Cobalt-chromium alloys (Haynes 25 / L-605 and CoCrMo medical grades) UNS R30605
Cobalt-base alloy. Rolled Alloys nominal composition (wt %): Co balance, Cr 19.0 to 21.0, Ni 9.0 to 11.0, W 14.0 to 16.0, Fe 3.0 max, Mn 1.0 to 2.0, Si 0.4 max, C 0.05 to 0.15, P 0.04 max, S 0.03 max
Also known as UNS R30605, UNS R30075, EN 2.4964, JIS 7402-1, ASTM F90, AMS 5537 · 4 more
Haynes 25 (L-605, UNS R30605, W.
Evidence level
2 of 5
Lab-measured
- 0Predicted only. No one has made it, or no measurement exists.
- 1Calculated. Only calculated or predicted values from sources.
- 2Lab-measured. Measured properties with their conditions stated.
- 3Space-relevant tests. Measured in conditions relevant to space, such as vacuum or atomic oxygen.
- 4Ground-qualified. Qualified for an application on the ground.
- 5Flown or field-proven. Flight or field results exist.
Strength when hot
57 ksi for 1000 h at 1200 °F
Oxidation limit
1800 °F continuous
Weight
9.13 g/cm3
Medical strength minimum
1172 MPa tensile
Medical yield minimum
827 MPa yield
Recipe, share of the weight
- Co not statedCobalt
- Cr 19 to 21%Chromium
- W 14 to 16%Tungsten
- Ni 9 to 11%Nickel
Best for
Hot gas-turbine hardware such as combustion parts, afterburners, seal rings and springs that must keep strength to about 1800 °F, and CoCrMo implant parts that need high strength with wear and corrosion resistance
Weakest at
Ductility after long exposure at intermediate temperatures (Rolled Alloys), a low cobalt-alloy hardness that comes only from cold working, and a cost and supply exposure to cobalt and tungsten, both on the critical-mineral list
Risk at a glance
- People Low. Cobalt classified in PubChem; processing risk
- If it fails Moderate. Loss of room-temperature ductility after long exposure at intermediate temperatures
- Corrosion Low. Good resistance to oxidation and carburization up to about 980 °C for long exposures, and excellent resistance to sulphidation.
Quick facts: UNS R30605
| Property | Value | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 8.3 to 9.13 g/cm³ | 2 sourced values across conditions |
| Yield strength | 379 to 827 MPa | 4 sourced values across conditions |
| Tensile strength | 655 to 1,172 MPa | 4 sourced values across conditions |
| Young's modulus | 225 GPa | 1 sourced value |
| Thermal conductivity | 9.4 W/(m·K) | 1 sourced value |
| Thermal expansion (CTE) | 14.4 ppm/K | 1 sourced value |
| Melting point | 1,329 to 1,410 °C | 1 sourced value |
| Electrical resistivity | 8.9e-7 Ω·m | 1 sourced value |
| Maximum service temperature | 982 °C | 1 sourced value |
What is the density of Cobalt-chromium alloys (UNS R30605)?
Cobalt-chromium alloys (UNS R30605) has a density of 8.3 to 9.13 g/cm³. The range covers 2 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What is the thermal conductivity of Cobalt-chromium alloys (UNS R30605)?
Cobalt-chromium alloys (UNS R30605) has a thermal conductivity of 9.4 W/(m·K). The source and test conditions are listed in the properties table on this page.
What is the coefficient of thermal expansion of Cobalt-chromium alloys (UNS R30605)?
Cobalt-chromium alloys (UNS R30605) has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 14.4 ppm/K. The source and test conditions are listed in the properties table on this page.
What is the melting point of Cobalt-chromium alloys (UNS R30605)?
Cobalt-chromium alloys (UNS R30605) has a melting point of 1,329 to 1,410 °C. The source and test conditions are listed in the properties table on this page.
What is the yield strength of Cobalt-chromium alloys (UNS R30605)?
Cobalt-chromium alloys (UNS R30605) has a yield strength of 379 to 827 MPa. The range covers 4 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What are the other names and codes for Cobalt-chromium alloys (UNS R30605)?
Cobalt-chromium alloys (UNS R30605) is also written as UNS R30605, UNS R30075, EN 2.4964, JIS 7402-1, ASTM F90, AMS 5537. Each code is printed in the source listed beside it in the designations table.
What is Cobalt-chromium alloys (UNS R30605) used for?
Uses recorded in the sources include Gas turbine combustion chambers and afterburners; Seal rings, springs and high-temperature ball bearings; Fan containment in supersonic aircraft (proposed in the study, not built).
Why it exists
Haynes 25 (L-605) is a cobalt-base alloy that keeps useful strength at high temperature and resists oxidation to 1800 °F. Rolled Alloys calls it the strongest fabricable cobalt alloy. It is used for gas turbine combustion parts and afterburners, seal rings, springs and ball bearings. Its stress-rupture strength is 57 ksi for 1000 h at 1200 °F and 12 ksi at 1600 °F. The CoCrMo grades are the medical implant alloys: ASTM F75 cast material has a minimum tensile strength of 655 MPa and a minimum yield of 450 MPa, and ASTM F1537 bar from ATI has minimums of 1172 MPa and 827 MPa.
Where it's used
Gas turbine parts
Rolled Alloys lists combustion chambers and afterburners as gas turbine applications for L-605. Combmet also lists combustor liners and gas turbine rotors.
Seals, springs and bearings
Ulbrich lists seal rings for gas turbines, jet engine components, high temperature ball bearings and springs.
Fan containment study
A 2003 NASA Glenn study found that Haynes 25 had the best impact resistance per unit weight among the alloys tested and said it could be ideal for fan containment in supersonic aircraft. The study is a proposal, not a flight part.
Medical implants
CoCrMo femoral balls are used in hip replacements, according to a review that gives excellent wear and corrosion resistance as the reason for using CoCrMo in medical implants.
Recipe
Cobalt-base alloy. Rolled Alloys nominal composition (wt %): Co balance, Cr 19.0 to 21.0, Ni 9.0 to 11.0, W 14.0 to 16.0, Fe 3.0 max, Mn 1.0 to 2.0, Si 0.4 max, C 0.05 to 0.15, P 0.04 max, S 0.03 max
Haynes 25 (L-605) is a cobalt-base alloy. Cobalt is the balance, and chromium, tungsten and nickel are the main alloying elements; iron, manganese, silicon and carbon are minor. For maximum ductility, fabricated components are annealed at 2150 to 2250 °F and cooled rapidly (Rolled Alloys). The medical CoCrMo grades (ASTM F75 cast and F1537 wrought) are cobalt with chromium and molybdenum as the main elements; the F75 ranges are printed in the ICAST sheet.
| Ingredient | Share of the weight | What it does |
|---|---|---|
| Cobalt Co | not stated | The matrix of the alloy. The Rolled Alloys table gives cobalt only as the balance, so no numeric share is given. |
| Chromium Cr | 19 to 21% | Gives oxidation, carburization and sulphidation resistance at high temperature, according to the producer sheets. |
| Tungsten W | 14 to 16% | Solid-solution strengthener that gives L-605 its high-temperature strength. |
| Nickel Ni | 9 to 11% | Stabilises the cobalt matrix and adds ductility; the Rolled Alloys table gives its range only. |
Weight shares are as printed in the sources.
What it can do
Strength when hot
57 ksi for 1000 h at 1200 °F
measured
Typical stress-rupture strength for 1000 h is 57 ksi at 1200 °F and 12 ksi at 1600 °F for L-605 (Rolled Alloys).
