spore: profile
id: cobalt-chromium-l605
spore_version: 0.2
family: cobalt-alloys
name: Cobalt-chromium alloys (Haynes 25 / L-605 and CoCrMo medical grades)
abbreviation: UNS R30605
role: cobalt-base wrought superalloy for hot gas turbine parts, and CoCrMo cast and wrought grades for orthopaedic implants
category: metals
type: nickel-superalloys
summary: |
  Haynes 25 (L-605, UNS R30605, W. Nr. 2.4964) is a cobalt-base alloy with 19 to 21 % chromium, 14 to 16 % tungsten and 9 to 11 % nickel. Rolled Alloys calls it the strongest fabricable cobalt alloy and gives a representative sheet tensile strength of 146 ksi and yield of 69 ksi at 70 °F, with 57 ksi for 1000 h stress rupture at 1200 °F. The CoCrMo grades are the medical implant alloys: ASTM F75 cast material has minimum tensile strength 655 MPa and yield 450 MPa, and ASTM F1537 bar from ATI has minimum tensile 1172 MPa and yield 827 MPa. A 2003 NASA Glenn study found Haynes 25 had the best impact resistance per unit weight of the alloys it tested and suggested it for fan containment in supersonic aircraft.
best_for: Hot gas-turbine hardware such as combustion parts, afterburners, seal rings and springs that must keep strength to about 1800 °F, and CoCrMo implant parts that need high strength with wear and corrosion resistance
weakest_at: Ductility after long exposure at intermediate temperatures (Rolled Alloys), a low cobalt-alloy hardness that comes only from cold working, and a cost and supply exposure to cobalt and tungsten, both on the critical-mineral list
identity:
  formula: 'Cobalt-base alloy. Rolled Alloys nominal composition (wt %): Co balance, Cr 19.0 to 21.0, Ni 9.0 to 11.0, W 14.0 to 16.0, Fe 3.0 max, Mn 1.0 to 2.0, Si 0.4 max, C 0.05 to 0.15, P 0.04 max, S 0.03 max'
  source: rolled-l605
  where: Chemical Composition table, Bulletin 1605 (UNS R30605, W. Nr./EN 2.4964)
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: R30605
      source: rolled-l605
      where: 'Specifications line (UNS: R30605)'
    - system: EN
      code: '2.4964'
      source: rolled-l605
      where: 'Specifications line (W. Nr./EN: 2.4964)'
    - system: ASTM
      code: F90
      note: wire, bar and strip for the Haynes 25 grade
      source: ulbrich-l605
      where: Specifications line of the wire datasheet (ASTM F90, AMS 5537, AMS 5759, AMS 5796, AMS 5797, AMS 5976)
    - system: AMS
      code: '5537'
      note: strip and foil
      source: rolled-l605
      where: 'Specifications line (AMS: 5537, 5796)'
    - system: AMS
      code: '5796'
      source: rolled-l605
      where: 'Specifications line (AMS: 5537, 5796)'
    - system: UNS
      code: R30075
      note: ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo grade, not Haynes 25
      source: icast-f75
      where: Title block (Material ASTM F 75 R30075) and Cross Reference Table
    - system: ASTM
      code: F75
      note: cast CoCrMo casting alloy for surgical implants
      source: icast-f75
      where: Title block (Standard Specification for Cobalt-28 Chromium-6 Molybdenum Casting Alloy)
    - system: JIS
      code: 7402-1
      note: cast CoCrMo, Cross Reference Table entry for R30075
      source: icast-f75
      where: Cross Reference Table, row 7402-1 (JIS, Japan)
    - system: ASTM
      code: F1537
      note: wrought CoCrMo, bar and billet
      source: ati-f1537
      where: Product page title and Product Specifications By Form, Bar and Billet
    - system: Trade name
      code: Haynes 25
      source: combmet-l605
      where: Title block (L-605 / Haynes 25 registered trademark line)
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - propulsion-and-tanks
    - mechanisms
    - structures
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, L-605 (Haynes 25)
    value: 9.13
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: L-605 (UNS R30605), wire
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: 0.330 lbs/in3
    method: Typical value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet (Physical Properties)
    status: ground
    source: ulbrich-l605
    where: Physical Properties, row Density (0.330 lbs/in3, 9.13 g/cm3)
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting range, L-605
    value: 1329
    value_high: 1410
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      unit_in_source: 2425-2570 °F
    method: Melting range printed in a distributor's wire datasheet
    status: ground
    source: ulbrich-l605
    where: Physical Properties, Melting Range line (2425-2570°F (1329-1410°C))
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity, L-605 strip, 20 °C
    value: 225
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 °C
      grade: L-605 strip (UNS R30605)
      unit_in_source: 32.6 x 10^3 ksi
    method: Value printed in a strip producer's datasheet (At 20oC column)
    status: ground
    source: combmet-l605
    where: Physical Properties table, row Modulus of Elasticity (E), At 20 °C column (225 GPa)
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity, L-605 at 24 °C
    value: 89
    unit: µΩ·cm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 24 °C (75 °F)
      unit_in_source: 34.9 micro-ohm-in (89 micro-ohm-cm)
