{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "pvdf-kynar",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "fluoropolymers",
  "name": "Polyvinylidene fluoride",
  "abbreviation": "PVDF (Kynar)",
  "role": "fluoropolymer for moulded parts, films and lithium-ion electrode binder",
  "category": "polymers",
  "type": "fluoropolymers",
  "summary": "Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, sold as Kynar by Arkema and as KF Polymer by Kureha) is a semicrystalline fluoropolymer. The Arkema Kynar 1000 Series homopolymer is printed with a specific gravity of 1.76 to 1.78, a melting range of 169 to 171 °C and a tensile yield strength of 45 to 55 MPa. Kureha sells PVDF as a lithium-ion electrode binder, with inherent viscosities from 1.1 to 2.5 dl/g in the grades read. As a sample on the MISSE 2 experiment in low Earth orbit it had an atomic oxygen erosion yield of 1.29e-24 cm3/atom.\n",
  "best_for": "Chemically resistant moulded parts and lithium-ion electrode binder: a 1.78 specific gravity and a 169 to 171 °C melting range in the Kynar 1000 Series",
  "weakest_at": "Stiffness and heat under load: a tensile yield strength of 45 to 55 MPa and a heat deflection temperature of 125 to 140 °C at 0.45 MPa",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "C2H2F2 (smallest repeat unit as listed by NASA)",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "nasa-tm-2008-215490",
    "where": "Table IV, column Formula"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [
      "low-earth-orbit"
    ],
    "stresses": [
      "atomic-oxygen",
      "uv",
      "total-radiation-dose",
      "thermal-cycling",
      "vacuum-and-outgassing"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "batteries",
      "electronics-and-chips"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_gravity",
      "label": "Specific gravity, Kynar 1000 Series (homopolymer)",
      "value": 1.76,
      "value_high": 1.78,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "dimensionless",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "series": "Kynar 1000 Series",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D792, as printed on the manufacturer page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "arkema-kynar-physical",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Specific Gravity row (D792 / 23 °C), 1000 Series column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kynar PVDF Resin, contact physical and mechanical properties, Arkema",
        "id": "Arkema HPP product family page, physical and mechanical properties tables",
        "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/contact-physical-and-mechanical-properties/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, Kynar 1000 Series",
      "value": 1655,
      "value_high": 2310,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "series": "Kynar 1000 Series",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D790, printed as psi with MPa in brackets",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "arkema-kynar-physical",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table (23 °C), Flexural Modulus row, 1000 Series column (240,000 to 335,000 psi)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kynar PVDF Resin, contact physical and mechanical properties, Arkema",
        "id": "Arkema HPP product family page, physical and mechanical properties tables",
        "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/contact-physical-and-mechanical-properties/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "tensile_yield_strength",
      "label": "Tensile yield strength, Kynar 1000 Series",
      "value": 45,
      "value_high": 55,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "series": "Kynar 1000 Series",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D638, printed as psi with MPa in brackets",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "arkema-kynar-physical",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table (23 °C), Tensile Yield Strength row, 1000 Series column (6,500 to 8,000 psi)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kynar PVDF Resin, contact physical and mechanical properties, Arkema",
        "id": "Arkema HPP product family page, physical and mechanical properties tables",
        "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/contact-physical-and-mechanical-properties/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "tensile_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Kynar 1000 Series",
      "value": 1379,
      "value_high": 2310,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "series": "Kynar 1000 Series",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D638, printed as psi with MPa in brackets",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "arkema-kynar-physical",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table (23 °C), Tensile Modulus row, 1000 Series column (200,000 to 335,000 psi)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kynar PVDF Resin, contact physical and mechanical properties, Arkema",
        "id": "Arkema HPP product family page, physical and mechanical properties tables",
        "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/contact-physical-and-mechanical-properties/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "tensile_elongation_at_break",
