Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene ABS

spore: profile
id: abs
spore_version: 0.2
family: engineering-polymers
name: "Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene"
abbreviation: ABS
role: "tough thermoplastic for housings, moulded parts and bodywork"
category: polymers
type: styrenics
summary: >
  Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is an amorphous styrenic terpolymer. Four grades were read for this profile: SABIC MG94F (ABS, density 1.04 g/cm3, MFR 12 g/10 min at 220 °C/5.0 kg), Chimei Polylac PA-757F (density 1.05 g/cm3, HDT 98 °C annealed) and two further Chimei grades PA-727 and PA-737. As a sample on the MISSE 2 experiment in low Earth orbit it had an atomic oxygen erosion yield of 1.09e-24 cm3/atom (NASA TM-2008-215490, Table I).
best_for: "Impact-tough moulded parts: 23 kJ/m2 Charpy notched impact at 23 °C in SABIC MG94F, with 2200 MPa flexural modulus in Chimei PA-757F"
weakest_at: "Heat and atomic oxygen: heat deflection of 80 °C at 1.8 MPa for SABIC MG94F, and an erosion yield of 1.09e-24 cm3/atom in low Earth orbit"
identity:
  name_as_printed: "Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene"
  formula: "C23H23N (smallest repeat unit as listed by NASA)"
  cas: "9003-56-9"
  source: nasa-tm-2008-215490
  where: "Table IV, column Formula"
tags:
  environments: [low-earth-orbit]
  stresses: [atomic-oxygen, uv, total-radiation-dose, thermal-cycling, vacuum-and-outgassing]
  applications: [electronics-and-chips]
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, SABIC MG94F
    value: 1.04
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions: {grade: "MG94F, CYCOLAC resin", temperature: "not stated on the page"}
    method: "ISO 1183, as printed on the aggregator page"
    status: ground
    source: sabic-mg94f
    where: "Property table, Density row"
  - benchmark: melt_flow_rate
    label: Melt flow rate, SABIC MG94F
    value: 12
    unit: g/10 min
    scope: material
    conditions: {temperature: "220 °C", load: "5.0 kg", grade: "MG94F"}
    method: "ISO 1133, as printed on the aggregator page"
    status: ground
    source: sabic-mg94f
    where: "Property table, Melt flow rate row, ISO 1133 220 °C/5.0 kg"
  - benchmark: melt_volume_rate
    label: Melt volume rate, SABIC MG94F
    value: 39
    unit: cm3/10 min
    scope: material
    conditions: {temperature: "220 °C", load: "10.0 kg", grade: "MG94F"}
    method: "ISO 1133, as printed on the aggregator page"
    status: ground
    source: sabic-mg94f
    where: "Property table, Melt volume rate row"
  - benchmark: tensile_modulus
    label: Tensile modulus, SABIC MG94F
    value: 2400
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions: {grade: "MG94F", speed: "1 mm/min"}
    method: "ISO 527, as printed on the aggregator page"
    status: ground
    source: sabic-mg94f
    where: "Property table, Tensile modulus row"
  - benchmark: tensile_yield_strength
    label: Tensile strength at yield, SABIC MG94F
    value: 45
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions: {grade: "MG94F", speed: "50 mm/min"}
    method: "ISO 527, as printed on the aggregator page"
    status: ground
    source: sabic-mg94f
    where: "Property table, Tensile strength yield row, 50 mm/min"
  - benchmark: charpy_impact_notched
    label: Charpy impact strength, notched, SABIC MG94F
    value: 23
    unit: kJ/m2
    scope: material
    conditions: {grade: "MG94F", temperature: "23 °C", notch: "V-notch, ISO 179/1eA"}
    method: "ISO 179/1eA, as printed on the aggregator page"
    status: ground
    source: sabic-mg94f
    where: "Property table, Charpy impact strength row, 23 °C"
  - benchmark: izod_impact_notched
    label: Izod impact strength, notched, SABIC MG94F
    value: 18
    unit: kJ/m2
    scope: material
    conditions: {grade: "MG94F", temperature: "23 °C"}
    method: "ISO 180/1A, as printed on the aggregator page"
    status: ground
    source: sabic-mg94f
    where: "Property table, Izod impact strength notched row, +23 °C"
