Carbon steel 1010 1010 (UNS G10100, AISI 1010)
Fe balance
Also known as UNS G10100, AISI 1010, JIS S10C, GB ML10, ASME SA-29 1010, ASTM MT1010
AISI 1010 is a plain low-carbon steel: iron with about 0.08 to 0.13 percent carbon and 0.30 to 0.60 percent manganese.
Evidence level
2 of 5
Lab-measured
- 0Predicted only. No one has made it, or no measurement exists.
- 1Calculated. Only calculated or predicted values from sources.
- 2Lab-measured. Measured properties with their conditions stated.
- 3Space-relevant tests. Measured in conditions relevant to space, such as vacuum or atomic oxygen.
- 4Ground-qualified. Qualified for an application on the ground.
- 5Flown or field-proven. Flight or field results exist.
Strength, hot rolled
350 MPa
Strength, cold drawn
190 MPa
Stiffness
210 GPa
Density
7.9 g/cm³
Tube, normalized
350 MPa
Recipe, share of the weight
- Fe balanceIron
- C 0.08 to 0.13%Carbon
- Mn 0.3 to 0.6%Manganese
- P max 0.04 (typical limit, MWAlloys)Phosphorus
- S max 0.05 (typical limit, MWAlloys)Sulfur
Best for
Formed, drawn and welded parts, and light structural parts, where cost and ductility matter
Weakest at
Rust in moist air and salt unless it is coated, and strength that depends on the processing condition
Risk at a glance
- People Low. PubChem hazards are for the metals
- If it fails No data. No failure risks recorded
- Corrosion No data. No corrosion data recorded
Quick facts: 1010 (UNS G10100, AISI 1010)
| Property | Value | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 7.9 g/cm³ | 2 sourced values across conditions |
| Yield strength | 170 to 345 MPa | 5 sourced values across conditions |
| Tensile strength | 310 to 450 MPa | 5 sourced values across conditions |
| Young's modulus | 190 to 210 GPa | 3 sourced values across conditions |
| Hardness (Brinell) | 95 to 105 HB | 1 sourced value |
| Thermal conductivity | 64.2 W/(m∙°C) | 1 sourced value |
| Specific heat | 450 J/(kg·K) | 2 sourced values across conditions |
What is the density of Carbon steel 1010?
Carbon steel 1010 has a density of 7.9 g/cm³. The range covers 2 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What is the thermal conductivity of Carbon steel 1010?
Carbon steel 1010 has a thermal conductivity of 64.2 W/(m∙°C). The source and test conditions are listed in the properties table on this page.
What is the yield strength of Carbon steel 1010?
Carbon steel 1010 has a yield strength of 170 to 345 MPa. The range covers 5 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What is the tensile strength of Carbon steel 1010?
Carbon steel 1010 has a tensile strength of 310 to 450 MPa. The range covers 5 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What is the Young's modulus of Carbon steel 1010?
Carbon steel 1010 has a Young's modulus of 190 to 210 GPa. The range covers 3 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What are the other names and codes for Carbon steel 1010?
Carbon steel 1010 is also written as UNS G10100, AISI 1010, JIS S10C, GB ML10, ASME SA-29 1010, ASTM MT1010. Each code is printed in the source listed beside it in the designations table.
What is Carbon steel 1010 used for?
Uses recorded in the sources include Structural components with light to moderate load; Shaft sleeves, bushings and finished parts; Structural and constructional steel.
Why it exists
AISI 1010 is chosen where a cheap steel that forms, welds and machines easily is enough. MWAlloys describes its good cold formability and reliable weldability, and its moderate tensile strength.
Where it's used
Structural components
MWAlloys lists structural components with light to moderate load as a use of M1010 tube.
Shaft sleeves, bushings and finished parts
MWAlloys lists shaft sleeves, bushings and finished parts where grinding or coating follows.
Automotive and furniture parts
MWAlloys lists automotive components that need bending, flaring or stamping, and furniture frames and fixtures.
Recipe
Fe balance; 0.08 to 0.13 C, 0.30 to 0.60 Mn, max 0.04 P, max 0.05 S (wt%)
AISI 1010 is iron with 0.08 to 0.13 percent carbon and 0.30 to 0.60 percent manganese, with phosphorus and sulfur held to low limits (Total Materia; MWAlloys). The SAE 10xx series is plain carbon steel (Wikipedia, SAE steel grades). It is made as hot rolled or cold drawn bar, and as hot rolled ERW, cold rolled ERW, seamless or DOM tube (MfgRobots; MWAlloys).
| Ingredient | Share of the weight | What it does |
|---|---|---|
| Iron Fe | balance | The matrix of the steel. Iron makes up the rest of the composition. |
| Carbon C | 0.08 to 0.13% | Sets the strength. Low carbon keeps tensile strength moderate and elongation and cold formability high (MWAlloys). |
| Manganese Mn | 0.3 to 0.6% | Moderate manganese, one of the elements the carbon steel article lists as affecting properties (Wikipedia, carbon steel). |
| Phosphorus P | max 0.04 (typical limit, MWAlloys) | Impurity held to a low limit. |
| Sulfur S | max 0.05 (typical limit, MWAlloys) | Impurity held low. |
Weight shares are as printed in the sources.
What it can do
Strength, hot rolled
350 MPa
measured
The hot rolled page gives 350 MPa tensile and 190 MPa yield, with 30 percent elongation.
Strength, cold drawn
190 MPa
measured
The cold drawn page gives 400 MPa tensile and 330 MPa yield, with 22 percent elongation.
Stiffness
210 GPa
measured
The elastic modulus is 210 GPa on both MfgRobots pages and 190 to 210 GPa in Total Materia.
Density
7.9 g/cm³
measured
Density is 7.9 g/cm³ on both MfgRobots pages.
Tube, normalized
350 MPa
measured
MWAlloys gives 345 to 450 MPa tensile for normalized round tube, as a typical range.
How it compares
AISI 1010 is the softer and more ductile of the two plain low-carbon grades. On the MfgRobots pages read for this profile, 1010 has lower tensile and yield strength than AISI 1018 in both hot rolled and cold drawn forms, and higher elongation in both. The gap follows the carbon and manganese ranges, which are higher for 1018 on the same pages. 1010 trades strength for formability and weldability, and outdoor parts need galvanizing or paint (MWAlloys).
