{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "steel-1010",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "carbon-and-alloy-steels",
  "name": "Carbon steel 1010",
  "abbreviation": "1010 (UNS G10100, AISI 1010)",
  "role": "plain low-carbon steel",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "steels-and-stainless",
  "summary": "AISI 1010 is a plain low-carbon steel: iron with about 0.08 to 0.13 percent carbon and 0.30 to 0.60 percent manganese. It is soft, ductile and easy to form and weld. It is sold as hot rolled bar, cold drawn bar, and as welded or drawn tube. It is softer and more ductile than AISI 1018. Outdoor parts are galvanized or painted, because chloride and sulfur dioxide air speeds rust.\n",
  "best_for": "Formed, drawn and welded parts, and light structural parts, where cost and ductility matter",
  "weakest_at": "Rust in moist air and salt unless it is coated, and strength that depends on the processing condition",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Fe balance; 0.08 to 0.13 C, 0.30 to 0.60 Mn, max 0.04 P, max 0.05 S (wt%)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "AISI",
        "code": "1010",
        "source": "totalmateria-1010",
        "where": "Page title, AISI 1010 Structural and constructional steels"
      },
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "G10100",
        "source": "totalmateria-1010",
        "where": "International Equivalent Materials table, UNS row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASME",
        "code": "SA-29 1010",
        "source": "totalmateria-1010",
        "where": "International Equivalent Materials table, ASME row"
      },
      {
        "system": "JIS",
        "code": "S10C",
        "note": "Total Materia equivalence category: Official",
        "source": "totalmateria-1010",
        "where": "International Equivalent Materials table, JIS row"
      },
      {
        "system": "GB",
        "code": "ML10",
        "note": "Total Materia equivalence category: Official",
        "source": "totalmateria-1010",
        "where": "International Equivalent Materials table, GB row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "MT1010",
        "note": "mechanical tubing grade under ASTM A519",
        "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
        "where": "Section 11, procurement template, applicable standard line (ASTM A519 Grade MT1010)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "totalmateria-1010",
    "where": "AISI 1010 Chemical Composition table (C and Mn rows)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "structures",
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "value": 7.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm³",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "hot rolled",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1010-hr",
      "where": "AISI 1010 Hot Rolled Steel properties, General table (Density row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications (article 35862)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35862.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "value": 210,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "hot rolled",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1010-hr",
      "where": "Mechanical table (Elastic modulus row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications (article 35862)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35862.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 350,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "hot rolled",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1010-hr",
      "where": "Mechanical table (Tensile strength row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications (article 35862)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35862.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 190,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "hot rolled",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1010-hr",
      "where": "Mechanical table (Yield strength row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications (article 35862)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35862.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 30,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "hot rolled",
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "gauge": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1010-hr",
      "where": "Mechanical table (Elongation row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications (article 35862)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35862.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "value": 450,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "hot rolled",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1010-hr",
      "where": "Thermal table (Specific heat capacity row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications (article 35862)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35862.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "value": 7.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm³",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1010-cd",
      "where": "AISI 1010 Cold Drawn Steel properties, General table (Density row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Cold Drawn Steel (article 35889)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35889.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "value": 210,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1010-cd",
      "where": "Mechanical table (Elastic modulus row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Cold Drawn Steel (article 35889)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35889.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1010-cd",
      "where": "Mechanical table (Tensile strength row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Cold Drawn Steel (article 35889)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35889.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 330,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1010-cd",