    method: Value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet
    status: ground
    source: ulbrich-l605
    where: Physical Properties, Electrical Resistivity, At 75°F (24°C) entry
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, L-605 strip
    value: 9.4
    unit: W/m·K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: 65 Btu-in./ft.2hr.-°F (at 70 °F) and 9.4 W/m-K (at 20 °C)
    method: Value printed in a strip producer's datasheet (At 20oC column)
    status: ground
    source: combmet-l605
    where: Physical Properties table, row Thermal Conductivity, At 20oC column (9.4 W/m-K)
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 21 to 538 °C
    value: 14.4
    unit: µm/m·°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 21 to 538 °C (70 to 1000 °F), mean from 70 °F
      unit_in_source: 8.0 µin/in-°F (14.4 µm/m-°C)
    method: Mean value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet (70-1000°F row)
    status: ground
    note: The strip sheet prints 12 µm/m-°C for 20 to 538 °C; the two sheets differ and both are sourced.
    source: ulbrich-l605
    where: Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion table, row 70-1000°F (21-538°C)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, annealed wire, minimum
    value: 896
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: wire
      temper: annealed
      temperature: room temperature
      unit_in_source: 130 KSI min
    method: Minimum value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet
    status: ground
    source: ulbrich-l605
    where: Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature, Annealed, Ultimate Tensile Strength (130 KSI min (896 MPa min))
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength (0.2% offset), annealed wire under 0.003 in, minimum
    value: 379
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: wire
      temper: annealed
      thickness: under 0.003 in
      temperature: room temperature
      unit_in_source: 55 KSI min
    method: Minimum value printed in a distributor's wire datasheet
    status: ground
    source: ulbrich-l605
    where: Mechanical Properties, Yield Strength, gauges less than 0.003 inches (55 KSI min (379 MPa min))
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, representative sheet, 70 °F
    value: 69
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet
      temperature: 70 °F
      unit_in_source: 69 ksi
    method: Representative value printed in a producer's technical data sheet
    status: ground
    source: rolled-l605
    where: Representative Tensile Properties, Sheet, 70 °F column, 0.2% Yield Strength row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, representative sheet, 70 °F
    value: 146
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet
      temperature: 70 °F
      unit_in_source: 146 ksi
    method: Representative value printed in a producer's technical data sheet
    status: ground
    source: rolled-l605
    where: Representative Tensile Properties, Sheet, 70 °F column, Ultimate Tensile Strength row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, representative sheet, 1200 °F
    value: 108
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet
      temperature: 1200 °F
      unit_in_source: 108 ksi
    method: Representative value printed in a producer's technical data sheet
    status: ground
    source: rolled-l605
    where: Representative Tensile Properties, Sheet, 1200 °F column, Ultimate Tensile Strength row
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, representative sheet, 70 °F
    value: 51
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet
      temperature: 70 °F
    method: Representative value printed in a producer's technical data sheet
    status: ground
    source: rolled-l605
    where: Representative Tensile Properties, Sheet, 70 °F column, Elongation row
  - benchmark: stress_rupture_1000h
    label: Stress-rupture strength for 1000 h at 1200 °F
    value: 57
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 1200 °F
      time: 1000 h
      unit_in_source: 57 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in a producer's technical data sheet
    status: ground
    source: rolled-l605
    where: Typical Stress-Rupture Strength table, row 1,000 Hours, 1200 °F column
  - benchmark: stress_rupture_1000h
    label: Stress-rupture strength for 1000 h at 1600 °F
    value: 12
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 1600 °F
      time: 1000 h
      unit_in_source: 12 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in a producer's technical data sheet
    status: ground
    source: rolled-l605
    where: Typical Stress-Rupture Strength table, row 1,000 Hours, 1600 °F column
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Continuous service limit, L-605
    value: 1800
    unit: °F
    scope: material
    conditions:
      use: continuous service and oxidation resistance
      unit_in_source: 1800 °F
    method: Service limit printed in a producer's technical data sheet
    status: ground
    note: A distributor sheet gives oxidation and carburization resistance to 1900 °F, a different claim; the file uses the 1800 °F service limit.
