxide, the stabiliser of Mg-PSZ. Most company reports (1586 of 1807) find no GHS hazard.", "ghs": [ "H319", "H335" ], "source": "pubchem-mgo", "where": "GHS Classification, Hazard Statements (CID 14792)" } ], "failure_risks": [ { "mode": "Brittle fracture under tension or impact", "trigger": "Tensile load or impact on a part with a flaw or sharp corner", "consequence": "Fracture toughness is 15 MPa√m for the Morgan TS grade and 11 MPa√m for the CoorsTek MgO column (notched beam). ZTA is 5 to 6 MPa√m (CoorsTek) or 3.5 MPa√m minimum (CeramTec). A flaw or sharp corner lowers the load a ceramic part can carry.", "severity": "moderate", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Properties table, Fracture Toughness row, MgO and ZTA columns" }, { "mode": "Thermal shock of a Mg-PSZ part", "trigger": "Rapid heating or quenching of a part", "consequence": "Thermal shock limits differ by test: Kyocera 250 °C (R1, type A, in water), CoorsTek MgO column 350 °C (DTc) and Morgan 500 °C (test not printed).", "severity": "moderate", "source": "kyocera-fzm", "where": "Thermal shock resistance row (DIN EN 820-3 R1, type A)" }, { "mode": "Ageing in hot water or steam (ATZ)", "trigger": "Long exposure to hot water or steam; the paper's ageing test is an autoclave at 150 to 210 °C", "consequence": "The paper reports strength losses of 9.9 to 16.2 per cent after hydrothermal ageing of ATZ composites. The transformation was mainly at the surface in the 150 to 180 °C runs.", "severity": "moderate", "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Results, flexural strength after ageing" }, { "mode": "Cracking of unstabilised zirconia on cooling", "trigger": "Cooling through 1170 °C with no stabiliser", "consequence": "The tetragonal-to-monoclinic change, about 1.5 percent strain, breaks pieces of the material into powder (NASA).", "severity": "critical", "source": "nasa-zirconia", "where": "Overview of zirconia, text on the tetragonal-to-monoclinic strain" }, { "mode": "Service above the rating", "trigger": "Use above the stated limit, or above the load basis of the rating", "consequence": "The ratings disagree. CoorsTek rates its MgO column 500 °C with no load and Kyocera rates its Mg-PSZ 900 °C in air. Morgan prints 360 MPa at 820 °C, which is a strength value and not a rating. Ask for the load basis before using any single figure.", "severity": "high", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Maximum Use Temperature row, MgO column; Kyocera maximum service temperature row" } ], "side_effects": [ { "text": "In partly stabilised zirconia, tetragonal precipitates stay tetragonal only while they are small. Larger precipitates transform spontaneously on cooling (NASA, PSZ section).", "affects": "Microstructure: precipitate size controls the transformation", "source": "nasa-zirconia", "where": "Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) section" } ], "handling": [ { "text": "Ask the supplier for values on the grade and the test standard. CoorsTek says its values vary with method of manufacture, size and shape of the part. Kyocera says its values apply only to the test specimens (DIN 60672-2 note).", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Chart footnote on property values" }, { "text": "Treat magnesia powder as an irritant: PubChem lists H319 and H335 for magnesium oxide notifications.", "source": "pubchem-mgo", "where": "GHS Classification, Hazard Statements (CID 14792)" }, { "text": "Avoid rapid heating or quenching: thermal shock limits are 250 °C (Kyocera R1), 350 °C (CoorsTek MgO column) and 500 °C (Morgan, test not printed).", "source": "kyocera-fzm", "where": "Thermal shock resistance row" }, { "text": "For ATZ, avoid long exposure to hot water or steam: the paper reports 9.9 to 16.2 per cent strength loss after autoclave ageing.", "source": "pmc-atz", "where": "Results, flexural strength after ageing" } ], "mitigations": [ { "text": "Ask the supplier for specified values for critical parts. CoorsTek says close control of most properties can be maintained if specified.", "source": "coors-chart", "where": "Chart footnote on property values" }, { "text": "Use a stabilised grade (MgO here, Y2O3 for YSZ) rather than pure zirconia. NASA describes pure zirconia breaking