{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "cobalt-chromium-l605",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "cobalt-alloys",
  "name": "Cobalt-chromium alloys (Haynes 25 / L-605 and CoCrMo medical grades)",
  "abbreviation": "UNS R30605",
  "role": "cobalt-base wrought superalloy for hot gas turbine parts, and CoCrMo cast and wrought grades for orthopaedic implants",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "nickel-superalloys",
  "summary": "Haynes 25 (L-605, UNS R30605, W. Nr. 2.4964) is a cobalt-base alloy with 19 to 21 % chromium, 14 to 16 % tungsten and 9 to 11 % nickel. Rolled Alloys calls it the strongest fabricable cobalt alloy and gives a representative sheet tensile strength of 146 ksi and yield of 69 ksi at 70 °F, with 57 ksi for 1000 h stress rupture at 1200 °F. The CoCrMo grades are the medical implant alloys: ASTM F75 cast material has minimum tensile strength 655 MPa and yield 450 MPa, and ASTM F1537 bar from ATI has minimum tensile 1172 MPa and yield 827 MPa. A 2003 NASA Glenn study found Haynes 25 had the best impact resistance per unit weight of the alloys it tested and suggested it for fan containment in supersonic aircraft.\n",
  "best_for": "Hot gas-turbine hardware such as combustion parts, afterburners, seal rings and springs that must keep strength to about 1800 °F, and CoCrMo implant parts that need high strength with wear and corrosion resistance",
  "weakest_at": "Ductility after long exposure at intermediate temperatures (Rolled Alloys), a low cobalt-alloy hardness that comes only from cold working, and a cost and supply exposure to cobalt and tungsten, both on the critical-mineral list",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Cobalt-base alloy. Rolled Alloys nominal composition (wt %): Co balance, Cr 19.0 to 21.0, Ni 9.0 to 11.0, W 14.0 to 16.0, Fe 3.0 max, Mn 1.0 to 2.0, Si 0.4 max, C 0.05 to 0.15, P 0.04 max, S 0.03 max",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "R30605",
        "source": "rolled-l605",
        "where": "Specifications line (UNS: R30605)"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "2.4964",
        "source": "rolled-l605",
        "where": "Specifications line (W. Nr./EN: 2.4964)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "F90",
        "note": "wire, bar and strip for the Haynes 25 grade",
        "source": "ulbrich-l605",
        "where": "Specifications line of the wire datasheet (ASTM F90, AMS 5537, AMS 5759, AMS 5796, AMS 5797, AMS 5976)"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5537",
        "note": "strip and foil",
        "source": "rolled-l605",
        "where": "Specifications line (AMS: 5537, 5796)"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5796",
        "source": "rolled-l605",
        "where": "Specifications line (AMS: 5537, 5796)"
      },
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "R30075",
        "note": "ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo grade, not Haynes 25",
        "source": "icast-f75",
        "where": "Title block (Material ASTM F 75 R30075) and Cross Reference Table"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "F75",
        "note": "cast CoCrMo casting alloy for surgical implants",
        "source": "icast-f75",
        "where": "Title block (Standard Specification for Cobalt-28 Chromium-6 Molybdenum Casting Alloy)"
      },
      {
        "system": "JIS",
        "code": "7402-1",
        "note": "cast CoCrMo, Cross Reference Table entry for R30075",
        "source": "icast-f75",
        "where": "Cross Reference Table, row 7402-1 (JIS, Japan)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "F1537",
        "note": "wrought CoCrMo, bar and billet",
        "source": "ati-f1537",
        "where": "Product page title and Product Specifications By Form, Bar and Billet"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Haynes 25",
        "source": "combmet-l605",
        "where": "Title block (L-605 / Haynes 25 registered trademark line)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "rolled-l605",
    "where": "Chemical Composition table, Bulletin 1605 (UNS R30605, W. Nr./EN 2.4964)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "mechanisms",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, L-605 (Haynes 25)",
      "value": 9.13,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "L-605 (UNS R30605), wire",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "0.330 lbs/in3"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet (Physical Properties)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ulbrich-l605",
      "where": "Physical Properties, row Density (0.330 lbs/in3, 9.13 g/cm3)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Haynes 25 (L-605), UNS R30605, wire datasheet (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals)",
        "id": "UNS R30605",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes®25-Wire-L-605-Wire-UNS-R30605.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical values (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting range, L-605",
      "value": 1329,
      "value_high": 1410,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "unit_in_source": "2425-2570 °F"
      },
      "method": "Melting range printed in a distributor's wire datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ulbrich-l605",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Melting Range line (2425-2570°F (1329-1410°C))",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Haynes 25 (L-605), UNS R30605, wire datasheet (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals)",
        "id": "UNS R30605",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes®25-Wire-L-605-Wire-UNS-R30605.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical values (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, L-605 strip, 20 °C",
      "value": 225,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "grade": "L-605 strip (UNS R30605)",
