Polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF (Kynar)

spore: profile
id: pvdf-kynar
spore_version: 0.2
family: fluoropolymers
name: Polyvinylidene fluoride
abbreviation: PVDF (Kynar)
role: fluoropolymer for moulded parts, films and lithium-ion electrode binder
category: polymers
type: fluoropolymers
summary: |
  Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, sold as Kynar by Arkema and as KF Polymer by Kureha) is a semicrystalline fluoropolymer. The Arkema Kynar 1000 Series homopolymer is printed with a specific gravity of 1.76 to 1.78, a melting range of 169 to 171 °C and a tensile yield strength of 45 to 55 MPa. Kureha sells PVDF as a lithium-ion electrode binder, with inherent viscosities from 1.1 to 2.5 dl/g in the grades read. As a sample on the MISSE 2 experiment in low Earth orbit it had an atomic oxygen erosion yield of 1.29e-24 cm3/atom.
best_for: 'Chemically resistant moulded parts and lithium-ion electrode binder: a 1.78 specific gravity and a 169 to 171 °C melting range in the Kynar 1000 Series'
weakest_at: 'Stiffness and heat under load: a tensile yield strength of 45 to 55 MPa and a heat deflection temperature of 125 to 140 °C at 0.45 MPa'
identity:
  formula: C2H2F2 (smallest repeat unit as listed by NASA)
  source: nasa-tm-2008-215490
  where: Table IV, column Formula
tags:
  environments:
    - low-earth-orbit
  stresses:
    - atomic-oxygen
    - uv
    - total-radiation-dose
    - thermal-cycling
    - vacuum-and-outgassing
  applications:
    - batteries
    - electronics-and-chips
properties:
  - benchmark: specific_gravity
    label: Specific gravity, Kynar 1000 Series (homopolymer)
    value: 1.76
    value_high: 1.78
    unit: dimensionless
    scope: material
    conditions:
      series: Kynar 1000 Series
      temperature: 23 °C
    method: ASTM D792, as printed on the manufacturer page
    status: ground
    source: arkema-kynar-physical
    where: Physical properties table, Specific Gravity row (D792 / 23 °C), 1000 Series column
  - benchmark: flexural_modulus
    label: Flexural modulus, Kynar 1000 Series
    value: 1655
    value_high: 2310
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      series: Kynar 1000 Series
      temperature: 23 °C
    method: ASTM D790, printed as psi with MPa in brackets
    status: ground
    source: arkema-kynar-physical
    where: Mechanical properties table (23 °C), Flexural Modulus row, 1000 Series column (240,000 to 335,000 psi)
  - benchmark: tensile_yield_strength
    label: Tensile yield strength, Kynar 1000 Series
    value: 45
    value_high: 55
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      series: Kynar 1000 Series
      temperature: 23 °C
    method: ASTM D638, printed as psi with MPa in brackets
    status: ground
    source: arkema-kynar-physical
    where: Mechanical properties table (23 °C), Tensile Yield Strength row, 1000 Series column (6,500 to 8,000 psi)
  - benchmark: tensile_modulus
    label: Tensile modulus, Kynar 1000 Series
    value: 1379
    value_high: 2310
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      series: Kynar 1000 Series
      temperature: 23 °C
    method: ASTM D638, printed as psi with MPa in brackets
    status: ground
    source: arkema-kynar-physical
    where: Mechanical properties table (23 °C), Tensile Modulus row, 1000 Series column (200,000 to 335,000 psi)
  - benchmark: tensile_elongation_at_break
    label: Tensile elongation at break, Kynar 1000 Series
    value: 20
    value_high: 100
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      series: Kynar 1000 Series
      temperature: 23 °C
    method: ASTM D638, as printed on the manufacturer page
    status: ground
    source: arkema-kynar-physical
    where: Mechanical properties table (23 °C), Tensile Break Elongation row, 1000 Series column
  - benchmark: hardness_shore_d
    label: Hardness, Kynar 1000 Series
    value: 77
    value_high: 82
    unit: Shore D
    scope: material
    conditions:
      series: Kynar 1000 Series
      temperature: 23 °C
    method: ASTM D2240, as printed on the manufacturer page
    status: ground
    source: arkema-kynar-physical
    where: Mechanical properties table (23 °C), Hardness row, 1000 Series column
  - benchmark: izod_impact
    label: Notched Izod impact strength, Kynar 1000 Series
    value: 1.8
    value_high: 4
    unit: ft-lbf/in
    scope: material
    conditions:
      series: Kynar 1000 Series
      temperature: 23 °C