      "label": "Tensile elongation at break, Kynar 1000 Series",
      "value": 20,
      "value_high": 100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "series": "Kynar 1000 Series",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D638, as printed on the manufacturer page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "arkema-kynar-physical",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table (23 °C), Tensile Break Elongation row, 1000 Series column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kynar PVDF Resin, contact physical and mechanical properties, Arkema",
        "id": "Arkema HPP product family page, physical and mechanical properties tables",
        "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/contact-physical-and-mechanical-properties/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_shore_d",
      "label": "Hardness, Kynar 1000 Series",
      "value": 77,
      "value_high": 82,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Shore D",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "series": "Kynar 1000 Series",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D2240, as printed on the manufacturer page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "arkema-kynar-physical",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table (23 °C), Hardness row, 1000 Series column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kynar PVDF Resin, contact physical and mechanical properties, Arkema",
        "id": "Arkema HPP product family page, physical and mechanical properties tables",
        "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/contact-physical-and-mechanical-properties/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "izod_impact",
      "label": "Notched Izod impact strength, Kynar 1000 Series",
      "value": 1.8,
      "value_high": 4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ft-lbf/in",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "series": "Kynar 1000 Series",
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "notch": "notched"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D256, as printed on the manufacturer page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "arkema-kynar-physical",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table (23 °C), Impact Strength Notched Izod row, 1000 Series column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kynar PVDF Resin, contact physical and mechanical properties, Arkema",
        "id": "Arkema HPP product family page, physical and mechanical properties tables",
        "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/contact-physical-and-mechanical-properties/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Deflection temperature at 0.45 MPa, Kynar 1000 Series",
      "value": 125,
      "value_high": 140,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "series": "Kynar 1000 Series",
        "load": "0.45 MPa (66 psi)"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D648, as printed on the manufacturer page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "arkema-kynar-physical",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Deflection Temperature at 66 psi (0.45 MPa) row, 1000 Series column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kynar PVDF Resin, contact physical and mechanical properties, Arkema",
        "id": "Arkema HPP product family page, physical and mechanical properties tables",
        "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/contact-physical-and-mechanical-properties/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_temperature",
      "label": "Melting temperature, Kynar 1000 Series",
      "value": 169,
      "value_high": 171,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "series": "Kynar 1000 Series"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D3418, as printed on the manufacturer page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "arkema-kynar-physical",
      "where": "Thermal properties table, Melting Temperature row, 1000 Series column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kynar PVDF Resin, contact physical and mechanical properties, Arkema",
        "id": "Arkema HPP product family page, physical and mechanical properties tables",
        "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/contact-physical-and-mechanical-properties/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
      "label": "Glass transition temperature (DMA), Kynar 1000 Series",
      "value": -40,
      "value_high": -38,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "series": "Kynar 1000 Series",
        "frequency": "1 Hz"
      },
      "method": "DMA at 1 Hz, as printed on the manufacturer page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "arkema-kynar-physical",
      "where": "Thermal properties table, Tg (DMA) row, 1000 Series column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kynar PVDF Resin, contact physical and mechanical properties, Arkema",
        "id": "Arkema HPP product family page, physical and mechanical properties tables",
        "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/contact-physical-and-mechanical-properties/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_gravity",
      "label": "Specific gravity, PVDF (distributor page)",