        "unit_in_source": "32.6 x 10^3 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a strip producer's datasheet (At 20oC column)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "combmet-l605",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Modulus of Elasticity (E), At 20 °C column (225 GPa)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals strip datasheet, L-605 / Haynes 25 (UNS R30605, W.Nr 2.4964 / 2.4967)",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Haynes-25-28L605-29.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity, L-605 at 24 °C",
      "value": 89,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "24 °C (75 °F)",
        "unit_in_source": "34.9 micro-ohm-in (89 micro-ohm-cm)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ulbrich-l605",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Electrical Resistivity, At 75°F (24°C) entry",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Haynes 25 (L-605), UNS R30605, wire datasheet (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals)",
        "id": "UNS R30605",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes®25-Wire-L-605-Wire-UNS-R30605.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical values (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, L-605 strip",
      "value": 9.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m·K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "65 Btu-in./ft.2hr.-°F (at 70 °F) and 9.4 W/m-K (at 20 °C)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a strip producer's datasheet (At 20oC column)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "combmet-l605",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Thermal Conductivity, At 20oC column (9.4 W/m-K)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals strip datasheet, L-605 / Haynes 25 (UNS R30605, W.Nr 2.4964 / 2.4967)",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Haynes-25-28L605-29.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 21 to 538 °C",
      "value": 14.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/m·°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "21 to 538 °C (70 to 1000 °F), mean from 70 °F",
        "unit_in_source": "8.0 µin/in-°F (14.4 µm/m-°C)"
      },
      "method": "Mean value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet (70-1000°F row)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The strip sheet prints 12 µm/m-°C for 20 to 538 °C; the two sheets differ and both are sourced.",
      "source": "ulbrich-l605",
      "where": "Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion table, row 70-1000°F (21-538°C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Haynes 25 (L-605), UNS R30605, wire datasheet (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals)",
        "id": "UNS R30605",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes®25-Wire-L-605-Wire-UNS-R30605.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical values (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, annealed wire, minimum",
      "value": 896,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "wire",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "unit_in_source": "130 KSI min"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ulbrich-l605",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature, Annealed, Ultimate Tensile Strength (130 KSI min (896 MPa min))",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Haynes 25 (L-605), UNS R30605, wire datasheet (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals)",
        "id": "UNS R30605",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes®25-Wire-L-605-Wire-UNS-R30605.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical values (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength (0.2% offset), annealed wire under 0.003 in, minimum",
      "value": 379,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "wire",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "thickness": "under 0.003 in",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "unit_in_source": "55 KSI min"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ulbrich-l605",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties, Yield Strength, gauges less than 0.003 inches (55 KSI min (379 MPa min))",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Haynes 25 (L-605), UNS R30605, wire datasheet (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals)",
        "id": "UNS R30605",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes®25-Wire-L-605-Wire-UNS-R30605.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical values (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, representative sheet, 70 °F",
      "value": 69,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "sheet",
        "temperature": "70 °F",
        "unit_in_source": "69 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Representative value printed in a producer's technical data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rolled-l605",
      "where": "Representative Tensile Properties, Sheet, 70 °F column, 0.2% Yield Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys, Alloy L-605 data sheet (Bulletin 1605, HAYNES 25)",
        "id": "UNS R30605, W. Nr./EN 2.4964",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/L-605_Data-Sheet-Rolled-Alloys.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, representative sheet, 70 °F",
      "value": 146,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "sheet",
        "temperature": "70 °F",
        "unit_in_source": "146 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Representative value printed in a producer's technical data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rolled-l605",
      "where": "Representative Tensile Properties, Sheet, 70 °F column, Ultimate Tensile Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys, Alloy L-605 data sheet (Bulletin 1605, HAYNES 25)",
        "id": "UNS R30605, W. Nr./EN 2.4964",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/L-605_Data-Sheet-Rolled-Alloys.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, representative sheet, 1200 °F",
      "value": 108,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "sheet",
        "temperature": "1200 °F",
        "unit_in_source": "108 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Representative value printed in a producer's technical data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rolled-l605",