The same measurements for each material, so you can compare them. Each row names the key condition under the value; the full conditions and methods are in the numbered notes under Technical details. Other materials are shown beside it; each was measured under its own conditions, so open its page before comparing closely. Compare every grade in the family.
| Measurement | 1010 (UNS G10100, AISI 1010) | A36 (UNS K02600) | 1018 (UNS G10180, AISI 1018) | 1045 (UNS G10450, AISI 1045) | 1215 (UNS G12150, AISI 1215) | 4130 (UNS G41300) | 4140 (UNS G41400) | 1070 (UNS G10700, AISI 1070, SAE 1070) | 4340 (UNS G43400) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thermal behavior and safety | |||||||||
| specific heat | 450 J/(kg·K)6 | no data | 0.486 J/g-°C | no data | 0.472 J/g-°C | 0.477 J/g-°C | 0.473 J/gK | 470 J/(kg·K) | no data |
| specific heat | 450 J/(kg·K)12 | no data | 0.486 J/g-°C | no data | 0.472 J/g-°C | 0.477 J/g-°C | 0.473 J/gK | 470 J/(kg·K) | no data |
| Thermal conductivity | 64.21 W/(m∙°C)14 | no data | 51.9 W/m-K | no data | 51.9 W/m-K | 42.7 W/m-K | 42.6 W/mK | 50 W/(m·K) | no data |
| Physical and electrical | |||||||||
| Density | 7.9 g/cm³1 | 7.8 g/cm³ | 7.87 g/cc | no data | 7.87 g/cc | 7.85 g/cc | 7.85 g/cc | 7.7 g/cm³ | 7.7 to 8.03 g/cm³ |
| Density | 7.9 g/cm³7 | 7.8 g/cm³ | 7.87 g/cc | no data | 7.87 g/cc | 7.85 g/cc | 7.85 g/cc | 7.7 g/cm³ | 7.7 to 8.03 g/cm³ |
| brinell hardness | 95 to 105 HB15 | no data | no data | 170 to 210 HB | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data |
| Other measurements | |||||||||
| elastic modulus | 210 GPa2 | 200 GPa | 200 GPa | 190 to 210 GPa | 200 GPa | 205 GPa | 205 GPa | 190 GPa | 190 to 210 GPa |
| ultimate tensile strength | 350 MPa3 | 58 to 80 ksi | 440 MPa | > 690 MPa | 540 MPa | 820 MPa | 930 to 1080 MPa | 640 MPa | 850 to 1000 MPa |
| yield strength | 190 MPa4 | > 36 ksi | 370 MPa | > 540 MPa | 415 MPa | 635 MPa | > 740 MPa | > 390 MPa | > 665 MPa |
| elongation | 30 %5 | > 21 % | 15 % | > 8 % | 10 % | 25.5 % | > 12 % | > 10 % | > 13 % |
| elastic modulus | 210 GPa8 | 200 GPa | 200 GPa | 190 to 210 GPa | 200 GPa | 205 GPa | 205 GPa | 190 GPa | 190 to 210 GPa |
| ultimate tensile strength | 400 MPa9 | 58 to 80 ksi | 440 MPa | > 690 MPa | 540 MPa | 820 MPa | 930 to 1080 MPa | 640 MPa | 850 to 1000 MPa |
| yield strength | 330 MPa10 | > 36 ksi | 370 MPa | > 540 MPa | 415 MPa | 635 MPa | > 740 MPa | > 390 MPa | > 665 MPa |
| elongation | 22 %11 | > 21 % | 15 % | > 8 % | 10 % | 25.5 % | > 12 % | > 10 % | > 13 % |
| elastic modulus | 190 to 210 GPa13 | 200 GPa | 200 GPa | 190 to 210 GPa | 200 GPa | 205 GPa | 205 GPa | 190 GPa | 190 to 210 GPa |
| ultimate tensile strength | 345 to 450 MPa16 | 58 to 80 ksi | 440 MPa | > 690 MPa | 540 MPa | 820 MPa | 930 to 1080 MPa | 640 MPa | 850 to 1000 MPa |
| yield strength | 275 to 345 MPa17 | > 36 ksi | 370 MPa | > 540 MPa | 415 MPa | 635 MPa | > 740 MPa | > 390 MPa | > 665 MPa |
| elongation | 20 to 35 %18 | > 21 % | 15 % | > 8 % | 10 % | 25.5 % | > 12 % | > 10 % | > 13 % |
| ultimate tensile strength | 310 to 450 MPa19 | 58 to 80 ksi | 440 MPa | > 690 MPa | 540 MPa | 820 MPa | 930 to 1080 MPa | 640 MPa | 850 to 1000 MPa |
| yield strength | 170 to 300 MPa20 | > 36 ksi | 370 MPa | > 540 MPa | 415 MPa | 635 MPa | > 740 MPa | > 390 MPa | > 665 MPa |
| elongation | 25 to 40 %21 | > 21 % | 15 % | > 8 % | 10 % | 25.5 % | > 12 % | > 10 % | > 13 % |
| ultimate tensile strength | < 415 MPa22 | 58 to 80 ksi | 440 MPa | > 690 MPa | 540 MPa | 820 MPa | 930 to 1080 MPa | 640 MPa | 850 to 1000 MPa |
| yield strength | < 275 MPa23 | > 36 ksi | 370 MPa | > 540 MPa | 415 MPa | 635 MPa | > 740 MPa | > 390 MPa | > 665 MPa |
| elongation | 20 to 35 %24 | > 21 % | 15 % | > 8 % | 10 % | 25.5 % | > 12 % | > 10 % | > 13 % |
Why choose it, and why not
Good for
- Formed, drawn and welded parts, where cheap and ductile steel is wanted (MWAlloys).
- Shaft sleeves, bushings and finished parts that will be ground or coated (MWAlloys).
- Light structural parts under light to moderate load (MWAlloys).
Watch out for
- Strength depends on the form. Hot rolled, cold drawn and tube values are not interchangeable.
- Outdoor parts need galvanizing or paint, because chloride and sulfur dioxide air speeds rust (Rendon and Valencia).
- Carbon is printed as 0.08 to 0.13 in Total Materia and as 0.05 to 0.15 in MWAlloys, so check the supplier range.