      "value": 1.78,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "dimensionless",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not listed on the page"
      },
      "method": "ISO 1183, as printed on the distributor page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fluorotherm-pvdf",
      "where": "PVDF properties table, Specific gravity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Fluorotherm, PVDF Properties",
        "id": "Fabricator web page, PVDF properties table",
        "url": "https://www.fluorotherm.com/technical-information/materials-overview/pvdf-properties/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "tensile_break_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength at break, PVDF (distributor page)",
      "value": 35,
      "value_high": 50,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "73 °F (23 °C)"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D638, printed as psi with MPa in brackets",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fluorotherm-pvdf",
      "where": "PVDF properties table, Tensile strength at break row (5075 to 7250 psi)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Fluorotherm, PVDF Properties",
        "id": "Fabricator web page, PVDF properties table",
        "url": "https://www.fluorotherm.com/technical-information/materials-overview/pvdf-properties/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "inherent_viscosity",
      "label": "Inherent viscosity, KF Polymer W#1100 (homopolymer)",
      "value": 1.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "dl/g",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "W#1100",
        "polymer_type": "homopolymer"
      },
      "method": "Grade table as printed by the manufacturer; no test standard printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kureha-battery-binder",
      "where": "Grade table, W#1100 row, Inherent viscosity column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kureha, Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) KF Polymer, battery material",
        "id": "Kureha battery material page, grade table",
        "url": "https://www.kureha.co.jp/en/business/material/kfpolymer/battery_material.html",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "inherent_viscosity",
      "label": "Inherent viscosity, KF Polymer W#9700",
      "value": 2.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "dl/g",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "W#9700"
      },
      "method": "Grade table as printed by the manufacturer; no test standard printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kureha-battery-binder",
      "where": "Grade table, W#9700 row, Inherent viscosity column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kureha, Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) KF Polymer, battery material",
        "id": "Kureha battery material page, grade table",
        "url": "https://www.kureha.co.jp/en/business/material/kfpolymer/battery_material.html",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield",
      "label": "Atomic oxygen erosion yield, PVDF (MISSE 2)",
      "value": 1.29e-24,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "cm3/atom",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "platform": "ISS, MISSE 2 PEC 2 tray 1, low Earth orbit",
        "exposure": "3.95 years, 8.43e21 atoms/cm2 fluence"
      },
      "method": "Measured on MISSE 2 flight samples, listed in NASA TM-2008-215490",
      "status": "flight",
      "source": "nasa-tm-2008-215490",
      "where": "Table I, MISSE 2 PEACE polymers erosion yield data, row PVDF (Kynar); exposure from section 2.1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2008-215490 (Banks, Backus and de Groh, 2008), NTRS 20090011780",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Gamma radiation, 100 Mrad, cobalt-60 source at 50 °C in high vacuum",
      "headline": "Tensile strength is essentially unchanged after 100 Mrad of gamma radiation.",
      "effect": "Impact strength and elongation are slightly reduced by cross-linking. Arkema calls resistance to nuclear radiation excellent and says Kynar components have been used in nuclear reclamation plants.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "dose": "100 Mrad gamma",
        "temperature": "50 °C",
        "atmosphere": "high vacuum, 10-6 torr",
        "grade": "Kynar resins in general, grade not named"
      },
      "source": "arkema-kynar-design",
      "where": "Design Properties, Resistance to Nuclear Radiation paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Electron-beam dose up to 20 Mrad",
      "headline": "Tensile modulus of Kynar 460 stays between 170 and 200 psi from 0 to 20 Mrad.",
      "effect": "Kynar 460 tensile modulus reads 170 psi unirradiated and 190 psi at 20 Mrad. Ultimate tensile strength rises from 6200 psi unirradiated to 7200 psi at 20 Mrad. Arkema reports minimal changes across the grades in its tables.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "method": "ASTM D882, as printed",
        "doses": "0, 2, 4, 8 and 20 Mrad",
        "grade": "Kynar 460 in the table read"
      },
      "source": "arkema-kynar-design",
      "where": "Design Properties, Tables 3 and 4"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Most acids, weak bases, halogens, oxidants and salts at ambient temperature",