    source: rolled-l605
    where: Introduction paragraph (continuous service to 1800°F) and Features (oxidation resistant to 1800°F)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength minimum, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo
    value: 655
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ASTM F75 (UNS R30075), cast
      form: casting
      heat_treatment: as-cast or annealing
    method: Minimum value printed in a casting-alloy datasheet (Mechanical Properties)
    status: ground
    source: icast-f75
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength in Mpa 655 min.
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength minimum, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo
    value: 450
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ASTM F75 (UNS R30075), cast
      form: casting
      heat_treatment: as-cast or annealing
    method: Minimum value printed in a casting-alloy datasheet (Mechanical Properties)
    status: ground
    source: icast-f75
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Yield Strength in Mpa 450 min.
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation minimum, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo
    value: 8
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ASTM F75 (UNS R30075), cast
      form: casting
    method: Minimum value printed in a casting-alloy datasheet (Mechanical Properties)
    status: ground
    source: icast-f75
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Elongation in % 8 min.
  - benchmark: hardness_rockwell_c
    label: Hardness, ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo
    value: 25
    value_high: 35
    bound: range
    unit: HRC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ASTM F75 (UNS R30075), cast
      form: casting
    method: Range printed in a casting-alloy datasheet (Mechanical Properties)
    status: ground
    source: icast-f75
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Hardness in HRC 25 - 35
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, ASTM F1537 bar (CoCrMo)
    value: 8.3
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo), bar and billet
      unit_in_source: 0.300 lb/in3 and 8.30 g/cm3
    method: Value printed in a producer's product page (Product Specifications By Form, Bar and Billet)
    status: ground
    source: ati-f1537
    where: Product Specifications By Form, Bar section, Density row (0.300 lb/in3 and 8.30 g/cm3)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength minimum, ASTM F1537 bar
    value: 1172
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo), bar and billet
      unit_in_source: 110 ksi min
    method: Minimum value printed in a producer's product page
    status: ground
    source: ati-f1537
    where: Product Specifications By Form, Bar section, Tensile Strength row (110 min ksi and 1172 min MPa)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength minimum, ASTM F1537 bar
    value: 827
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo), bar and billet
      unit_in_source: 120 ksi min
    method: Minimum value printed in a producer's product page
    status: ground
    source: ati-f1537
    where: Product Specifications By Form, Bar section, Yield Strength row (120 min ksi and 827 min MPa)
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation minimum, ASTM F1537 bar
    value: 12
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo), bar and billet
    method: Minimum value printed in a producer's product page
    status: ground
    source: ati-f1537
    where: Product Specifications By Form, Bar section, Elongation row (12% min)
corrosion:
  - environment: Oxidation, carburization and sulphidation at high temperature (L-605), up to about 980 °C
    headline: Good resistance to oxidation and carburization up to about 980 °C for long exposures, and excellent resistance to sulphidation.
    effect: Combmet says the alloy resists oxidation and carburization in environments up to 980 °C for long exposures and has excellent resistance to sulphidation. Rolled Alloys gives oxidation resistance to 1800 °F. Ulbrich gives oxidation and carburization resistance to 1900 °F.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      temperature: up to 980 °C (1795 °F)
      basis: qualitative statements in producer sheets, no test medium or exposure time given
    source: combmet-l605
    where: Description paragraph (oxidization and carburization to 980 °C; sulphidation)
  - environment: Marine environments, acids and bodily fluids (wrought L-605)
    headline: Producer statement of resistance to marine environments, acids and bodily fluids.