  - benchmark: vicat_softening_temperature
    label: Vicat softening point, SABIC MG94F
    value: 99
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions: {grade: "MG94F", rate: "Rate B/50"}
    method: "ISO 306, as printed on the aggregator page"
    status: ground
    source: sabic-mg94f
    where: "Property table, Vicat softening point row, Rate B/50"
  - benchmark: heat_deflection_temperature
    label: Heat deflection temperature, 1.8 MPa, SABIC MG94F
    value: 80
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions: {grade: "MG94F", load: "1.8 MPa", method_as_printed: "ISO 75/Ae"}
    method: "ISO 75/Ae, as printed on the aggregator page"
    status: ground
    source: sabic-mg94f
    where: "Property table, Heat deflection temperature (HDT/Ae) row"
  - benchmark: heat_deflection_temperature
    label: Heat deflection temperature, 0.45 MPa, SABIC MG94F
    value: 91
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions: {grade: "MG94F", load: "0.45 MPa", method_as_printed: "ISO 75/Be"}
    method: "ISO 75/Be, as printed on the aggregator page"
    status: ground
    source: sabic-mg94f
    where: "Property table, Heat deflection temperature (HDT/Be) row"
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, Chimei PA-757F
    value: 1.05
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions: {grade: "PA-757F, Polylac", temperature: "23 °C"}
    method: "ISO 1183, as printed on the aggregator page"
    status: ground
    source: chimei-pa-757f
    where: "Property table, Density row"
  - benchmark: flexural_modulus
    label: Flexural modulus, Chimei PA-757F
    value: 2200
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions: {grade: "PA-757F", speed: "2 mm/min"}
    method: "ISO 178, as printed on the aggregator page"
    status: ground
    source: chimei-pa-757f
    where: "Property table, Flexural modulus row"
  - benchmark: tensile_yield_strength
    label: Tensile yield stress, Chimei PA-757F
    value: 47
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions: {grade: "PA-757F", speed: "50 mm/min"}
    method: "ISO 527, as printed on the aggregator page"
    status: ground
    source: chimei-pa-757f
    where: "Property table, Tensile yield stress row"
  - benchmark: heat_deflection_temperature
    label: Deflection temperature under load, 1.8 MPa, annealed, Chimei PA-757F
    value: 98
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions: {grade: "PA-757F", load: "1.8 MPa", annealing: "annealed"}
    method: "ISO 75/A, as printed on the aggregator page"
    status: ground
    source: chimei-pa-757f
    where: "Property table, Deflection temperature under load row, annealed"
  - benchmark: melt_flow_rate
    label: Melt flow rate, Chimei PA-737
    value: 30.2
    unit: g/10 min
    scope: material
    conditions: {temperature: "220 °C", load: "10 kg", grade: "PA-737"}
    method: "ISO 1133, as printed on the aggregator page"
    status: ground
    source: chimei-pa-737
    where: "Property table, MFR row"
  - benchmark: melt_flow_rate
    label: Melt flow rate, Chimei PA-727
    value: 20
    unit: g/10 min
    scope: material
    conditions: {temperature: "220 °C", load: "10 kg", grade: "PA-727"}
    method: "ISO 1133, as printed on the aggregator page"
    status: ground
    source: chimei-pa-727
    where: "Property table, MFR row"
  - benchmark: atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield
    label: Atomic oxygen erosion yield, ABS (MISSE 2)
    value: 1.09e-24
    unit: cm3/atom
    scope: material
    conditions: {platform: "ISS, MISSE 2 PEC 2 tray 1, low Earth orbit", fluence: "8.43e21 atoms/cm2", duration: "3.95 years"}
    method: "Measured on MISSE 2 flight samples and listed in NASA TM-2008-215490, Table I"
    status: flight
    source: nasa-tm-2008-215490
    where: "Table I (MISSE 2 PEACE polymers erosion yield data), row ABS"
corrosion:
  - environment: "UV light and excessive heat in service"
    headline: "UV and heat make ABS yellow and become brittle."