      "where": "Mechanical table (Yield strength row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Cold Drawn Steel (article 35889)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35889.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 22,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "gauge": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1010-cd",
      "where": "Mechanical table (Elongation row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Cold Drawn Steel (article 35889)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35889.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "value": 450,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1010-cd",
      "where": "Thermal table (Specific heat capacity row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Cold Drawn Steel (article 35889)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35889.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "value": 190,
      "value_high": 210,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "form not stated",
        "temperature": "0 to 30 °C"
      },
      "method": "Physical Properties table, 0 - 30 °C column, range as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "totalmateria-1010",
      "where": "AISI 1010 Physical Properties (Modulus of Elasticity row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Total Materia: AISI 1010 Structural and constructional steels (page 1250005)",
        "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250005",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "value": 64.21,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m∙°C)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "form not stated",
        "temperature": "0 to 30 °C"
      },
      "method": "Physical Properties table, 0 - 30 °C column, value as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "totalmateria-1010",
      "where": "AISI 1010 Physical Properties (Thermal Conductivity row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Total Materia: AISI 1010 Structural and constructional steels (page 1250005)",
        "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250005",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "brinell_hardness",
      "value": 95,
      "value_high": 105,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "HB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "form not stated",
        "temperature": "0 to 30 °C"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical Properties table, 0 - 30 °C column, range as printed under the printed row label Brinell Hardness (HB)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "totalmateria-1010",
      "where": "AISI 1010 Mechanical Properties (Brinell Hardness row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Total Materia: AISI 1010 Structural and constructional steels (page 1250005)",
        "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250005",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 345,
      "value_high": 450,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "normalized round mechanical tube",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "comment": "typical range from the supplier article"
      },
      "method": "Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, MPa as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
      "where": "Section 3 typical mechanical table (Normalized row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MWAlloys: M1010 Round Mechanical Carbon Steel Tube (technical article, 2026-02-06)",
        "url": "https://www.mwalloys.com/m1010-round-mechanical-carbon-steel-tube/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 275,
      "value_high": 345,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "normalized round mechanical tube",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "comment": "typical range from the supplier article"
      },
      "method": "Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, MPa as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
      "where": "Section 3 typical mechanical table (Normalized row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MWAlloys: M1010 Round Mechanical Carbon Steel Tube (technical article, 2026-02-06)",
        "url": "https://www.mwalloys.com/m1010-round-mechanical-carbon-steel-tube/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 20,
      "value_high": 35,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "normalized round mechanical tube",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "comment": "typical range from the supplier article"
      },
      "method": "Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, percent as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
      "where": "Section 3 typical mechanical table (Normalized row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MWAlloys: M1010 Round Mechanical Carbon Steel Tube (technical article, 2026-02-06)",
        "url": "https://www.mwalloys.com/m1010-round-mechanical-carbon-steel-tube/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 310,
      "value_high": 450,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "as-welded ERW round mechanical tube",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "comment": "typical range from the supplier article"
      },
      "method": "Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, MPa as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
      "where": "Section 3 typical mechanical table (As-welded ERW row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MWAlloys: M1010 Round Mechanical Carbon Steel Tube (technical article, 2026-02-06)",
        "url": "https://www.mwalloys.com/m1010-round-mechanical-carbon-steel-tube/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 170,
