spore: profile id: steel-1010 spore_version: 0.2 family: carbon-and-alloy-steels name: Carbon steel 1010 abbreviation: 1010 (UNS G10100, AISI 1010) role: plain low-carbon steel category: metals type: steels-and-stainless summary: | AISI 1010 is a plain low-carbon steel: iron with about 0.08 to 0.13 percent carbon and 0.30 to 0.60 percent manganese. It is soft, ductile and easy to form and weld. It is sold as hot rolled bar, cold drawn bar, and as welded or drawn tube. It is softer and more ductile than AISI 1018. Outdoor parts are galvanized or painted, because chloride and sulfur dioxide air speeds rust. best_for: Formed, drawn and welded parts, and light structural parts, where cost and ductility matter weakest_at: Rust in moist air and salt unless it is coated, and strength that depends on the processing condition identity: formula: Fe balance; 0.08 to 0.13 C, 0.30 to 0.60 Mn, max 0.04 P, max 0.05 S (wt%) source: totalmateria-1010 where: AISI 1010 Chemical Composition table (C and Mn rows) designations: - system: AISI code: '1010' source: totalmateria-1010 where: Page title, AISI 1010 Structural and constructional steels - system: UNS code: G10100 source: totalmateria-1010 where: International Equivalent Materials table, UNS row - system: ASME code: SA-29 1010 source: totalmateria-1010 where: International Equivalent Materials table, ASME row - system: JIS code: S10C note: 'Total Materia equivalence category: Official' source: totalmateria-1010 where: International Equivalent Materials table, JIS row - system: GB code: ML10 note: 'Total Materia equivalence category: Official' source: totalmateria-1010 where: International Equivalent Materials table, GB row - system: ASTM code: MT1010 note: mechanical tubing grade under ASTM A519 source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 11, procurement template, applicable standard line (ASTM A519 Grade MT1010) tags: environments: [] stresses: [] applications: - structures - mechanisms properties: - benchmark: density value: 7.9 unit: g/cm³ scope: material conditions: processing: hot rolled temperature: 23 °C method: Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C status: ground source: mfgrobots-1010-hr where: AISI 1010 Hot Rolled Steel properties, General table (Density row) - benchmark: elastic_modulus value: 210 unit: GPa scope: material conditions: processing: hot rolled temperature: 23 °C method: Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C status: ground source: mfgrobots-1010-hr where: Mechanical table (Elastic modulus row) - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength value: 350 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: processing: hot rolled temperature: 23 °C method: Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C status: ground source: mfgrobots-1010-hr where: Mechanical table (Tensile strength row) - benchmark: yield_strength value: 190 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: processing: hot rolled temperature: 23 °C method: Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C status: ground source: mfgrobots-1010-hr where: Mechanical table (Yield strength row) - benchmark: elongation value: 30 unit: '%' scope: material conditions: processing: hot rolled temperature: 23 °C gauge: not stated method: Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C status: ground source: mfgrobots-1010-hr where: Mechanical table (Elongation row) - benchmark: specific_heat value: 450 unit: J/(kg·K) scope: material conditions: processing: hot rolled temperature: 23 °C method: Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C status: ground source: mfgrobots-1010-hr where: Thermal table (Specific heat capacity row) - benchmark: density value: 7.9 unit: g/cm³ scope: material conditions: processing: cold drawn temperature: 23 °C method: Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C status: ground source: mfgrobots-1010-cd where: AISI 1010 Cold Drawn Steel properties, General table (Density row) - benchmark: elastic_modulus value: 210 unit: GPa scope: material conditions: processing: cold drawn temperature: 23 °C method: Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C status: ground source: mfgrobots-1010-cd where: Mechanical table (Elastic modulus row) - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength value: 400 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: processing: cold drawn temperature: 23 °C method: Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C status: ground source: mfgrobots-1010-cd where: Mechanical table (Tensile strength row) - benchmark: yield_strength value: 330 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: processing: cold drawn temperature: 23 °C