into powder on cooling through 1170 °C.", "source": "nasa-zirconia", "where": "Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) section and transformation text" } ] }, "uses": [ { "application": "mechanisms", "device": "Metal-forming dies and guide rollers (Mg-PSZ, Morgan TS grade)", "example": "Morgan lists its TS grade for dies in hot copper and brass extrusion, guide rollers for welded tube production and zinc coating of steel sheet.", "source": "morgan-mgpsz", "where": "Typical Applications" }, { "application": "electronics-and-chips", "device": "Power-module substrate (CeramTec Rubalit ZTA)", "example": "CeramTec describes its Rubalit ZTA as a substrate for power modules, mainly for vehicle electrification, and says it gives higher bending strength than alumina for thick copper metallisation (DBC).", "source": "ceramtec-zta", "where": "Key advantages and Mainly used in automotive applications" } ], "supply": [ { "subject": "Zirconium (from zircon concentrate, shared with zirconia-ysz)", "abundance": "USGS: world reserves of zirconium, as ZrO2 content, are more than 70,000 thousand metric tons; reserves for Australia, China, Indonesia and South Africa are reported separately.", "producers": [ { "country": "Australia", "share_percent": 33.3, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "South Africa", "share_percent": 22.5, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Mozambique", "share_percent": 13.3, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "China", "share_percent": 8.3, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Senegal", "share_percent": 5.8, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Indonesia", "share_percent": 4.3, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Madagascar", "share_percent": 2.2, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Sierra Leone", "share_percent": 2.1, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Other countries", "share_percent": 3.3, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "USGS: companies in Oregon and Utah recycled zirconium from new scrap generated during metal production; refractories are often recycled but could not be quantified.", "substitutes": [ "USGS: chromite and olivine can substitute for zircon in some foundry applications; dolomite and spinel refractories can substitute in certain high-temperature applications." ], "source": "usgs-zrhf", "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (thousand metric tons, ZrO2 content); shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the printed 2025e world total of 1,200 thousand t, with the United States line not used; Recycling; Substitutes; Import sources 2021 to 2024 for zirconium ores and concentrates: South Africa 48%, Australia 35%, Senegal 15%, other 2%." }, { "subject": "Magnesium oxide (the stabiliser of Mg-PSZ)", "abundance": "USGS: world magnesite mine production was about 21,000 thousand metric tons in 2025e (gross weight), and world magnesite reserves are 7,800,000 thousand tons; magnesium compounds can also be recovered from seawater, brines and serpentine.", "producers": [ { "country": "China", "share_percent": 60.5, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Brazil", "share_percent": 8.6, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Russia", "share_percent": 8.1, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Turkey", "share_percent": 7.6, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Austria", "share_percent": 3.1, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "USGS: some magnesia-based refractories are recycled as construction aggregate, reused in refractory, and as foundry sand.", "substitutes": [ "USGS: alumina, chromite and silica substitute for magnesia in some refractory applications." ], "source": "usgs-mgcomp", "where": "World Magnesite Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (gross weight); shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the printed 2025e world total of 21,000 thousand t; Substitutes; Import sources 2021 to 2024 for dead-burned and fused magnesia: China 69%, Brazil 17%, other 14%." }, { "subject": "Alumina (the matrix of ZTA and the toughening phase of ATZ)", "abundance": "USGS: bauxite is the only raw material used for