      notch: notched
    method: ASTM D256, as printed on the manufacturer page
    status: ground
    source: arkema-kynar-physical
    where: Mechanical properties table (23 °C), Impact Strength Notched Izod row, 1000 Series column
  - benchmark: heat_deflection_temperature
    label: Deflection temperature at 0.45 MPa, Kynar 1000 Series
    value: 125
    value_high: 140
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      series: Kynar 1000 Series
      load: 0.45 MPa (66 psi)
    method: ASTM D648, as printed on the manufacturer page
    status: ground
    source: arkema-kynar-physical
    where: Mechanical properties table, Deflection Temperature at 66 psi (0.45 MPa) row, 1000 Series column
  - benchmark: melting_temperature
    label: Melting temperature, Kynar 1000 Series
    value: 169
    value_high: 171
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      series: Kynar 1000 Series
    method: ASTM D3418, as printed on the manufacturer page
    status: ground
    source: arkema-kynar-physical
    where: Thermal properties table, Melting Temperature row, 1000 Series column
  - benchmark: glass_transition_temperature
    label: Glass transition temperature (DMA), Kynar 1000 Series
    value: -40
    value_high: -38
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      series: Kynar 1000 Series
      frequency: 1 Hz
    method: DMA at 1 Hz, as printed on the manufacturer page
    status: ground
    source: arkema-kynar-physical
    where: Thermal properties table, Tg (DMA) row, 1000 Series column
  - benchmark: specific_gravity
    label: Specific gravity, PVDF (distributor page)
    value: 1.78
    unit: dimensionless
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not listed on the page
    method: ISO 1183, as printed on the distributor page
    status: ground
    source: fluorotherm-pvdf
    where: PVDF properties table, Specific gravity row
  - benchmark: tensile_break_strength
    label: Tensile strength at break, PVDF (distributor page)
    value: 35
    value_high: 50
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 73 °F (23 °C)
    method: ASTM D638, printed as psi with MPa in brackets
    status: ground
    source: fluorotherm-pvdf
    where: PVDF properties table, Tensile strength at break row (5075 to 7250 psi)
  - benchmark: inherent_viscosity
    label: Inherent viscosity, KF Polymer W#1100 (homopolymer)
    value: 1.1
    unit: dl/g
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: W#1100
      polymer_type: homopolymer
    method: Grade table as printed by the manufacturer; no test standard printed
    status: ground
    source: kureha-battery-binder
    where: Grade table, W#1100 row, Inherent viscosity column
  - benchmark: inherent_viscosity
    label: Inherent viscosity, KF Polymer W#9700
    value: 2.5
    unit: dl/g
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: W#9700
    method: Grade table as printed by the manufacturer; no test standard printed
    status: ground
    source: kureha-battery-binder
    where: Grade table, W#9700 row, Inherent viscosity column
  - benchmark: atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield
    label: Atomic oxygen erosion yield, PVDF (MISSE 2)
    value: 1.29e-24
    unit: cm3/atom
    scope: material
    conditions:
      platform: ISS, MISSE 2 PEC 2 tray 1, low Earth orbit
      exposure: 3.95 years, 8.43e21 atoms/cm2 fluence
    method: Measured on MISSE 2 flight samples, listed in NASA TM-2008-215490
    status: flight
    source: nasa-tm-2008-215490
    where: Table I, MISSE 2 PEACE polymers erosion yield data, row PVDF (Kynar); exposure from section 2.1
corrosion:
  - environment: Gamma radiation, 100 Mrad, cobalt-60 source at 50 °C in high vacuum
    headline: Tensile strength is essentially unchanged after 100 Mrad of gamma radiation.
    effect: Impact strength and elongation are slightly reduced by cross-linking. Arkema calls resistance to nuclear radiation excellent and says Kynar components have been used in nuclear reclamation plants.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      dose: 100 Mrad gamma
      temperature: 50 °C
      atmosphere: high vacuum, 10-6 torr
      grade: Kynar resins in general, grade not named
    source: arkema-kynar-design
    where: Design Properties, Resistance to Nuclear Radiation paragraph
  - environment: Electron-beam dose up to 20 Mrad
    headline: Tensile modulus of Kynar 460 stays between 170 and 200 psi from 0 to 20 Mrad.