method: Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C status: ground source: mfgrobots-1010-cd where: Mechanical table (Yield strength row) - benchmark: elongation value: 22 unit: '%' scope: material conditions: processing: cold drawn temperature: 23 °C gauge: not stated method: Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C status: ground source: mfgrobots-1010-cd where: Mechanical table (Elongation row) - benchmark: specific_heat value: 450 unit: J/(kg·K) scope: material conditions: processing: cold drawn temperature: 23 °C method: Properties table on the cold-drawn page, value as printed at 23.0 °C status: ground source: mfgrobots-1010-cd where: Thermal table (Specific heat capacity row) - benchmark: elastic_modulus value: 190 value_high: 210 bound: range unit: GPa scope: material conditions: processing: form not stated temperature: 0 to 30 °C method: Physical Properties table, 0 - 30 °C column, range as printed status: ground source: totalmateria-1010 where: AISI 1010 Physical Properties (Modulus of Elasticity row) - benchmark: thermal_conductivity value: 64.21 unit: W/(m∙°C) scope: material conditions: processing: form not stated temperature: 0 to 30 °C method: Physical Properties table, 0 - 30 °C column, value as printed status: ground source: totalmateria-1010 where: AISI 1010 Physical Properties (Thermal Conductivity row) - benchmark: brinell_hardness value: 95 value_high: 105 bound: range unit: HB scope: material conditions: processing: form not stated temperature: 0 to 30 °C method: Mechanical Properties table, 0 - 30 °C column, range as printed under the printed row label Brinell Hardness (HB) status: ground source: totalmateria-1010 where: AISI 1010 Mechanical Properties (Brinell Hardness row) - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength value: 345 value_high: 450 bound: range unit: MPa scope: material conditions: processing: normalized round mechanical tube temperature: not stated comment: typical range from the supplier article method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, MPa as printed status: ground source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (Normalized row) - benchmark: yield_strength value: 275 value_high: 345 bound: range unit: MPa scope: material conditions: processing: normalized round mechanical tube temperature: not stated comment: typical range from the supplier article method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, MPa as printed status: ground source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (Normalized row) - benchmark: elongation value: 20 value_high: 35 bound: range unit: '%' scope: material conditions: processing: normalized round mechanical tube temperature: not stated comment: typical range from the supplier article method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, percent as printed status: ground source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (Normalized row) - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength value: 310 value_high: 450 bound: range unit: MPa scope: material conditions: processing: as-welded ERW round mechanical tube temperature: not stated comment: typical range from the supplier article method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, MPa as printed status: ground source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (As-welded ERW row) - benchmark: yield_strength value: 170 value_high: 300 bound: range unit: MPa scope: material conditions: processing: as-welded ERW round mechanical tube temperature: not stated comment: typical range from the supplier article method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, MPa as printed status: ground source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (As-welded ERW row) - benchmark: elongation value: 25 value_high: 40 bound: range unit: '%' scope: material conditions: processing: as-welded ERW round mechanical tube temperature: not stated comment: typical range from the supplier article method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, percent as printed status: ground source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (As-welded ERW row) - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength value: 415 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: processing: DOM (drawn) round mechanical tube temperature: not stated comment: typical upper limit from the supplier article method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, up to value as printed status: ground bound: upper source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (DOM drawn row) - benchmark: yield_strength value: 275 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: processing: DOM (drawn) round mechanical tube