Oxidation limit
1800 °F continuous
measured
Rolled Alloys gives continuous service to 1800 °F and oxidation resistance to the same temperature.
Weight
9.13 g/cm3
measured
L-605 density is 9.13 g/cm3 in the Ulbrich wire datasheet, and 9.1 g/cm3 in the Combmet strip sheet.
Medical strength minimum
1172 MPa tensile
measured
ATI gives a minimum tensile strength of 1172 MPa and a minimum yield of 827 MPa for ASTM F1537 bar. ASTM F75 cast material has a minimum tensile strength of 655 MPa.
Medical yield minimum
827 MPa yield
measured
ATI gives a minimum yield of 827 MPa for ASTM F1537 bar, and ICAST gives 450 MPa for ASTM F75 cast material.
How it compares
Haynes 25 (L-605) is denser than the CoCrMo bar, at 9.13 g/cm3 against 8.3 g/cm3 for ASTM F1537 bar. The sources read here give hot strength only for L-605, so no hot-strength comparison with CoCrMo is made. The rows below compare the density, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion from the sources read here. They cover different forms and conditions, so read them as examples, not as a ranking.
The same measurements for each material, so you can compare them. Each row names the key condition under the value; the full conditions and methods are in the numbered notes under Technical details. Other materials are shown beside it; each was measured under its own conditions, so open its page before comparing closely. Compare every grade in the family.
| Measurement | UNS R30605 | UNS R30004 | UNS R30003 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thermal behavior and safety | |||
| Melting range, L-605 | 1329 to 1410 °C2 | 1480 °C | no data |
| Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, L-605 strip | 9.4 W/m·K4 | 13 W/(m·K) | 12.5 W/(m.K) |
| Physical and electrical | |||
| Density, L-605 (Haynes 25) | 9.13 g/cm³1 | 0.3 lb/in3 | 8.3 g/cm³ |
| Electrical resistivity, L-605 at 24 °CValue printed in a distributor's wire datasheet | 89 µΩ·cm | 92 µΩ·cm | 95 uOhm.cm |
| Hardness, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo | 25 to 35 HRC18 | 25 HRC | no data |
| Density, ASTM F1537 bar (CoCrMo) | 8.3 g/cm³19 | 0.3 lb/in3 | 8.3 g/cm³ |
| Other measurements | |||
| Modulus of elasticity, L-605 strip, 20 °C | 225 GPa3 | 29.5 psi x 10^6 | 215 GPa |
| Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 21 to 538 °C | 14.4 µm/m·°C5 | 12.5 µm/m·°C | 12.5 10-6/K |
| Tensile strength, annealed wire, minimum | > 896 MPa6 | 1.4×10^5 psi | 120 ksi |
| Yield strength (0.2% offset), annealed wire under 0.003 in, minimum | > 379 MPa7 | 70000 psi | 1800 MPa |
| Yield strength, representative sheet, 70 °F | 69 ksi8 | 70000 psi | 1800 MPa |
| Tensile strength, representative sheet, 70 °F | 146 ksi9 | 1.4×10^5 psi | 120 ksi |
| Tensile strength, representative sheet, 1200 °F | 108 ksi10 | 1.4×10^5 psi | 120 ksi |
| Elongation, representative sheet, 70 °F | 51 %11 | 40 % | no data |
| Stress-rupture strength for 1000 h at 1200 °F | 57 ksi12 | no data | no data |
| Stress-rupture strength for 1000 h at 1600 °F | 12 ksi13 | no data | no data |
| Continuous service limit, L-605 | 1800 °F14 | no data | 454 °C |
| Tensile strength minimum, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo | > 655 MPa15 | 1.4×10^5 psi | 120 ksi |
| Yield strength minimum, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo | > 450 MPa16 | 70000 psi | 1800 MPa |
| Elongation minimum, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo | > 8 %17 | 40 % | no data |
| Tensile strength minimum, ASTM F1537 bar | > 1172 MPa20 | 1.4×10^5 psi | 120 ksi |
| Yield strength minimum, ASTM F1537 bar | > 827 MPa21 | 70000 psi | 1800 MPa |
| Elongation minimum, ASTM F1537 bar | > 12 %22 | 40 % | no data |
Why choose it, and why not
Good for
- High-temperature hardware: 57 ksi for 1000 h at 1200 °F and continuous service to 1800 °F.
- Medical implants: CoCrMo grades with minimum tensile strengths of 655 MPa (F75 cast) and 1172 MPa (F1537 bar).
- Thin springs and seal rings: cold working raises strength, and the alloy responds well to it.
Watch out for
- Long exposure at intermediate temperatures lowers room-temperature ductility.
- PubChem lists cobalt metal as H350 (may cause cancer) and as a respiratory and skin sensitiser, so handle dust and fume with care.
- Cobalt and tungsten are both on the USGS 2025 critical-mineral list, and cobalt supply is concentrated in Congo (Kinshasa).
Haynes 25 (L-605) is a cobalt-base alloy with useful strength to 1800 °F and good oxidation and sulphidation resistance. The CoCrMo grades are the medical implant alloys with high minimum strengths. The sources read here support gas turbine parts and a 2003 fan-containment proposal, but give no flight or spacecraft qualification, and no solid-alloy safety data sheet was checked.
Technical details
For scientists and researchers. Everything above comes from the record below: every number with its method, its conditions and its source.
Other names and standards
The same grade under other systems, as datasheets and standards print them. Each code was checked against the page it comes from.
| System | Codes |
|---|---|
| UNS | R30605, R30075 (ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo grade, not Haynes 25) |
| EN | 2.4964 |
| JIS | 7402-1 (cast CoCrMo, Cross Reference Table entry for R30075) |
| ASTM | F90 (wire, bar and strip for the Haynes 25 grade), F75 (cast CoCrMo casting alloy for surgical implants), F1537 (wrought CoCrMo, bar and billet) |
| AMS | 5537 (strip and foil), 5796 |
| Trade name | Haynes 25 |
Notes
The method, full conditions and any caveat for the numbered rows above.