    effect: Rolled Alloys lists resistance to marine environments, acids and bodily fluids among the features of L-605. The sheet gives no corrosion rate, test medium or exposure time.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: qualitative producer statement
    source: rolled-l605
    where: Features list
  - environment: Sour service (NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156)
    headline: NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 is listed among the applicable specifications for strip; no corrosion rate is given.
    effect: Combmet lists AMS 5537, Rolls Royce MSRR 7053 and NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 as applicable specifications for strip and foil. The listing does not give a corrosion rate or a test result.
    rating: unknown
    conditions:
      basis: specification listing only
    source: combmet-l605
    where: Applicable Specifications, Strip and Foil row
  - environment: Body fluids and wear in CoCrMo implants (metal-on-metal hip replacements)
    headline: CoCrMo is used for medical implants because of its excellent wear and corrosion resistance.
    effect: Liao et al. state that CoCrMo alloys are used for medical implants owing to their excellent wear and corrosion resistance. The article is a perspective on CoCrMo metal-on-metal hip replacements and gives no corrosion rate in the section read.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: qualitative statement in a review article
    source: liao-cocrmo-2013
    where: Section 2 (Materials)
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: 'PubChem GHS summary for cobalt metal (CID 104730): H317, H334, H341, H350, H360F and H413, with signal word Danger and pictogram GHS08. This is the classification of the element, not of a solid L-605 or CoCrMo article, which was not read in this run.'
      ghs:
        - H317
        - H334
        - H341
        - H350
        - H360F
        - H413
      source: pubchem-cobalt
      where: GHS Classification section (Hazard Statements, Pictogram, Signal)
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Loss of room-temperature ductility after long exposure at intermediate temperatures
      trigger: Prolonged exposure at intermediate temperatures
      consequence: Rolled Alloys says L-605 shows a loss of room-temperature ductility after prolonged exposure at intermediate temperatures, in much the same way as other superalloys. The sheet gives no temperature or time.
      severity: moderate
      source: rolled-l605
      where: Introduction paragraph
    - mode: Weld problems from poor joint preparation and slow cooling
      trigger: Welding without good joint fit-up, with high restraint or high interpass temperature, or with slow cooling; submerged arc welding
      consequence: Rolled Alloys recommends good joint fit-up, minimum restraint, low interpass temperature and rapid cooling after welding, and says submerged arc welding is not recommended.
      severity: low
      source: rolled-l605
      where: Introduction paragraph (welding)
    - mode: Strengthening by heat treatment is not available
      trigger: Attempting to harden L-605 by heat treatment alone
      consequence: Ulbrich says L-605 can only be hardened significantly by cold working, and that cold working raises creep strength up to 1800 °F and stress-rupture strength up to 1500 °F.
      severity: low
      source: ulbrich-l605
      where: L-605 Alloy Description paragraph
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: 'Rolled Alloys: for maximum ductility, anneal fabricated components at 2150 to 2250 °F and cool rapidly.'
      source: rolled-l605
      where: Introduction paragraph (fabrication)
    - text: 'Combmet: the alloy responds very well to cold working, which is how it is hardened significantly. Ulbrich: L-605 may be cold or hot formed by various techniques.'
      source: combmet-l605
      where: Description paragraph and Ulbrich forming section
    - text: 'Welding: GTAW, GMAW, SMAW, electron beam and resistance welding are used for L-605 (Rolled Alloys). Use good joint fit-up, minimum restraint and low interpass temperature.'
      source: rolled-l605
      where: Introduction paragraph (welding)
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: propulsion-and-tanks
    device: Gas turbine combustion chambers and afterburners
    example: Rolled Alloys lists gas turbine engine components such as combustion chambers and afterburners as applications of L-605, and Combmet lists combustor liners and gas turbine rotors.
    source: rolled-l605
    where: Applications list; Combmet Description paragraph (Applications include)
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Seal rings, springs and high-temperature ball bearings
    example: Ulbrich lists seal rings for gas turbines, jet engine components, high temperature ball bearings and races, and springs among L-605 applications.
