{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "abs",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "engineering-polymers",
  "name": "Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene",
  "abbreviation": "ABS",
  "role": "tough thermoplastic for housings, moulded parts and bodywork",
  "category": "polymers",
  "type": "styrenics",
  "summary": "Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is an amorphous styrenic terpolymer. Four grades were read for this profile: SABIC MG94F (ABS, density 1.04 g/cm3, MFR 12 g/10 min at 220 °C/5.0 kg), Chimei Polylac PA-757F (density 1.05 g/cm3, HDT 98 °C annealed) and two further Chimei grades PA-727 and PA-737. As a sample on the MISSE 2 experiment in low Earth orbit it had an atomic oxygen erosion yield of 1.09e-24 cm3/atom (NASA TM-2008-215490, Table I).\n",
  "best_for": "Impact-tough moulded parts: 23 kJ/m2 Charpy notched impact at 23 °C in SABIC MG94F, with 2200 MPa flexural modulus in Chimei PA-757F",
  "weakest_at": "Heat and atomic oxygen: heat deflection of 80 °C at 1.8 MPa for SABIC MG94F, and an erosion yield of 1.09e-24 cm3/atom in low Earth orbit",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "C23H23N (smallest repeat unit as listed by NASA)",
    "cas": "9003-56-9",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "nasa-tm-2008-215490",
    "where": "Table IV, column Formula"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [
      "low-earth-orbit"
    ],
    "stresses": [
      "atomic-oxygen",
      "uv",
      "total-radiation-dose",
      "thermal-cycling",
      "vacuum-and-outgassing"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, SABIC MG94F",
      "value": 1.04,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "MG94F, CYCOLAC resin",
        "temperature": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "ISO 1183, as printed on the aggregator page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sabic-mg94f",
      "where": "Property table, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase datasheet, CYCOLAC resin MG94F, SABIC Petrochemicals Japan (ABS), typical properties",
        "id": "Plabase item 654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melt_flow_rate",
      "label": "Melt flow rate, SABIC MG94F",
      "value": 12,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/10 min",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "220 °C",
        "load": "5.0 kg",
        "grade": "MG94F"
      },
      "method": "ISO 1133, as printed on the aggregator page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sabic-mg94f",
      "where": "Property table, Melt flow rate row, ISO 1133 220 °C/5.0 kg",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase datasheet, CYCOLAC resin MG94F, SABIC Petrochemicals Japan (ABS), typical properties",
        "id": "Plabase item 654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melt_volume_rate",
      "label": "Melt volume rate, SABIC MG94F",
      "value": 39,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "cm3/10 min",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "220 °C",
        "load": "10.0 kg",
        "grade": "MG94F"
      },
      "method": "ISO 1133, as printed on the aggregator page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sabic-mg94f",
      "where": "Property table, Melt volume rate row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase datasheet, CYCOLAC resin MG94F, SABIC Petrochemicals Japan (ABS), typical properties",
        "id": "Plabase item 654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "tensile_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, SABIC MG94F",
      "value": 2400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "MG94F",
        "speed": "1 mm/min"
      },
      "method": "ISO 527, as printed on the aggregator page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sabic-mg94f",
      "where": "Property table, Tensile modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase datasheet, CYCOLAC resin MG94F, SABIC Petrochemicals Japan (ABS), typical properties",
        "id": "Plabase item 654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "tensile_yield_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength at yield, SABIC MG94F",
      "value": 45,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "MG94F",
        "speed": "50 mm/min"
      },
      "method": "ISO 527, as printed on the aggregator page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sabic-mg94f",
      "where": "Property table, Tensile strength yield row, 50 mm/min",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase datasheet, CYCOLAC resin MG94F, SABIC Petrochemicals Japan (ABS), typical properties",
        "id": "Plabase item 654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "charpy_impact_notched",
      "label": "Charpy impact strength, notched, SABIC MG94F",
      "value": 23,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/m2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "MG94F",
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "notch": "V-notch, ISO 179/1eA"
      },
      "method": "ISO 179/1eA, as printed on the aggregator page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sabic-mg94f",