    effect: Kynar 460 tensile modulus reads 170 psi unirradiated and 190 psi at 20 Mrad. Ultimate tensile strength rises from 6200 psi unirradiated to 7200 psi at 20 Mrad. Arkema reports minimal changes across the grades in its tables.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      method: ASTM D882, as printed
      doses: 0, 2, 4, 8 and 20 Mrad
      grade: Kynar 460 in the table read
    source: arkema-kynar-design
    where: Design Properties, Tables 3 and 4
  - environment: Most acids, weak bases, halogens, oxidants and salts at ambient temperature
    headline: Arkema rates Kynar PVDF as resistant to most of these, using long-term immersion ratings for worst-case conditions.
    effect: Arkema says Kynar homopolymers are generally resistant to chemicals in these classes at ambient temperature. The per-chemical ratings sit in its chemical resistance chart, which was not read here.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: Arkema general statement; per-chemical ratings not read
      temperature: ambient
    source: arkema-kynar-chemical
    where: Chemical Resistance page, introduction
  - environment: Active solvents, including DMF, DMAc, NMP and DMSO, at ambient temperature
    headline: Kynar dissolves in a short list of active solvents at ambient temperature.
    effect: Arkema lists active solvents that dissolve at least 5 to 10 weight percent Kynar, including tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and dimethyl sulfoxide. Its latent solvents, such as acetone and cyclohexanone, do not dissolve or substantially swell the homopolymer at room temperature.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      temperature: ambient
      concentration: at least 5 to 10 wt% for active solvents
    source: arkema-kynar-design
    where: Design Properties, Solubility, Tables 1 and 2
  - environment: Basic solutions
    headline: Arkema says Kynar is not soluble in basic solutions. No alkali-attack result was read.
    effect: Arkema lists basic solutions among the classes in which Kynar resins are not soluble. Dehydrofluorination by a strong base was not found on the pages read.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: Arkema general statement; no test conditions printed
    source: arkema-kynar-design
    where: Design Properties, Solubility paragraph
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: 'Monomer, not polymer: PubChem records vinylidene fluoride (CID 6369, C2H2F2, molecular weight 64.03) with signal word Danger. GHS statements: H220 extremely flammable gas (96.1 percent of reports), H230 may react explosively even in the absence of air (28.7 percent), H280 contains gas under pressure (96.7 percent), H340 may cause genetic defects (11 percent), H350 may cause cancer (11 percent). PubChem notes that 3.3 percent of reports (12 of 362) meet no GHS criteria.'
      ghs: []
      source: pubchem-vdf
      where: GHS Classification, CID 6369
    - text: 'Polymer fire: Kynar homopolymer has a limiting oxygen index of 43 by ASTM D2863 and a UL 94 V-0 burn rating. Arkema says Kynar grades meet NFPA 262 and that some pass NFPA 255.'
      ghs: []
      source: arkema-kynar-burning
      where: Burning Studies page, flammability paragraphs
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Atomic oxygen erosion in low Earth orbit
      trigger: Exposure of a PVDF part to atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit, as on the MISSE 2 flight
      consequence: Surface erosion at a yield of 1.29e-24 cm3/atom as measured on MISSE 2
      severity: moderate
      source: nasa-tm-2008-215490
      where: Table I and the MISSE 2 flight passport exposure data
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: The monomer vinylidene fluoride is an extremely flammable, pressurised gas (PubChem H220 and H280). This applies to the feedstock, not the polymer powder.
      source: pubchem-vdf
      where: GHS Classification, CID 6369
    - text: 'Burning: a limiting oxygen index of 43 means the polymer burns only in air enriched above 43 percent oxygen, per Arkema.'
      source: arkema-kynar-burning
      where: Burning Studies page
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: batteries
    device: Binder in lithium-ion electrodes
    example: KF Polymer, Kureha PVDF binder for lithium-ion electrodes, described for strong adhesion, chemical resistance and electrochemical stability, and for high active-material loading at reduced binder content.
    source: kureha-battery-binder
    where: Battery material page, main text
  - application: electronics-and-chips
    device: Polymer sample on a space flight experiment
    example: PVDF (Kynar) on the MISSE 2 PEC 2 tray, flown on the ISS in low Earth orbit, with erosion yield listed in NASA TM-2008-215490.
    source: nasa-tm-2008-215490
    where: Table I
  - application: electronics-and-chips
    device: Insulated wire and heat-shrink tubing
    example: Radiation cross-linked Kynar PVDF makes heat-shrinkable tubing and insulated wire rated for continuous temperatures up to 180 °C (356 °F), per Arkema.