temperature: not stated comment: typical upper limit from the supplier article method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, up to value as printed status: ground bound: upper source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (DOM drawn row) - benchmark: elongation value: 20 value_high: 35 bound: range unit: '%' scope: material conditions: processing: DOM (drawn) round mechanical tube temperature: not stated comment: typical range from the supplier article method: Typical mechanical ranges table by manufacturing condition, percent as printed status: ground source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 3 typical mechanical table (DOM drawn row) corrosion: - environment: Industrial atmosphere with chloride and sulfur dioxide (lab wetting-drying simulation of low carbon steel) headline: At one chloride to sulfur ratio, corrosion rates were much less than expected. The paper tested low carbon steel and does not name AISI 1010, so no 1010 rate is recorded. effect: Rendon and Valencia simulated the wetting-drying cycle on low carbon steel from industrial atmospheres at different distances from the sea, and analysed the rust layers. A particular chloride to sulfur ratio gave corrosion rates much less than expected. rating: unknown conditions: test: wetting-drying cycle in a CEBELCOR type apparatus grade: low carbon steel, grade not named source: rendon-valencia-2003 where: Abstract - environment: Outdoor parts with a galvanized or painted coating headline: Hot dip galvanizing is named as robust outdoors. Painting or powder coating is typical for architectural uses. effect: MWAlloys lists hot dip galvanizing as robust outdoors, adding a little to the outside diameter. It lists painting or powder coating as typical for architectural uses. rating: unknown conditions: coating: hot dip galvanizing, or paint or powder coating source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 8, corrosion protection and coatings list risks: hazards: - text: 'PubChem aggregated GHS for elemental manganese (Signal Danger): H228 flammable solid in 11.6 percent of reports, H319 serious eye irritation in 14.8 percent, and H411 and H412 aquatic hazards in 10.9 and 10.8 percent. It does not meet GHS criteria in 46.1 percent of 3101 reports. PubChem also prints a second GHS entry for manganese with H360, H372, H401 and H411 (no percentage printed). It covers the metal, not the solid steel.' ghs: - H228 - H319 - H411 - H412 - H360 - H372 - H401 source: pubchem-mn where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification - text: 'PubChem aggregated GHS for elemental iron (Signal Danger): H228 flammable solid in 15.5 percent of reports and H251 self-heating in 21.2 percent. It does not meet GHS criteria in 74.1 percent of 6013 reports. It covers the metal, not the solid steel.' ghs: - H228 - H251 source: pubchem-fe where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification failure_risks: - mode: Rust in an industrial atmosphere with chloride and sulfur dioxide trigger: Wetting and drying with chloride and sulfur dioxide in the air consequence: The rust layer forms at a rate that depends on the chloride to sulfur ratio (lab study of low carbon steel) source: rendon-valencia-2003 where: Abstract - mode: Strength and ductility change with processing trigger: Cold drawing, cold working or heat treatment consequence: Strength and ductility shift from the typical values, so the mill certificate must be checked source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 3, note under the typical mechanical table side_effects: [] handling: - text: Carbonitriding is listed at 790 to 900 °C with cooling in oil, and a temper at 120 to 205 °C (Total Materia heat treatment list) source: totalmateria-1010 where: AISI 1010 Heat Treatments - text: Preheat is generally unnecessary for 1010 with shielded metal arc, MIG or TIG welding of ERW and DOM tube. Follow the joint procedure for thicker sections (MWAlloys) source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 9, welding notes - text: Specify the processing condition with every strength value, because hot rolled, cold drawn and tube values differ (MfgRobots, MWAlloys) source: mfgrobots-1010-hr where: Hot rolled and cold drawn property tables mitigations: - text: Hot dip galvanizing is robust outdoors and adds a little to the outside diameter (MWAlloys) source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 8, corrosion protection list - text: Painting or powder coating is typical for architectural uses (MWAlloys) source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 8, corrosion protection list uses: - application: structures device: Structural components with light to