    effect: "Wikipedia says ABS yellows on exposure to UV light or excessive heat, because photo-oxidation breaks polymer chains. Ageing depends largely on the polybutadiene content, and antioxidants and UV protection additives are normally included."
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      basis: "general description; no test duration, dose or quantitative colour change was read"
    source: wikipedia-abs
    where: "Aging paragraph and yellowing text"
  - environment: "Heat up to 400 C"
    headline: "At 400 C ABS decomposes into its monomers."
    effect: "Wikipedia says ABS is stable to decomposition under normal use and processing, but if the temperature reaches 400 C it decomposes into butadiene, acrylonitrile and styrene. The grades read have heat deflection temperatures of 80 to 98 C under load (see properties)."
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      basis: "decomposition temperature as printed; no exposure time given"
    source: wikipedia-abs
    where: "Hazard to humans section"
  - environment: "Chlorinated solvents, alcohols and ketones"
    headline: "ABS has poor resistance to chlorinated solvents and alcohols."
    effect: "Wikipedia says ABS has poor resistance to chlorinated solvents and alcohols, and names ketones (such as acetone), chloroform and ethylene dichloride in its solvent passage. The chemical resistance table gives concentrated acids as Good, dilute acids and alkali as Excellent, and alcohol as Poor."
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      basis: "general table and text; no immersion time or test standard read"
    source: wikipedia-abs
    where: "Chemical resistance table and solvent paragraph"
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: "Acrylonitrile (monomer, PubChem CID 7855), ECHA aggregate: highly flammable liquid and vapour (H225), toxic if swallowed (H301), toxic in contact with skin (H311), causes skin irritation (H315), may cause an allergic skin reaction (H317), causes serious eye damage (H318)."
      ghs: [H225, H301, H311, H315, H317, H318]
      source: pubchem-acrylonitrile
      where: "PubChem CID 7855, GHS Classification (ECHA C&L aggregate, first hazard block)"
    - text: "1,3-Butadiene (monomer, PubChem CID 7845), ECHA aggregate: extremely flammable gas (H220), contains gas under pressure (H280), may cause genetic defects (H340), may cause cancer (H350), suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child (H361)."
      ghs: [H220, H280, H340, H350, H361]
      source: pubchem-butadiene
      where: "PubChem CID 7845, GHS Classification (ECHA C&L aggregate)"
    - text: "Styrene (monomer, PubChem CID 7501), ECHA aggregate: flammable liquid and vapour (H226), causes skin irritation (H315), causes serious eye irritation (H319), harmful if inhaled (H332), causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure (H372)."
      ghs: [H226, H315, H319, H332, H372]
      source: pubchem-styrene
      where: "PubChem CID 7501, GHS Classification (ECHA C&L aggregate, first hazard block)"
    - text: "Wikipedia says the polymer is stable under normal use and processing, but at 400 C it can decompose into butadiene, acrylonitrile and styrene. Exposure during normal use is well below workplace limits, per the same page."
      ghs: []
      source: wikipedia-abs
      where: "Hazard to humans section"
  failure_risks:
    - mode: "Atomic oxygen erosion in low Earth orbit"
      trigger: "Exposure of an ABS part to atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit, as on the MISSE 2 flight"
      consequence: "Surface erosion at a yield of 1.09e-24 cm3/atom as measured on MISSE 2 for ABS"
      severity: moderate
      source: nasa-tm-2008-215490
      where: "Table I and exposure details in section 2.1"
    - mode: "Softening under load"
      trigger: "Use of ABS under load above its heat deflection temperature"
      consequence: "Heat deflection of 80 °C at 1.8 MPa for SABIC MG94F, and 98 °C annealed for Chimei PA-757F"
      severity: moderate
      source: sabic-mg94f
      where: "Property table, HDT/Ae row and HDT/Be row"
    - mode: "Fire and burning"
      trigger: "ABS exposed to high temperatures, such as a wood fire"
      consequence: "ABS melts, boils and burns with intense hot flames. Pure ABS has no halogens, and its most toxic combustion products are carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide (Wikipedia)."