      "value_high": 300,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "as-welded ERW round mechanical tube",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "comment": "typical range from the supplier article"
      },
      "method": "Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, MPa as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
      "where": "Section 3 typical mechanical table (As-welded ERW row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MWAlloys: M1010 Round Mechanical Carbon Steel Tube (technical article, 2026-02-06)",
        "url": "https://www.mwalloys.com/m1010-round-mechanical-carbon-steel-tube/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 25,
      "value_high": 40,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "as-welded ERW round mechanical tube",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "comment": "typical range from the supplier article"
      },
      "method": "Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, percent as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
      "where": "Section 3 typical mechanical table (As-welded ERW row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MWAlloys: M1010 Round Mechanical Carbon Steel Tube (technical article, 2026-02-06)",
        "url": "https://www.mwalloys.com/m1010-round-mechanical-carbon-steel-tube/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 415,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "DOM (drawn) round mechanical tube",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "comment": "typical upper limit from the supplier article"
      },
      "method": "Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, up to value as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
      "where": "Section 3 typical mechanical table (DOM drawn row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MWAlloys: M1010 Round Mechanical Carbon Steel Tube (technical article, 2026-02-06)",
        "url": "https://www.mwalloys.com/m1010-round-mechanical-carbon-steel-tube/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 275,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "DOM (drawn) round mechanical tube",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "comment": "typical upper limit from the supplier article"
      },
      "method": "Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, up to value as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
      "where": "Section 3 typical mechanical table (DOM drawn row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MWAlloys: M1010 Round Mechanical Carbon Steel Tube (technical article, 2026-02-06)",
        "url": "https://www.mwalloys.com/m1010-round-mechanical-carbon-steel-tube/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 20,
      "value_high": 35,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "DOM (drawn) round mechanical tube",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "comment": "typical range from the supplier article"
      },
      "method": "Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, percent as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
      "where": "Section 3 typical mechanical table (DOM drawn row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MWAlloys: M1010 Round Mechanical Carbon Steel Tube (technical article, 2026-02-06)",
        "url": "https://www.mwalloys.com/m1010-round-mechanical-carbon-steel-tube/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Industrial atmosphere with chloride and sulfur dioxide (lab wetting-drying simulation of low carbon steel)",
      "headline": "At one chloride to sulfur ratio, corrosion rates were much less than expected. The paper tested low carbon steel and does not name AISI 1010, so no 1010 rate is recorded.",
      "effect": "Rendon and Valencia simulated the wetting-drying cycle on low carbon steel from industrial atmospheres at different distances from the sea, and analysed the rust layers. A particular chloride to sulfur ratio gave corrosion rates much less than expected.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "wetting-drying cycle in a CEBELCOR type apparatus",
        "grade": "low carbon steel, grade not named"
      },
      "source": "rendon-valencia-2003",
      "where": "Abstract"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Outdoor parts with a galvanized or painted coating",
      "headline": "Hot dip galvanizing is named as robust outdoors. Painting or powder coating is typical for architectural uses.",
      "effect": "MWAlloys lists hot dip galvanizing as robust outdoors, adding a little to the outside diameter. It lists painting or powder coating as typical for architectural uses.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "coating": "hot dip galvanizing, or paint or powder coating"
      },
      "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
      "where": "Section 8, corrosion protection and coatings list"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem aggregated GHS for elemental manganese (Signal Danger): H228 flammable solid in 11.6 percent of reports, H319 serious eye irritation in 14.8 percent, and H411 and H412 aquatic hazards in 10.9 and 10.8 percent. It does not meet GHS criteria in 46.1 percent of 3101 reports. PubChem also prints a second GHS entry for manganese with H360, H372, H401 and H411 (no percentage printed). It covers the metal, not the solid steel.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228",
          "H319",
          "H411",
          "H412",
          "H360",
          "H372",
          "H401"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-mn",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem aggregated GHS for elemental iron (Signal Danger): H228 flammable solid in 15.5 percent of reports and H251 self-heating in 21.2 percent. It does not meet GHS criteria in 74.1 percent of 6013 reports. It covers the metal, not the solid steel.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228",