moderate load example: MWAlloys says M1010 round tube is used for structural components with light to moderate load source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 7, typical applications list - application: mechanisms device: Shaft sleeves, bushings and finished parts example: Finished parts where grinding or coating follows, such as shaft sleeves and bushings (MWAlloys) source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 7, typical applications list - application: structures device: Structural and constructional steel example: Total Materia places AISI 1010 in its structural and constructional steels group source: totalmateria-1010 where: Material group line under the page title supply: - subject: Iron and steel (United States) abundance: Iron is the least expensive and most widely used metal (USGS). US raw steel production was 82 million tons in 2025 (estimated). Net import reliance was 13 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated). Construction took an estimated 31 percent of net shipments and automotive 15 percent. producers: [] critical_lists: [] recycling: USGS points to the Iron and Steel Scrap and Iron and Steel Slag chapters, which are outside this profile substitutes: - Aluminum and plastics compete with steel in the automotive industry (USGS) source: usgs-iron-steel-2026 where: Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; Substitutes - subject: Raw steel by country (2025 estimated) abundance: World raw steel production was 1,900 million metric tons in 2025 (estimated, rounded total). China 980, India 160, United States 82, Japan 81 and Russia 65 million metric tons (USGS World Production table). Shares are computed from the printed tonnage over the rounded world total. producers: - country: China share_percent: 51.6 year: 2025 - country: India share_percent: 8.4 year: 2025 - country: United States share_percent: 4.3 year: 2025 - country: Japan share_percent: 4.3 year: 2025 - country: Russia share_percent: 3.4 year: 2025 critical_lists: [] recycling: '' substitutes: [] source: usgs-iron-steel-2026 where: World Production table (Raw steel, 2025e) - subject: Steel imports by source (2021 to 2024) abundance: Canada 23 percent, Mexico 15 percent, Brazil 13 percent, Republic of Korea 9 percent and other 40 percent (USGS). producers: [] critical_lists: [] recycling: '' substitutes: [] source: usgs-iron-steel-2026 where: Import Sources (2021 to 2024) - subject: Manganese (world mine production, manganese content, 2025 estimated) abundance: World mine production was 20,000 thousand metric tons in 2025 (estimated, rounded total). South Africa 7,600, Gabon 5,000, Ghana 2,000, Australia 1,600, Brazil 800, India 790 and China 700 thousand metric tons (USGS). South Africa holds an estimated 70 percent of world manganese resources. producers: - country: South Africa share_percent: 38 year: 2025 - country: Gabon share_percent: 25 year: 2025 - country: Ghana share_percent: 10 year: 2025 - country: Australia share_percent: 8 year: 2025 critical_lists: [] recycling: Recovery specifically for manganese was negligible; manganese is recovered along with iron from steel slag (USGS) substitutes: [] source: usgs-manganese-2026 where: World Mine Production and Reserves table; Salient Statistics - subject: Manganese ore imports to the United States (2021 to 2024) abundance: 'Manganese ore: Gabon 64 percent, South Africa 24 percent, Mexico 12 percent and other less than 1 percent (USGS). US net import reliance was 100 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated, manganese content).' producers: [] critical_lists: [] recycling: '' substitutes: [] source: usgs-manganese-2026 where: Import Sources (2021 to 2024); Salient Statistics media: [] documents: - title: 'Total Materia: AISI 1010 Structural and constructional steels' type: database url: https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250005 - title: 'MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications' type: datasheet url: https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35862.html - title: 'MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Cold Drawn Steel, Properties' type: datasheet url: https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35889.html - title: 'MWAlloys: M1010 Round Mechanical Carbon Steel Tube (technical article)' type: datasheet url: https://www.mwalloys.com/m1010-round-mechanical-carbon-steel-tube/ - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel' type: report url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf year: 2026 - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese' type: report url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf year: 2026 - title: 'PubChem: Manganese (CID 23930), GHS classification' type: database url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23930/JSON - title: 'PubChem: Iron (CID 23925), GHS classification' type: database url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23925/JSON - title: 'Rendon and Valencia (2003): Kinetics of structural rust transformation in environments containing chloride and SO2' type: paper url: https://revistademetalurgia.