      "where": "Representative Tensile Properties, Sheet, 1200 °F column, Ultimate Tensile Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys, Alloy L-605 data sheet (Bulletin 1605, HAYNES 25)",
        "id": "UNS R30605, W. Nr./EN 2.4964",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/L-605_Data-Sheet-Rolled-Alloys.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, representative sheet, 70 °F",
      "value": 51,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "sheet",
        "temperature": "70 °F"
      },
      "method": "Representative value printed in a producer's technical data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rolled-l605",
      "where": "Representative Tensile Properties, Sheet, 70 °F column, Elongation row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys, Alloy L-605 data sheet (Bulletin 1605, HAYNES 25)",
        "id": "UNS R30605, W. Nr./EN 2.4964",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/L-605_Data-Sheet-Rolled-Alloys.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "stress_rupture_1000h",
      "label": "Stress-rupture strength for 1000 h at 1200 °F",
      "value": 57,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1200 °F",
        "time": "1000 h",
        "unit_in_source": "57 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a producer's technical data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rolled-l605",
      "where": "Typical Stress-Rupture Strength table, row 1,000 Hours, 1200 °F column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys, Alloy L-605 data sheet (Bulletin 1605, HAYNES 25)",
        "id": "UNS R30605, W. Nr./EN 2.4964",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/L-605_Data-Sheet-Rolled-Alloys.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "stress_rupture_1000h",
      "label": "Stress-rupture strength for 1000 h at 1600 °F",
      "value": 12,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1600 °F",
        "time": "1000 h",
        "unit_in_source": "12 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a producer's technical data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rolled-l605",
      "where": "Typical Stress-Rupture Strength table, row 1,000 Hours, 1600 °F column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys, Alloy L-605 data sheet (Bulletin 1605, HAYNES 25)",
        "id": "UNS R30605, W. Nr./EN 2.4964",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/L-605_Data-Sheet-Rolled-Alloys.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Continuous service limit, L-605",
      "value": 1800,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "use": "continuous service and oxidation resistance",
        "unit_in_source": "1800 °F"
      },
      "method": "Service limit printed in a producer's technical data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "A distributor sheet gives oxidation and carburization resistance to 1900 °F, a different claim; the file uses the 1800 °F service limit.",
      "source": "rolled-l605",
      "where": "Introduction paragraph (continuous service to 1800°F) and Features (oxidation resistant to 1800°F)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys, Alloy L-605 data sheet (Bulletin 1605, HAYNES 25)",
        "id": "UNS R30605, W. Nr./EN 2.4964",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/L-605_Data-Sheet-Rolled-Alloys.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Producer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength minimum, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo",
      "value": 655,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "ASTM F75 (UNS R30075), cast",
        "form": "casting",
        "heat_treatment": "as-cast or annealing"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a casting-alloy datasheet (Mechanical Properties)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "icast-f75",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength in Mpa 655 min.",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ICAST Alloys, ASTM F 75 R30075 Cobalt-28 Chromium-6 Molybdenum casting alloy datasheet",
        "id": "UNS R30075, JIS 7402-1",
        "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20F%2075%20R30075.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength minimum, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo",
      "value": 450,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "ASTM F75 (UNS R30075), cast",
        "form": "casting",
        "heat_treatment": "as-cast or annealing"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a casting-alloy datasheet (Mechanical Properties)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "icast-f75",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Yield Strength in Mpa 450 min.",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ICAST Alloys, ASTM F 75 R30075 Cobalt-28 Chromium-6 Molybdenum casting alloy datasheet",
        "id": "UNS R30075, JIS 7402-1",
        "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20F%2075%20R30075.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation minimum, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo",
      "value": 8,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "ASTM F75 (UNS R30075), cast",
        "form": "casting"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a casting-alloy datasheet (Mechanical Properties)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "icast-f75",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Elongation in % 8 min.",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ICAST Alloys, ASTM F 75 R30075 Cobalt-28 Chromium-6 Molybdenum casting alloy datasheet",
        "id": "UNS R30075, JIS 7402-1",
        "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20F%2075%20R30075.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_rockwell_c",
      "label": "Hardness, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo",
      "value": 25,
      "value_high": 35,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "HRC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "ASTM F75 (UNS R30075), cast",