          "H251"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-fe",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Rust in an industrial atmosphere with chloride and sulfur dioxide",
        "trigger": "Wetting and drying with chloride and sulfur dioxide in the air",
        "consequence": "The rust layer forms at a rate that depends on the chloride to sulfur ratio (lab study of low carbon steel)",
        "source": "rendon-valencia-2003",
        "where": "Abstract"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Strength and ductility change with processing",
        "trigger": "Cold drawing, cold working or heat treatment",
        "consequence": "Strength and ductility shift from the typical values, so the mill certificate must be checked",
        "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
        "where": "Section 3, note under the typical mechanical table"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Carbonitriding is listed at 790 to 900 °C with cooling in oil, and a temper at 120 to 205 °C (Total Materia heat treatment list)",
        "source": "totalmateria-1010",
        "where": "AISI 1010 Heat Treatments"
      },
      {
        "text": "Preheat is generally unnecessary for 1010 with shielded metal arc, MIG or TIG welding of ERW and DOM tube. Follow the joint procedure for thicker sections (MWAlloys)",
        "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
        "where": "Section 9, welding notes"
      },
      {
        "text": "Specify the processing condition with every strength value, because hot rolled, cold drawn and tube values differ (MfgRobots, MWAlloys)",
        "source": "mfgrobots-1010-hr",
        "where": "Hot rolled and cold drawn property tables"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Hot dip galvanizing is robust outdoors and adds a little to the outside diameter (MWAlloys)",
        "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
        "where": "Section 8, corrosion protection list"
      },
      {
        "text": "Painting or powder coating is typical for architectural uses (MWAlloys)",
        "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
        "where": "Section 8, corrosion protection list"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Structural components with light to moderate load",
      "example": "MWAlloys says M1010 round tube is used for structural components with light to moderate load",
      "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
      "where": "Section 7, typical applications list"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Shaft sleeves, bushings and finished parts",
      "example": "Finished parts where grinding or coating follows, such as shaft sleeves and bushings (MWAlloys)",
      "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
      "where": "Section 7, typical applications list"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Structural and constructional steel",
      "example": "Total Materia places AISI 1010 in its structural and constructional steels group",
      "source": "totalmateria-1010",
      "where": "Material group line under the page title"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Iron and steel (United States)",
      "abundance": "Iron is the least expensive and most widely used metal (USGS). US raw steel production was 82 million tons in 2025 (estimated). Net import reliance was 13 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated). Construction took an estimated 31 percent of net shipments and automotive 15 percent.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS points to the Iron and Steel Scrap and Iron and Steel Slag chapters, which are outside this profile",
      "substitutes": [
        "Aluminum and plastics compete with steel in the automotive industry (USGS)"
      ],
      "source": "usgs-iron-steel-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Raw steel by country (2025 estimated)",
      "abundance": "World raw steel production was 1,900 million metric tons in 2025 (estimated, rounded total). China 980, India 160, United States 82, Japan 81 and Russia 65 million metric tons (USGS World Production table). Shares are computed from the printed tonnage over the rounded world total.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 51.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 8.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 4.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_percent": 4.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 3.4,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-iron-steel-2026",
      "where": "World Production table (Raw steel, 2025e)"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Steel imports by source (2021 to 2024)",
      "abundance": "Canada 23 percent, Mexico 15 percent, Brazil 13 percent, Republic of Korea 9 percent and other 40 percent (USGS).",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-iron-steel-2026",
      "where": "Import Sources (2021 to 2024)"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Manganese (world mine production, manganese content, 2025 estimated)",
      "abundance": "World mine production was 20,000 thousand metric tons in 2025 (estimated, rounded total). South Africa 7,600, Gabon 5,000, Ghana 2,000, Australia 1,600, Brazil 800, India 790 and China 700 thousand metric tons (USGS). South Africa holds an estimated 70 percent of world manganese resources.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 38,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Gabon",
          "share_percent": 25,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Ghana",
          "share_percent": 10,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "share_percent": 8,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Recovery specifically for manganese was negligible; manganese is recovered along with iron from steel slag (USGS)",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-manganese-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table; Salient Statistics"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Manganese ore imports to the United States (2021 to 2024)",