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistademetalurgia/article/download/1089/1101/1106 year: 2003 gaps: - Total Materia shows no product form for its modulus, thermal conductivity and hardness values, so they are recorded as form not stated. Its density, Poisson, heat capacity, yield, elongation and reduction of area values are locked behind registration and are not recorded. - The Total Materia tensile range of 275 to 655 MPa spans several forms with no form stated, so it is not recorded. - No annealed value and no bar-form normalised value was printed on a fetched page. The only normalised values are typical ranges for M1010 tube from MWAlloys, recorded as normalized round mechanical tube, not as bar. - MfgRobots labels its Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, melting point, thermal conductivity range, electrical resistivity, Curie temperature and maximum service temperature as typical for low carbon or carbon steel. These are generic figures, so they are not recorded. Its coefficient of thermal expansion is printed as 1.2E-5 per K, an E-notation form the source check cannot match, so it is not recorded. - Brinell hardness is recorded under the custom name brinell_hardness, because the property canon has no hardness name. The unit HB is the one printed in the row label. - Carbon is printed as 0.08 to 0.13 by Total Materia and as a typical 0.05 to 0.15 by MWAlloys, so the recipe uses the Total Materia range. Phosphorus and sulfur limits come from MWAlloys (max 0.04 and max 0.05) and agree with the MfgRobots ranges. - SAE 1010, ASTM A108 1010 and ASTM A29 1010 (ASTM spelling) were not printed on any fetched page for this grade. Total Materia prints SA-29 1010 under ASME and lists EN, DIN and other standards only as Grade 10, so no EN number or EN name was recorded. - The Rendon and Valencia paper tested low carbon steel and did not name AISI 1010, so no 1010 corrosion rate was read. Wikipedia is not used for corrosion, hazards or uses in this profile. - The PubChem records are for elemental manganese and iron, not solid steel. No 1010 safety data sheet was fetched, so fume and dust limits are not recorded. - The USGS iron and steel and manganese chapters name no critical-mineral list in the text read, so critical lists are empty. The iron ore and scrap chapters were not read. - Producer shares for steel and manganese are computed from the printed tonnages over the rounded world totals. - The uses come from MWAlloys, a tube supplier article, and from the Total Materia material group. No application text for 1010 was printed on the MfgRobots pages. - MWAlloys also uses the names 1010, MT1010 and M1010 in product literature. Only MT1010 under ASTM A519 is recorded, from its procurement template line. - The MfgRobots and MWAlloys values are typical values, not mill certificate values. MWAlloys says to confirm them with the mill certificate. The MWAlloys table also prints ksi values, which are not recorded. - Fatigue, cryogenic and high-temperature behaviour of AISI 1010 were not read. CAS number, crystal system and space group were not read for this grade. - The 1010 versus 1018 comparison uses the MfgRobots hot rolled and cold drawn pages for both grades. No 1018 value is recorded in this file. - 'Web search was unavailable in this run, so sources were reached by direct URL and by the sitemaps of MWAlloys and MW Components. Unreachable 1010 pages: MatWeb, MakeItFrom, OnlineMetals and Metals Depot returned 403, and the Elgin and MWAlloys 1010 pages returned 404.' sources: totalmateria-1010: title: 'Total Materia: AISI 1010 Structural and constructional steels (page 1250005)' url: https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250005 kind: database license: cited, not reproduced mfgrobots-1010-hr: title: 'MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications (article 35862)' url: https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35862.html kind: web license: cited, not reproduced mfgrobots-1010-cd: title: 'MfgRobots: AISI 1010 Cold Drawn Steel (article 35889)' url: https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35889.html kind: web license: cited, not reproduced mfgrobots-1018-hr: title: 'MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel (article 