      severity: moderate
      source: wikipedia-abs
      where: "Combustion paragraph in the Hazard section"
    - mode: "Yellowing and embrittlement by UV or heat"
      trigger: "UV light or excessive heat over the service life"
      consequence: "Photo-oxidation breaks polymer chains, so the part yellows and becomes brittle (Wikipedia)."
      severity: moderate
      source: wikipedia-abs
      where: "Aging paragraph and yellowing text"
    - mode: "Attack by chlorinated solvents and alcohols"
      trigger: "Contact with chlorinated solvents or alcohols"
      consequence: "Poor resistance to both, per Wikipedia; the chemical resistance table gives alcohol as Poor."
      severity: low
      source: wikipedia-abs
      where: "Chemical resistance table and solvent paragraph"
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: "ABS shrinks on cooling and warps when printed on a 3D printer. Print inside an enclosure on a heated bed, with glue stick or a brim (Wikipedia)."
      source: wikipedia-abs
      where: "3D printing section"
    - text: "Concerns have been raised about airborne ultrafine particles from 3D printing with ABS (Wikipedia)."
      source: wikipedia-abs
      where: "3D printing section"
    - text: "ABS can be recycled, but not every recycling facility accepts it (Wikipedia)."
      source: wikipedia-abs
      where: "Recycling section"
  mitigations:
    - text: "Use antioxidants and UV protection for parts in outdoor or hot service, as the composition normally includes them (Wikipedia)."
      source: wikipedia-abs
      where: "Aging paragraph"
uses:
  - application: electronics-and-chips
    device: "Polymer sample on a space flight experiment"
    example: "ABS on the MISSE 2 PEC 2 tray, flown on the ISS in low Earth orbit, with erosion yield listed in NASA TM-2008-215490."
    source: nasa-tm-2008-215490
    where: "Table I; exposure details in section 2.1"
  - application: structures
    device: "Enclosures for electrical and electronic assemblies, computer cases, pen housings and small kitchen appliances"
    example: "Wikipedia lists these among ABS uses, along with protective headgear, luggage and protective carrying cases."
    source: wikipedia-abs
    where: "Applications list in the Uses section"
  - application: structures
    device: "LEGO bricks"
    example: "Lego bricks have primarily been made from ABS since 1963 (Wikipedia)."
    source: wikipedia-abs
    where: "LEGO section"
  - application: structures
    device: "3D printer filament (ground manufacturing, not a flight use)"
    example: "ABS filament is a common 3D printing material, valued as cheap, strong and stable, and can be sanded, painted, glued or chemically smoothed (Wikipedia)."
    source: wikipedia-abs
    where: "3D printing section"
supply:
  - subject: "Acrylonitrile (monomer)"
    abundance: "World production capacity was estimated at 5 million tonnes per year in 2002 (Wikipedia). The figure is a 2002 estimate, not a current volume."
    routes: "Made from propylene and ammonia by the SOHIO process (Wikipedia). Acetonitrile and hydrogen cyanide are recovered as byproducts."
    producers: []
    critical_lists: []
    source: wikipedia-acrylonitrile
    where: "Lead, production and capacity sentence"
  - subject: "Styrene (monomer)"
    abundance: "About 25 million tonnes were produced in 2010, rising to around 35 million tonnes by 2018 (Wikipedia). This is the global figure for styrene, not ABS alone."