AISI 1010 is a plain low-carbon steel: cheap, ductile, easy to form and weld, and moderately strong. It is softer than AISI 1018. Give the processing condition with every strength value, and coat it outdoors.
Technical details
For scientists and researchers. Everything above comes from the record below: every number with its method, its conditions and its source.
Other names and standards
The same grade under other systems, as datasheets and standards print them. Each code was checked against the page it comes from.
| System | Codes |
|---|---|
| UNS | G10100 |
| AISI | 1010 |
| JIS | S10C (Total Materia equivalence category: Official) |
| GB | ML10 (Total Materia equivalence category: Official) |
| ASME | SA-29 1010 |
| ASTM | MT1010 (mechanical tubing grade under ASTM A519) |
Notes
The method, full conditions and any caveat for the numbered rows above.
| # | Measurement | Method | Conditions | Caveat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Density | Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C | processing hot rolledtemperature 23 °C | — |
| 2 | elastic modulus | Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C | processing hot rolledtemperature 23 °C | — |
| 3 | ultimate tensile strength | Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C | processing hot rolledtemperature 23 °C | — |
| 4 | yield strength | Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C | processing hot rolledtemperature 23 °C | — |
| 5 | elongation | Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C | processing hot rolledtemperature 23 °Cgauge not stated | — |
| 6 | specific heat | Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C | processing hot rolledtemperature 23 °C | — |
| 7 | Density | Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C | processing cold drawntemperature 23 °C | — |
| 8 | elastic modulus | Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C | processing cold drawntemperature 23 °C | — |
| 9 | ultimate tensile strength | Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C | processing cold drawntemperature 23 °C | — |
| 10 | yield strength | Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C | processing cold drawntemperature 23 °C | — |
| 11 | elongation | Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C | processing cold drawntemperature 23 °Cgauge not stated | — |
| 12 | specific heat | Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C | processing cold drawntemperature 23 °C | — |
| 13 | elastic modulus | Physical Properties table, 0 - 30 °C column, range as printed | processing form not statedtemperature 0 to 30 °C | — |
| 14 | Thermal conductivity | Physical Properties table, 0 - 30 °C column, value as printed | processing form not statedtemperature 0 to 30 °C | — |
| 15 | brinell hardness | Mechanical Properties table, 0 - 30 °C column, range as printed under the printed row label Brinell Hardness (HB) | processing form not statedtemperature 0 to 30 °C | — |
| 16 | ultimate tensile strength | Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, MPa as printed | processing normalized round mechanical tubetemperature not statedcomment typical range from the supplier article | — |
| 17 | yield strength | Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, MPa as printed | processing normalized round mechanical tubetemperature not statedcomment typical range from the supplier article | — |
| 18 | elongation | Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, percent as printed | processing normalized round mechanical tubetemperature not statedcomment typical range from the supplier article | — |
| 19 | ultimate tensile strength | Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, MPa as printed | processing as-welded ERW round mechanical tubetemperature not statedcomment typical range from the supplier article | — |
| 20 | yield strength | Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, MPa as printed | processing as-welded ERW round mechanical tubetemperature not statedcomment typical range from the supplier article | — |
| 21 | elongation | Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, percent as printed | processing as-welded ERW round mechanical tubetemperature not statedcomment typical range from the supplier article | — |
| 22 | ultimate tensile strength | Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, up to value as printed | processing DOM (drawn) round mechanical tubetemperature not statedcomment typical upper limit from the supplier article | — |
| 23 | yield strength | Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, up to value as printed | processing DOM (drawn) round mechanical tubetemperature not statedcomment typical upper limit from the supplier article | — |
| 24 | elongation | Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, percent as printed | processing DOM (drawn) round mechanical tubetemperature not statedcomment typical range from the supplier article | — |
Corrosion and compatibility
What happens when it meets other materials and environments.
| Environment | Concern | What happens |
|---|---|---|
| Industrial atmosphere with chloride and sulfur dioxide (lab wetting-drying simulation of low carbon steel) | not rated | At one chloride to sulfur ratio, corrosion rates were much less than expected. The paper tested low carbon steel and does not name AISI 1010, so no 1010 rate is recorded.1 |
| Outdoor parts with a galvanized or painted coating | not rated | Hot dip galvanizing is named as robust outdoors. Painting or powder coating is typical for architectural uses.2 |
| # | Environment | Details | Test conditions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Industrial atmosphere with chloride and sulfur dioxide (lab wetting-drying simulation of low carbon steel) | Rendon and Valencia simulated the wetting-drying cycle on low carbon steel from industrial atmospheres at different distances from the sea, and analysed the rust layers. A particular chloride to sulfur ratio gave corrosion rates much less than expected. | test wetting-drying cycle in a CEBELCOR type apparatusgrade low carbon steel, grade not named |
| 2 | Outdoor parts with a galvanized or painted coating | MWAlloys lists hot dip galvanizing as robust outdoors, adding a little to the outside diameter. It lists painting or powder coating as typical for architectural uses. | coating hot dip galvanizing, or paint or powder coating |
Risks and side effects
Hazards to people, what happens when a cell overheats, and how the material is handled and stored.
For people
The PubChem records are for elemental manganese and iron, not solid steel. No 1010 safety data sheet was fetched.
- Manganese
- PubChem lists elemental manganese as Danger, with H228 (11.6 percent of reports), H319 (14.8 percent) and H411 (10.9 percent).
- Iron
- PubChem lists elemental iron as not classified in 74.1 percent of 6013 reports, with H228 in 15.5 percent.
- Workshop
- Cutting, grinding and welding make metal dust and fume. The fume and dust limits were not fetched, so check the supplier safety data sheet before work.
In the environment
Rust is the main environmental risk, and the study read was on low carbon steel.
- Industrial air
- Rendon and Valencia found that a particular chloride to sulfur ratio gave corrosion rates much less than expected for low carbon steel (lab simulation).
- Outdoor parts
- MWAlloys names hot dip galvanizing, and paint or powder coating, as the usual protection.
Fabrication and heat
Hot rolled, cold drawn and tube values differ, so every value carries its condition.
- Welding
- Preheat is generally unnecessary for 1010 with shielded metal arc, MIG or TIG welding of ERW and DOM tube (MWAlloys).