      "where": "Property table, Charpy impact strength row, 23 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase datasheet, CYCOLAC resin MG94F, SABIC Petrochemicals Japan (ABS), typical properties",
        "id": "Plabase item 654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "izod_impact_notched",
      "label": "Izod impact strength, notched, SABIC MG94F",
      "value": 18,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/m2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "MG94F",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "ISO 180/1A, as printed on the aggregator page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sabic-mg94f",
      "where": "Property table, Izod impact strength notched row, +23 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase datasheet, CYCOLAC resin MG94F, SABIC Petrochemicals Japan (ABS), typical properties",
        "id": "Plabase item 654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vicat_softening_temperature",
      "label": "Vicat softening point, SABIC MG94F",
      "value": 99,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "MG94F",
        "rate": "Rate B/50"
      },
      "method": "ISO 306, as printed on the aggregator page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sabic-mg94f",
      "where": "Property table, Vicat softening point row, Rate B/50",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase datasheet, CYCOLAC resin MG94F, SABIC Petrochemicals Japan (ABS), typical properties",
        "id": "Plabase item 654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature, 1.8 MPa, SABIC MG94F",
      "value": 80,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "MG94F",
        "load": "1.8 MPa",
        "method_as_printed": "ISO 75/Ae"
      },
      "method": "ISO 75/Ae, as printed on the aggregator page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sabic-mg94f",
      "where": "Property table, Heat deflection temperature (HDT/Ae) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase datasheet, CYCOLAC resin MG94F, SABIC Petrochemicals Japan (ABS), typical properties",
        "id": "Plabase item 654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature, 0.45 MPa, SABIC MG94F",
      "value": 91,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "MG94F",
        "load": "0.45 MPa",
        "method_as_printed": "ISO 75/Be"
      },
      "method": "ISO 75/Be, as printed on the aggregator page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sabic-mg94f",
      "where": "Property table, Heat deflection temperature (HDT/Be) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase datasheet, CYCOLAC resin MG94F, SABIC Petrochemicals Japan (ABS), typical properties",
        "id": "Plabase item 654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Chimei PA-757F",
      "value": 1.05,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "PA-757F, Polylac",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "ISO 1183, as printed on the aggregator page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "chimei-pa-757f",
      "where": "Property table, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-757F, Chimei Industrial (ABS), typical properties",
        "id": "Plabase item 5ce2bc8c970ff4022ed55dd9",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc8c970ff4022ed55dd9",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, Chimei PA-757F",
      "value": 2200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "PA-757F",
        "speed": "2 mm/min"
      },
      "method": "ISO 178, as printed on the aggregator page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "chimei-pa-757f",
      "where": "Property table, Flexural modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-757F, Chimei Industrial (ABS), typical properties",
        "id": "Plabase item 5ce2bc8c970ff4022ed55dd9",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc8c970ff4022ed55dd9",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "tensile_yield_strength",
      "label": "Tensile yield stress, Chimei PA-757F",
      "value": 47,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "PA-757F",
        "speed": "50 mm/min"
      },
      "method": "ISO 527, as printed on the aggregator page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "chimei-pa-757f",
      "where": "Property table, Tensile yield stress row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-757F, Chimei Industrial (ABS), typical properties",
        "id": "Plabase item 5ce2bc8c970ff4022ed55dd9",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc8c970ff4022ed55dd9",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Deflection temperature under load, 1.8 MPa, annealed, Chimei PA-757F",
      "value": 98,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "PA-757F",
        "load": "1.8 MPa",
        "annealing": "annealed"
      },
      "method": "ISO 75/A, as printed on the aggregator page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "chimei-pa-757f",
      "where": "Property table, Deflection temperature under load row, annealed",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-757F, Chimei Industrial (ABS), typical properties",
        "id": "Plabase item 5ce2bc8c970ff4022ed55dd9",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc8c970ff4022ed55dd9",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melt_flow_rate",