    source: arkema-kynar-design
    where: Design Properties, Radiation Cross-linking paragraph
supply:
  - subject: Fluorine feedstock
    headline: Fluorspar becomes hydrogen fluoride, and hydrogen fluoride is the feedstock for fluoropolymers.
    detail: USGS says aqueous HF is the primary feedstock for virtually all fluorine-bearing chemicals, particularly refrigerants and fluoropolymers, and that HF production is the leading use of acid-grade fluorspar.
    source: usgs-fluorspar
    where: Domestic Production and Use, first paragraphs
  - subject: Mine production by country
    headline: China produced 6,000 kt of a 10,000 kt world total in 2025, about 60 percent.
    detail: 'Mine production in 2025, thousand metric tons: China 6,000; Mexico 1,500; Mongolia 1,500; South Africa 410; Vietnam 160; Spain 140. The 60 percent share is computed from the printed table.'
    source: usgs-fluorspar
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025 column
  - subject: US import reliance
    headline: The United States was 100 percent net import reliant for fluorspar in 2025.
    detail: 'Import sources 2021 to 2024: Mexico 64 percent, Vietnam 12 percent, China 10 percent, South Africa 9 percent, other 5 percent.'
    source: usgs-fluorspar
    where: Domestic Production and Use; Import Sources line
  - subject: Reserves
    headline: China holds 110,000 kt of 330,000 kt world fluorspar reserves.
    detail: 'Reserves as printed, thousand metric tons: China 110,000; Mexico 68,000; Mongolia 34,000; South Africa 41,000; Vietnam 16,000; Brazil 2,500.'
    source: usgs-fluorspar
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, Reserves column
  - subject: Alternative fluorine source
    headline: Fluorosilicic acid from phosphate rock is a second US source of fluorine.
    detail: USGS says about 45,000 t of fluorosilicic acid was recovered from phosphoric acid plants in 2025, equal to about 73,000 t of 100 percent CaF2. It also cites about 5 billion t of fluorspar equivalent in world phosphate rock reserves.
    source: usgs-fluorspar
    where: Domestic Production and Use; World Resources
  - subject: Producers
    headline: Kureha makes KF Polymer at its Iwaki factory site in Japan.
    detail: Kureha says its Central Research Center is on the Iwaki Factory premises, on the same site as the production plant where KF Polymer is developed and made. Kureha's KF Polymer battery binder was selected in 1991 as the first commercial lithium-ion binder.
    source: kureha-battery-binder
    where: Kureha battery material page, R&D functions and binder paragraphs
  - subject: Producers
    headline: Arkema sells Kynar as a named PVDF product family.
    detail: Arkema's Kynar family covers homopolymers and copolymers, sold as a fluoropolymer family with its own product pages. Plant locations and production share were not read.
    source: arkema-kynar-chemical
    where: Kynar product family navigation
documents:
  - title: Arkema Kynar PVDF Resin, contact physical and mechanical properties page
    type: datasheet
    url: https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/contact-physical-and-mechanical-properties/
  - title: Fluorotherm, PVDF Properties
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.fluorotherm.com/technical-information/materials-overview/pvdf-properties/
  - title: Kureha, Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) KF Polymer, battery material page
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.kureha.co.jp/en/business/material/kfpolymer/battery_material.html
  - title: Banks, de Groh and Backus, Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit, NASA/TM-2008-215490
    type: report
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780
    year: 2008
  - title: 'USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Fluorspar'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-fluorspar.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Vinylidene fluoride (CID 6369), GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6369
    year: 2026
  - title: Arkema Kynar, chemical resistance and fuel resistance
    type: datasheet
    url: https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/chemical-resistance-fuel-resistance/
    year: 2025
  - title: 'Arkema Kynar, design properties: solubility and irradiation'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/design-properties-solubility-irradiation/
    year: 2025
  - title: Arkema Kynar, burning studies
    type: datasheet
    url: https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/burning-studies/
    year: 2025
gaps:
  - Kynar 1000 Series is printed as a range of grades on the Arkema page; the page does not explicitly label it homopolymer, so the homopolymer label follows the page's tab structure.
  - 'No single-grade density or melting point was read. The Arkema TDS PDFs were not reachable: guessed PDF URLs returned HTML and the Arkema product page returned 404 in this run.'
  - Solef (Syensqo) 1015 and KF 1700 values are behind a free account. Syensqo product URLs returned 404 and a search gave only gated UL Prospector listings, so no Solef value or producer detail is recorded.