        "form": "casting"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a casting-alloy datasheet (Mechanical Properties)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "icast-f75",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Hardness in HRC 25 - 35",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ICAST Alloys, ASTM F 75 R30075 Cobalt-28 Chromium-6 Molybdenum casting alloy datasheet",
        "id": "UNS R30075, JIS 7402-1",
        "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20F%2075%20R30075.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, ASTM F1537 bar (CoCrMo)",
      "value": 8.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo), bar and billet",
        "unit_in_source": "0.300 lb/in3 and 8.30 g/cm3"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a producer's product page (Product Specifications By Form, Bar and Billet)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-f1537",
      "where": "Product Specifications By Form, Bar section, Density row (0.300 lb/in3 and 8.30 g/cm3)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI TJA-1537 cobalt-based alloy, product specifications by form (ASTM F1537)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-tja-1537",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Producer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength minimum, ASTM F1537 bar",
      "value": 1172,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo), bar and billet",
        "unit_in_source": "110 ksi min"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a producer's product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-f1537",
      "where": "Product Specifications By Form, Bar section, Tensile Strength row (110 min ksi and 1172 min MPa)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI TJA-1537 cobalt-based alloy, product specifications by form (ASTM F1537)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-tja-1537",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Producer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength minimum, ASTM F1537 bar",
      "value": 827,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo), bar and billet",
        "unit_in_source": "120 ksi min"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a producer's product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-f1537",
      "where": "Product Specifications By Form, Bar section, Yield Strength row (120 min ksi and 827 min MPa)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI TJA-1537 cobalt-based alloy, product specifications by form (ASTM F1537)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-tja-1537",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Producer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation minimum, ASTM F1537 bar",
      "value": 12,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo), bar and billet"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a producer's product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-f1537",
      "where": "Product Specifications By Form, Bar section, Elongation row (12% min)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI TJA-1537 cobalt-based alloy, product specifications by form (ASTM F1537)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-tja-1537",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Producer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Oxidation, carburization and sulphidation at high temperature (L-605), up to about 980 °C",
      "headline": "Good resistance to oxidation and carburization up to about 980 °C for long exposures, and excellent resistance to sulphidation.",
      "effect": "Combmet says the alloy resists oxidation and carburization in environments up to 980 °C for long exposures and has excellent resistance to sulphidation. Rolled Alloys gives oxidation resistance to 1800 °F. Ulbrich gives oxidation and carburization resistance to 1900 °F.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "up to 980 °C (1795 °F)",
        "basis": "qualitative statements in producer sheets, no test medium or exposure time given"
      },
      "source": "combmet-l605",
      "where": "Description paragraph (oxidization and carburization to 980 °C; sulphidation)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Marine environments, acids and bodily fluids (wrought L-605)",
      "headline": "Producer statement of resistance to marine environments, acids and bodily fluids.",
      "effect": "Rolled Alloys lists resistance to marine environments, acids and bodily fluids among the features of L-605. The sheet gives no corrosion rate, test medium or exposure time.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative producer statement"
      },
      "source": "rolled-l605",
      "where": "Features list"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Sour service (NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156)",
      "headline": "NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 is listed among the applicable specifications for strip; no corrosion rate is given.",
      "effect": "Combmet lists AMS 5537, Rolls Royce MSRR 7053 and NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 as applicable specifications for strip and foil. The listing does not give a corrosion rate or a test result.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "specification listing only"
      },
      "source": "combmet-l605",
      "where": "Applicable Specifications, Strip and Foil row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Body fluids and wear in CoCrMo implants (metal-on-metal hip replacements)",
      "headline": "CoCrMo is used for medical implants because of its excellent wear and corrosion resistance.",
      "effect": "Liao et al. state that CoCrMo alloys are used for medical implants owing to their excellent wear and corrosion resistance. The article is a perspective on CoCrMo metal-on-metal hip replacements and gives no corrosion rate in the section read.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement in a review article"
      },
      "source": "liao-cocrmo-2013",
      "where": "Section 2 (Materials)"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem GHS summary for cobalt metal (CID 104730): H317, H334, H341, H350, H360F and H413, with signal word Danger and pictogram GHS08. This is the classification of the element, not of a solid L-605 or CoCrMo article, which was not read in this run.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H334",