| # | Measurement | Method | Conditions | Caveat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Density, L-605 (Haynes 25) | Typical value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet (Physical Properties) | grade L-605 (UNS R30605), wiretemperature not statedunit in source 0.330 lbs/in3 | — |
| 2 | Melting range, L-605 | Melting range printed in a distributor's wire datasheet | unit in source 2425-2570 °F | — |
| 3 | Modulus of elasticity, L-605 strip, 20 °C | Value printed in a strip producer's datasheet (At 20oC column) | temperature 20 °Cgrade L-605 strip (UNS R30605)unit in source 32.6 x 10^3 ksi | — |
| 4 | Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, L-605 strip | Value printed in a strip producer's datasheet (At 20oC column) | temperature 20 °Cunit in source 65 Btu-in./ft.2hr.-°F (at 70 °F) and 9.4 W/m-K (at 20 °C) | — |
| 5 | Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 21 to 538 °C | Mean value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet (70-1000°F row) | temperature 21 to 538 °C (70 to 1000 °F), mean from 70 °Funit in source 8.0 µin/in-°F (14.4 µm/m-°C) | The strip sheet prints 12 µm/m-°C for 20 to 538 °C; the two sheets differ and both are sourced. |
| 6 | Tensile strength, annealed wire, minimum | Minimum value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet | form wiretemper annealedtemperature room temperatureunit in source 130 KSI min | — |
| 7 | Yield strength (0.2% offset), annealed wire under 0.003 in, minimum | Minimum value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet | form wiretemper annealedthickness under 0.003 intemperature room temperatureunit in source 55 KSI min | — |
| 8 | Yield strength, representative sheet, 70 °F | Representative value printed in a producer's technical data sheet | form sheettemperature 70 °Funit in source 69 ksi | — |
| 9 | Tensile strength, representative sheet, 70 °F | Representative value printed in a producer's technical data sheet | form sheettemperature 70 °Funit in source 146 ksi | — |
| 10 | Tensile strength, representative sheet, 1200 °F | Representative value printed in a producer's technical data sheet | form sheettemperature 1200 °Funit in source 108 ksi | — |
| 11 | Elongation, representative sheet, 70 °F | Representative value printed in a producer's technical data sheet | form sheettemperature 70 °F | — |
| 12 | Stress-rupture strength for 1000 h at 1200 °F | Typical value printed in a producer's technical data sheet | temperature 1200 °Ftime 1000 hunit in source 57 ksi | — |
| 13 | Stress-rupture strength for 1000 h at 1600 °F | Typical value printed in a producer's technical data sheet | temperature 1600 °Ftime 1000 hunit in source 12 ksi | — |
| 14 | Continuous service limit, L-605 | Service limit printed in a producer's technical data sheet | use continuous service and oxidation resistanceunit in source 1800 °F | A distributor sheet gives oxidation and carburization resistance to 1900 °F, a different claim; the file uses the 1800 °F service limit. |
| 15 | Tensile strength minimum, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo | Minimum value printed in a casting-alloy datasheet (Mechanical Properties) | grade ASTM F75 (UNS R30075), castform castingheat treatment as-cast or annealing | — |
| 16 | Yield strength minimum, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo | Minimum value printed in a casting-alloy datasheet (Mechanical Properties) | grade ASTM F75 (UNS R30075), castform castingheat treatment as-cast or annealing | — |
| 17 | Elongation minimum, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo | Minimum value printed in a casting-alloy datasheet (Mechanical Properties) | grade ASTM F75 (UNS R30075), castform casting | — |
| 18 | Hardness, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo | Range printed in a casting-alloy datasheet (Mechanical Properties) | grade ASTM F75 (UNS R30075), castform casting | — |
| 19 | Density, ASTM F1537 bar (CoCrMo) | Value printed in a producer's product page (Product Specifications By Form, Bar and Billet) | grade ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo), bar and billetunit in source 0.300 lb/in3 and 8.30 g/cm3 | — |
| 20 | Tensile strength minimum, ASTM F1537 bar | Minimum value printed in a producer's product page | grade ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo), bar and billetunit in source 110 ksi min | — |
| 21 | Yield strength minimum, ASTM F1537 bar | Minimum value printed in a producer's product page | grade ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo), bar and billetunit in source 120 ksi min | — |
| 22 | Elongation minimum, ASTM F1537 bar | Minimum value printed in a producer's product page | grade ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo), bar and billet | — |
Corrosion and compatibility
What happens when it meets other materials and environments.
| Environment | Concern | What happens |
|---|---|---|
| Oxidation, carburization and sulphidation at high temperature (L-605), up to about 980 °C | low | Good resistance to oxidation and carburization up to about 980 °C for long exposures, and excellent resistance to sulphidation.1 |
| Marine environments, acids and bodily fluids (wrought L-605) | low | Producer statement of resistance to marine environments, acids and bodily fluids.2 |
| Sour service (NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156) | not rated | NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 is listed among the applicable specifications for strip; no corrosion rate is given.3 |
| Body fluids and wear in CoCrMo implants (metal-on-metal hip replacements) | low | CoCrMo is used for medical implants because of its excellent wear and corrosion resistance.4 |
| # | Environment | Details | Test conditions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Oxidation, carburization and sulphidation at high temperature (L-605), up to about 980 °C | Combmet says the alloy resists oxidation and carburization in environments up to 980 °C for long exposures and has excellent resistance to sulphidation. Rolled Alloys gives oxidation resistance to 1800 °F. Ulbrich gives oxidation and carburization resistance to 1900 °F. | temperature up to 980 °C (1795 °F)basis qualitative statements in producer sheets, no test medium or exposure time given |
| 2 | Marine environments, acids and bodily fluids (wrought L-605) | Rolled Alloys lists resistance to marine environments, acids and bodily fluids among the features of L-605. The sheet gives no corrosion rate, test medium or exposure time. | basis qualitative producer statement |
| 3 | Sour service (NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156) | Combmet lists AMS 5537, Rolls Royce MSRR 7053 and NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 as applicable specifications for strip and foil. The listing does not give a corrosion rate or a test result. | basis specification listing only |
| 4 | Body fluids and wear in CoCrMo implants (metal-on-metal hip replacements) | Liao et al. state that CoCrMo alloys are used for medical implants owing to their excellent wear and corrosion resistance. The article is a perspective on CoCrMo metal-on-metal hip replacements and gives no corrosion rate in the section read. | basis qualitative statement in a review article |
Risks and side effects
Hazards to people, what happens when a cell overheats, and how the material is handled and stored.
For people
The hazard classes in the sources come from PubChem for cobalt metal. No SDS for the solid L-605 or CoCrMo article was read in this run, so the solid's own class is not stated.
- Cobalt classification
- PubChem lists cobalt metal with H350 (may cause cancer), H341 (suspected of causing genetic defects), H360F (may damage fertility), H317 and H334 (skin and respiratory sensitisation), and H413, with the signal word Danger.
- Solid alloy
- The solid alloy was not checked against its own safety data sheet in this run.
If it fails
The failure routes in the sources are about heat exposure and welding, not about measured failures in service.
- Ductility loss
- Rolled Alloys says L-605 loses room-temperature ductility after prolonged exposure at intermediate temperatures.
- Welding
- Good joint fit-up, minimum restraint and rapid cooling are needed, and submerged arc welding is not recommended.
Handling and storage
- Heat treatment
- Fabricated components should be annealed at 2150 to 2250 °F and cooled rapidly for maximum ductility.
- Hardening
- L-605 hardens mainly by cold working, so its strength depends on the amount of cold work given.
Test details
The original wording and numbers from the sources, for readers who want them.
Failure risks
| Failure | Trigger and consequence |
|---|---|
| Loss of room-temperature ductility after long exposure at intermediate temperaturesmoderate severity | Prolonged exposure at intermediate temperaturesRolled Alloys says L-605 shows a loss of room-temperature ductility after prolonged exposure at intermediate temperatures, in much the same way as other superalloys. The sheet gives no temperature or time. |
| Weld problems from poor joint preparation and slow coolinglow severity | Welding without good joint fit-up, with high restraint or high interpass temperature, or with slow cooling; submerged arc weldingRolled Alloys recommends good joint fit-up, minimum restraint, low interpass temperature and rapid cooling after welding, and says submerged arc welding is not recommended. |
| Strengthening by heat treatment is not availablelow severity | Attempting to harden L-605 by heat treatment aloneUlbrich says L-605 can only be hardened significantly by cold working, and that cold working raises creep strength up to 1800 °F and stress-rupture strength up to 1500 °F. |
Handling and storage
- Rolled Alloys: for maximum ductility, anneal fabricated components at 2150 to 2250 °F and cool rapidly.
- Combmet: the alloy responds very well to cold working, which is how it is hardened significantly. Ulbrich: L-605 may be cold or hot formed by various techniques.
- Welding: GTAW, GMAW, SMAW, electron beam and resistance welding are used for L-605 (Rolled Alloys). Use good joint fit-up, minimum restraint and low interpass temperature.
Supply and geography
How common the raw materials are and where they come from.