    routes: "Around 80 % is made by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene (Wikipedia)."
    producers: []
    critical_lists: []
    source: wikipedia-styrene
    where: "Lead and Production sections"
  - subject: "1,3-Butadiene (monomer)"
    abundance: "A petroleum hydrocarbon from the C4 fraction of steam cracking (Wikipedia). PubChem says about 75 % of manufactured butadiene is used for synthetic rubber."
    routes: "Steam cracking C4 fraction (Wikipedia, ABS production paragraph)."
    producers: []
    critical_lists: []
    source: wikipedia-abs
    where: "Production section"
  - subject: "ABS resin, European production energy"
    abundance: "Producing 1 kg of ABS in Europe uses an average of 95.34 MJ, derived from natural gas and petroleum (PlasticsEurope, cited by Wikipedia)."
    producers: []
    critical_lists: []
    source: wikipedia-abs
    where: "Production section"
media: []
documents:
  - {title: "Plabase datasheet, CYCOLAC resin MG94F (SABIC Petrochemicals Japan), ABS", type: database, url: "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/654958ecab844428b996ea7c"}
  - {title: "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-757F (Chimei Industrial), ABS", type: database, url: "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc8c970ff4022ed55dd9"}
  - {title: "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-727 (Chimei Industrial)", type: database, url: "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc87970ff4022ed52996"}
  - {title: "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-737 (Chimei Industrial)", type: database, url: "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc85970ff4022ed510fe"}
  - {title: "Banks, de Groh and Backus, Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit, NASA/TM-2008-215490", type: report, url: "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780", year: 2008}
  - {title: "Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, Wikipedia (composition, production, ageing, uses, 3D printing, hazard)", type: database, url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene"}
  - {title: "Acrylonitrile, Wikipedia (production capacity)", type: database, url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile"}
  - {title: "Styrene, Wikipedia (production volumes)", type: database, url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene"}
  - {title: "PubChem CID 7855, Acrylonitrile (GHS Classification)", type: database, url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7855"}
  - {title: "PubChem CID 7845, 1,3-Butadiene (GHS Classification)", type: database, url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7845"}
  - {title: "PubChem CID 7501, Styrene (GHS Classification)", type: database, url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7501"}
gaps:
  - "Manufacturer datasheets (INEOS Styrolution Terluran, LG Chem, Trinseo) were not read in this run: no PDF URL was found for them, and the Terluran KR2910 page returned 403 earlier."
  - "SABIC Cycolac values are from an aggregator page (Plabase) and not from the SABIC datasheet, which is gated behind login on SpecialChem."
  - "The PA-737, PA-727 and PA-757F pages print NaN for UL 94 flammability, so no flammability value is recorded."
  - "The test conditions and standards of the aggregator tables are as printed there; the original manufacturer datasheets were not read."
  - "No PubChem record for the ABS polymer (CAS 9003-56-9) was read: the PubChem request failed in this run. Hazards are for the monomers only, and no polymer SDS was read."
  - "The emulsion, mass or grafting route is not stated in the sources read. The recipe gives monomer shares and the polybutadiene basis only."
  - "The monomer shares (15 to 35 % acrylonitrile, 5 to 30 % butadiene, 40 to 60 % styrene) are ranges from Wikipedia, not from a datasheet."
  - "No quantitative UV, heat-ageing or solvent stress-cracking data for ABS were read. The ageing entries are qualitative (Wikipedia)."
  - "No electronics dielectric, outgassing or radiation data for ABS in space were read in this run."