      "label": "Melt flow rate, Chimei PA-737",
      "value": 30.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/10 min",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "220 °C",
        "load": "10 kg",
        "grade": "PA-737"
      },
      "method": "ISO 1133, as printed on the aggregator page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "chimei-pa-737",
      "where": "Property table, MFR row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-737, Chimei Industrial (ABS), typical properties",
        "id": "Plabase item 5ce2bc85970ff4022ed510fe",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc85970ff4022ed510fe",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melt_flow_rate",
      "label": "Melt flow rate, Chimei PA-727",
      "value": 20,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/10 min",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "220 °C",
        "load": "10 kg",
        "grade": "PA-727"
      },
      "method": "ISO 1133, as printed on the aggregator page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "chimei-pa-727",
      "where": "Property table, MFR row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-727, Chimei Industrial (ABS), typical properties",
        "id": "Plabase item 5ce2bc87970ff4022ed52996",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc87970ff4022ed52996",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield",
      "label": "Atomic oxygen erosion yield, ABS (MISSE 2)",
      "value": 1.09e-24,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "cm3/atom",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "platform": "ISS, MISSE 2 PEC 2 tray 1, low Earth orbit",
        "fluence": "8.43e21 atoms/cm2",
        "duration": "3.95 years"
      },
      "method": "Measured on MISSE 2 flight samples and listed in NASA TM-2008-215490, Table I",
      "status": "flight",
      "source": "nasa-tm-2008-215490",
      "where": "Table I (MISSE 2 PEACE polymers erosion yield data), row ABS",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2008-215490 (Banks, de Groh and Backus, 2008), NTRS 20090011780",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "UV light and excessive heat in service",
      "headline": "UV and heat make ABS yellow and become brittle.",
      "effect": "Wikipedia says ABS yellows on exposure to UV light or excessive heat, because photo-oxidation breaks polymer chains. Ageing depends largely on the polybutadiene content, and antioxidants and UV protection additives are normally included.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "general description; no test duration, dose or quantitative colour change was read"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-abs",
      "where": "Aging paragraph and yellowing text"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Heat up to 400 C",
      "headline": "At 400 C ABS decomposes into its monomers.",
      "effect": "Wikipedia says ABS is stable to decomposition under normal use and processing, but if the temperature reaches 400 C it decomposes into butadiene, acrylonitrile and styrene. The grades read have heat deflection temperatures of 80 to 98 C under load (see properties).",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "decomposition temperature as printed; no exposure time given"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-abs",
      "where": "Hazard to humans section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Chlorinated solvents, alcohols and ketones",
      "headline": "ABS has poor resistance to chlorinated solvents and alcohols.",
      "effect": "Wikipedia says ABS has poor resistance to chlorinated solvents and alcohols, and names ketones (such as acetone), chloroform and ethylene dichloride in its solvent passage. The chemical resistance table gives concentrated acids as Good, dilute acids and alkali as Excellent, and alcohol as Poor.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "general table and text; no immersion time or test standard read"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-abs",
      "where": "Chemical resistance table and solvent paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Acrylonitrile (monomer, PubChem CID 7855), ECHA aggregate: highly flammable liquid and vapour (H225), toxic if swallowed (H301), toxic in contact with skin (H311), causes skin irritation (H315), may cause an allergic skin reaction (H317), causes serious eye damage (H318).",
        "ghs": [
          "H225",
          "H301",
          "H311",
          "H315",
          "H317",
          "H318"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-acrylonitrile",
        "where": "PubChem CID 7855, GHS Classification (ECHA C&L aggregate, first hazard block)"
      },
      {
        "text": "1,3-Butadiene (monomer, PubChem CID 7845), ECHA aggregate: extremely flammable gas (H220), contains gas under pressure (H280), may cause genetic defects (H340), may cause cancer (H350), suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child (H361).",
        "ghs": [
          "H220",
          "H280",
          "H340",
          "H350",
          "H361"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-butadiene",