    source: ulbrich-l605
    where: Applications list
  - application: propulsion-and-tanks
    device: Fan containment in supersonic aircraft (proposed in the study, not built)
    example: NASA Glenn found that Haynes 25 had the best impact resistance per unit weight among the alloys tested, and wrote that it could be ideal for fan containment applications in supersonic aircraft.
    source: nasa-ntrs-20050214553
    where: Abstract and description on the NTRS record (no section or page numbers printed)
  - application: structures
    device: Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum hip replacement femoral ball (ASTM F75 or F1537 grade)
    example: The Liao review describes a CoCrMo femoral ball with a UHMWPE cup as a hip-replacement bearing pair, and says CoCrMo alloys are used for medical implants owing to their excellent wear and corrosion resistance.
    source: liao-cocrmo-2013
    where: Section 1 (Background) and Section 2 (Materials)
supply:
  - subject: Cobalt
    producers:
      - country: Congo (Kinshasa)
        share_percent: 73
        year: 2025
      - country: Indonesia
        share_percent: 14
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 2.5
        year: 2025
      - country: Madagascar
        share_percent: 1.3
        year: 2025
    critical_lists:
      - list: USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals
        listed: true
    recycling: 'USGS: cobalt content of purchased scrap represented 25% of estimated cobalt consumption in 2025.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: substitution for cobalt could result in a loss in product performance or increased cost; nickel-base alloys or ceramics can be used in jet engines.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-cobalt
    where: Events, Trends, and Issues (Congo 73% and Indonesia 14% of world total, printed); World Mine Production table, 2025e column (Russia 7,700 t and Madagascar 3,900 t of 310,000 t world total, shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes
  - subject: Chromium
    producers:
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 45.1
        year: 2025
      - country: Turkey
        share_percent: 17.6
        year: 2025
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 13.7
        year: 2025
      - country: India
        share_percent: 5.9
        year: 2025
    critical_lists:
      - list: USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals
        listed: true
    recycling: 'USGS: recycled chromium in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts accounted for 21% of apparent consumption in 2025.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel or in superalloys, the major strategic end use.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-chromium
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 51,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes
  - subject: Tungsten
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 78.8
        year: 2025
      - country: Vietnam
        share_percent: 3.5
        year: 2025
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 2.8
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 2.4
        year: 2025
    critical_lists:
      - list: USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals
        listed: true
    recycling: 'USGS: the quantity of secondary tungsten produced in 2025 was withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: potential substitutes for cemented tungsten carbides include carbides based on molybdenum, niobium or titanium; most of these reduce rather than replace the amount of tungsten used.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-tungsten
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025 column (world total 85,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes
  - subject: Nickel
    producers:
      - country: Indonesia
        share_percent: 66.7
        year: 2025
      - country: Philippines
        share_percent: 6.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.1
        year: 2025
      - country: Canada
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
    critical_lists:
      - list: USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals
        listed: true
    recycling: 'USGS: in 2025, nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60% of apparent consumption.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-nickel
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes
  - subject: Molybdenum (CoCrMo alloying element)
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 37.3
        year: 2025
      - country: Chile
        share_percent: 16.2
        year: 2025
      - country: United States
        share_percent: 15.4
        year: 2025
      - country: Peru
        share_percent: 15
        year: 2025
    critical_lists:
      - list: USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals
        listed: false
    recycling: 'USGS: molybdenum is recycled as a component of catalysts, ferrous scrap and superalloy scrap.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: there is little substitution for molybdenum in its major application in steels and cast irons.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum
    where: 'World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 260,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes. Critical list status: USGS 2025 list page (molybdenum not on the list)'
documents:
  - title: 'Ulbrich Stainless Steels: Haynes 25 (L-605) wire datasheet, UNS R30605'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes®25-Wire-L-605-Wire-UNS-R30605.pdf
    year: 2015
  - title: 'Elgiloy Specialty Metals: L-605 / Haynes 25 strip datasheet (UNS R30605)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Haynes-25-28L605-29.pdf
    year: 2015
  - title: 'Rolled Alloys: L-605 Alloy data sheet, Bulletin 1605'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/L-605_Data-Sheet-Rolled-Alloys.pdf
    year: 2012
  - title: 'ATI: TJA-1537 cobalt-based alloy (ASTM F1537) product page'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-tja-1537
  - title: 'ICAST Alloys: ASTM F 75 R30075 cobalt-28 chromium-6 molybdenum casting alloy datasheet'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20F%2075%20R30075.pdf
  - title: 'NASA Glenn: Superior Ballistic Impact Resistance Achieved by the Co-Base Alloy Haynes 25 (NTRS 20050214553)'
    type: report
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050214553
    year: 2003
  - title: 'Liao et al.: CoCrMo Metal-on-Metal Hip Replacements (PMC3530782, open access)'
    type: paper
    url: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3530782
    year: 2013
  - title: 'PubChem: Cobalt (CID 104730), GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cobalt
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cobalt.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Tungsten'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tungsten.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - No Haynes International brochure or safety data sheet for Haynes 25 was reached in this run. The L-605 values come from Ulbrich, Combmet and Rolled Alloys sheets, which are distributor or specialty-metals sheets.