      "abundance": "Manganese ore: Gabon 64 percent, South Africa 24 percent, Mexico 12 percent and other less than 1 percent (USGS). US net import reliance was 100 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated, manganese content).",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-manganese-2026",
      "where": "Import Sources (2021 to 2024); Salient Statistics"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Total Materia: AISI 1010 Structural and constructional steels",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250005"
    },
    {
      "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35862.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Cold Drawn Steel, Properties",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35889.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "MWAlloys: M1010 Round Mechanical Carbon Steel Tube (technical article)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.mwalloys.com/m1010-round-mechanical-carbon-steel-tube/"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Manganese (CID 23930), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23930/JSON"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Iron (CID 23925), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23925/JSON"
    },
    {
      "title": "Rendon and Valencia (2003): Kinetics of structural rust transformation in environments containing chloride and SO2",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://revistademetalurgia.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistademetalurgia/article/download/1089/1101/1106",
      "year": 2003
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Total Materia shows no product form for its modulus, thermal conductivity and hardness values, so they are recorded as form not stated. Its density, Poisson, heat capacity, yield, elongation and reduction of area values are locked behind registration and are not recorded.",
    "The Total Materia tensile range of 275 to 655 MPa spans several forms with no form stated, so it is not recorded.",
    "No annealed value and no bar-form normalised value was printed on a fetched page. The only normalised values are typical ranges for M1010 tube from MWAlloys, recorded as normalized round mechanical tube, not as bar.",
    "MfgRobots labels its Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, melting point, thermal conductivity range, electrical resistivity, Curie temperature and maximum service temperature as typical for low carbon or carbon steel. These are generic figures, so they are not recorded. Its coefficient of thermal expansion is printed as 1.2E-5 per K, an E-notation form the source check cannot match, so it is not recorded.",
    "Brinell hardness is recorded under the custom name brinell_hardness, because the property canon has no hardness name. The unit HB is the one printed in the row label.",
    "Carbon is printed as 0.08 to 0.13 by Total Materia and as a typical 0.05 to 0.15 by MWAlloys, so the recipe uses the Total Materia range. Phosphorus and sulfur limits come from MWAlloys (max 0.04 and max 0.05) and agree with the MfgRobots ranges.",
    "SAE 1010, ASTM A108 1010 and ASTM A29 1010 (ASTM spelling) were not printed on any fetched page for this grade. Total Materia prints SA-29 1010 under ASME and lists EN, DIN and other standards only as Grade 10, so no EN number or EN name was recorded.",
    "The Rendon and Valencia paper tested low carbon steel and did not name AISI 1010, so no 1010 corrosion rate was read. Wikipedia is not used for corrosion, hazards or uses in this profile.",
    "The PubChem records are for elemental manganese and iron, not solid steel. No 1010 safety data sheet was fetched, so fume and dust limits are not recorded.",
    "The USGS iron and steel and manganese chapters name no critical-mineral list in the text read, so critical lists are empty. The iron ore and scrap chapters were not read.",
    "Producer shares for steel and manganese are computed from the printed tonnages over the rounded world totals.",
    "The uses come from MWAlloys, a tube supplier article, and from the Total Materia material group. No application text for 1010 was printed on the MfgRobots pages.",
    "MWAlloys also uses the names 1010, MT1010 and M1010 in product literature. Only MT1010 under ASTM A519 is recorded, from its procurement template line.",
    "The MfgRobots and MWAlloys values are typical values, not mill certificate values. MWAlloys says to confirm them with the mill certificate. The MWAlloys table also prints ksi values, which are not recorded.",
    "Fatigue, cryogenic and high-temperature behaviour of AISI 1010 were not read. CAS number, crystal system and space group were not read for this grade.",
    "The 1010 versus 1018 comparison uses the MfgRobots hot rolled and cold drawn pages for both grades. No 1018 value is recorded in this file.",
    "Web search was unavailable in this run, so sources were reached by direct URL and by the sitemaps of MWAlloys and MW Components. Unreachable 1010 pages: MatWeb, MakeItFrom, OnlineMetals and Metals Depot returned 403, and the Elgin and MWAlloys 1010 pages returned 404."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "AISI 1010 is chosen where a cheap steel that forms, welds and machines easily is enough. MWAlloys describes its good cold formability and reliable weldability, and its moderate tensile strength.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Structural components",
        "line": "MWAlloys lists structural components with light to moderate load as a use of M1010 tube."
      },
      {
        "where": "Shaft sleeves, bushings and finished parts",
        "line": "MWAlloys lists shaft sleeves, bushings and finished parts where grinding or coating follows."