      "headline": "Arkema rates Kynar PVDF as resistant to most of these, using long-term immersion ratings for worst-case conditions.",
      "effect": "Arkema says Kynar homopolymers are generally resistant to chemicals in these classes at ambient temperature. The per-chemical ratings sit in its chemical resistance chart, which was not read here.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Arkema general statement; per-chemical ratings not read",
        "temperature": "ambient"
      },
      "source": "arkema-kynar-chemical",
      "where": "Chemical Resistance page, introduction"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Active solvents, including DMF, DMAc, NMP and DMSO, at ambient temperature",
      "headline": "Kynar dissolves in a short list of active solvents at ambient temperature.",
      "effect": "Arkema lists active solvents that dissolve at least 5 to 10 weight percent Kynar, including tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and dimethyl sulfoxide. Its latent solvents, such as acetone and cyclohexanone, do not dissolve or substantially swell the homopolymer at room temperature.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "ambient",
        "concentration": "at least 5 to 10 wt% for active solvents"
      },
      "source": "arkema-kynar-design",
      "where": "Design Properties, Solubility, Tables 1 and 2"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Basic solutions",
      "headline": "Arkema says Kynar is not soluble in basic solutions. No alkali-attack result was read.",
      "effect": "Arkema lists basic solutions among the classes in which Kynar resins are not soluble. Dehydrofluorination by a strong base was not found on the pages read.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Arkema general statement; no test conditions printed"
      },
      "source": "arkema-kynar-design",
      "where": "Design Properties, Solubility paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Monomer, not polymer: PubChem records vinylidene fluoride (CID 6369, C2H2F2, molecular weight 64.03) with signal word Danger. GHS statements: H220 extremely flammable gas (96.1 percent of reports), H230 may react explosively even in the absence of air (28.7 percent), H280 contains gas under pressure (96.7 percent), H340 may cause genetic defects (11 percent), H350 may cause cancer (11 percent). PubChem notes that 3.3 percent of reports (12 of 362) meet no GHS criteria.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-vdf",
        "where": "GHS Classification, CID 6369"
      },
      {
        "text": "Polymer fire: Kynar homopolymer has a limiting oxygen index of 43 by ASTM D2863 and a UL 94 V-0 burn rating. Arkema says Kynar grades meet NFPA 262 and that some pass NFPA 255.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "arkema-kynar-burning",
        "where": "Burning Studies page, flammability paragraphs"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Atomic oxygen erosion in low Earth orbit",
        "trigger": "Exposure of a PVDF part to atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit, as on the MISSE 2 flight",
        "consequence": "Surface erosion at a yield of 1.29e-24 cm3/atom as measured on MISSE 2",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "nasa-tm-2008-215490",
        "where": "Table I and the MISSE 2 flight passport exposure data"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "The monomer vinylidene fluoride is an extremely flammable, pressurised gas (PubChem H220 and H280). This applies to the feedstock, not the polymer powder.",
        "source": "pubchem-vdf",
        "where": "GHS Classification, CID 6369"
      },
      {
        "text": "Burning: a limiting oxygen index of 43 means the polymer burns only in air enriched above 43 percent oxygen, per Arkema.",
        "source": "arkema-kynar-burning",
        "where": "Burning Studies page"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "batteries",
      "device": "Binder in lithium-ion electrodes",
      "example": "KF Polymer, Kureha PVDF binder for lithium-ion electrodes, described for strong adhesion, chemical resistance and electrochemical stability, and for high active-material loading at reduced binder content.",
      "source": "kureha-battery-binder",
      "where": "Battery material page, main text"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Polymer sample on a space flight experiment",
      "example": "PVDF (Kynar) on the MISSE 2 PEC 2 tray, flown on the ISS in low Earth orbit, with erosion yield listed in NASA TM-2008-215490.",
      "source": "nasa-tm-2008-215490",
      "where": "Table I"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Insulated wire and heat-shrink tubing",
      "example": "Radiation cross-linked Kynar PVDF makes heat-shrinkable tubing and insulated wire rated for continuous temperatures up to 180 °C (356 °F), per Arkema.",
      "source": "arkema-kynar-design",
      "where": "Design Properties, Radiation Cross-linking paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Fluorine feedstock",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-fluorspar",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use, first paragraphs"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Mine production by country",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-fluorspar",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025 column"