Cobalt
- Top producers (2025)
- Congo (Kinshasa) 73%, Indonesia 14%, Russia 2.5%, Madagascar 1.3%
- Critical mineral lists
- US: listed
- Recycling
- USGS: cobalt content of purchased scrap represented 25% of estimated cobalt consumption in 2025.
- Substitutes
- USGS: substitution for cobalt could result in a loss in product performance or increased cost; nickel-base alloys or ceramics can be used in jet engines.
Chromium
- Top producers (2025)
- South Africa 45.1%, Turkey 17.6%, Kazakhstan 13.7%, India 5.9%
- Critical mineral lists
- US: listed
- Recycling
- USGS: recycled chromium in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts accounted for 21% of apparent consumption in 2025.
- Substitutes
- USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel or in superalloys, the major strategic end use.
Tungsten
- Top producers (2025)
- China 78.8%, Vietnam 3.5%, Kazakhstan 2.8%, Russia 2.4%
- Critical mineral lists
- US: listed
- Recycling
- USGS: the quantity of secondary tungsten produced in 2025 was withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.
- Substitutes
- USGS: potential substitutes for cemented tungsten carbides include carbides based on molybdenum, niobium or titanium; most of these reduce rather than replace the amount of tungsten used.
Nickel
- Top producers (2025)
- Indonesia 66.7%, Philippines 6.9%, Russia 5.1%, Canada 3.6%
- Critical mineral lists
- US: listed
- Recycling
- USGS: in 2025, nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60% of apparent consumption.
- Substitutes
- USGS: titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments.
Molybdenum (CoCrMo alloying element)
- Top producers (2025)
- China 37.3%, Chile 16.2%, United States 15.4%, Peru 15%
- Critical mineral lists
- US: not listed
- Recycling
- USGS: molybdenum is recycled as a component of catalysts, ferrous scrap and superalloy scrap.
- Substitutes
- USGS: there is little substitution for molybdenum in its major application in steels and cast irons.
Documents
Datasheets, safety data sheets, papers and standards you can open.
Full record
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spore: profile
id: cobalt-chromium-l605
spore_version: 0.2
family: cobalt-alloys
name: Cobalt-chromium alloys (Haynes 25 / L-605 and CoCrMo medical grades)
abbreviation: UNS R30605
role: cobalt-base wrought superalloy for hot gas turbine parts, and CoCrMo cast and wrought grades for orthopaedic implants
category: metals
type: nickel-superalloys
summary: |
Haynes 25 (L-605, UNS R30605, W. Nr. 2.4964) is a cobalt-base alloy with 19 to 21 % chromium, 14 to 16 % tungsten and 9 to 11 % nickel. Rolled Alloys calls it the strongest fabricable cobalt alloy and gives a representative sheet tensile strength of 146 ksi and yield of 69 ksi at 70 °F, with 57 ksi for 1000 h stress rupture at 1200 °F. The CoCrMo grades are the medical implant alloys: ASTM F75 cast material has minimum tensile strength 655 MPa and yield 450 MPa, and ASTM F1537 bar from ATI has minimum tensile 1172 MPa and yield 827 MPa. A 2003 NASA Glenn study found Haynes 25 had the best impact resistance per unit weight of the alloys it tested and suggested it for fan containment in supersonic aircraft.
best_for: Hot gas-turbine hardware such as combustion parts, afterburners, seal rings and springs that must keep strength to about 1800 °F, and CoCrMo implant parts that need high strength with wear and corrosion resistance
weakest_at: Ductility after long exposure at intermediate temperatures (Rolled Alloys), a low cobalt-alloy hardness that comes only from cold working, and a cost and supply exposure to cobalt and tungsten, both on the critical-mineral list
identity:
formula: 'Cobalt-base alloy. Rolled Alloys nominal composition (wt %): Co balance, Cr 19.0 to 21.0, Ni 9.0 to 11.0, W 14.0 to 16.0, Fe 3.0 max, Mn 1.0 to 2.0, Si 0.4 max, C 0.05 to 0.15, P 0.04 max, S 0.03 max'
source: rolled-l605
where: Chemical Composition table, Bulletin 1605 (UNS R30605, W. Nr./EN 2.4964)
designations:
- system: UNS
code: R30605
source: rolled-l605
where: 'Specifications line (UNS: R30605)'
- system: EN
code: '2.4964'
source: rolled-l605
where: 'Specifications line (W. Nr./EN: 2.4964)'
- system: ASTM
code: F90
note: wire, bar and strip for the Haynes 25 grade
source: ulbrich-l605
where: Specifications line of the wire datasheet (ASTM F90, AMS 5537, AMS 5759, AMS 5796, AMS 5797, AMS 5976)
- system: AMS
code: '5537'
note: strip and foil
source: rolled-l605
where: 'Specifications line (AMS: 5537, 5796)'
- system: AMS
code: '5796'
source: rolled-l605
where: 'Specifications line (AMS: 5537, 5796)'
- system: UNS
code: R30075
note: ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo grade, not Haynes 25
source: icast-f75
where: Title block (Material ASTM F 75 R30075) and Cross Reference Table
- system: ASTM
code: F75
note: cast CoCrMo casting alloy for surgical implants
source: icast-f75
where: Title block (Standard Specification for Cobalt-28 Chromium-6 Molybdenum Casting Alloy)
- system: JIS
code: 7402-1
note: cast CoCrMo, Cross Reference Table entry for R30075
source: icast-f75
where: Cross Reference Table, row 7402-1 (JIS, Japan)
- system: ASTM
code: F1537
note: wrought CoCrMo, bar and billet
source: ati-f1537
where: Product page title and Product Specifications By Form, Bar and Billet
- system: Trade name
code: Haynes 25
source: combmet-l605
where: Title block (L-605 / Haynes 25 registered trademark line)
tags:
environments: []
stresses: []
applications:
- propulsion-and-tanks
- mechanisms
- structures
properties:
- benchmark: density
label: Density, L-605 (Haynes 25)
value: 9.13
unit: g/cm3
scope: material
conditions:
grade: L-605 (UNS R30605), wire
temperature: not stated
unit_in_source: 0.330 lbs/in3
method: Typical value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet (Physical Properties)
status: ground
source: ulbrich-l605
where: Physical Properties, row Density (0.330 lbs/in3, 9.13 g/cm3)
- benchmark: melting_point
label: Melting range, L-605
value: 1329
value_high: 1410
bound: range
unit: °C
scope: material
conditions:
unit_in_source: 2425-2570 °F
method: Melting range printed in a distributor's wire datasheet
status: ground
source: ulbrich-l605
where: Physical Properties, Melting Range line (2425-2570°F (1329-1410°C))
- benchmark: elastic_modulus
label: Modulus of elasticity, L-605 strip, 20 °C
value: 225
unit: GPa
scope: material
conditions:
temperature: 20 °C
grade: L-605 strip (UNS R30605)
unit_in_source: 32.6 x 10^3 ksi
method: Value printed in a strip producer's datasheet (At 20oC column)
status: ground
source: combmet-l605
where: Physical Properties table, row Modulus of Elasticity (E), At 20 °C column (225 GPa)
- benchmark: electrical_resistivity
label: Electrical resistivity, L-605 at 24 °C
value: 89
unit: µΩ·cm
scope: material
conditions:
temperature: 24 °C (75 °F)
unit_in_source: 34.9 micro-ohm-in (89 micro-ohm-cm)
method: Value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet
status: ground
source: ulbrich-l605
where: Physical Properties, Electrical Resistivity, At 75°F (24°C) entry
- benchmark: thermal_conductivity
label: Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, L-605 strip
value: 9.4
unit: W/m·K
scope: material
conditions:
temperature: 20 °C
unit_in_source: 65 Btu-in./ft.2hr.-°F (at 70 °F) and 9.4 W/m-K (at 20 °C)
method: Value printed in a strip producer's datasheet (At 20oC column)
status: ground
source: combmet-l605
where: Physical Properties table, row Thermal Conductivity, At 20oC column (9.4 W/m-K)
- benchmark: cte
label: Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 21 to 538 °C
value: 14.4
unit: µm/m·°C
scope: material
conditions:
temperature: 21 to 538 °C (70 to 1000 °F), mean from 70 °F
unit_in_source: 8.0 µin/in-°F (14.4 µm/m-°C)
method: Mean value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet (70-1000°F row)
status: ground
note: The strip sheet prints 12 µm/m-°C for 20 to 538 °C; the two sheets differ and both are sourced.