- Carbonitriding
- Total Materia lists carbonitriding at 790 to 900 °C with oil cooling and a 120 to 205 °C temper.
Test details
The original wording and numbers from the sources, for readers who want them.
Failure risks
| Failure | Trigger and consequence |
|---|---|
| Rust in an industrial atmosphere with chloride and sulfur dioxide | Wetting and drying with chloride and sulfur dioxide in the airThe rust layer forms at a rate that depends on the chloride to sulfur ratio (lab study of low carbon steel) |
| Strength and ductility change with processing | Cold drawing, cold working or heat treatmentStrength and ductility shift from the typical values, so the mill certificate must be checked |
Handling and storage
- Carbonitriding is listed at 790 to 900 °C with cooling in oil, and a temper at 120 to 205 °C (Total Materia heat treatment list)
- Preheat is generally unnecessary for 1010 with shielded metal arc, MIG or TIG welding of ERW and DOM tube. Follow the joint procedure for thicker sections (MWAlloys)
- Specify the processing condition with every strength value, because hot rolled, cold drawn and tube values differ (MfgRobots, MWAlloys)
Mitigations
- Hot dip galvanizing is robust outdoors and adds a little to the outside diameter (MWAlloys)
- Painting or powder coating is typical for architectural uses (MWAlloys)
Supply and geography
How common the raw materials are and where they come from.
Iron and steel (United States)
Iron is the least expensive and most widely used metal (USGS). US raw steel production was 82 million tons in 2025 (estimated). Net import reliance was 13 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated). Construction took an estimated 31 percent of net shipments and automotive 15 percent.
- Recycling
- USGS points to the Iron and Steel Scrap and Iron and Steel Slag chapters, which are outside this profile
- Substitutes
- Aluminum and plastics compete with steel in the automotive industry (USGS)
Raw steel by country (2025 estimated)
World raw steel production was 1,900 million metric tons in 2025 (estimated, rounded total). China 980, India 160, United States 82, Japan 81 and Russia 65 million metric tons (USGS World Production table). Shares are computed from the printed tonnage over the rounded world total.
- Top producers (2025)
- China 51.6%, India 8.4%, United States 4.3%, Japan 4.3%, Russia 3.4%
Steel imports by source (2021 to 2024)
Canada 23 percent, Mexico 15 percent, Brazil 13 percent, Republic of Korea 9 percent and other 40 percent (USGS).
Manganese (world mine production, manganese content, 2025 estimated)
World mine production was 20,000 thousand metric tons in 2025 (estimated, rounded total). South Africa 7,600, Gabon 5,000, Ghana 2,000, Australia 1,600, Brazil 800, India 790 and China 700 thousand metric tons (USGS). South Africa holds an estimated 70 percent of world manganese resources.
- Top producers (2025)
- South Africa 38%, Gabon 25%, Ghana 10%, Australia 8%
- Recycling
- Recovery specifically for manganese was negligible; manganese is recovered along with iron from steel slag (USGS)
Manganese ore imports to the United States (2021 to 2024)
Manganese ore: Gabon 64 percent, South Africa 24 percent, Mexico 12 percent and other less than 1 percent (USGS). US net import reliance was 100 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated, manganese content).
Documents
Datasheets, safety data sheets, papers and standards you can open.
Full record
The complete spore, as stored. Free to reuse under CC-BY-4.0. Images keep the licence shown with each one.
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spore: profile
id: steel-1010
spore_version: 0.2
family: carbon-and-alloy-steels
name: Carbon steel 1010
abbreviation: 1010 (UNS G10100, AISI 1010)
role: plain low-carbon steel
category: metals
type: steels-and-stainless
summary: |
AISI 1010 is a plain low-carbon steel: iron with about 0.08 to 0.13 percent carbon and 0.30 to 0.60 percent manganese. It is soft, ductile and easy to form and weld. It is sold as hot rolled bar, cold drawn bar, and as welded or drawn tube. It is softer and more ductile than AISI 1018. Outdoor parts are galvanized or painted, because chloride and sulfur dioxide air speeds rust.
best_for: Formed, drawn and welded parts, and light structural parts, where cost and ductility matter
weakest_at: Rust in moist air and salt unless it is coated, and strength that depends on the processing condition
identity:
formula: Fe balance; 0.08 to 0.13 C, 0.30 to 0.60 Mn, max 0.04 P, max 0.05 S (wt%)
source: totalmateria-1010
where: AISI 1010 Chemical Composition table (C and Mn rows)
designations:
- system: AISI
code: '1010'
source: totalmateria-1010
where: Page title, AISI 1010 Structural and constructional steels
- system: UNS
code: G10100
source: totalmateria-1010
where: International Equivalent Materials table, UNS row
- system: ASME
code: SA-29 1010
source: totalmateria-1010
where: International Equivalent Materials table, ASME row
- system: JIS
code: S10C
note: 'Total Materia equivalence category: Official'
source: totalmateria-1010
where: International Equivalent Materials table, JIS row
- system: GB
code: ML10
note: 'Total Materia equivalence category: Official'
source: totalmateria-1010
where: International Equivalent Materials table, GB row
- system: ASTM
code: MT1010
note: mechanical tubing grade under ASTM A519
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 11, procurement template, applicable standard line (ASTM A519 Grade MT1010)
tags:
environments: []
stresses: []
applications:
- structures
- mechanisms
properties:
- benchmark: density
value: 7.9
unit: g/cm³
scope: material
conditions:
processing: hot rolled
temperature: 23 °C
method: Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C
status: ground
source: mfgrobots-1010-hr
where: AISI 1010 Hot Rolled Steel properties, General table (Density row)
- benchmark: elastic_modulus
value: 210
unit: GPa
scope: material
conditions:
processing: hot rolled
temperature: 23 °C
method: Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C
status: ground
source: mfgrobots-1010-hr
where: Mechanical table (Elastic modulus row)
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
value: 350
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
processing: hot rolled
temperature: 23 °C
method: Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C
status: ground
source: mfgrobots-1010-hr
where: Mechanical table (Tensile strength row)
- benchmark: yield_strength
value: 190
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
processing: hot rolled
temperature: 23 °C
method: Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C
status: ground
source: mfgrobots-1010-hr
where: Mechanical table (Yield strength row)
- benchmark: elongation
value: 30
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
processing: hot rolled
temperature: 23 °C
gauge: not stated
method: Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C
status: ground
source: mfgrobots-1010-hr
where: Mechanical table (Elongation row)
- benchmark: specific_heat
value: 450
unit: J/(kg·K)
scope: material
conditions:
processing: hot rolled
temperature: 23 °C
method: Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C
status: ground
source: mfgrobots-1010-hr
where: Thermal table (Specific heat capacity row)
- benchmark: density
value: 7.9
unit: g/cm³
scope: material
conditions:
processing: cold drawn
temperature: 23 °C
method: Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C
status: ground
source: mfgrobots-1010-cd
where: AISI 1010 Cold Drawn Steel properties, General table (Density row)
- benchmark: elastic_modulus
value: 210
unit: GPa
scope: material
conditions:
processing: cold drawn
temperature: 23 °C