        "where": "PubChem CID 7845, GHS Classification (ECHA C&L aggregate)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Styrene (monomer, PubChem CID 7501), ECHA aggregate: flammable liquid and vapour (H226), causes skin irritation (H315), causes serious eye irritation (H319), harmful if inhaled (H332), causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure (H372).",
        "ghs": [
          "H226",
          "H315",
          "H319",
          "H332",
          "H372"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-styrene",
        "where": "PubChem CID 7501, GHS Classification (ECHA C&L aggregate, first hazard block)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Wikipedia says the polymer is stable under normal use and processing, but at 400 C it can decompose into butadiene, acrylonitrile and styrene. Exposure during normal use is well below workplace limits, per the same page.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "wikipedia-abs",
        "where": "Hazard to humans section"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Atomic oxygen erosion in low Earth orbit",
        "trigger": "Exposure of an ABS part to atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit, as on the MISSE 2 flight",
        "consequence": "Surface erosion at a yield of 1.09e-24 cm3/atom as measured on MISSE 2 for ABS",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "nasa-tm-2008-215490",
        "where": "Table I and exposure details in section 2.1"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Softening under load",
        "trigger": "Use of ABS under load above its heat deflection temperature",
        "consequence": "Heat deflection of 80 °C at 1.8 MPa for SABIC MG94F, and 98 °C annealed for Chimei PA-757F",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "sabic-mg94f",
        "where": "Property table, HDT/Ae row and HDT/Be row"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Fire and burning",
        "trigger": "ABS exposed to high temperatures, such as a wood fire",
        "consequence": "ABS melts, boils and burns with intense hot flames. Pure ABS has no halogens, and its most toxic combustion products are carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide (Wikipedia).",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "wikipedia-abs",
        "where": "Combustion paragraph in the Hazard section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Yellowing and embrittlement by UV or heat",
        "trigger": "UV light or excessive heat over the service life",
        "consequence": "Photo-oxidation breaks polymer chains, so the part yellows and becomes brittle (Wikipedia).",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "wikipedia-abs",
        "where": "Aging paragraph and yellowing text"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Attack by chlorinated solvents and alcohols",
        "trigger": "Contact with chlorinated solvents or alcohols",
        "consequence": "Poor resistance to both, per Wikipedia; the chemical resistance table gives alcohol as Poor.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "wikipedia-abs",
        "where": "Chemical resistance table and solvent paragraph"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "ABS shrinks on cooling and warps when printed on a 3D printer. Print inside an enclosure on a heated bed, with glue stick or a brim (Wikipedia).",
        "source": "wikipedia-abs",
        "where": "3D printing section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Concerns have been raised about airborne ultrafine particles from 3D printing with ABS (Wikipedia).",
        "source": "wikipedia-abs",
        "where": "3D printing section"
      },
      {
        "text": "ABS can be recycled, but not every recycling facility accepts it (Wikipedia).",
        "source": "wikipedia-abs",
        "where": "Recycling section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Use antioxidants and UV protection for parts in outdoor or hot service, as the composition normally includes them (Wikipedia).",
        "source": "wikipedia-abs",
        "where": "Aging paragraph"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Polymer sample on a space flight experiment",
      "example": "ABS on the MISSE 2 PEC 2 tray, flown on the ISS in low Earth orbit, with erosion yield listed in NASA TM-2008-215490.",
      "source": "nasa-tm-2008-215490",
      "where": "Table I; exposure details in section 2.1"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Enclosures for electrical and electronic assemblies, computer cases, pen housings and small kitchen appliances",
      "example": "Wikipedia lists these among ABS uses, along with protective headgear, luggage and protective carrying cases.",
      "source": "wikipedia-abs",
      "where": "Applications list in the Uses section"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "LEGO bricks",
      "example": "Lego bricks have primarily been made from ABS since 1963 (Wikipedia).",
      "source": "wikipedia-abs",
      "where": "LEGO section"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "3D printer filament (ground manufacturing, not a flight use)",
      "example": "ABS filament is a common 3D printing material, valued as cheap, strong and stable, and can be sanded, painted, glued or chemically smoothed (Wikipedia).",
      "source": "wikipedia-abs",