          "H341",
          "H350",
          "H360F",
          "H413"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-cobalt",
        "where": "GHS Classification section (Hazard Statements, Pictogram, Signal)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Loss of room-temperature ductility after long exposure at intermediate temperatures",
        "trigger": "Prolonged exposure at intermediate temperatures",
        "consequence": "Rolled Alloys says L-605 shows a loss of room-temperature ductility after prolonged exposure at intermediate temperatures, in much the same way as other superalloys. The sheet gives no temperature or time.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "rolled-l605",
        "where": "Introduction paragraph"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Weld problems from poor joint preparation and slow cooling",
        "trigger": "Welding without good joint fit-up, with high restraint or high interpass temperature, or with slow cooling; submerged arc welding",
        "consequence": "Rolled Alloys recommends good joint fit-up, minimum restraint, low interpass temperature and rapid cooling after welding, and says submerged arc welding is not recommended.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "rolled-l605",
        "where": "Introduction paragraph (welding)"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Strengthening by heat treatment is not available",
        "trigger": "Attempting to harden L-605 by heat treatment alone",
        "consequence": "Ulbrich says L-605 can only be hardened significantly by cold working, and that cold working raises creep strength up to 1800 °F and stress-rupture strength up to 1500 °F.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "ulbrich-l605",
        "where": "L-605 Alloy Description paragraph"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Rolled Alloys: for maximum ductility, anneal fabricated components at 2150 to 2250 °F and cool rapidly.",
        "source": "rolled-l605",
        "where": "Introduction paragraph (fabrication)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Combmet: the alloy responds very well to cold working, which is how it is hardened significantly. Ulbrich: L-605 may be cold or hot formed by various techniques.",
        "source": "combmet-l605",
        "where": "Description paragraph and Ulbrich forming section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Welding: GTAW, GMAW, SMAW, electron beam and resistance welding are used for L-605 (Rolled Alloys). Use good joint fit-up, minimum restraint and low interpass temperature.",
        "source": "rolled-l605",
        "where": "Introduction paragraph (welding)"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Gas turbine combustion chambers and afterburners",
      "example": "Rolled Alloys lists gas turbine engine components such as combustion chambers and afterburners as applications of L-605, and Combmet lists combustor liners and gas turbine rotors.",
      "source": "rolled-l605",
      "where": "Applications list; Combmet Description paragraph (Applications include)"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Seal rings, springs and high-temperature ball bearings",
      "example": "Ulbrich lists seal rings for gas turbines, jet engine components, high temperature ball bearings and races, and springs among L-605 applications.",
      "source": "ulbrich-l605",
      "where": "Applications list"
    },
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Fan containment in supersonic aircraft (proposed in the study, not built)",
      "example": "NASA Glenn found that Haynes 25 had the best impact resistance per unit weight among the alloys tested, and wrote that it could be ideal for fan containment applications in supersonic aircraft.",
      "source": "nasa-ntrs-20050214553",
      "where": "Abstract and description on the NTRS record (no section or page numbers printed)"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum hip replacement femoral ball (ASTM F75 or F1537 grade)",
      "example": "The Liao review describes a CoCrMo femoral ball with a UHMWPE cup as a hip-replacement bearing pair, and says CoCrMo alloys are used for medical implants owing to their excellent wear and corrosion resistance.",
      "source": "liao-cocrmo-2013",
      "where": "Section 1 (Background) and Section 2 (Materials)"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Cobalt",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 73,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 14,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 2.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Madagascar",
          "share_percent": 1.3,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: cobalt content of purchased scrap represented 25% of estimated cobalt consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: substitution for cobalt could result in a loss in product performance or increased cost; nickel-base alloys or ceramics can be used in jet engines."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-cobalt",
      "where": "Events, Trends, and Issues (Congo 73% and Indonesia 14% of world total, printed); World Mine Production table, 2025e column (Russia 7,700 t and Madagascar 3,900 t of 310,000 t world total, shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Chromium",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 45.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "share_percent": 17.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 13.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.9,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: recycled chromium in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts accounted for 21% of apparent consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel or in superalloys, the major strategic end use."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-chromium",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 51,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Tungsten",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 78.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "share_percent": 3.