alumina on a commercial scale in the United States; global bauxite resources are estimated at 55 billion to 75 billion tons.", "producers": [ { "country": "China", "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Australia", "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Brazil", "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "substitutes": [ "USGS: silicon carbide and alumina zirconia can substitute for alumina and bauxite in some refractory uses." ], "source": "usgs-bauxite", "where": "Alumina production table, 2025e column (thousand metric tons, as printed: China 93,000; Australia 17,000; Brazil 11,000; no shares calculated because the world total was not read cleanly); Substitutes; resources statement in World Resources." } ], "media": [], "documents": [ { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard chart, 8510-1042 Rev. J (copy hosted by the University of Chicago)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008 }, { "title": "Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (2025)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf", "year": 2025 }, { "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade (Mg-PSZ, 3.5 wt% MgO)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf", "year": 2013 }, { "title": "CeramTec material data sheet: Rubalit ZTA (zirconia-toughened alumina substrate)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.ceramtec-group.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Corporate/11_Downloads/12_Substrate/CeramTec_Substrates_Datasheet_ZTA.pdf", "year": 2025 }, { "title": "Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content (Materials 14(21), 6418)", "type": "paper", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/", "year": 2021 }, { "title": "NASA TP-2286, Overview of Zirconia With Respect to Gas Turbine Applications", "type": "report", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19840013672", "year": 1984 }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Zirconium and Hafnium", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-zirconium-hafnium.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Magnesium Compounds", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-magnesium-compounds.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Bauxite and Alumina", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-bauxite-alumina.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "PubChem: Magnesium oxide (CID 14792), GHS classification", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14792", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "PubChem: Zirconium dioxide (CID 62395), GHS classification and identifiers", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/62395", "year": 2026 } ], "gaps": [ "Unstabilised zirconia: no density, hardness or modulus was read on a page in this run. The 5.83 g/cm3 monoclinic density could not be verified, and the 3 to 6 percent volume-change figures found in patents and forums were not used.", "Unstabilised zirconia: the transition temperatures and the 1.5 percent strain come from one NASA report (1984). Their names (phase_transition_temperature, transformation_strain) are not in the canonical list and need a canonical entry before import.", "ATZ: only one paper gives numbers, and it is the 2021 Materials study of three 3Y-TZP and alumina composites. No manufacturer ATZ (zirconia-matrix) datasheet with a single set of values was found, and the 3Y-TZP plus 20 wt% alumina search found no open dense-sintered table.", "ATZ: the paper gives alumina content as 2, 11 and 19 per cent (Table 2) while the text names ATZ-10 and ATZ-20 as 10 and 20 vol% nominal, so the grade labels are kept as printed.", "ATZ aging: the paper's aging percentages are quoted from one sentence that mixes two runs. The 150 to 180 degree rows of Table 5 were not converted to phase fractions in this profile.", "ZTA: the CoorsTek ZTA column (450 MPa, 5 to 6 MPa√m) and the CeramTec Rubalit ZTA (700 MPa minimum, 3.5 MPa√m minimum) are different products and are not averaged. The STC ZTA chart (ceramics.net) returned an HTML stub and was not read.", "Mg-PSZ: CoorsTek's MgO column does not print mol% MgO. Morgan's 3.5 wt% MgO is the only composition read. Kyocera's