      "where": "3D printing section"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Acrylonitrile (monomer)",
      "abundance": "World production capacity was estimated at 5 million tonnes per year in 2002 (Wikipedia). The figure is a 2002 estimate, not a current volume.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "wikipedia-acrylonitrile",
      "where": "Lead, production and capacity sentence"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Styrene (monomer)",
      "abundance": "About 25 million tonnes were produced in 2010, rising to around 35 million tonnes by 2018 (Wikipedia). This is the global figure for styrene, not ABS alone.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "wikipedia-styrene",
      "where": "Lead and Production sections"
    },
    {
      "subject": "1,3-Butadiene (monomer)",
      "abundance": "A petroleum hydrocarbon from the C4 fraction of steam cracking (Wikipedia). PubChem says about 75 % of manufactured butadiene is used for synthetic rubber.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "wikipedia-abs",
      "where": "Production section"
    },
    {
      "subject": "ABS resin, European production energy",
      "abundance": "Producing 1 kg of ABS in Europe uses an average of 95.34 MJ, derived from natural gas and petroleum (PlasticsEurope, cited by Wikipedia).",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "wikipedia-abs",
      "where": "Production section"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Plabase datasheet, CYCOLAC resin MG94F (SABIC Petrochemicals Japan), ABS",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/654958ecab844428b996ea7c"
    },
    {
      "title": "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-757F (Chimei Industrial), ABS",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc8c970ff4022ed55dd9"
    },
    {
      "title": "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-727 (Chimei Industrial)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc87970ff4022ed52996"
    },
    {
      "title": "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-737 (Chimei Industrial)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc85970ff4022ed510fe"
    },
    {
      "title": "Banks, de Groh and Backus, Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit, NASA/TM-2008-215490",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "title": "Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, Wikipedia (composition, production, ageing, uses, 3D printing, hazard)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene"
    },
    {
      "title": "Acrylonitrile, Wikipedia (production capacity)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile"
    },
    {
      "title": "Styrene, Wikipedia (production volumes)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem CID 7855, Acrylonitrile (GHS Classification)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7855"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem CID 7845, 1,3-Butadiene (GHS Classification)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7845"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem CID 7501, Styrene (GHS Classification)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7501"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Manufacturer datasheets (INEOS Styrolution Terluran, LG Chem, Trinseo) were not read in this run: no PDF URL was found for them, and the Terluran KR2910 page returned 403 earlier.",
    "SABIC Cycolac values are from an aggregator page (Plabase) and not from the SABIC datasheet, which is gated behind login on SpecialChem.",
    "The PA-737, PA-727 and PA-757F pages print NaN for UL 94 flammability, so no flammability value is recorded.",
    "The test conditions and standards of the aggregator tables are as printed there; the original manufacturer datasheets were not read.",
    "No PubChem record for the ABS polymer (CAS 9003-56-9) was read: the PubChem request failed in this run. Hazards are for the monomers only, and no polymer SDS was read.",
    "The emulsion, mass or grafting route is not stated in the sources read. The recipe gives monomer shares and the polybutadiene basis only.",
    "The monomer shares (15 to 35 % acrylonitrile, 5 to 30 % butadiene, 40 to 60 % styrene) are ranges from Wikipedia, not from a datasheet.",
    "No quantitative UV, heat-ageing or solvent stress-cracking data for ABS were read. The ageing entries are qualitative (Wikipedia).",
    "No electronics dielectric, outgassing or radiation data for ABS in space were read in this run.",
    "No producer list or country share was read for acrylonitrile, styrene or butadiene. Volumes are global figures from Wikipedia, and the acrylonitrile capacity is a 2002 estimate."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "ABS is an amorphous styrenic terpolymer that is tough and easy to mould. The SABIC MG94F grade has a density of 1.04 g/cm3, a notched Charpy impact strength of 23 kJ/m2 at 23 °C, and a Vicat softening point of 99 °C. The Chimei PA-757F grade has a density of 1.05 g/cm3 and a flexural modulus of 2200 MPa.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Electronics and housings",
        "line": "Wikipedia lists enclosures for electrical and electronic assemblies, computer cases and pen housings among ABS uses."