source: ulbrich-l605
where: Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion table, row 70-1000°F (21-538°C)
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength, annealed wire, minimum
value: 896
bound: lower
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
form: wire
temper: annealed
temperature: room temperature
unit_in_source: 130 KSI min
method: Minimum value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet
status: ground
source: ulbrich-l605
where: Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature, Annealed, Ultimate Tensile Strength (130 KSI min (896 MPa min))
- benchmark: yield_strength
label: Yield strength (0.2% offset), annealed wire under 0.003 in, minimum
value: 379
bound: lower
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
form: wire
temper: annealed
thickness: under 0.003 in
temperature: room temperature
unit_in_source: 55 KSI min
method: Minimum value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet
status: ground
source: ulbrich-l605
where: Mechanical Properties, Yield Strength, gauges less than 0.003 inches (55 KSI min (379 MPa min))
- benchmark: yield_strength
label: Yield strength, representative sheet, 70 °F
value: 69
unit: ksi
scope: material
conditions:
form: sheet
temperature: 70 °F
unit_in_source: 69 ksi
method: Representative value printed in a producer's technical data sheet
status: ground
source: rolled-l605
where: Representative Tensile Properties, Sheet, 70 °F column, 0.2% Yield Strength row
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength, representative sheet, 70 °F
value: 146
unit: ksi
scope: material
conditions:
form: sheet
temperature: 70 °F
unit_in_source: 146 ksi
method: Representative value printed in a producer's technical data sheet
status: ground
source: rolled-l605
where: Representative Tensile Properties, Sheet, 70 °F column, Ultimate Tensile Strength row
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength, representative sheet, 1200 °F
value: 108
unit: ksi
scope: material
conditions:
form: sheet
temperature: 1200 °F
unit_in_source: 108 ksi
method: Representative value printed in a producer's technical data sheet
status: ground
source: rolled-l605
where: Representative Tensile Properties, Sheet, 1200 °F column, Ultimate Tensile Strength row
- benchmark: elongation
label: Elongation, representative sheet, 70 °F
value: 51
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
form: sheet
temperature: 70 °F
method: Representative value printed in a producer's technical data sheet
status: ground
source: rolled-l605
where: Representative Tensile Properties, Sheet, 70 °F column, Elongation row
- benchmark: stress_rupture_1000h
label: Stress-rupture strength for 1000 h at 1200 °F
value: 57
unit: ksi
scope: material
conditions:
temperature: 1200 °F
time: 1000 h
unit_in_source: 57 ksi
method: Typical value printed in a producer's technical data sheet
status: ground
source: rolled-l605
where: Typical Stress-Rupture Strength table, row 1,000 Hours, 1200 °F column
- benchmark: stress_rupture_1000h
label: Stress-rupture strength for 1000 h at 1600 °F
value: 12
unit: ksi
scope: material
conditions:
temperature: 1600 °F
time: 1000 h
unit_in_source: 12 ksi
method: Typical value printed in a producer's technical data sheet
status: ground
source: rolled-l605
where: Typical Stress-Rupture Strength table, row 1,000 Hours, 1600 °F column
- benchmark: max_service_temp
label: Continuous service limit, L-605
value: 1800
unit: °F
scope: material
conditions:
use: continuous service and oxidation resistance
unit_in_source: 1800 °F
method: Service limit printed in a producer's technical data sheet
status: ground
note: A distributor sheet gives oxidation and carburization resistance to 1900 °F, a different claim; the file uses the 1800 °F service limit.
source: rolled-l605
where: Introduction paragraph (continuous service to 1800°F) and Features (oxidation resistant to 1800°F)
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength minimum, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo
value: 655
bound: lower
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: ASTM F75 (UNS R30075), cast
form: casting
heat_treatment: as-cast or annealing
method: Minimum value printed in a casting-alloy datasheet (Mechanical Properties)
status: ground
source: icast-f75
where: Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength in Mpa 655 min.
- benchmark: yield_strength
label: Yield strength minimum, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo
value: 450
bound: lower
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: ASTM F75 (UNS R30075), cast
form: casting
heat_treatment: as-cast or annealing
method: Minimum value printed in a casting-alloy datasheet (Mechanical Properties)
status: ground
source: icast-f75
where: Mechanical Properties table, Yield Strength in Mpa 450 min.
- benchmark: elongation
label: Elongation minimum, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo
value: 8
bound: lower
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
grade: ASTM F75 (UNS R30075), cast
form: casting
method: Minimum value printed in a casting-alloy datasheet (Mechanical Properties)
status: ground
source: icast-f75
where: Mechanical Properties table, Elongation in % 8 min.
- benchmark: hardness_rockwell_c
label: Hardness, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo
value: 25
value_high: 35
bound: range
unit: HRC
scope: material
conditions:
grade: ASTM F75 (UNS R30075), cast
form: casting
method: Range printed in a casting-alloy datasheet (Mechanical Properties)
status: ground
source: icast-f75
where: Mechanical Properties table, Hardness in HRC 25 - 35
- benchmark: density
label: Density, ASTM F1537 bar (CoCrMo)
value: 8.3
unit: g/cm3
scope: material
conditions:
grade: ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo), bar and billet
unit_in_source: 0.300 lb/in3 and 8.30 g/cm3
method: Value printed in a producer's product page (Product Specifications By Form, Bar and Billet)
status: ground
source: ati-f1537
where: Product Specifications By Form, Bar section, Density row (0.300 lb/in3 and 8.30 g/cm3)
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength minimum, ASTM F1537 bar
value: 1172
bound: lower
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo), bar and billet
unit_in_source: 110 ksi min
method: Minimum value printed in a producer's product page
status: ground
source: ati-f1537
where: Product Specifications By Form, Bar section, Tensile Strength row (110 min ksi and 1172 min MPa)
- benchmark: yield_strength
label: Yield strength minimum, ASTM F1537 bar
value: 827
bound: lower
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
grade: ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo), bar and billet
unit_in_source: 120 ksi min
method: Minimum value printed in a producer's product page
status: ground
source: ati-f1537
where: Product Specifications By Form, Bar section, Yield Strength row (120 min ksi and 827 min MPa)
- benchmark: elongation
label: Elongation minimum, ASTM F1537 bar
value: 12
bound: lower
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
grade: ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo), bar and billet
method: Minimum value printed in a producer's product page
status: ground
source: ati-f1537
where: Product Specifications By Form, Bar section, Elongation row (12% min)
corrosion:
- environment: Oxidation, carburization and sulphidation at high temperature (L-605), up to about 980 °C
headline: Good resistance to oxidation and carburization up to about 980 °C for long exposures, and excellent resistance to sulphidation.