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 2.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 2.4,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: the quantity of secondary tungsten produced in 2025 was withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: potential substitutes for cemented tungsten carbides include carbides based on molybdenum, niobium or titanium; most of these reduce rather than replace the amount of tungsten used."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-tungsten",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025 column (world total 85,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Nickel",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: in 2025, nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60% of apparent consumption.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Molybdenum (CoCrMo alloying element)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 37.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 16.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 15.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 15,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": false
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: molybdenum is recycled as a component of catalysts, ferrous scrap and superalloy scrap.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: there is little substitution for molybdenum in its major application in steels and cast irons."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 260,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes. Critical list status: USGS 2025 list page (molybdenum not on the list)"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Ulbrich Stainless Steels: Haynes 25 (L-605) wire datasheet, UNS R30605",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes®25-Wire-L-605-Wire-UNS-R30605.pdf",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals: L-605 / Haynes 25 strip datasheet (UNS R30605)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Haynes-25-28L605-29.pdf",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "title": "Rolled Alloys: L-605 Alloy data sheet, Bulletin 1605",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/L-605_Data-Sheet-Rolled-Alloys.pdf",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "title": "ATI: TJA-1537 cobalt-based alloy (ASTM F1537) product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-tja-1537"
    },
    {
      "title": "ICAST Alloys: ASTM F 75 R30075 cobalt-28 chromium-6 molybdenum casting alloy datasheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20F%2075%20R30075.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "NASA Glenn: Superior Ballistic Impact Resistance Achieved by the Co-Base Alloy Haynes 25 (NTRS 20050214553)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050214553",
      "year": 2003
    },
    {
      "title": "Liao et al.: CoCrMo Metal-on-Metal Hip Replacements (PMC3530782, open access)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3530782",
      "year": 2013
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Cobalt (CID 104730), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cobalt"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cobalt.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Tungsten",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tungsten.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No Haynes International brochure or safety data sheet for Haynes 25 was reached in this run. The L-605 values come from Ulbrich, Combmet and Rolled Alloys sheets, which are distributor or specialty-metals sheets.",
    "Silicon limit differs between sheets: Rolled Alloys prints 0.4 max and Ulbrich prints 1.00 max. The Rolled Alloys value is used in the formula.",
    "Thermal expansion differs between sheets: Ulbrich gives 14.4 µm/m-°C (21 to 538 °C) and Combmet gives 12 µm/m-°C (20 to 538 °C). Both are sourced, not averaged.",
    "No UNS number was printed for ASTM F1537 by a source read in this run, so no UNS code is listed for F1537.",
    "No density for cast ASTM F75 was found in a source read in this run. The density in the file is the F1537 bar value from ATI.",
    "The F75 values are specification minimums from ICAST, not typical test results. The Rolled Alloys L-605 sheet values are representative, not design allowables.",
    "Hazard data are the PubChem GHS summary for cobalt metal. No SDS for a solid L-605 or CoCrMo article was read in this run.",
    "Space use: the only space-related source is the 2003 NASA Glenn impact study, which proposed fan containment. No flight, rocket or spacecraft use was found in the sources read.",
    "No atomic oxygen, outgassing, radiation or cryogenic property data for L-605 or CoCrMo were found in the sources read.",
    "Stress-rupture (stress_rupture_1000h) and Rockwell C hardness (hardness_rockwell_c) use short names not in the canonical list, as the brief allows.",
    "The CoCrMo composition ranges from the ICAST F75 sheet are not entered as numbers in the recipe; the recipe names the main elements only.",
    "Long-term creep and fatigue data for L-605 beyond the stress-rupture table were not checked against a primary test report.",
    "Critical-list status is from the USGS 2025 list page only. The EU critical raw materials list was not checked for these elements."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Haynes 25 (L-605) is a cobalt-base alloy that keeps useful strength at high temperature and resists oxidation to 1800 °F. Rolled Alloys calls it the strongest fabricable cobalt alloy. It is used for gas turbine combustion parts and afterburners, seal rings, springs and ball bearings. Its stress-rupture strength is 57 ksi for 1000 h at 1200 °F and 12 ksi at 1600 °F. The CoCrMo grades are the medical implant alloys: ASTM F75 cast material has a minimum tensile strength of 655 MPa and a minimum yield of 450 MPa, and ASTM F1537 bar from ATI has minimums of 1172 MPa and 827 MPa.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Gas turbine parts",
        "line": "Rolled Alloys lists combustion chambers and afterburners as gas turbine applications for L-605. Combmet also lists combustor liners and gas turbine rotors."