  - No Kynar copolymer values are recorded; the Arkema copolymer series were not used.
  - The Fluorotherm page prints a flexural strength of 2100 psi with 11165 MPa, a unit conflict, so no flexural strength is recorded from it.
  - No outgassing, total mass loss or UV result for PVDF was read; the only space result is the MISSE 2 erosion yield in NASA TM-2008-215490.
  - No dielectric, electrolyte-swelling or electrochemical-window value was read from a fetched page in this run.
  - Strong-base dehydrofluorination is not on the Arkema chemical or design pages read here, so the basic-solution entry has no alkali-attack result.
  - Thermal decomposition products, including hydrogen fluoride, were not read from a fetched source. The hazard entries cover the monomer and the burn rating only.
  - Polymerisation conditions and catalyst were not read from a permitted source; Wikipedia was not used for process details.
  - PVDF producer country shares and Arkema plant locations were not found.
  - Critical-mineral status for fluorspar was not printed in the USGS text read.
  - Piezoelectric film uses were not sourced from a permitted page; only Wikipedia was read for them.
sources:
  arkema-kynar-physical:
    title: Kynar PVDF Resin, contact physical and mechanical properties, Arkema
    id: Arkema HPP product family page, physical and mechanical properties tables
    url: https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/contact-physical-and-mechanical-properties/
    year: 2026
    kind: datasheet
    license: manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced
  fluorotherm-pvdf:
    title: Fluorotherm, PVDF Properties
    id: Fabricator web page, PVDF properties table
    url: https://www.fluorotherm.com/technical-information/materials-overview/pvdf-properties/
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: web page, linked not reproduced
  kureha-battery-binder:
    title: Kureha, Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) KF Polymer, battery material
    id: Kureha battery material page, grade table
    url: https://www.kureha.co.jp/en/business/material/kfpolymer/battery_material.html
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced
  nasa-tm-2008-215490:
    title: Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit
    id: NASA/TM-2008-215490 (Banks, Backus and de Groh, 2008), NTRS 20090011780
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780
    year: 2008
    kind: report
    license: NASA public document
  usgs-fluorspar:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Fluorspar'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, fluorspar chapter
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-fluorspar.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: US government work
  pubchem-vdf:
    title: 'PubChem: Vinylidene fluoride (CID 6369)'
    id: PubChem CID 6369, GHS classification
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6369
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: PubChem, public database
  arkema-kynar-chemical:
    title: Kynar PVDF, chemical resistance and fuel resistance, Arkema
    id: Arkema HPP Kynar family, chemical resistance page
    url: https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/chemical-resistance-fuel-resistance/
    year: 2025
    kind: datasheet
    license: manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced
  arkema-kynar-design:
    title: 'Kynar PVDF, design properties: solubility and irradiation, Arkema'
    id: Arkema HPP Kynar family, design properties page
    url: https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/design-properties-solubility-irradiation/
    year: 2025
    kind: datasheet
    license: manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced
  arkema-kynar-burning:
    title: Kynar PVDF, burning studies, Arkema
    id: Arkema HPP Kynar family, burning studies page
    url: https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/burning-studies/
    year: 2025
    kind: datasheet
    license: manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-19'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 23
  unreachable: 5
  caveats: 6
  note: 'Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-18 and 2026-10-19 from the pages named in each entry, except the erosion yield, which is copied from the MISSE 2 flight passport and verified by hand. Deepened 2026-10-19: radiation, solubility, chemical, flammability, PubChem hazard, USGS fluorspar and Kureha producer values added. Unreachable: Arkema Kynar TDS PDFs (guessed URLs returned HTML), Arkema Kynar product page (404), Solef 1015 datasheet (account required), Syensqo Solef pages (404), Kureha PDF KFpolymer_BD_en (404). The Arkema values are ranges for the 1000 Series; the homopolymer label is inferred from the page tabs. Fluorotherm is a fabricator page, not a manufacturer datasheet. Wikipedia was not used as a value source.'
story:
  recipe:
    line: PVDF is a linear chain of repeat units -(CH2-CF2)-, each built from one vinylidene fluoride monomer, C2H2F2 (PubChem CID 6369, molecular weight 64.03). Polymerisation conditions and catalyst were not read from a permitted source in this run.
    parts:
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        atoms: 2
        role: Backbone of each repeat unit, CH2 and CF2 carbons.
      - name: Hydrogen
        symbol: H
        atoms: 2
        role: Two hydrogens on the CH2 group of each repeat unit.