effect: Combmet says the alloy resists oxidation and carburization in environments up to 980 °C for long exposures and has excellent resistance to sulphidation. Rolled Alloys gives oxidation resistance to 1800 °F. Ulbrich gives oxidation and carburization resistance to 1900 °F.
rating: low
conditions:
temperature: up to 980 °C (1795 °F)
basis: qualitative statements in producer sheets, no test medium or exposure time given
source: combmet-l605
where: Description paragraph (oxidization and carburization to 980 °C; sulphidation)
- environment: Marine environments, acids and bodily fluids (wrought L-605)
headline: Producer statement of resistance to marine environments, acids and bodily fluids.
effect: Rolled Alloys lists resistance to marine environments, acids and bodily fluids among the features of L-605. The sheet gives no corrosion rate, test medium or exposure time.
rating: low
conditions:
basis: qualitative producer statement
source: rolled-l605
where: Features list
- environment: Sour service (NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156)
headline: NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 is listed among the applicable specifications for strip; no corrosion rate is given.
effect: Combmet lists AMS 5537, Rolls Royce MSRR 7053 and NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 as applicable specifications for strip and foil. The listing does not give a corrosion rate or a test result.
rating: unknown
conditions:
basis: specification listing only
source: combmet-l605
where: Applicable Specifications, Strip and Foil row
- environment: Body fluids and wear in CoCrMo implants (metal-on-metal hip replacements)
headline: CoCrMo is used for medical implants because of its excellent wear and corrosion resistance.
effect: Liao et al. state that CoCrMo alloys are used for medical implants owing to their excellent wear and corrosion resistance. The article is a perspective on CoCrMo metal-on-metal hip replacements and gives no corrosion rate in the section read.
rating: low
conditions:
basis: qualitative statement in a review article
source: liao-cocrmo-2013
where: Section 2 (Materials)
risks:
hazards:
- text: 'PubChem GHS summary for cobalt metal (CID 104730): H317, H334, H341, H350, H360F and H413, with signal word Danger and pictogram GHS08. This is the classification of the element, not of a solid L-605 or CoCrMo article, which was not read in this run.'
ghs:
- H317
- H334
- H341
- H350
- H360F
- H413
source: pubchem-cobalt
where: GHS Classification section (Hazard Statements, Pictogram, Signal)
failure_risks:
- mode: Loss of room-temperature ductility after long exposure at intermediate temperatures
trigger: Prolonged exposure at intermediate temperatures
consequence: Rolled Alloys says L-605 shows a loss of room-temperature ductility after prolonged exposure at intermediate temperatures, in much the same way as other superalloys. The sheet gives no temperature or time.
severity: moderate
source: rolled-l605
where: Introduction paragraph
- mode: Weld problems from poor joint preparation and slow cooling
trigger: Welding without good joint fit-up, with high restraint or high interpass temperature, or with slow cooling; submerged arc welding
consequence: Rolled Alloys recommends good joint fit-up, minimum restraint, low interpass temperature and rapid cooling after welding, and says submerged arc welding is not recommended.
severity: low
source: rolled-l605
where: Introduction paragraph (welding)
- mode: Strengthening by heat treatment is not available
trigger: Attempting to harden L-605 by heat treatment alone
consequence: Ulbrich says L-605 can only be hardened significantly by cold working, and that cold working raises creep strength up to 1800 °F and stress-rupture strength up to 1500 °F.
severity: low
source: ulbrich-l605
where: L-605 Alloy Description paragraph
side_effects: []
handling:
- text: 'Rolled Alloys: for maximum ductility, anneal fabricated components at 2150 to 2250 °F and cool rapidly.'
source: rolled-l605
where: Introduction paragraph (fabrication)
- text: 'Combmet: the alloy responds very well to cold working, which is how it is hardened significantly. Ulbrich: L-605 may be cold or hot formed by various techniques.'
source: combmet-l605
where: Description paragraph and Ulbrich forming section
- text: 'Welding: GTAW, GMAW, SMAW, electron beam and resistance welding are used for L-605 (Rolled Alloys). Use good joint fit-up, minimum restraint and low interpass temperature.'
source: rolled-l605
where: Introduction paragraph (welding)
mitigations: []
uses:
- application: propulsion-and-tanks
device: Gas turbine combustion chambers and afterburners
example: Rolled Alloys lists gas turbine engine components such as combustion chambers and afterburners as applications of L-605, and Combmet lists combustor liners and gas turbine rotors.
source: rolled-l605
where: Applications list; Combmet Description paragraph (Applications include)
- application: mechanisms
device: Seal rings, springs and high-temperature ball bearings
example: Ulbrich lists seal rings for gas turbines, jet engine components, high temperature ball bearings and races, and springs among L-605 applications.
source: ulbrich-l605
where: Applications list
- application: propulsion-and-tanks
device: Fan containment in supersonic aircraft (proposed in the study, not built)
example: NASA Glenn found that Haynes 25 had the best impact resistance per unit weight among the alloys tested, and wrote that it could be ideal for fan containment applications in supersonic aircraft.
source: nasa-ntrs-20050214553
where: Abstract and description on the NTRS record (no section or page numbers printed)
- application: structures
device: Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum hip replacement femoral ball (ASTM F75 or F1537 grade)
example: The Liao review describes a CoCrMo femoral ball with a UHMWPE cup as a hip-replacement bearing pair, and says CoCrMo alloys are used for medical implants owing to their excellent wear and corrosion resistance.
source: liao-cocrmo-2013
where: Section 1 (Background) and Section 2 (Materials)
supply:
- subject: Cobalt
producers:
- country: Congo (Kinshasa)
share_percent: 73
year: 2025
- country: Indonesia
share_percent: 14
year: 2025
- country: Russia
share_percent: 2.5
year: 2025
- country: Madagascar
share_percent: 1.3
year: 2025
critical_lists:
- list: USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals
listed: true
recycling: 'USGS: cobalt content of purchased scrap represented 25% of estimated cobalt consumption in 2025.'
substitutes:
- 'USGS: substitution for cobalt could result in a loss in product performance or increased cost; nickel-base alloys or ceramics can be used in jet engines.'
source: usgs-mcs2026-cobalt
where: Events, Trends, and Issues (Congo 73% and Indonesia 14% of world total, printed); World Mine Production table, 2025e column (Russia 7,700 t and Madagascar 3,900 t of 310,000 t world total, shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes
- subject: Chromium
producers:
- country: South Africa
share_percent: 45.1
year: 2025
- country: Turkey
share_percent: 17.6
year: 2025
- country: Kazakhstan
share_percent: 13.7
year: 2025
- country: India
share_percent: 5.9
year: 2025
critical_lists:
- list: USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals
listed: true
recycling: 'USGS: recycled chromium in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts accounted for 21% of apparent consumption in 2025.'
substitutes:
- 'USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel or in superalloys, the major strategic end use.'
source: usgs-mcs2026-chromium
where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 51,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes
- subject: Tungsten
producers:
- country: China
share_percent: 78.8
year: 2025
- country: Vietnam
share_percent: 3.5
year: 2025
- country: Kazakhstan
share_percent: 2.8
year: 2025
- country: Russia
share_percent: 2.4
year: 2025
critical_lists:
- list: USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals
listed: true
recycling: 'USGS: the quantity of secondary tungsten produced in 2025 was withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.'
substitutes:
- 'USGS: potential substitutes for cemented tungsten carbides include carbides based on molybdenum, niobium or titanium; most of these reduce rather than replace the amount of tungsten used.'