      },
      {
        "where": "Automotive and furniture parts",
        "line": "MWAlloys lists automotive components that need bending, flaring or stamping, and furniture frames and fixtures."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength, hot rolled",
        "line": "The hot rolled page gives 350 MPa tensile and 190 MPa yield, with 30 percent elongation.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength, cold drawn",
        "line": "The cold drawn page gives 400 MPa tensile and 330 MPa yield, with 22 percent elongation.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "The elastic modulus is 210 GPa on both MfgRobots pages and 190 to 210 GPa in Total Materia.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "Density is 7.9 g/cm³ on both MfgRobots pages.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tube, normalized",
        "line": "MWAlloys gives 345 to 450 MPa tensile for normalized round tube, as a typical range.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "AISI 1010 is the softer and more ductile of the two plain low-carbon grades. On the MfgRobots pages read for this profile, 1010 has lower tensile and yield strength than AISI 1018 in both hot rolled and cold drawn forms, and higher elongation in both. The gap follows the carbon and manganese ranges, which are higher for 1018 on the same pages. 1010 trades strength for formability and weldability, and outdoor parts need galvanizing or paint (MWAlloys).",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Yield strength",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the processing condition, hot rolled, cold drawn or tube, with every strength value, because the values differ (MfgRobots, MWAlloys).",
      "Confirm strength with the mill certificate, because drawing, cold working and heat treatment shift it (MWAlloys).",
      "Carbonitriding is listed at 790 to 900 °C with oil cooling and a 120 to 205 °C temper (Total Materia)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Formed, drawn and welded parts, where cheap and ductile steel is wanted (MWAlloys).",
      "Shaft sleeves, bushings and finished parts that will be ground or coated (MWAlloys).",
      "Light structural parts under light to moderate load (MWAlloys)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Strength depends on the form. Hot rolled, cold drawn and tube values are not interchangeable.",
      "Outdoor parts need galvanizing or paint, because chloride and sulfur dioxide air speeds rust (Rendon and Valencia).",
      "Carbon is printed as 0.08 to 0.13 in Total Materia and as 0.05 to 0.15 in MWAlloys, so check the supplier range."
    ],
    "verdict": "AISI 1010 is a plain low-carbon steel: cheap, ductile, easy to form and weld, and moderately strong. It is softer than AISI 1018. Give the processing condition with every strength value, and coat it outdoors.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "AISI 1010 is iron with 0.08 to 0.13 percent carbon and 0.30 to 0.60 percent manganese, with phosphorus and sulfur held to low limits (Total Materia; MWAlloys). The SAE 10xx series is plain carbon steel (Wikipedia, SAE steel grades). It is made as hot rolled or cold drawn bar, and as hot rolled ERW, cold rolled ERW, seamless or DOM tube (MfgRobots; MWAlloys).",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "The matrix of the steel. Iron makes up the rest of the composition.",
          "share_note": "balance",
          "source": "mfgrobots-1010-hr",
          "where": "Chemical properties table, Iron row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Sets the strength. Low carbon keeps tensile strength moderate and elongation and cold formability high (MWAlloys).",
          "share_percent": 0.08,
          "share_high": 0.13,
          "source": "totalmateria-1010",
          "where": "AISI 1010 Chemical Composition, C row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Moderate manganese, one of the elements the carbon steel article lists as affecting properties (Wikipedia, carbon steel).",
          "share_percent": 0.3,
          "share_high": 0.6,
          "source": "totalmateria-1010",
          "where": "AISI 1010 Chemical Composition, Mn row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Phosphorus",
          "symbol": "P",
          "role": "Impurity held to a low limit.",
          "share_note": "max 0.04 (typical limit, MWAlloys)",
          "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
          "where": "Section 3, typical composition table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Sulfur",
          "symbol": "S",
          "role": "Impurity held low.",
          "share_note": "max 0.05 (typical limit, MWAlloys)",
          "source": "mwalloys-m1010",
          "where": "Section 3, typical composition table"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The PubChem records are for elemental manganese and iron, not solid steel. No 1010 safety data sheet was fetched.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Manganese",
            "line": "PubChem lists elemental manganese as Danger, with H228 (11.6 percent of reports), H319 (14.8 percent) and H411 (10.9 percent)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Iron",
            "line": "PubChem lists elemental iron as not classified in 74.1 percent of 6013 reports, with H228 in 15.5 percent."