35865), read for comparison' url: https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35865.html kind: web license: cited, not reproduced mfgrobots-1018-cd: title: 'MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Cold Drawn Steel (article 35892), read for comparison' url: https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35892.html kind: web license: cited, not reproduced mwalloys-m1010: title: 'MWAlloys: M1010 Round Mechanical Carbon Steel Tube (technical article, 2026-02-06)' url: https://www.mwalloys.com/m1010-round-mechanical-carbon-steel-tube/ kind: web license: cited, not reproduced usgs-iron-steel-2026: title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel' id: mcs2026-iron-steel url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf kind: report year: 2026 license: public domain usgs-manganese-2026: title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese' id: mcs2026-manganese url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf kind: report year: 2026 license: public domain pubchem-mn: title: 'PubChem: Manganese (CID 23930), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (REST record)' id: CID 23930 url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23930/JSON kind: database license: PubChem terms (public) pubchem-fe: title: 'PubChem: Iron (CID 23925), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (REST record)' id: CID 23925 url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23925/JSON kind: database license: PubChem terms (public) rendon-valencia-2003: title: 'Rendon and Valencia (2003): Kinetics of structural rust transformation in environments containing chloride and SO2, Revista de Metalurgia' url: https://revistademetalurgia.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistademetalurgia/article/download/1089/1101/1106 kind: paper year: 2003 license: open access (cited) wiki-carbon-steel: title: 'Wikipedia: Carbon steel (composition and classification only)' id: Carbon steel url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel kind: web license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced) wiki-mild-steel: title: 'Wikipedia: Mild steel (classification only)' id: Mild steel url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mild_steel kind: web license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced) wiki-sae-grades: title: 'Wikipedia: SAE steel grades (10xx series only)' id: SAE steel grades url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAE_steel_grades kind: web license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced) license: CC-BY-4.0 updated: '2026-10-24' review: status: draft method: assistant checked_values: 24 unreachable: 7 caveats: 8 note: Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from pages fetched in that run, by direct URL and sitemap because web search was unavailable. Composition, modulus, conductivity and hardness come from Total Materia. Hot rolled and cold drawn values come from MfgRobots. Normalised, as-welded ERW and DOM values are typical ranges for M1010 tube from MWAlloys, not mill certificates. Annealed bar values were not printed on any fetched page. story: recipe: line: AISI 1010 is iron with 0.08 to 0.13 percent carbon and 0.30 to 0.60 percent manganese, with phosphorus and sulfur held to low limits (Total Materia; MWAlloys). The SAE 10xx series is plain carbon steel (Wikipedia, SAE steel grades). It is made as hot rolled or cold drawn bar, and as hot rolled ERW, cold rolled ERW, seamless or DOM tube (MfgRobots; MWAlloys). parts: - name: Iron symbol: Fe share_note: balance role: The matrix of the steel. Iron makes up the rest of the composition. source: mfgrobots-1010-hr where: Chemical properties table, Iron row - name: Carbon symbol: C share_percent: 0.08 share_high: 0.13 role: Sets the strength. Low carbon keeps tensile strength moderate and elongation and cold formability high (MWAlloys). source: totalmateria-1010 where: AISI 1010 Chemical Composition, C row - name: Manganese symbol: Mn share_percent: 0.3 share_high: 0.6 role: Moderate manganese, one of the elements the carbon steel article lists as affecting properties (Wikipedia, carbon steel). source: totalmateria-1010 where: AISI 1010 Chemical Composition, Mn row - name: Phosphorus symbol: P share_note: max 0.04 (typical limit, MWAlloys) role: Impurity held to a low limit. source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 3, typical composition table - name: Sulfur symbol: S share_note: max 0.05 (typical limit, MWAlloys) role: Impurity held low. source: mwalloys-m1010 where: Section 3, typical composition table risk_groups: - title: For people level: 1 verdict: PubChem hazards are for the metals lead: The PubChem