source: usgs-mcs2026-tungsten
where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025 column (world total 85,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes
- subject: Nickel
producers:
- country: Indonesia
share_percent: 66.7
year: 2025
- country: Philippines
share_percent: 6.9
year: 2025
- country: Russia
share_percent: 5.1
year: 2025
- country: Canada
share_percent: 3.6
year: 2025
critical_lists:
- list: USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals
listed: true
recycling: 'USGS: in 2025, nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60% of apparent consumption.'
substitutes:
- 'USGS: titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments.'
source: usgs-mcs2026-nickel
where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes
- subject: Molybdenum (CoCrMo alloying element)
producers:
- country: China
share_percent: 37.3
year: 2025
- country: Chile
share_percent: 16.2
year: 2025
- country: United States
share_percent: 15.4
year: 2025
- country: Peru
share_percent: 15
year: 2025
critical_lists:
- list: USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals
listed: false
recycling: 'USGS: molybdenum is recycled as a component of catalysts, ferrous scrap and superalloy scrap.'
substitutes:
- 'USGS: there is little substitution for molybdenum in its major application in steels and cast irons.'
source: usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum
where: 'World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 260,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes. Critical list status: USGS 2025 list page (molybdenum not on the list)'
documents:
- title: 'Ulbrich Stainless Steels: Haynes 25 (L-605) wire datasheet, UNS R30605'
type: datasheet
url: https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes®25-Wire-L-605-Wire-UNS-R30605.pdf
year: 2015
- title: 'Elgiloy Specialty Metals: L-605 / Haynes 25 strip datasheet (UNS R30605)'
type: datasheet
url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Haynes-25-28L605-29.pdf
year: 2015
- title: 'Rolled Alloys: L-605 Alloy data sheet, Bulletin 1605'
type: datasheet
url: https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/L-605_Data-Sheet-Rolled-Alloys.pdf
year: 2012
- title: 'ATI: TJA-1537 cobalt-based alloy (ASTM F1537) product page'
type: datasheet
url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-tja-1537
- title: 'ICAST Alloys: ASTM F 75 R30075 cobalt-28 chromium-6 molybdenum casting alloy datasheet'
type: datasheet
url: https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20F%2075%20R30075.pdf
- title: 'NASA Glenn: Superior Ballistic Impact Resistance Achieved by the Co-Base Alloy Haynes 25 (NTRS 20050214553)'
type: report
url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050214553
year: 2003
- title: 'Liao et al.: CoCrMo Metal-on-Metal Hip Replacements (PMC3530782, open access)'
type: paper
url: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3530782
year: 2013
- title: 'PubChem: Cobalt (CID 104730), GHS classification'
type: database
url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cobalt
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cobalt.pdf
year: 2026
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
year: 2026
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Tungsten'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tungsten.pdf
year: 2026
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
year: 2026
- title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf
year: 2026
gaps:
- No Haynes International brochure or safety data sheet for Haynes 25 was reached in this run. The L-605 values come from Ulbrich, Combmet and Rolled Alloys sheets, which are distributor or specialty-metals sheets.
- 'Silicon limit differs between sheets: Rolled Alloys prints 0.4 max and Ulbrich prints 1.00 max. The Rolled Alloys value is used in the formula.'
- 'Thermal expansion differs between sheets: Ulbrich gives 14.4 µm/m-°C (21 to 538 °C) and Combmet gives 12 µm/m-°C (20 to 538 °C). Both are sourced, not averaged.'
- No UNS number was printed for ASTM F1537 by a source read in this run, so no UNS code is listed for F1537.
- No density for cast ASTM F75 was found in a source read in this run. The density in the file is the F1537 bar value from ATI.
- The F75 values are specification minimums from ICAST, not typical test results. The Rolled Alloys L-605 sheet values are representative, not design allowables.
- Hazard data are the PubChem GHS summary for cobalt metal. No SDS for a solid L-605 or CoCrMo article was read in this run.
- 'Space use: the only space-related source is the 2003 NASA Glenn impact study, which proposed fan containment. No flight, rocket or spacecraft use was found in the sources read.'
- No atomic oxygen, outgassing, radiation or cryogenic property data for L-605 or CoCrMo were found in the sources read.
- Stress-rupture (stress_rupture_1000h) and Rockwell C hardness (hardness_rockwell_c) use short names not in the canonical list, as the brief allows.
- The CoCrMo composition ranges from the ICAST F75 sheet are not entered as numbers in the recipe; the recipe names the main elements only.
- Long-term creep and fatigue data for L-605 beyond the stress-rupture table were not checked against a primary test report.
- Critical-list status is from the USGS 2025 list page only. The EU critical raw materials list was not checked for these elements.
sources:
ulbrich-l605:
title: Haynes 25 (L-605), UNS R30605, wire datasheet (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals)
id: UNS R30605
url: https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes®25-Wire-L-605-Wire-UNS-R30605.pdf
year: 2015
kind: datasheet
license: Distributor datasheet, typical values (cited, not reproduced)
combmet-l605:
title: Elgiloy Specialty Metals strip datasheet, L-605 / Haynes 25 (UNS R30605, W.Nr 2.4964 / 2.4967)
url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Haynes-25-28L605-29.pdf
year: 2015
kind: datasheet
license: Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)
rolled-l605:
title: Rolled Alloys, Alloy L-605 data sheet (Bulletin 1605, HAYNES 25)
id: UNS R30605, W. Nr./EN 2.4964
url: https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/L-605_Data-Sheet-Rolled-Alloys.pdf
year: 2012
kind: datasheet
license: Producer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)
ati-f1537:
title: ATI TJA-1537 cobalt-based alloy, product specifications by form (ASTM F1537)
url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-tja-1537
kind: web
license: Producer product page (cited, not reproduced)
icast-f75:
title: ICAST Alloys, ASTM F 75 R30075 Cobalt-28 Chromium-6 Molybdenum casting alloy datasheet
id: UNS R30075, JIS 7402-1
url: https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20F%2075%20R30075.pdf
kind: datasheet
license: Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)
nasa-ntrs-20050214553:
title: Superior Ballistic Impact Resistance Achieved by the Co-Base Alloy Haynes 25 (Hebsur, Noebe and Revilock, NASA Glenn)
id: NTRS 20050214553
url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050214553
year: 2003
kind: report
license: public domain (NASA)
liao-cocrmo-2013:
title: CoCrMo Metal-on-Metal Hip Replacements (Liao, Hoffman, Wimmer, Fischer, Jacobs, Marks; Phys Chem Chem Phys)
id: PMC3530782
url: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3530782
year: 2013
kind: paper
license: open access (PMC)
pubchem-cobalt:
title: PubChem compound record, Cobalt (CID 104730), GHS classification
id: CID 104730
url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cobalt
kind: database
license: public domain (NCBI)
usgs-mcs2026-cobalt:
title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Cobalt (U.S. Geological Survey)
id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cobalt.pdf
year: 2026
kind: report
license: public domain (USGS)
usgs-mcs2026-chromium:
title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Chromium (U.S. Geological Survey)
id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
year: 2026
kind: report
license: public domain (USGS)
usgs-mcs2026-tungsten:
title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Tungsten (U.S. Geological Survey)
id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tungsten.pdf
year: 2026
kind: report
license: public domain (USGS)
usgs-mcs2026-nickel:
title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel (U.S. Geological Survey)
id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
year: 2026
kind: report
license: public domain (USGS)
usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum:
title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Molybdenum (U.S. Geological Survey)
id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf
year: 2026
kind: report
license: public domain (USGS)
usgs-crit2025:
title: About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals (USGS, final list)
url: https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals
year: 2025
kind: web
license: public domain (USGS)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
status: draft
method: assistant
checked_values: 23
unreachable: 0
caveats: 4
note: 'Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the datasheets and pages named in each entry (PDFs extracted with pdftotext). Caveats: the L-605 sheets are distributor and specialty-metals sheets, not the Haynes International brochure; the sheets disagree on silicon and thermal expansion; the F75 values are specification minimums; the hazard entry is the PubChem record for cobalt metal, not a solid-alloy SDS.'