  - "No producer list or country share was read for acrylonitrile, styrene or butadiene. Volumes are global figures from Wikipedia, and the acrylonitrile capacity is a 2002 estimate."
sources:
  sabic-mg94f:
    title: "Plabase datasheet, CYCOLAC resin MG94F, SABIC Petrochemicals Japan (ABS), typical properties"
    id: "Plabase item 654958ecab844428b996ea7c"
    url: https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/654958ecab844428b996ea7c
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
  chimei-pa-757f:
    title: "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-757F, Chimei Industrial (ABS), typical properties"
    id: "Plabase item 5ce2bc8c970ff4022ed55dd9"
    url: https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc8c970ff4022ed55dd9
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
  chimei-pa-727:
    title: "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-727, Chimei Industrial (ABS), typical properties"
    id: "Plabase item 5ce2bc87970ff4022ed52996"
    url: https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc87970ff4022ed52996
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
  chimei-pa-737:
    title: "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-737, Chimei Industrial (ABS), typical properties"
    id: "Plabase item 5ce2bc85970ff4022ed510fe"
    url: https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc85970ff4022ed510fe
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
  nasa-tm-2008-215490:
    title: "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit"
    id: "NASA/TM-2008-215490 (Banks, de Groh and Backus, 2008), NTRS 20090011780"
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780
    year: 2008
    kind: report
    license: "NASA public document"
  wikipedia-abs:
    title: "Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, Wikipedia (composition, production, ageing, uses, 3D printing, hazard)"
    id: "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene (CAS 9003-56-9 from the infobox)"
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene
    kind: web
    license: "CC BY-SA 4.0"
  wikipedia-acrylonitrile:
    title: "Acrylonitrile, Wikipedia (production capacity and process)"
    id: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile
    kind: web
    license: "CC BY-SA 4.0"
  wikipedia-styrene:
    title: "Styrene, Wikipedia (production volumes and route)"
    id: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene
    kind: web
    license: "CC BY-SA 4.0"
  pubchem-acrylonitrile:
    title: "PubChem CID 7855, Acrylonitrile: GHS Classification"
    id: CID 7855
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7855
    kind: database
    license: "public domain (NIH PubChem)"
  pubchem-butadiene:
    title: "PubChem CID 7845, 1,3-Butadiene: GHS Classification and hazards summary"
    id: CID 7845
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7845
    kind: database
    license: "public domain (NIH PubChem)"
  pubchem-styrene:
    title: "PubChem CID 7501, Styrene: GHS Classification"
    id: CID 7501, CAS 100-42-5
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7501
    kind: database
    license: "public domain (NIH PubChem)"
license: CC-BY-4.0

updated: "2026-10-19"
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 17
  unreachable: 4
  caveats: 4
  note: "Deepened by an AI assistant on 2026-10-19. Original properties and sources kept; no properties added. Added recipe and monomer shares, supply volumes, ageing, uses and hazards from Wikipedia (ABS, acrylonitrile, styrene) and PubChem (acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, styrene) read in this run. The Terluran, Cycolac and Polylac PDF datasheets were not located."
story:
  recipe:
    line: "ABS is a terpolymer made by polymerising styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of polybutadiene (Wikipedia). The polybutadiene forms a long rubbery chain, crisscrossed with shorter chains of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile). The emulsion or mass route is not stated in the page read."
    parts:
      - name: Styrene
        symbol: C8H8
        share: "40% to 60%"
        role: "Gives a shiny, impervious surface, hardness, rigidity and easier processing (Wikipedia)."
      - name: Acrylonitrile
        symbol: C3H3N
        share: "15% to 35%"
        role: "Adds chemical resistance, fatigue resistance, hardness and rigidity, and raises the heat deflection temperature (Wikipedia)."
      - name: Butadiene
        symbol: C4H6
        share: "5% to 30%"
        role: "Rubbery polybutadiene phase that gives toughness and impact resistance (Wikipedia)."
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      lead: "The monomers are classified in PubChem (ECHA aggregate). No SDS for the ABS polymer was read in this run."
      level: 1
      verdict: "Monomers classified; polymer not checked"
      points:
        - label: Classification
          line: "Acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene and styrene are classified (PubChem). The polymer itself has no SDS in this run."