      },
      {
        "where": "Seals, springs and bearings",
        "line": "Ulbrich lists seal rings for gas turbines, jet engine components, high temperature ball bearings and springs."
      },
      {
        "where": "Fan containment study",
        "line": "A 2003 NASA Glenn study found that Haynes 25 had the best impact resistance per unit weight among the alloys tested and said it could be ideal for fan containment in supersonic aircraft. The study is a proposal, not a flight part."
      },
      {
        "where": "Medical implants",
        "line": "CoCrMo femoral balls are used in hip replacements, according to a review that gives excellent wear and corrosion resistance as the reason for using CoCrMo in medical implants."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength when hot",
        "line": "Typical stress-rupture strength for 1000 h is 57 ksi at 1200 °F and 12 ksi at 1600 °F for L-605 (Rolled Alloys).",
        "benchmark": "stress_rupture_1000h",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "57 ksi for 1000 h at 1200 °F"
      },
      {
        "label": "Oxidation limit",
        "line": "Rolled Alloys gives continuous service to 1800 °F and oxidation resistance to the same temperature.",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1800 °F continuous"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "L-605 density is 9.13 g/cm3 in the Ulbrich wire datasheet, and 9.1 g/cm3 in the Combmet strip sheet.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "9.13 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Medical strength minimum",
        "line": "ATI gives a minimum tensile strength of 1172 MPa and a minimum yield of 827 MPa for ASTM F1537 bar. ASTM F75 cast material has a minimum tensile strength of 655 MPa.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1172 MPa tensile"
      },
      {
        "label": "Medical yield minimum",
        "line": "ATI gives a minimum yield of 827 MPa for ASTM F1537 bar, and ICAST gives 450 MPa for ASTM F75 cast material.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "827 MPa yield"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Haynes 25 (L-605) is denser than the CoCrMo bar, at 9.13 g/cm3 against 8.3 g/cm3 for ASTM F1537 bar. The sources read here give hot strength only for L-605, so no hot-strength comparison with CoCrMo is made. The rows below compare the density, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion from the sources read here. They cover different forms and conditions, so read them as examples, not as a ranking.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Anneal fabricated L-605 at 2150 to 2250 °F and cool rapidly for maximum ductility.",
      "Weld with good joint fit-up, minimum restraint, low interpass temperature and rapid cooling. Avoid submerged arc welding.",
      "Control dust and fume during cutting, grinding and welding, since the cobalt hazard classes apply to the metal."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "High-temperature hardware: 57 ksi for 1000 h at 1200 °F and continuous service to 1800 °F.",
      "Medical implants: CoCrMo grades with minimum tensile strengths of 655 MPa (F75 cast) and 1172 MPa (F1537 bar).",
      "Thin springs and seal rings: cold working raises strength, and the alloy responds well to it."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Long exposure at intermediate temperatures lowers room-temperature ductility.",
      "PubChem lists cobalt metal as H350 (may cause cancer) and as a respiratory and skin sensitiser, so handle dust and fume with care.",
      "Cobalt and tungsten are both on the USGS 2025 critical-mineral list, and cobalt supply is concentrated in Congo (Kinshasa)."
    ],
    "verdict": "Haynes 25 (L-605) is a cobalt-base alloy with useful strength to 1800 °F and good oxidation and sulphidation resistance. The CoCrMo grades are the medical implant alloys with high minimum strengths. The sources read here support gas turbine parts and a 2003 fan-containment proposal, but give no flight or spacecraft qualification, and no solid-alloy safety data sheet was checked.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Haynes 25 (L-605) is a cobalt-base alloy. Cobalt is the balance, and chromium, tungsten and nickel are the main alloying elements; iron, manganese, silicon and carbon are minor. For maximum ductility, fabricated components are annealed at 2150 to 2250 °F and cooled rapidly (Rolled Alloys). The medical CoCrMo grades (ASTM F75 cast and F1537 wrought) are cobalt with chromium and molybdenum as the main elements; the F75 ranges are printed in the ICAST sheet.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Cobalt",
          "symbol": "Co",
          "role": "The matrix of the alloy. The Rolled Alloys table gives cobalt only as the balance, so no numeric share is given."