story:
recipe:
line: Haynes 25 (L-605) is a cobalt-base alloy. Cobalt is the balance, and chromium, tungsten and nickel are the main alloying elements; iron, manganese, silicon and carbon are minor. For maximum ductility, fabricated components are annealed at 2150 to 2250 °F and cooled rapidly (Rolled Alloys). The medical CoCrMo grades (ASTM F75 cast and F1537 wrought) are cobalt with chromium and molybdenum as the main elements; the F75 ranges are printed in the ICAST sheet.
parts:
- name: Cobalt
symbol: Co
role: The matrix of the alloy. The Rolled Alloys table gives cobalt only as the balance, so no numeric share is given.
- name: Chromium
symbol: Cr
share_percent: 19
share_high: 21
role: Gives oxidation, carburization and sulphidation resistance at high temperature, according to the producer sheets.
- name: Tungsten
symbol: W
share_percent: 14
share_high: 16
role: Solid-solution strengthener that gives L-605 its high-temperature strength.
- name: Nickel
symbol: Ni
share_percent: 9
share_high: 11
role: Stabilises the cobalt matrix and adds ductility; the Rolled Alloys table gives its range only.
risk_groups:
- title: For people
level: 1
verdict: Cobalt classified in PubChem; processing risk
lead: The hazard classes in the sources come from PubChem for cobalt metal. No SDS for the solid L-605 or CoCrMo article was read in this run, so the solid's own class is not stated.
points:
- label: Cobalt classification
line: PubChem lists cobalt metal with H350 (may cause cancer), H341 (suspected of causing genetic defects), H360F (may damage fertility), H317 and H334 (skin and respiratory sensitisation), and H413, with the signal word Danger.
- label: Solid alloy
line: The solid alloy was not checked against its own safety data sheet in this run.
- title: If it fails
lead: The failure routes in the sources are about heat exposure and welding, not about measured failures in service.
points:
- label: Ductility loss
line: Rolled Alloys says L-605 loses room-temperature ductility after prolonged exposure at intermediate temperatures.
- label: Welding
line: Good joint fit-up, minimum restraint and rapid cooling are needed, and submerged arc welding is not recommended.
- title: Handling and storage
points:
- label: Heat treatment
line: Fabricated components should be annealed at 2150 to 2250 °F and cooled rapidly for maximum ductility.
- label: Hardening
line: L-605 hardens mainly by cold working, so its strength depends on the amount of cold work given.
why: 'Haynes 25 (L-605) is a cobalt-base alloy that keeps useful strength at high temperature and resists oxidation to 1800 °F. Rolled Alloys calls it the strongest fabricable cobalt alloy. It is used for gas turbine combustion parts and afterburners, seal rings, springs and ball bearings. Its stress-rupture strength is 57 ksi for 1000 h at 1200 °F and 12 ksi at 1600 °F. The CoCrMo grades are the medical implant alloys: ASTM F75 cast material has a minimum tensile strength of 655 MPa and a minimum yield of 450 MPa, and ASTM F1537 bar from ATI has minimums of 1172 MPa and 827 MPa.'
uses:
- where: Gas turbine parts
line: Rolled Alloys lists combustion chambers and afterburners as gas turbine applications for L-605. Combmet also lists combustor liners and gas turbine rotors.
- where: Seals, springs and bearings
line: Ulbrich lists seal rings for gas turbines, jet engine components, high temperature ball bearings and springs.
- where: Fan containment study
line: A 2003 NASA Glenn study found that Haynes 25 had the best impact resistance per unit weight among the alloys tested and said it could be ideal for fan containment in supersonic aircraft. The study is a proposal, not a flight part.
- where: Medical implants
line: CoCrMo femoral balls are used in hip replacements, according to a review that gives excellent wear and corrosion resistance as the reason for using CoCrMo in medical implants.
can_do:
- label: Strength when hot
value: 57 ksi for 1000 h at 1200 °F
benchmark: stress_rupture_1000h
line: Typical stress-rupture strength for 1000 h is 57 ksi at 1200 °F and 12 ksi at 1600 °F for L-605 (Rolled Alloys).
- label: Oxidation limit
value: 1800 °F continuous
benchmark: max_service_temp
line: Rolled Alloys gives continuous service to 1800 °F and oxidation resistance to the same temperature.
- label: Weight
value: 9.13 g/cm3
benchmark: density
line: L-605 density is 9.13 g/cm3 in the Ulbrich wire datasheet, and 9.1 g/cm3 in the Combmet strip sheet.
- label: Medical strength minimum
value: 1172 MPa tensile
benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
line: ATI gives a minimum tensile strength of 1172 MPa and a minimum yield of 827 MPa for ASTM F1537 bar. ASTM F75 cast material has a minimum tensile strength of 655 MPa.
- label: Medical yield minimum
value: 827 MPa yield
benchmark: yield_strength
line: ATI gives a minimum yield of 827 MPa for ASTM F1537 bar, and ICAST gives 450 MPa for ASTM F75 cast material.
compare: Haynes 25 (L-605) is denser than the CoCrMo bar, at 9.13 g/cm3 against 8.3 g/cm3 for ASTM F1537 bar. The sources read here give hot strength only for L-605, so no hot-strength comparison with CoCrMo is made. The rows below compare the density, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion from the sources read here. They cover different forms and conditions, so read them as examples, not as a ranking.
compare_rows:
- label: Density
benchmark: density
- label: Thermal conductivity
benchmark: thermal_conductivity
- label: Thermal expansion
benchmark: cte
handling:
- Anneal fabricated L-605 at 2150 to 2250 °F and cool rapidly for maximum ductility.
- Weld with good joint fit-up, minimum restraint, low interpass temperature and rapid cooling. Avoid submerged arc welding.
- Control dust and fume during cutting, grinding and welding, since the cobalt hazard classes apply to the metal.
good_for:
- 'High-temperature hardware: 57 ksi for 1000 h at 1200 °F and continuous service to 1800 °F.'
- 'Medical implants: CoCrMo grades with minimum tensile strengths of 655 MPa (F75 cast) and 1172 MPa (F1537 bar).'
- 'Thin springs and seal rings: cold working raises strength, and the alloy responds well to it.'
watch_out:
- Long exposure at intermediate temperatures lowers room-temperature ductility.
- PubChem lists cobalt metal as H350 (may cause cancer) and as a respiratory and skin sensitiser, so handle dust and fume with care.
- Cobalt and tungsten are both on the USGS 2025 critical-mineral list, and cobalt supply is concentrated in Congo (Kinshasa).
verdict: Haynes 25 (L-605) is a cobalt-base alloy with useful strength to 1800 °F and good oxidation and sulphidation resistance. The CoCrMo grades are the medical implant alloys with high minimum strengths. The sources read here support gas turbine parts and a 2003 fan-containment proposal, but give no flight or spacecraft qualification, and no solid-alloy safety data sheet was checked.
References
Every number above carries a reference number. Click one to see the source and where in it the value comes from.