    - title: If it fails
      lead: "The failure routes in these sources are heat under load and erosion in orbit."
      points:
        - label: Heat
          line: "The SABIC MG94F heat deflection is 80 °C at 1.8 MPa, and the Chimei PA-757F is 98 °C annealed."
        - label: Atomic oxygen
          line: "On MISSE 2 the erosion yield was 1.09e-24 cm3/atom for ABS, from one flight sample."
  why: >-
    ABS is an amorphous styrenic terpolymer that is tough and easy to mould. The SABIC MG94F grade has a density of 1.04 g/cm3,
    a notched Charpy impact strength of 23 kJ/m2 at 23 °C, and a Vicat softening point of 99 °C. The Chimei PA-757F grade
    has a density of 1.05 g/cm3 and a flexural modulus of 2200 MPa.
  uses:
    - where: "Electronics and housings"
      line: "Wikipedia lists enclosures for electrical and electronic assemblies, computer cases and pen housings among ABS uses."
    - where: "LEGO bricks"
      line: "Lego bricks have primarily been made from ABS since 1963 (Wikipedia)."
    - where: "3D printing (ground)"
      line: "ABS is a common 3D printer filament. Wikipedia says it warps on cooling and needs an enclosure. This is ground manufacturing, not a flight use."
  can_do:
    - label: Tough at room temperature
      value: 23 kJ/m2 Charpy notched
      line: >-
        SABIC MG94F has a notched Charpy impact strength of 23 kJ/m2 at 23 °C and a notched Izod impact strength of 18 kJ/m2 at 23 °C, both as printed on the aggregator page.
    - label: Stiff enough for housings
      value: 2200 MPa flexural modulus
      line: >-
        Chimei PA-757F has a flexural modulus of 2200 MPa at 2 mm/min and a tensile yield stress of 47 MPa at 50 mm/min.
    - label: Survive in orbit
      value: 1.09e-24 cm3/atom
      benchmark: atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield
      line: >-
        NASA lists an erosion yield of 1.09e-24 cm3/atom for ABS on MISSE 2, from Table I.
  compare: >-
    The four grades are from two manufacturers and are read from aggregator pages, so the values are typical and not comparable
    to a specification. Read the table rows as examples of grade behaviour, not as a ranking.
  compare_rows:
    - {label: Density, benchmark: density}
    - {label: Heat deflection, benchmark: heat_deflection_temperature}
    - {label: Erosion yield, benchmark: atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield}
  handling:
    - "Specify the grade, since MFR ranges from 12 to 30.2 g/10 min across the grades read."
    - "Check the supplier SDS for each grade before handling, since no SDS for ABS was read in this run."
    - "Treat the Plabase values as typical values from the manufacturers' sheets, not as limits."
  good_for:
    - "Impact-tough moulded parts: 23 kJ/m2 Charpy notched impact at 23 °C in SABIC MG94F."
    - "Stiff moulded parts: 2200 MPa flexural modulus in Chimei PA-757F."
    - "Known atomic oxygen behaviour: 1.09e-24 cm3/atom on MISSE 2, measured in low Earth orbit."
  watch_out:
    - "Heat: the heat deflection is 80 °C at 1.8 MPa for SABIC MG94F, so ABS softens well below 99 °C Vicat under load."
    - "Atomic oxygen erodes ABS at 1.09e-24 cm3/atom, so exterior use needs protection or an erosion allowance."
    - "No outgassing, UV or radiation test for ABS in space was found, so only the erosion yield is recorded."
    - "The grade values come from aggregator pages, and the SABIC datasheet is gated behind login."
  verdict: "ABS is a tough styrenic terpolymer: 23 kJ/m2 Charpy notched impact in SABIC MG94F, density 1.04 to 1.05 g/cm3, and heat deflection of 80 to 98 °C under load. Its weak points are UV yellowing, heat and solvents. The MISSE 2 erosion yield in low Earth orbit is 1.09e-24 cm3/atom. The monomers are classified (acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, styrene), but the polymer has no sourced SDS, outgassing or quantitative UV data."