  - 'Silicon limit differs between sheets: Rolled Alloys prints 0.4 max and Ulbrich prints 1.00 max. The Rolled Alloys value is used in the formula.'
  - 'Thermal expansion differs between sheets: Ulbrich gives 14.4 µm/m-°C (21 to 538 °C) and Combmet gives 12 µm/m-°C (20 to 538 °C). Both are sourced, not averaged.'
  - No UNS number was printed for ASTM F1537 by a source read in this run, so no UNS code is listed for F1537.
  - No density for cast ASTM F75 was found in a source read in this run. The density in the file is the F1537 bar value from ATI.
  - The F75 values are specification minimums from ICAST, not typical test results. The Rolled Alloys L-605 sheet values are representative, not design allowables.
  - Hazard data are the PubChem GHS summary for cobalt metal. No SDS for a solid L-605 or CoCrMo article was read in this run.
  - 'Space use: the only space-related source is the 2003 NASA Glenn impact study, which proposed fan containment. No flight, rocket or spacecraft use was found in the sources read.'
  - No atomic oxygen, outgassing, radiation or cryogenic property data for L-605 or CoCrMo were found in the sources read.
  - Stress-rupture (stress_rupture_1000h) and Rockwell C hardness (hardness_rockwell_c) use short names not in the canonical list, as the brief allows.
  - The CoCrMo composition ranges from the ICAST F75 sheet are not entered as numbers in the recipe; the recipe names the main elements only.
  - Long-term creep and fatigue data for L-605 beyond the stress-rupture table were not checked against a primary test report.
  - Critical-list status is from the USGS 2025 list page only. The EU critical raw materials list was not checked for these elements.
sources:
  ulbrich-l605:
    title: Haynes 25 (L-605), UNS R30605, wire datasheet (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals)
    id: UNS R30605
    url: https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes®25-Wire-L-605-Wire-UNS-R30605.pdf
    year: 2015
    kind: datasheet
    license: Distributor datasheet, typical values (cited, not reproduced)
  combmet-l605:
    title: Elgiloy Specialty Metals strip datasheet, L-605 / Haynes 25 (UNS R30605, W.Nr 2.4964 / 2.4967)
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Haynes-25-28L605-29.pdf
    year: 2015
    kind: datasheet
    license: Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)
  rolled-l605:
    title: Rolled Alloys, Alloy L-605 data sheet (Bulletin 1605, HAYNES 25)
    id: UNS R30605, W. Nr./EN 2.4964
    url: https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/L-605_Data-Sheet-Rolled-Alloys.pdf
    year: 2012
    kind: datasheet
    license: Producer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)
  ati-f1537:
    title: ATI TJA-1537 cobalt-based alloy, product specifications by form (ASTM F1537)
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-tja-1537
    kind: web
    license: Producer product page (cited, not reproduced)
  icast-f75:
    title: ICAST Alloys, ASTM F 75 R30075 Cobalt-28 Chromium-6 Molybdenum casting alloy datasheet
    id: UNS R30075, JIS 7402-1
    url: https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20F%2075%20R30075.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)
  nasa-ntrs-20050214553:
    title: Superior Ballistic Impact Resistance Achieved by the Co-Base Alloy Haynes 25 (Hebsur, Noebe and Revilock, NASA Glenn)
    id: NTRS 20050214553
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050214553
    year: 2003
    kind: report
    license: public domain (NASA)
  liao-cocrmo-2013:
    title: CoCrMo Metal-on-Metal Hip Replacements (Liao, Hoffman, Wimmer, Fischer, Jacobs, Marks; Phys Chem Chem Phys)
    id: PMC3530782
    url: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3530782
    year: 2013
    kind: paper
    license: open access (PMC)
  pubchem-cobalt:
    title: PubChem compound record, Cobalt (CID 104730), GHS classification
    id: CID 104730
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cobalt
    kind: database
    license: public domain (NCBI)
  usgs-mcs2026-cobalt:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Cobalt (U.S. Geological Survey)