      - name: Fluorine
        symbol: F
        atoms: 2
        role: Two fluorines on the CF2 group of each repeat unit.
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      lead: The polymer has no classification in the sources read; the monomer does, from PubChem.
      level: 1
      verdict: No classification read
      points:
        - label: Classification
          line: No PVDF polymer safety data sheet was read. PubChem's classification covers the monomer vinylidene fluoride, not the polymer.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: The failure route in these sources is erosion in orbit, measured on one flight sample.
      points:
        - label: Atomic oxygen
          line: On MISSE 2 the erosion yield was 1.29e-24 cm3/atom, as listed in NASA TM-2008-215490.
  why: PVDF is a semicrystalline fluoropolymer. The Arkema 1000 Series is printed with a specific gravity of 1.76 to 1.78 and a melting range of 169 to 171 °C. Kureha sells PVDF as a lithium-ion electrode binder in grades with inherent viscosities from 1.1 to 2.5 dl/g. The MISSE 2 flight sample has an erosion yield of 1.29e-24 cm3/atom.
  uses:
    - line: Kureha says KF Polymer was selected as the binder when lithium-ion batteries were first commercialised in 1991, and that it has been the longest-used binder in the world.
      source: kureha-battery-binder
      where: Lithium-ion electrode binder
    - line: Arkema says radiation cross-linked Kynar makes heat-shrinkable tubing and insulated wire rated for continuous temperatures up to 180 °C.
      source: arkema-kynar-design
      where: Insulated wire and heat-shrink tubing
  can_do:
    - label: Stiff enough for moulded parts
      value: 1655 MPa flexural modulus
      benchmark: flexural_modulus
      line: The Kynar 1000 Series has a flexural modulus of 1655 to 2310 MPa and a tensile yield strength of 45 to 55 MPa, as printed on the Arkema page.
    - label: Hold a melt window
      value: 169 °C melting temperature
      benchmark: melting_temperature
      line: The Kynar 1000 Series melts at 169 to 171 °C by ASTM D3418, as printed on the Arkema page.
    - label: Survive in orbit
      value: 1.29e-24 cm3/atom
      benchmark: atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield
      line: NASA lists a MISSE 2 erosion yield for PVDF of 1.29e-24 cm3/atom.
  compare: The values here are for different products and test sources, so read the table rows as examples, not a ranking. The Arkema values are for the 1000 Series and the Kureha values are for binder grades.
  compare_rows:
    - scope: material
      label: Specific gravity
      benchmark: specific_gravity
    - scope: material
      label: Erosion yield
      benchmark: atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield
    - scope: material
      label: Melting temperature
      benchmark: melting_temperature
  handling:
    - Specify the grade, since the Kynar series differ in modulus and heat deflection.
    - Treat the Arkema and Fluorotherm values as typical, since the pages print them as typical.
    - Check the current supplier safety data sheet before handling, since none was read here.
    - The monomer vinylidene fluoride is an extremely flammable, pressurised gas (PubChem H220, H280); this applies to the feedstock, not the polymer.
  good_for:
    - 'Moulded parts that need chemical resistance: a specific gravity of 1.76 to 1.78 in the Kynar 1000 Series.'
    - 'Lithium-ion electrode binder: Kureha grades from 1.1 to 2.5 dl/g inherent viscosity.'
    - 'Known atomic oxygen behaviour: 1.29e-24 cm3/atom on MISSE 2, measured in low Earth orbit.'
  watch_out:
    - 'Heat under load: the heat deflection temperature is 125 to 140 °C at 0.45 MPa, well below the melting range of 169 to 171 °C.'
    - 'Stiffness: a tensile yield strength of 45 to 55 MPa is low for a structural metal replacement.'
    - Atomic oxygen erodes PVDF at 1.29e-24 cm3/atom, so exterior use needs protection or a rate allowance.
    - No outgassing or UV result for PVDF in space was found beyond the erosion yield, and no polymer safety data sheet was read.
  verdict: PVDF is a fluoropolymer with a specific gravity of 1.76 to 1.78 and a melting range of 169 to 171 °C in the Kynar 1000 Series, a binder role in lithium-ion electrodes, and a MISSE 2 erosion yield of 1.29e-24 cm3/atom in low Earth orbit. Arkema reports essentially unchanged tensile strength after 100 Mrad of gamma radiation and resistance to most acids and weak bases. Its heat deflection of 125 to 140 °C at 0.45 MPa limits use under load, and no polymer safety data sheet, UV or outgassing value was found.