      },
      {
        "where": "LEGO bricks",
        "line": "Lego bricks have primarily been made from ABS since 1963 (Wikipedia)."
      },
      {
        "where": "3D printing (ground)",
        "line": "ABS is a common 3D printer filament. Wikipedia says it warps on cooling and needs an enclosure. This is ground manufacturing, not a flight use."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Tough at room temperature",
        "line": "SABIC MG94F has a notched Charpy impact strength of 23 kJ/m2 at 23 °C and a notched Izod impact strength of 18 kJ/m2 at 23 °C, both as printed on the aggregator page.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "23 kJ/m2 Charpy notched"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiff enough for housings",
        "line": "Chimei PA-757F has a flexural modulus of 2200 MPa at 2 mm/min and a tensile yield stress of 47 MPa at 50 mm/min.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "2200 MPa flexural modulus"
      },
      {
        "label": "Survive in orbit",
        "line": "NASA lists an erosion yield of 1.09e-24 cm3/atom for ABS on MISSE 2, from Table I.",
        "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1.09e-24 cm3/atom"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The four grades are from two manufacturers and are read from aggregator pages, so the values are typical and not comparable to a specification. Read the table rows as examples of grade behaviour, not as a ranking.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat deflection",
        "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Erosion yield",
        "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the grade, since MFR ranges from 12 to 30.2 g/10 min across the grades read.",
      "Check the supplier SDS for each grade before handling, since no SDS for ABS was read in this run.",
      "Treat the Plabase values as typical values from the manufacturers' sheets, not as limits."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Impact-tough moulded parts: 23 kJ/m2 Charpy notched impact at 23 °C in SABIC MG94F.",
      "Stiff moulded parts: 2200 MPa flexural modulus in Chimei PA-757F.",
      "Known atomic oxygen behaviour: 1.09e-24 cm3/atom on MISSE 2, measured in low Earth orbit."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Heat: the heat deflection is 80 °C at 1.8 MPa for SABIC MG94F, so ABS softens well below 99 °C Vicat under load.",
      "Atomic oxygen erodes ABS at 1.09e-24 cm3/atom, so exterior use needs protection or an erosion allowance.",
      "No outgassing, UV or radiation test for ABS in space was found, so only the erosion yield is recorded.",
      "The grade values come from aggregator pages, and the SABIC datasheet is gated behind login."
    ],
    "verdict": "ABS is a tough styrenic terpolymer: 23 kJ/m2 Charpy notched impact in SABIC MG94F, density 1.04 to 1.05 g/cm3, and heat deflection of 80 to 98 °C under load. Its weak points are UV yellowing, heat and solvents. The MISSE 2 erosion yield in low Earth orbit is 1.09e-24 cm3/atom. The monomers are classified (acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, styrene), but the polymer has no sourced SDS, outgassing or quantitative UV data.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "ABS is a terpolymer made by polymerising styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of polybutadiene (Wikipedia). The polybutadiene forms a long rubbery chain, crisscrossed with shorter chains of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile). The emulsion or mass route is not stated in the page read.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Styrene",
          "symbol": "C8H8",
          "role": "Gives a shiny, impervious surface, hardness, rigidity and easier processing (Wikipedia)."