method: Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C
status: ground
source: mfgrobots-1010-cd
where: Mechanical table (Elastic modulus row)
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
value: 400
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
processing: cold drawn
temperature: 23 °C
method: Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C
status: ground
source: mfgrobots-1010-cd
where: Mechanical table (Tensile strength row)
- benchmark: yield_strength
value: 330
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
processing: cold drawn
temperature: 23 °C
method: Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C
status: ground
source: mfgrobots-1010-cd
where: Mechanical table (Yield strength row)
- benchmark: elongation
value: 22
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
processing: cold drawn
temperature: 23 °C
gauge: not stated
method: Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C
status: ground
source: mfgrobots-1010-cd
where: Mechanical table (Elongation row)
- benchmark: specific_heat
value: 450
unit: J/(kg·K)
scope: material
conditions:
processing: cold drawn
temperature: 23 °C
method: Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C
status: ground
source: mfgrobots-1010-cd
where: Thermal table (Specific heat capacity row)
- benchmark: elastic_modulus
value: 190
value_high: 210
bound: range
unit: GPa
scope: material
conditions:
processing: form not stated
temperature: 0 to 30 °C
method: Physical Properties table, 0 - 30 °C column, range as printed
status: ground
source: totalmateria-1010
where: AISI 1010 Physical Properties (Modulus of Elasticity row)
- benchmark: thermal_conductivity
value: 64.21
unit: W/(m∙°C)
scope: material
conditions:
processing: form not stated
temperature: 0 to 30 °C
method: Physical Properties table, 0 - 30 °C column, value as printed
status: ground
source: totalmateria-1010
where: AISI 1010 Physical Properties (Thermal Conductivity row)
- benchmark: brinell_hardness
value: 95
value_high: 105
bound: range
unit: HB
scope: material
conditions:
processing: form not stated
temperature: 0 to 30 °C
method: Mechanical Properties table, 0 - 30 °C column, range as printed under the printed row label Brinell Hardness (HB)
status: ground
source: totalmateria-1010
where: AISI 1010 Mechanical Properties (Brinell Hardness row)
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
value: 345
value_high: 450
bound: range
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
processing: normalized round mechanical tube
temperature: not stated
comment: typical range from the supplier article
method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, MPa as printed
status: ground
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (Normalized row)
- benchmark: yield_strength
value: 275
value_high: 345
bound: range
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
processing: normalized round mechanical tube
temperature: not stated
comment: typical range from the supplier article
method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, MPa as printed
status: ground
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (Normalized row)
- benchmark: elongation
value: 20
value_high: 35
bound: range
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
processing: normalized round mechanical tube
temperature: not stated
comment: typical range from the supplier article
method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, percent as printed
status: ground
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (Normalized row)
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
value: 310
value_high: 450
bound: range
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
processing: as-welded ERW round mechanical tube
temperature: not stated
comment: typical range from the supplier article
method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, MPa as printed
status: ground
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (As-welded ERW row)
- benchmark: yield_strength
value: 170
value_high: 300
bound: range
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
processing: as-welded ERW round mechanical tube
temperature: not stated
comment: typical range from the supplier article
method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, MPa as printed
status: ground
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (As-welded ERW row)
- benchmark: elongation
value: 25
value_high: 40
bound: range
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
processing: as-welded ERW round mechanical tube
temperature: not stated
comment: typical range from the supplier article
method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, percent as printed
status: ground
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (As-welded ERW row)
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
value: 415
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
processing: DOM (drawn) round mechanical tube
temperature: not stated
comment: typical upper limit from the supplier article
method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, up to value as printed
status: ground
bound: upper
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (DOM drawn row)
- benchmark: yield_strength
value: 275
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
processing: DOM (drawn) round mechanical tube
temperature: not stated
comment: typical upper limit from the supplier article
method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, up to value as printed
status: ground
bound: upper
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (DOM drawn row)
- benchmark: elongation
value: 20
value_high: 35
bound: range
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
processing: DOM (drawn) round mechanical tube
temperature: not stated
comment: typical range from the supplier article
method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, percent as printed
status: ground
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (DOM drawn row)
corrosion:
- environment: Industrial atmosphere with chloride and sulfur dioxide (lab wetting-drying simulation of low carbon steel)
headline: At one chloride to sulfur ratio, corrosion rates were much less than expected. The paper tested low carbon steel and does not name AISI 1010, so no 1010 rate is recorded.
effect: Rendon and Valencia simulated the wetting-drying cycle on low carbon steel from industrial atmospheres at different distances from the sea, and analysed the rust layers. A particular chloride to sulfur ratio gave corrosion rates much less than expected.
rating: unknown
conditions:
test: wetting-drying cycle in a CEBELCOR type apparatus
grade: low carbon steel, grade not named
source: rendon-valencia-2003
where: Abstract
- environment: Outdoor parts with a galvanized or painted coating
headline: Hot dip galvanizing is named as robust outdoors. Painting or powder coating is typical for architectural uses.
effect: MWAlloys lists hot dip galvanizing as robust outdoors, adding a little to the outside diameter. It lists painting or powder coating as typical for architectural uses.
rating: unknown
conditions:
coating: hot dip galvanizing, or paint or powder coating
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 8, corrosion protection and coatings list
risks:
hazards:
- text: 'PubChem aggregated GHS for elemental manganese (Signal Danger): H228 flammable solid in 11.6 percent of reports, H319 serious eye irritation in 14.8 percent, and H411 and H412 aquatic hazards in 10.9 and 10.8 percent. It does not meet GHS criteria in 46.1 percent of 3101 reports. PubChem also prints a second GHS entry for manganese with H360, H372, H401 and H411 (no percentage printed). It covers the metal, not the solid steel.'