    },
    {
      "subject": "US import reliance",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-fluorspar",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Import Sources line"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Reserves",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-fluorspar",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, Reserves column"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Alternative fluorine source",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-fluorspar",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; World Resources"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Producers",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "kureha-battery-binder",
      "where": "Kureha battery material page, R&D functions and binder paragraphs"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Producers",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "arkema-kynar-chemical",
      "where": "Kynar product family navigation"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Arkema Kynar PVDF Resin, contact physical and mechanical properties page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/contact-physical-and-mechanical-properties/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Fluorotherm, PVDF Properties",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.fluorotherm.com/technical-information/materials-overview/pvdf-properties/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Kureha, Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) KF Polymer, battery material page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.kureha.co.jp/en/business/material/kfpolymer/battery_material.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Banks, de Groh and Backus, Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit, NASA/TM-2008-215490",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Fluorspar",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-fluorspar.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Vinylidene fluoride (CID 6369), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6369",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Arkema Kynar, chemical resistance and fuel resistance",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/chemical-resistance-fuel-resistance/",
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "title": "Arkema Kynar, design properties: solubility and irradiation",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/design-properties-solubility-irradiation/",
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "title": "Arkema Kynar, burning studies",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/burning-studies/",
      "year": 2025
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Kynar 1000 Series is printed as a range of grades on the Arkema page; the page does not explicitly label it homopolymer, so the homopolymer label follows the page's tab structure.",
    "No single-grade density or melting point was read. The Arkema TDS PDFs were not reachable: guessed PDF URLs returned HTML and the Arkema product page returned 404 in this run.",
    "Solef (Syensqo) 1015 and KF 1700 values are behind a free account. Syensqo product URLs returned 404 and a search gave only gated UL Prospector listings, so no Solef value or producer detail is recorded.",
    "No Kynar copolymer values are recorded; the Arkema copolymer series were not used.",
    "The Fluorotherm page prints a flexural strength of 2100 psi with 11165 MPa, a unit conflict, so no flexural strength is recorded from it.",
    "No outgassing, total mass loss or UV result for PVDF was read; the only space result is the MISSE 2 erosion yield in NASA TM-2008-215490.",
    "No dielectric, electrolyte-swelling or electrochemical-window value was read from a fetched page in this run.",
    "Strong-base dehydrofluorination is not on the Arkema chemical or design pages read here, so the basic-solution entry has no alkali-attack result.",
    "Thermal decomposition products, including hydrogen fluoride, were not read from a fetched source. The hazard entries cover the monomer and the burn rating only.",
    "Polymerisation conditions and catalyst were not read from a permitted source; Wikipedia was not used for process details.",
    "PVDF producer country shares and Arkema plant locations were not found.",
    "Critical-mineral status for fluorspar was not printed in the USGS text read.",
    "Piezoelectric film uses were not sourced from a permitted page; only Wikipedia was read for them."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "PVDF is a semicrystalline fluoropolymer. The Arkema 1000 Series is printed with a specific gravity of 1.76 to 1.78 and a melting range of 169 to 171 °C. Kureha sells PVDF as a lithium-ion electrode binder in grades with inherent viscosities from 1.1 to 2.5 dl/g. The MISSE 2 flight sample has an erosion yield of 1.29e-24 cm3/atom.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Lithium-ion electrode binder",
        "line": "Kureha says KF Polymer was selected as the binder when lithium-ion batteries were first commercialised in 1991, and that it has been the longest-used binder in the world."