        },
        {
          "name": "Acrylonitrile",
          "symbol": "C3H3N",
          "role": "Adds chemical resistance, fatigue resistance, hardness and rigidity, and raises the heat deflection temperature (Wikipedia)."
        },
        {
          "name": "Butadiene",
          "symbol": "C4H6",
          "role": "Rubbery polybutadiene phase that gives toughness and impact resistance (Wikipedia)."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The monomers are classified in PubChem (ECHA aggregate). No SDS for the ABS polymer was read in this run.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Classification",
            "line": "Acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene and styrene are classified (PubChem). The polymer itself has no SDS in this run."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Monomers classified; polymer not checked"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in these sources are heat under load and erosion in orbit.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Heat",
            "line": "The SABIC MG94F heat deflection is 80 °C at 1.8 MPa, and the Chimei PA-757F is 98 °C annealed."
          },
          {
            "label": "Atomic oxygen",
            "line": "On MISSE 2 the erosion yield was 1.09e-24 cm3/atom for ABS, from one flight sample."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-19",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 17,
    "unreachable": 4,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Deepened by an AI assistant on 2026-10-19. Original properties and sources kept; no properties added. Added recipe and monomer shares, supply volumes, ageing, uses and hazards from Wikipedia (ABS, acrylonitrile, styrene) and PubChem (acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, styrene) read in this run. The Terluran, Cycolac and Polylac PDF datasheets were not located."
  },
  "sources": {
    "sabic-mg94f": {
      "title": "Plabase datasheet, CYCOLAC resin MG94F, SABIC Petrochemicals Japan (ABS), typical properties",
      "id": "Plabase item 654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/654958ecab844428b996ea7c",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "chimei-pa-757f": {
      "title": "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-757F, Chimei Industrial (ABS), typical properties",
      "id": "Plabase item 5ce2bc8c970ff4022ed55dd9",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc8c970ff4022ed55dd9",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "chimei-pa-727": {
      "title": "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-727, Chimei Industrial (ABS), typical properties",
      "id": "Plabase item 5ce2bc87970ff4022ed52996",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc87970ff4022ed52996",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "chimei-pa-737": {
      "title": "Plabase datasheet, Polylac PA-737, Chimei Industrial (ABS), typical properties",
      "id": "Plabase item 5ce2bc85970ff4022ed510fe",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ce2bc85970ff4022ed510fe",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "aggregator page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "nasa-tm-2008-215490": {
      "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit",
      "id": "NASA/TM-2008-215490 (Banks, de Groh and Backus, 2008), NTRS 20090011780",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780",
      "year": 2008,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public document"
    },
    "wikipedia-abs": {
      "title": "Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, Wikipedia (composition, production, ageing, uses, 3D printing, hazard)",
      "id": "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene (CAS 9003-56-9 from the infobox)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
    },
    "wikipedia-acrylonitrile": {
      "title": "Acrylonitrile, Wikipedia (production capacity and process)",
      "id": "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
    },
    "wikipedia-styrene": {
      "title": "Styrene, Wikipedia (production volumes and route)",
      "id": "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
    },
    "pubchem-acrylonitrile": {
      "title": "PubChem CID 7855, Acrylonitrile: GHS Classification",
      "id": "CID 7855",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7855",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NIH PubChem)"
    },
    "pubchem-butadiene": {
      "title": "PubChem CID 7845, 1,3-Butadiene: GHS Classification and hazards summary",
      "id": "CID 7845",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7845",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NIH PubChem)"
    },
    "pubchem-styrene": {
      "title": "PubChem CID 7501, Styrene: GHS Classification",
      "id": "CID 7501, CAS 100-42-5",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7501",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NIH PubChem)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/abs/"
}