ghs:
- H228
- H319
- H411
- H412
- H360
- H372
- H401
source: pubchem-mn
where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification
- text: 'PubChem aggregated GHS for elemental iron (Signal Danger): H228 flammable solid in 15.5 percent of reports and H251 self-heating in 21.2 percent. It does not meet GHS criteria in 74.1 percent of 6013 reports. It covers the metal, not the solid steel.'
ghs:
- H228
- H251
source: pubchem-fe
where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification
failure_risks:
- mode: Rust in an industrial atmosphere with chloride and sulfur dioxide
trigger: Wetting and drying with chloride and sulfur dioxide in the air
consequence: The rust layer forms at a rate that depends on the chloride to sulfur ratio (lab study of low carbon steel)
source: rendon-valencia-2003
where: Abstract
- mode: Strength and ductility change with processing
trigger: Cold drawing, cold working or heat treatment
consequence: Strength and ductility shift from the typical values, so the mill certificate must be checked
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 3, note under the typical mechanical table
side_effects: []
handling:
- text: Carbonitriding is listed at 790 to 900 °C with cooling in oil, and a temper at 120 to 205 °C (Total Materia heat treatment list)
source: totalmateria-1010
where: AISI 1010 Heat Treatments
- text: Preheat is generally unnecessary for 1010 with shielded metal arc, MIG or TIG welding of ERW and DOM tube. Follow the joint procedure for thicker sections (MWAlloys)
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 9, welding notes
- text: Specify the processing condition with every strength value, because hot rolled, cold drawn and tube values differ (MfgRobots, MWAlloys)
source: mfgrobots-1010-hr
where: Hot rolled and cold drawn property tables
mitigations:
- text: Hot dip galvanizing is robust outdoors and adds a little to the outside diameter (MWAlloys)
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 8, corrosion protection list
- text: Painting or powder coating is typical for architectural uses (MWAlloys)
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 8, corrosion protection list
uses:
- application: structures
device: Structural components with light to moderate load
example: MWAlloys says M1010 round tube is used for structural components with light to moderate load
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 7, typical applications list
- application: mechanisms
device: Shaft sleeves, bushings and finished parts
example: Finished parts where grinding or coating follows, such as shaft sleeves and bushings (MWAlloys)
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 7, typical applications list
- application: structures
device: Structural and constructional steel
example: Total Materia places AISI 1010 in its structural and constructional steels group
source: totalmateria-1010
where: Material group line under the page title
supply:
- subject: Iron and steel (United States)
abundance: Iron is the least expensive and most widely used metal (USGS). US raw steel production was 82 million tons in 2025 (estimated). Net import reliance was 13 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated). Construction took an estimated 31 percent of net shipments and automotive 15 percent.
producers: []
critical_lists: []
recycling: USGS points to the Iron and Steel Scrap and Iron and Steel Slag chapters, which are outside this profile
substitutes:
- Aluminum and plastics compete with steel in the automotive industry (USGS)
source: usgs-iron-steel-2026
where: Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; Substitutes
- subject: Raw steel by country (2025 estimated)
abundance: World raw steel production was 1,900 million metric tons in 2025 (estimated, rounded total). China 980, India 160, United States 82, Japan 81 and Russia 65 million metric tons (USGS World Production table). Shares are computed from the printed tonnage over the rounded world total.
producers:
- country: China
share_percent: 51.6
year: 2025
- country: India
share_percent: 8.4
year: 2025
- country: United States
share_percent: 4.3
year: 2025
- country: Japan
share_percent: 4.3
year: 2025
- country: Russia
share_percent: 3.4
year: 2025
critical_lists: []
recycling: ''
substitutes: []
source: usgs-iron-steel-2026
where: World Production table (Raw steel, 2025e)
- subject: Steel imports by source (2021 to 2024)
abundance: Canada 23 percent, Mexico 15 percent, Brazil 13 percent, Republic of Korea 9 percent and other 40 percent (USGS).
producers: []
critical_lists: []
recycling: ''
substitutes: []
source: usgs-iron-steel-2026
where: Import Sources (2021 to 2024)
- subject: Manganese (world mine production, manganese content, 2025 estimated)
abundance: World mine production was 20,000 thousand metric tons in 2025 (estimated, rounded total). South Africa 7,600, Gabon 5,000, Ghana 2,000, Australia 1,600, Brazil 800, India 790 and China 700 thousand metric tons (USGS). South Africa holds an estimated 70 percent of world manganese resources.
producers:
- country: South Africa
share_percent: 38
year: 2025
- country: Gabon
share_percent: 25
year: 2025
- country: Ghana
share_percent: 10
year: 2025
- country: Australia
share_percent: 8
year: 2025
critical_lists: []
recycling: Recovery specifically for manganese was negligible; manganese is recovered along with iron from steel slag (USGS)
substitutes: []
source: usgs-manganese-2026
where: World Mine Production and Reserves table; Salient Statistics
- subject: Manganese ore imports to the United States (2021 to 2024)
abundance: 'Manganese ore: Gabon 64 percent, South Africa 24 percent, Mexico 12 percent and other less than 1 percent (USGS). US net import reliance was 100 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated, manganese content).'
producers: []
critical_lists: []
recycling: ''
substitutes: []
source: usgs-manganese-2026
where: Import Sources (2021 to 2024); Salient Statistics
media: []
documents:
- title: 'Total Materia: AISI 1010 Structural and constructional steels'
type: database
url: https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250005
- title: 'MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications'
type: datasheet
url: https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35862.html
- title: 'MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Cold Drawn Steel, Properties'
type: datasheet
url: https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35889.html
- title: 'MWAlloys: M1010 Round Mechanical Carbon Steel Tube (technical article)'
type: datasheet
url: https://www.mwalloys.com/m1010-round-mechanical-carbon-steel-tube/
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf
year: 2026
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf
year: 2026
- title: 'PubChem: Manganese (CID 23930), GHS classification'
type: database
url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23930/JSON
- title: 'PubChem: Iron (CID 23925), GHS classification'
type: database
url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23925/JSON
- title: 'Rendon and Valencia (2003): Kinetics of structural rust transformation in environments containing chloride and SO2'
type: paper
url: https://revistademetalurgia.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistademetalurgia/article/download/1089/1101/1106
year: 2003
gaps:
- Total Materia shows no product form for its modulus, thermal conductivity and hardness values, so they are recorded as form not stated. Its density, Poisson, heat capacity, yield, elongation and reduction of area values are locked behind registration and are not recorded.