FZM does not print its MgO content.", "Mg-PSZ: Kyocera prints its modulus only as dynamic (207 GPa, 2025 sheet). No static modulus was read on a page in this run.", "Mg-PSZ corrosion: no numeric corrosion or ageing data were found for Mg-PSZ. The Morgan entry is a supplier claim only.", "Weibull modulus (Kyocera above 15, Morgan above 30) and electrical resistivity (printed as exponents) are not entered.", "Critical-mineral lists: the EU and US lists were not re-read in this run for magnesium or alumina. Zirconium is carried over from zirconia-ysz.yaml. No critical list is recorded for these subjects.", "Atomic weights are not entered in the recipe, since no fetched page prints them for this record.", "Hazard data rest on PubChem; no supplier safety data sheet for Mg-PSZ, ATZ or ZTA powder was opened.", "Designations: only Mg-PSZ is printed as a name on a source read in this run. No UNS, EN or DIN code was found for these grades." ], "story": { "why": "Magnesia-stabilised zirconia (Mg-PSZ) is partly stabilised. MgO keeps most of the zirconia cubic, and tetragonal precipitates in that matrix transform under stress and toughen the ceramic (NASA). ATZ and ZTA are two-phase composites: ATZ is a zirconia matrix with alumina particles, and ZTA is an alumina matrix with zirconia. Unstabilised zirconia has no stabiliser and breaks up on cooling through 1170 °C, so it is used only with a stabiliser or in a composite. Yttria-stabilised zirconia (zirconia-ysz.yaml) is fully tetragonal with 3 mol% yttria, so the difference from Mg-PSZ is the stabiliser and the microstructure.", "uses": [ { "where": "Metal-forming dies and guide rollers", "line": "Morgan lists its Mg-PSZ TS grade for dies used in hot copper and brass extrusion, guide rollers for welded tube and zinc coating of steel sheet." }, { "where": "Power-module substrates", "line": "CeramTec lists its Rubalit ZTA for power modules, mainly for vehicle electrification, with a bending strength of 700 MPa minimum." } ], "can_do": [ { "label": "Strength", "line": "Morgan's TS grade has a flexural strength of 650 MPa at 20 °C and 360 MPa at 820 °C. CoorsTek's MgO column reads 900 MPa, and Kyocera's FZM reads 500 MPa.", "scope": "material", "value": "650 MPa" }, { "label": "Toughness", "line": "Morgan lists 15 MPa√m for the TS grade. CoorsTek lists 11 MPa√m for its MgO column (notched beam).", "scope": "material", "value": "15 MPa√m" }, { "label": "Thermal shock", "line": "Morgan's TS grade lists a thermal shock resistance of 500 °C (test not printed). CoorsTek's MgO column is 350 °C (DTc).", "scope": "material", "value": "500 °C" }, { "label": "Heat", "line": "Kyocera rates its Mg-PSZ at 900 °C maximum service in air.", "scope": "material", "value": "900 °C" }, { "label": "Hardness", "line": "CoorsTek lists a Knoop hardness of 11.8 GPa for its MgO column. Morgan lists 1020 HV0.3 (kg/mm2) for the TS grade.", "scope": "material", "value": "11.8 GPa" } ], "compare": "The grades are not interchangeable. Morgan's Mg-PSZ TS grade (650 MPa, 15 MPa√m, 5.74 g/cm3) and CoorsTek's MgO column (900 MPa, 11 MPa√m, 5.72 g/cm3) bracket the Mg-PSZ strength range. The ATZ composites in the 2021 paper give 780 to 1000 MPa mean bending and 9.8 to 12.7 MPa√m toughness, against 1040 MPa and 5.1 MPa√m for the 3Y-TZP reference. ZTA is much lighter at 4.01 g/cm3 (CoorsTek) and is tougher than the CoorsTek alumina grades (4 to 5 MPa√m), but its toughness is only 5 to 6 MPa√m (CoorsTek) or 3.5 MPa√m minimum (CeramTec). Unstabilised zirconia is not comparable, because its room-temperature form breaks on cooling.", "compare_rows": [ { "label": "Flexural strength", "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Fracture toughness", "benchmark": "fracture_toughness", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Maximum use temperature", "benchmark": "max_service_temp", "scope": "material" } ], "handling": [ "Read the supplier's values for the grade: CoorsTek says values vary with the method of manufacture, size and shape of the part, and Kyocera says its values apply only to the test specimens.", "Treat magnesia powder as an irritant: PubChem lists H319 and H335 for magnesium oxide notifications.", "Avoid rapid heating or quenching: thermal shock limits are 250 °C (Kyocera), 350 °C (CoorsTek MgO column) and 500 °C (Morgan).", "For ATZ, avoid long exposure to hot water or steam: the paper reports 9.9 to 16.2 per cent strength loss after autoclave ageing." ], "good_for": [ "Thermal-cycling tools. Morgan lists dies for hot copper and brass extrusion and guide rollers for welded tube, for its Mg-PSZ TS grade.", "Tough ceramic parts that must beat alumina on toughness. Mg-PSZ reaches 11 to 15 MPa√m; ZTA reaches 3.5 MPa√m minimum.", "Power-module substrates. CeramTec's Rubalit ZTA is aimed at vehicle electrification and gives 700 MPa minimum bending." ], "watch_out": [ "Hot water and steam for ATZ. The paper reports 9.9 to 16.2 per cent strength loss after autoclave ageing.", "Unstabilised zirconia. It breaks into powder on cooling through 1170 °C (NASA), so it should not be used alone.", "Conflicting ratings. CoorsTek's MgO column is rated 500 °C with no load, while Kyocera rates its Mg-PSZ 900 °C in air.", "Test basis. Morgan's values are indicative and not guaranteed; Kyocera's values apply only to test specimens." ], "verdict": "Mg-PSZ is the thermal-shock choice of this group, ATZ is the strength-and-toughness composite with an ageing caveat, and ZTA is the light alumina-based option for power modules. Pure zirconia is not usable alone. The unstabilised zirconia entry has only transition and strain values from NASA, so its density and modulus are still missing.", "recipe": { "line": "Zirconium dioxide with magnesia (MgO) added as the stabiliser. Morgan's TS grade comprises 3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2. NASA says partially stabilised zirconia is made by hot pressing zirconia powder or by sintering a mechanical mixture of pure zirconia and stabiliser, and the stabiliser is added in an amount too small to keep the whole ceramic cubic on cooling.", "parts": [ { "name": "Zirconium", "symbol": "Zr", "role": "The host metal. Each formula unit has one zirconium bonded to oxygen.", "share_note": "1 per formula unit of ZrO2 (Morgan datasheet)" }, { "name": "Oxygen", "symbol": "O", "role": "Two oxygen per zirconium make the oxide lattice.", "share_note": "2 per formula unit of ZrO2 (Morgan datasheet)" }, { "name": "Magnesium", "symbol": "Mg", "role": "The stabiliser. MgO keeps most of the zirconia cubic and leaves tetragonal precipitates that toughen the ceramic (NASA).", "share_note": "3.5 wt% MgO in ZrO2 (Morgan TS grade)" } ] }, "risk_groups": [ { "title": "For people", "lead": "PubChem classes zirconium dioxide as not hazardous in most reports. Magnesium oxide carries eye and respiratory codes in some notifications.", "points": [ { "label": "Zirconium dioxide", "line": "PubChem's GHS entry reads Not Classified. 1040 of 1116 company reports say it does not meet GHS hazard criteria." }, { "label": "Magnesia powder", "line": "PubChem lists H319 and H335 for magnesium oxide notifications. Most company reports find no GHS hazard (1586 of 1807)." } ], "level": 0, "verdict": "Mostly not classified hazardous" }, { "title": "If it fails", "lead": "These results come from manufacturer tests and one cited ageing study, not from incidents in service.", "points": [ { "label": "Cracking", "line": "Toughness is 15 MPa√m for the Morgan TS grade and 11 MPa√m for the CoorsTek MgO column. ZTA is 3.5 MPa√m minimum (CeramTec). Ceramics break by crack growth, so flaws and sharp corners set the risk." }, { "label": "Ageing in steam", "line": "ATZ strength falls 9.9 to 16.2 per cent after the paper's autoclave runs, and the 2021 paper reports a surface-only transformation at 150 to 180 °C." }, { "label": "Pure zirconia", "line": "NASA says unstabilised zirconia breaks into powder on cooling through 1170 °C." }, { "label": "Thermal shock", "line": "Kyocera lists 250 °C (R1, in water) for its Mg-PSZ, CoorsTek 350 °C for the MgO column and Morgan 500 °C for the TS grade." } ] }, { "title": "Handling and storage", "points": [ { "label": "Powder", "line": "Treat magnesia powder as an irritant: PubChem lists H319 and H335 for magnesium oxide." }, { "label": "Supplier values", "line": "CoorsTek says its values vary with the method of manufacture, size and shape of the part. Kyocera says its values apply only to test specimens." } ], "gap": "No supplier safety data sheet