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Gives oxidation, carburization and sulphidation resistance at high temperature, according to the producer sheets.",
          "share_percent": 19,
          "share_high": 21
        },
        {
          "name": "Tungsten",
          "symbol": "W",
          "role": "Solid-solution strengthener that gives L-605 its high-temperature strength.",
          "share_percent": 14,
          "share_high": 16
        },
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Stabilises the cobalt matrix and adds ductility; the Rolled Alloys table gives its range only.",
          "share_percent": 9,
          "share_high": 11
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The hazard classes in the sources come from PubChem for cobalt metal. No SDS for the solid L-605 or CoCrMo article was read in this run, so the solid's own class is not stated.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Cobalt classification",
            "line": "PubChem lists cobalt metal with H350 (may cause cancer), H341 (suspected of causing genetic defects), H360F (may damage fertility), H317 and H334 (skin and respiratory sensitisation), and H413, with the signal word Danger."
          },
          {
            "label": "Solid alloy",
            "line": "The solid alloy was not checked against its own safety data sheet in this run."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Cobalt classified in PubChem; processing risk"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in the sources are about heat exposure and welding, not about measured failures in service.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Ductility loss",
            "line": "Rolled Alloys says L-605 loses room-temperature ductility after prolonged exposure at intermediate temperatures."
          },
          {
            "label": "Welding",
            "line": "Good joint fit-up, minimum restraint and rapid cooling are needed, and submerged arc welding is not recommended."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Heat treatment",
            "line": "Fabricated components should be annealed at 2150 to 2250 °F and cooled rapidly for maximum ductility."
          },
          {
            "label": "Hardening",
            "line": "L-605 hardens mainly by cold working, so its strength depends on the amount of cold work given."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 23,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the datasheets and pages named in each entry (PDFs extracted with pdftotext). Caveats: the L-605 sheets are distributor and specialty-metals sheets, not the Haynes International brochure; the sheets disagree on silicon and thermal expansion; the F75 values are specification minimums; the hazard entry is the PubChem record for cobalt metal, not a solid-alloy SDS."
  },
  "sources": {
    "ulbrich-l605": {
      "title": "Haynes 25 (L-605), UNS R30605, wire datasheet (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals)",
      "id": "UNS R30605",
      "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes®25-Wire-L-605-Wire-UNS-R30605.pdf",
      "year": 2015,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical values (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "combmet-l605": {
      "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals strip datasheet, L-605 / Haynes 25 (UNS R30605, W.Nr 2.4964 / 2.4967)",
      "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Haynes-25-28L605-29.pdf",
      "year": 2015,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "rolled-l605": {
      "title": "Rolled Alloys, Alloy L-605 data sheet (Bulletin 1605, HAYNES 25)",
      "id": "UNS R30605, W. Nr./EN 2.4964",
      "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/L-605_Data-Sheet-Rolled-Alloys.pdf",
      "year": 2012,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Producer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "ati-f1537": {
      "title": "ATI TJA-1537 cobalt-based alloy, product specifications by form (ASTM F1537)",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-tja-1537",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Producer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "icast-f75": {
      "title": "ICAST Alloys, ASTM F 75 R30075 Cobalt-28 Chromium-6 Molybdenum casting alloy datasheet",
      "id": "UNS R30075, JIS 7402-1",
      "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20F%2075%20R30075.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "nasa-ntrs-20050214553": {
      "title": "Superior Ballistic Impact Resistance Achieved by the Co-Base Alloy Haynes 25 (Hebsur, Noebe and Revilock, NASA Glenn)",
      "id": "NTRS 20050214553",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050214553",
      "year": 2003,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (NASA)"
    },
    "liao-cocrmo-2013": {
      "title": "CoCrMo Metal-on-Metal Hip Replacements (Liao, Hoffman, Wimmer, Fischer, Jacobs, Marks; Phys Chem Chem Phys)",
      "id": "PMC3530782",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3530782",
      "year": 2013,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "open access (PMC)"
    },
    "pubchem-cobalt": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record, Cobalt (CID 104730), GHS classification",
      "id": "CID 104730",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cobalt",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-cobalt": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Cobalt (U.S. Geological Survey)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cobalt.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-chromium": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Chromium (U.S. Geological Survey)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-tungsten": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Tungsten (U.S. Geological Survey)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tungsten.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel (U.S. Geological Survey)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Molybdenum (U.S. Geological Survey)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-crit2025": {
      "title": "About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals (USGS, final list)",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/cobalt-chromium-l605/"
}