- The Total Materia tensile range of 275 to 655 MPa spans several forms with no form stated, so it is not recorded.
- No annealed value and no bar-form normalised value was printed on a fetched page. The only normalised values are typical ranges for M1010 tube from MWAlloys, recorded as normalized round mechanical tube, not as bar.
- MfgRobots labels its Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, melting point, thermal conductivity range, electrical resistivity, Curie temperature and maximum service temperature as typical for low carbon or carbon steel. These are generic figures, so they are not recorded. Its coefficient of thermal expansion is printed as 1.2E-5 per K, an E-notation form the source check cannot match, so it is not recorded.
- Brinell hardness is recorded under the custom name brinell_hardness, because the property canon has no hardness name. The unit HB is the one printed in the row label.
- Carbon is printed as 0.08 to 0.13 by Total Materia and as a typical 0.05 to 0.15 by MWAlloys, so the recipe uses the Total Materia range. Phosphorus and sulfur limits come from MWAlloys (max 0.04 and max 0.05) and agree with the MfgRobots ranges.
- SAE 1010, ASTM A108 1010 and ASTM A29 1010 (ASTM spelling) were not printed on any fetched page for this grade. Total Materia prints SA-29 1010 under ASME and lists EN, DIN and other standards only as Grade 10, so no EN number or EN name was recorded.
- The Rendon and Valencia paper tested low carbon steel and did not name AISI 1010, so no 1010 corrosion rate was read. Wikipedia is not used for corrosion, hazards or uses in this profile.
- The PubChem records are for elemental manganese and iron, not solid steel. No 1010 safety data sheet was fetched, so fume and dust limits are not recorded.
- The USGS iron and steel and manganese chapters name no critical-mineral list in the text read, so critical lists are empty. The iron ore and scrap chapters were not read.
- Producer shares for steel and manganese are computed from the printed tonnages over the rounded world totals.
- The uses come from MWAlloys, a tube supplier article, and from the Total Materia material group. No application text for 1010 was printed on the MfgRobots pages.
- MWAlloys also uses the names 1010, MT1010 and M1010 in product literature. Only MT1010 under ASTM A519 is recorded, from its procurement template line.
- The MfgRobots and MWAlloys values are typical values, not mill certificate values. MWAlloys says to confirm them with the mill certificate. The MWAlloys table also prints ksi values, which are not recorded.
- Fatigue, cryogenic and high-temperature behaviour of AISI 1010 were not read. CAS number, crystal system and space group were not read for this grade.
- The 1010 versus 1018 comparison uses the MfgRobots hot rolled and cold drawn pages for both grades. No 1018 value is recorded in this file.
- 'Web search was unavailable in this run, so sources were reached by direct URL and by the sitemaps of MWAlloys and MW Components. Unreachable 1010 pages: MatWeb, MakeItFrom, OnlineMetals and Metals Depot returned 403, and the Elgin and MWAlloys 1010 pages returned 404.'
sources:
totalmateria-1010:
title: 'Total Materia: AISI 1010 Structural and constructional steels (page 1250005)'
url: https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250005
kind: database
license: cited, not reproduced
mfgrobots-1010-hr:
title: 'MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications (article 35862)'
url: https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35862.html
kind: web
license: cited, not reproduced
mfgrobots-1010-cd:
title: 'MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Cold Drawn Steel (article 35889)'
url: https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35889.html
kind: web
license: cited, not reproduced
mfgrobots-1018-hr:
title: 'MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel (article 35865), read for comparison'
url: https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35865.html
kind: web
license: cited, not reproduced
mfgrobots-1018-cd:
title: 'MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Cold Drawn Steel (article 35892), read for comparison'
url: https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35892.html
kind: web
license: cited, not reproduced
mwalloys-m1010:
title: 'MWAlloys: M1010 Round Mechanical Carbon Steel Tube (technical article, 2026-02-06)'
url: https://www.mwalloys.com/m1010-round-mechanical-carbon-steel-tube/
kind: web
license: cited, not reproduced
usgs-iron-steel-2026:
title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel'
id: mcs2026-iron-steel
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf
kind: report
year: 2026
license: public domain
usgs-manganese-2026:
title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese'
id: mcs2026-manganese
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf
kind: report
year: 2026
license: public domain
pubchem-mn:
title: 'PubChem: Manganese (CID 23930), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (REST record)'
id: CID 23930
url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23930/JSON
kind: database
license: PubChem terms (public)
pubchem-fe:
title: 'PubChem: Iron (CID 23925), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (REST record)'
id: CID 23925
url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23925/JSON
kind: database
license: PubChem terms (public)
rendon-valencia-2003:
title: 'Rendon and Valencia (2003): Kinetics of structural rust transformation in environments containing chloride and SO2, Revista de Metalurgia'
url: https://revistademetalurgia.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistademetalurgia/article/download/1089/1101/1106
kind: paper
year: 2003
license: open access (cited)
wiki-carbon-steel:
title: 'Wikipedia: Carbon steel (composition and classification only)'
id: Carbon steel
url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel
kind: web
license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)
wiki-mild-steel:
title: 'Wikipedia: Mild steel (classification only)'
id: Mild steel
url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mild_steel
kind: web
license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)
wiki-sae-grades:
title: 'Wikipedia: SAE steel grades (10xx series only)'
id: SAE steel grades
url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAE_steel_grades
kind: web
license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-24'
review:
status: draft
method: assistant
checked_values: 24
unreachable: 7
caveats: 8
note: Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from pages fetched in that run, by direct URL and sitemap because web search was unavailable. Composition, modulus, conductivity and hardness come from Total Materia. Hot rolled and cold drawn values come from MfgRobots. Normalised, as-welded ERW and DOM values are typical ranges for M1010 tube from MWAlloys, not mill certificates. Annealed bar values were not printed on any fetched page.