          },
          {
            "label": "Workshop",
            "line": "Cutting, grinding and welding make metal dust and fume. The fume and dust limits were not fetched, so check the supplier safety data sheet before work."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "PubChem hazards are for the metals"
      },
      {
        "title": "In the environment",
        "lead": "Rust is the main environmental risk, and the study read was on low carbon steel.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Industrial air",
            "line": "Rendon and Valencia found that a particular chloride to sulfur ratio gave corrosion rates much less than expected for low carbon steel (lab simulation)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Outdoor parts",
            "line": "MWAlloys names hot dip galvanizing, and paint or powder coating, as the usual protection."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Chloride and sulfur dioxide drive rust"
      },
      {
        "title": "Fabrication and heat",
        "lead": "Hot rolled, cold drawn and tube values differ, so every value carries its condition.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Welding",
            "line": "Preheat is generally unnecessary for 1010 with shielded metal arc, MIG or TIG welding of ERW and DOM tube (MWAlloys)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Carbonitriding",
            "line": "Total Materia lists carbonitriding at 790 to 900 °C with oil cooling and a 120 to 205 °C temper."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Processing changes the strength"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-24",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 24,
    "unreachable": 7,
    "caveats": 8,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from pages fetched in that run, by direct URL and sitemap because web search was unavailable. Composition, modulus, conductivity and hardness come from Total Materia. Hot rolled and cold drawn values come from MfgRobots. Normalised, as-welded ERW and DOM values are typical ranges for M1010 tube from MWAlloys, not mill certificates. Annealed bar values were not printed on any fetched page."
  },
  "sources": {
    "totalmateria-1010": {
      "title": "Total Materia: AISI 1010 Structural and constructional steels (page 1250005)",
      "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250005",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "mfgrobots-1010-hr": {
      "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications (article 35862)",
      "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35862.html",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "mfgrobots-1010-cd": {
      "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Cold Drawn Steel (article 35889)",
      "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35889.html",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "mfgrobots-1018-hr": {
      "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel (article 35865), read for comparison",
      "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35865.html",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "mfgrobots-1018-cd": {
      "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Cold Drawn Steel (article 35892), read for comparison",
      "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35892.html",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "mwalloys-m1010": {
      "title": "MWAlloys: M1010 Round Mechanical Carbon Steel Tube (technical article, 2026-02-06)",
      "url": "https://www.mwalloys.com/m1010-round-mechanical-carbon-steel-tube/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "usgs-iron-steel-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel",
      "id": "mcs2026-iron-steel",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "usgs-manganese-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese",
      "id": "mcs2026-manganese",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "pubchem-mn": {
      "title": "PubChem: Manganese (CID 23930), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (REST record)",
      "id": "CID 23930",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23930/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem terms (public)"
    },
    "pubchem-fe": {
      "title": "PubChem: Iron (CID 23925), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (REST record)",
      "id": "CID 23925",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23925/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem terms (public)"
    },
    "rendon-valencia-2003": {
      "title": "Rendon and Valencia (2003): Kinetics of structural rust transformation in environments containing chloride and SO2, Revista de Metalurgia",
      "url": "https://revistademetalurgia.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistademetalurgia/article/download/1089/1101/1106",
      "year": 2003,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "open access (cited)"
    },
    "wiki-carbon-steel": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Carbon steel (composition and classification only)",
      "id": "Carbon steel",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wiki-mild-steel": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Mild steel (classification only)",
      "id": "Mild steel",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mild_steel",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wiki-sae-grades": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: SAE steel grades (10xx series only)",
      "id": "SAE steel grades",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAE_steel_grades",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/steel-1010/"
}