records are for elemental manganese and iron, not solid steel. No 1010 safety data sheet was fetched. points: - label: Manganese line: PubChem lists elemental manganese as Danger, with H228 (11.6 percent of reports), H319 (14.8 percent) and H411 (10.9 percent). - label: Iron line: PubChem lists elemental iron as not classified in 74.1 percent of 6013 reports, with H228 in 15.5 percent. - label: Workshop line: Cutting, grinding and welding make metal dust and fume. The fume and dust limits were not fetched, so check the supplier safety data sheet before work. - title: In the environment level: 2 verdict: Chloride and sulfur dioxide drive rust lead: Rust is the main environmental risk, and the study read was on low carbon steel. points: - label: Industrial air line: Rendon and Valencia found that a particular chloride to sulfur ratio gave corrosion rates much less than expected for low carbon steel (lab simulation). - label: Outdoor parts line: MWAlloys names hot dip galvanizing, and paint or powder coating, as the usual protection. - title: Fabrication and heat level: 1 verdict: Processing changes the strength lead: Hot rolled, cold drawn and tube values differ, so every value carries its condition. points: - label: Welding line: Preheat is generally unnecessary for 1010 with shielded metal arc, MIG or TIG welding of ERW and DOM tube (MWAlloys). - label: Carbonitriding line: Total Materia lists carbonitriding at 790 to 900 °C with oil cooling and a 120 to 205 °C temper. why: AISI 1010 is chosen where a cheap steel that forms, welds and machines easily is enough. MWAlloys describes its good cold formability and reliable weldability, and its moderate tensile strength. uses: - where: Structural components line: MWAlloys lists structural components with light to moderate load as a use of M1010 tube. - where: Shaft sleeves, bushings and finished parts line: MWAlloys lists shaft sleeves, bushings and finished parts where grinding or coating follows. - where: Automotive and furniture parts line: MWAlloys lists automotive components that need bending, flaring or stamping, and furniture frames and fixtures. can_do: - label: Strength, hot rolled benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength line: The hot rolled page gives 350 MPa tensile and 190 MPa yield, with 30 percent elongation. - label: Strength, cold drawn benchmark: yield_strength line: The cold drawn page gives 400 MPa tensile and 330 MPa yield, with 22 percent elongation. - label: Stiffness benchmark: elastic_modulus line: The elastic modulus is 210 GPa on both MfgRobots pages and 190 to 210 GPa in Total Materia. - label: Density benchmark: density line: Density is 7.9 g/cm³ on both MfgRobots pages. - label: Tube, normalized benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength line: MWAlloys gives 345 to 450 MPa tensile for normalized round tube, as a typical range. compare: AISI 1010 is the softer and more ductile of the two plain low-carbon grades. On the MfgRobots pages read for this profile, 1010 has lower tensile and yield strength than AISI 1018 in both hot rolled and cold drawn forms, and higher elongation in both. The gap follows the carbon and manganese ranges, which are higher for 1018 on the same pages. 1010 trades strength for formability and weldability, and outdoor parts need galvanizing or paint (MWAlloys). compare_rows: - label: Density benchmark: density scope: material - label: Stiffness benchmark: elastic_modulus scope: material - label: Yield strength benchmark: yield_strength scope: material handling: - Specify the processing condition, hot rolled, cold drawn or tube, with every strength value, because the values differ (MfgRobots, MWAlloys). - Confirm strength with the mill certificate, because drawing, cold working and heat treatment shift it (MWAlloys). - Carbonitriding is listed at 790 to 900 °C with oil cooling and a 120 to 205 °C temper (Total Materia). good_for: - Formed, drawn and welded parts, where cheap and ductile steel is wanted (MWAlloys). - Shaft sleeves, bushings and finished parts that will be ground or coated (MWAlloys). - Light structural parts under light to moderate load (MWAlloys). watch_out: - Strength depends on the form. Hot rolled, cold drawn and tube values are not interchangeable. - Outdoor parts need galvanizing or paint, because chloride and sulfur dioxide air speeds rust (Rendon and Valencia). - Carbon is printed as 0.08 to 0.13 in Total Materia and as 0.05 to 0.15 in MWAlloys, so check the supplier range. verdict: 'AISI 1010 is a plain low-carbon steel: cheap, ductile, easy to form and weld, and moderately strong. It is softer than AISI 1018. Give the processing condition with every strength value, and coat it outdoors.'