story:
recipe:
line: AISI 1010 is iron with 0.08 to 0.13 percent carbon and 0.30 to 0.60 percent manganese, with phosphorus and sulfur held to low limits (Total Materia; MWAlloys). The SAE 10xx series is plain carbon steel (Wikipedia, SAE steel grades). It is made as hot rolled or cold drawn bar, and as hot rolled ERW, cold rolled ERW, seamless or DOM tube (MfgRobots; MWAlloys).
parts:
- name: Iron
symbol: Fe
share_note: balance
role: The matrix of the steel. Iron makes up the rest of the composition.
source: mfgrobots-1010-hr
where: Chemical properties table, Iron row
- name: Carbon
symbol: C
share_percent: 0.08
share_high: 0.13
role: Sets the strength. Low carbon keeps tensile strength moderate and elongation and cold formability high (MWAlloys).
source: totalmateria-1010
where: AISI 1010 Chemical Composition, C row
- name: Manganese
symbol: Mn
share_percent: 0.3
share_high: 0.6
role: Moderate manganese, one of the elements the carbon steel article lists as affecting properties (Wikipedia, carbon steel).
source: totalmateria-1010
where: AISI 1010 Chemical Composition, Mn row
- name: Phosphorus
symbol: P
share_note: max 0.04 (typical limit, MWAlloys)
role: Impurity held to a low limit.
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 3, typical composition table
- name: Sulfur
symbol: S
share_note: max 0.05 (typical limit, MWAlloys)
role: Impurity held low.
source: mwalloys-m1010
where: Section 3, typical composition table
risk_groups:
- title: For people
level: 1
verdict: PubChem hazards are for the metals
lead: The PubChem records are for elemental manganese and iron, not solid steel. No 1010 safety data sheet was fetched.
points:
- label: Manganese
line: PubChem lists elemental manganese as Danger, with H228 (11.6 percent of reports), H319 (14.8 percent) and H411 (10.9 percent).
- label: Iron
line: PubChem lists elemental iron as not classified in 74.1 percent of 6013 reports, with H228 in 15.5 percent.
- label: Workshop
line: Cutting, grinding and welding make metal dust and fume. The fume and dust limits were not fetched, so check the supplier safety data sheet before work.
- title: In the environment
level: 2
verdict: Chloride and sulfur dioxide drive rust
lead: Rust is the main environmental risk, and the study read was on low carbon steel.
points:
- label: Industrial air
line: Rendon and Valencia found that a particular chloride to sulfur ratio gave corrosion rates much less than expected for low carbon steel (lab simulation).
- label: Outdoor parts
line: MWAlloys names hot dip galvanizing, and paint or powder coating, as the usual protection.
- title: Fabrication and heat
level: 1
verdict: Processing changes the strength
lead: Hot rolled, cold drawn and tube values differ, so every value carries its condition.
points:
- label: Welding
line: Preheat is generally unnecessary for 1010 with shielded metal arc, MIG or TIG welding of ERW and DOM tube (MWAlloys).
- label: Carbonitriding
line: Total Materia lists carbonitriding at 790 to 900 °C with oil cooling and a 120 to 205 °C temper.
why: AISI 1010 is chosen where a cheap steel that forms, welds and machines easily is enough. MWAlloys describes its good cold formability and reliable weldability, and its moderate tensile strength.
uses:
- where: Structural components
line: MWAlloys lists structural components with light to moderate load as a use of M1010 tube.
- where: Shaft sleeves, bushings and finished parts
line: MWAlloys lists shaft sleeves, bushings and finished parts where grinding or coating follows.
- where: Automotive and furniture parts
line: MWAlloys lists automotive components that need bending, flaring or stamping, and furniture frames and fixtures.
can_do:
- label: Strength, hot rolled
benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
line: The hot rolled page gives 350 MPa tensile and 190 MPa yield, with 30 percent elongation.
- label: Strength, cold drawn
benchmark: yield_strength
line: The cold drawn page gives 400 MPa tensile and 330 MPa yield, with 22 percent elongation.
- label: Stiffness
benchmark: elastic_modulus
line: The elastic modulus is 210 GPa on both MfgRobots pages and 190 to 210 GPa in Total Materia.
- label: Density
benchmark: density
line: Density is 7.9 g/cm³ on both MfgRobots pages.
- label: Tube, normalized
benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
line: MWAlloys gives 345 to 450 MPa tensile for normalized round tube, as a typical range.
compare: AISI 1010 is the softer and more ductile of the two plain low-carbon grades. On the MfgRobots pages read for this profile, 1010 has lower tensile and yield strength than AISI 1018 in both hot rolled and cold drawn forms, and higher elongation in both. The gap follows the carbon and manganese ranges, which are higher for 1018 on the same pages. 1010 trades strength for formability and weldability, and outdoor parts need galvanizing or paint (MWAlloys).
compare_rows:
- label: Density
benchmark: density
scope: material
- label: Stiffness
benchmark: elastic_modulus
scope: material
- label: Yield strength
benchmark: yield_strength
scope: material
handling:
- Specify the processing condition, hot rolled, cold drawn or tube, with every strength value, because the values differ (MfgRobots, MWAlloys).
- Confirm strength with the mill certificate, because drawing, cold working and heat treatment shift it (MWAlloys).
- Carbonitriding is listed at 790 to 900 °C with oil cooling and a 120 to 205 °C temper (Total Materia).
good_for:
- Formed, drawn and welded parts, where cheap and ductile steel is wanted (MWAlloys).
- Shaft sleeves, bushings and finished parts that will be ground or coated (MWAlloys).
- Light structural parts under light to moderate load (MWAlloys).
watch_out:
- Strength depends on the form. Hot rolled, cold drawn and tube values are not interchangeable.
- Outdoor parts need galvanizing or paint, because chloride and sulfur dioxide air speeds rust (Rendon and Valencia).
- Carbon is printed as 0.08 to 0.13 in Total Materia and as 0.05 to 0.15 in MWAlloys, so check the supplier range.
verdict: 'AISI 1010 is a plain low-carbon steel: cheap, ductile, easy to form and weld, and moderately strong. It is softer than AISI 1018. Give the processing condition with every strength value, and coat it outdoors.'
References
Every number above carries a reference number. Click one to see the source and where in it the value comes from.