for Mg-PSZ, ATZ or ZTA powder was opened in this run." } ] }, "updated": "2026-10-26", "review": { "status": "draft", "method": "assistant", "checked_values": 77, "unreachable": 3, "caveats": 4, "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from pages fetched in this run: CoorsTek chart (MgO and ZTA columns), Kyocera FZM 2025 sheet, Morgan Nilcra Zirconia TS grade datasheet, CeramTec Rubalit ZTA datasheet, the Materials 2021 ATZ paper (PMC8585464), NASA TP-2286 (NTRS 19840013672), USGS MCS 2026 zirconium and hafnium, magnesium compounds and bauxite and alumina chapters, and PubChem CIDs 14792 and 62395. Unreachable in this run: STC ZTA chart (ceramics.net stub), IPEN ATZ PDF (not downloaded), UCTM 2017 zirconia paper (not downloaded). Caveats: CoorsTek does not print the MgO mol%; ATZ values come from one paper; ZTA sources differ in composition; unstabilised zirconia has only NASA values." }, "sources": { "coors-chart": { "title": "CoorsTek Ceramic Properties Standard (chart of alumina, zirconia and carbide grades)", "id": "CoorsTek F0801 8510-1042 Rev. J, 2008", "url": "https://psec.uchicago.edu/ceramics/CoorsTek%208510-1042_Ceramic_Material_Properties.pdf", "year": 2008, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" }, "kyocera-fzm": { "title": "Kyocera Fineceramics Europe data sheet FZM, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia", "id": "KYOCERA Fineceramics Europe GmbH, FZM, February 2025", "url": "https://kyocera-fineceramics.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/werkstoffdatenblaetter/Zirkonoxid/KFEG_Data_sheets_EN_2025_FZM.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" }, "morgan-mgpsz": { "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials data sheet: Nilcra Zirconia TS Grade", "id": "Morgan Advanced Materials, copyright 2013", "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/media/2312/nilcra-zirconia-ts-grade.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" }, "ceramtec-zta": { "title": "CeramTec material data sheet: Rubalit ZTA (zirconia-toughened alumina)", "id": "CA240153/EN/100/2503/IM, CeramTec GmbH 2025", "url": "https://www.ceramtec-group.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Corporate/11_Downloads/12_Substrate/CeramTec_Substrates_Datasheet_ZTA.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced" }, "pmc-atz": { "title": "Hydrothermal Aging of ATZ Composites Based on Zirconia Made of Powders with Different Yttria Content", "id": "doi:10.3390/ma14216418 (Materials 14(21), 2021, open access)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8585464/", "year": 2021, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, as printed on the page" }, "nasa-zirconia": { "title": "NASA TP-2286: Overview of Zirconia With Respect to Gas Turbine Applications", "id": "NASA Technical Paper 2286, March 1984; NTRS 19840013672", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19840013672", "year": 1984, "kind": "report", "license": "US government work" }, "usgs-zrhf": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Zirconium and Hafnium", "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-zirconium-hafnium.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain (USGS)" }, "usgs-mgcomp": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Magnesium Compounds", "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-magnesium-compounds.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain (USGS)" }, "usgs-bauxite": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Bauxite and Alumina", "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-bauxite-alumina.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain (USGS)" }, "pubchem-mgo": { "title": "PubChem compound record, Magnesium oxide (CID 14792)", "id": "CID 14792", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14792", "year": 2026, "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NCBI)" }, "pubchem-zro2": { "title": "PubChem compound record, Zirconium dioxide (CID 62395)", "id": "CID 62395; CAS 1314-23-4", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/62395", "year": 2026, "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NCBI)" } }, "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/zirconia-msz-atz/" }