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cobalt.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-mcs2026-chromium:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Chromium (U.S. Geological Survey)
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-mcs2026-tungsten:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Tungsten (U.S. Geological Survey)
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tungsten.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-mcs2026-nickel:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel (U.S. Geological Survey)
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Molybdenum (U.S. Geological Survey)
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-crit2025:
    title: About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals (USGS, final list)
    url: https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals
    year: 2025
    kind: web
    license: public domain (USGS)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 23
  unreachable: 0
  caveats: 4
  note: 'Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the datasheets and pages named in each entry (PDFs extracted with pdftotext). Caveats: the L-605 sheets are distributor and specialty-metals sheets, not the Haynes International brochure; the sheets disagree on silicon and thermal expansion; the F75 values are specification minimums; the hazard entry is the PubChem record for cobalt metal, not a solid-alloy SDS.'
story:
  recipe:
    line: Haynes 25 (L-605) is a cobalt-base alloy. Cobalt is the balance, and chromium, tungsten and nickel are the main alloying elements; iron, manganese, silicon and carbon are minor. For maximum ductility, fabricated components are annealed at 2150 to 2250 °F and cooled rapidly (Rolled Alloys). The medical CoCrMo grades (ASTM F75 cast and F1537 wrought) are cobalt with chromium and molybdenum as the main elements; the F75 ranges are printed in the ICAST sheet.
    parts:
      - name: Cobalt
        symbol: Co
        role: The matrix of the alloy. The Rolled Alloys table gives cobalt only as the balance, so no numeric share is given.
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        share_percent: 19
        share_high: 21
        role: Gives oxidation, carburization and sulphidation resistance at high temperature, according to the producer sheets.
      - name: Tungsten
        symbol: W
        share_percent: 14
        share_high: 16
        role: Solid-solution strengthener that gives L-605 its high-temperature strength.
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        share_percent: 9
        share_high: 11
        role: Stabilises the cobalt matrix and adds ductility; the Rolled Alloys table gives its range only.
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 1
      verdict: Cobalt classified in PubChem; processing risk
      lead: The hazard classes in the sources come from PubChem for cobalt metal. No SDS for the solid L-605 or CoCrMo article was read in this run, so the solid's own class is not stated.
      points:
        - label: Cobalt classification
          line: PubChem lists cobalt metal with H350 (may cause cancer), H341 (suspected of causing genetic defects), H360F (may damage fertility), H317 and H334 (skin and respiratory sensitisation), and H413, with the signal word Danger.
        - label: Solid alloy
          line: The solid alloy was not checked against its own safety data sheet in this run.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: The failure routes in the sources are about heat exposure and welding, not about measured failures in service.
      points:
        - label: Ductility loss
          line: Rolled Alloys says L-605 loses room-temperature ductility after prolonged exposure at intermediate temperatures.
        - label: Welding
          line: Good joint fit-up, minimum restraint and rapid cooling are needed, and submerged arc welding is not recommended.
    - title: Handling and storage
      points:
        - label: Heat treatment
          line: Fabricated components should be annealed at 2150 to 2250 °F and cooled rapidly for maximum ductility.
        - label: Hardening
          line: L-605 hardens mainly by cold working, so its strength depends on the amount of cold work given.
  why: 'Haynes 25 (L-605) is a cobalt-base alloy that keeps useful strength at high temperature and resists oxidation to 1800 °F. Rolled Alloys calls it the strongest fabricable cobalt alloy. It is used for gas turbine combustion parts and afterburners, seal rings, springs and ball bearings. Its stress-rupture strength is 57 ksi for 1000 h at 1200 °F and 12 ksi at 1600 °F. The CoCrMo grades are the medical implant alloys: ASTM F75 cast material has a minimum tensile strength of 655 MPa and a minimum yield of 450 MPa, and ASTM F1537 bar from ATI has minimums of 1172 MPa and 827 MPa.'
  uses:
    - where: Gas turbine parts
      line: Rolled Alloys lists combustion chambers and afterburners as gas turbine applications for L-605. Combmet also lists combustor liners and gas turbine rotors.
    - where: Seals, springs and bearings
      line: Ulbrich lists seal rings for gas turbines, jet engine components, high temperature ball bearings and springs.
    - where: Fan containment study
      line: A 2003 NASA Glenn study found that Haynes 25 had the best impact resistance per unit weight among the alloys tested and said it could be ideal for fan containment in supersonic aircraft. The study is a proposal, not a flight part.
    - where: Medical implants
      line: CoCrMo femoral balls are used in hip replacements, according to a review that gives excellent wear and corrosion resistance as the reason for using CoCrMo in medical implants.
  can_do:
    - label: Strength when hot
      value: 57 ksi for 1000 h at 1200 °F
      benchmark: stress_rupture_1000h
      line: Typical stress-rupture strength for 1000 h is 57 ksi at 1200 °F and 12 ksi at 1600 °F for L-605 (Rolled Alloys).
    - label: Oxidation limit
      value: 1800 °F continuous
      benchmark: max_service_temp
      line: Rolled Alloys gives continuous service to 1800 °F and oxidation resistance to the same temperature.
    - label: Weight
      value: 9.13 g/cm3
      benchmark: density
      line: L-605 density is 9.13 g/cm3 in the Ulbrich wire datasheet, and 9.1 g/cm3 in the Combmet strip sheet.
    - label: Medical strength minimum
      value: 1172 MPa tensile
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: ATI gives a minimum tensile strength of 1172 MPa and a minimum yield of 827 MPa for ASTM F1537 bar. ASTM F75 cast material has a minimum tensile strength of 655 MPa.
    - label: Medical yield minimum
      value: 827 MPa yield
      benchmark: yield_strength
      line: ATI gives a minimum yield of 827 MPa for ASTM F1537 bar, and ICAST gives 450 MPa for ASTM F75 cast material.
  compare: Haynes 25 (L-605) is denser than the CoCrMo bar, at 9.13 g/cm3 against 8.3 g/cm3 for ASTM F1537 bar. The sources read here give hot strength only for L-605, so no hot-strength comparison with CoCrMo is made. The rows below compare the density, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion from the sources read here. They cover different forms and conditions, so read them as examples, not as a ranking.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Thermal conductivity
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    - label: Thermal expansion
      benchmark: cte
  handling:
    - Anneal fabricated L-605 at 2150 to 2250 °F and cool rapidly for maximum ductility.
    - Weld with good joint fit-up, minimum restraint, low interpass temperature and rapid cooling. Avoid submerged arc welding.
    - Control dust and fume during cutting, grinding and welding, since the cobalt hazard classes apply to the metal.
  good_for:
    - 'High-temperature hardware: 57 ksi for 1000 h at 1200 °F and continuous service to 1800 °F.'
    - 'Medical implants: CoCrMo grades with minimum tensile strengths of 655 MPa (F75 cast) and 1172 MPa (F1537 bar).'
    - 'Thin springs and seal rings: cold working raises strength, and the alloy responds well to it.'
  watch_out:
    - Long exposure at intermediate temperatures lowers room-temperature ductility.
    - PubChem lists cobalt metal as H350 (may cause cancer) and as a respiratory and skin sensitiser, so handle dust and fume with care.
    - Cobalt and tungsten are both on the USGS 2025 critical-mineral list, and cobalt supply is concentrated in Congo (Kinshasa).
  verdict: Haynes 25 (L-605) is a cobalt-base alloy with useful strength to 1800 °F and good oxidation and sulphidation resistance. The CoCrMo grades are the medical implant alloys with high minimum strengths. The sources read here support gas turbine parts and a 2003 fan-containment proposal, but give no flight or spacecraft qualification, and no solid-alloy safety data sheet was checked.