      },
      {
        "where": "Insulated wire and heat-shrink tubing",
        "line": "Arkema says radiation cross-linked Kynar makes heat-shrinkable tubing and insulated wire rated for continuous temperatures up to 180 °C."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Stiff enough for moulded parts",
        "line": "The Kynar 1000 Series has a flexural modulus of 1655 to 2310 MPa and a tensile yield strength of 45 to 55 MPa, as printed on the Arkema page.",
        "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1655 MPa flexural modulus"
      },
      {
        "label": "Hold a melt window",
        "line": "The Kynar 1000 Series melts at 169 to 171 °C by ASTM D3418, as printed on the Arkema page.",
        "benchmark": "melting_temperature",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "169 °C melting temperature"
      },
      {
        "label": "Survive in orbit",
        "line": "NASA lists a MISSE 2 erosion yield for PVDF of 1.29e-24 cm3/atom.",
        "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1.29e-24 cm3/atom"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The values here are for different products and test sources, so read the table rows as examples, not a ranking. The Arkema values are for the 1000 Series and the Kureha values are for binder grades.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Specific gravity",
        "benchmark": "specific_gravity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Erosion yield",
        "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting temperature",
        "benchmark": "melting_temperature",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the grade, since the Kynar series differ in modulus and heat deflection.",
      "Treat the Arkema and Fluorotherm values as typical, since the pages print them as typical.",
      "Check the current supplier safety data sheet before handling, since none was read here.",
      "The monomer vinylidene fluoride is an extremely flammable, pressurised gas (PubChem H220, H280); this applies to the feedstock, not the polymer."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Moulded parts that need chemical resistance: a specific gravity of 1.76 to 1.78 in the Kynar 1000 Series.",
      "Lithium-ion electrode binder: Kureha grades from 1.1 to 2.5 dl/g inherent viscosity.",
      "Known atomic oxygen behaviour: 1.29e-24 cm3/atom on MISSE 2, measured in low Earth orbit."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Heat under load: the heat deflection temperature is 125 to 140 °C at 0.45 MPa, well below the melting range of 169 to 171 °C.",
      "Stiffness: a tensile yield strength of 45 to 55 MPa is low for a structural metal replacement.",
      "Atomic oxygen erodes PVDF at 1.29e-24 cm3/atom, so exterior use needs protection or a rate allowance.",
      "No outgassing or UV result for PVDF in space was found beyond the erosion yield, and no polymer safety data sheet was read."
    ],
    "verdict": "PVDF is a fluoropolymer with a specific gravity of 1.76 to 1.78 and a melting range of 169 to 171 °C in the Kynar 1000 Series, a binder role in lithium-ion electrodes, and a MISSE 2 erosion yield of 1.29e-24 cm3/atom in low Earth orbit. Arkema reports essentially unchanged tensile strength after 100 Mrad of gamma radiation and resistance to most acids and weak bases. Its heat deflection of 125 to 140 °C at 0.45 MPa limits use under load, and no polymer safety data sheet, UV or outgassing value was found.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "PVDF is a linear chain of repeat units -(CH2-CF2)-, each built from one vinylidene fluoride monomer, C2H2F2 (PubChem CID 6369, molecular weight 64.03). Polymerisation conditions and catalyst were not read from a permitted source in this run.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Backbone of each repeat unit, CH2 and CF2 carbons.",
          "atoms": 2
        },
        {
          "name": "Hydrogen",
          "symbol": "H",
          "role": "Two hydrogens on the CH2 group of each repeat unit.",
          "atoms": 2
        },
        {
          "name": "Fluorine",
          "symbol": "F",
          "role": "Two fluorines on the CF2 group of each repeat unit.",
          "atoms": 2
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The polymer has no classification in the sources read; the monomer does, from PubChem.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Classification",
            "line": "No PVDF polymer safety data sheet was read. PubChem's classification covers the monomer vinylidene fluoride, not the polymer."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "No classification read"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure route in these sources is erosion in orbit, measured on one flight sample.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Atomic oxygen",
            "line": "On MISSE 2 the erosion yield was 1.29e-24 cm3/atom, as listed in NASA TM-2008-215490."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-19",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 23,
    "unreachable": 5,
    "caveats": 6,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-18 and 2026-10-19 from the pages named in each entry, except the erosion yield, which is copied from the MISSE 2 flight passport and verified by hand. Deepened 2026-10-19: radiation, solubility, chemical, flammability, PubChem hazard, USGS fluorspar and Kureha producer values added. Unreachable: Arkema Kynar TDS PDFs (guessed URLs returned HTML), Arkema Kynar product page (404), Solef 1015 datasheet (account required), Syensqo Solef pages (404), Kureha PDF KFpolymer_BD_en (404). The Arkema values are ranges for the 1000 Series; the homopolymer label is inferred from the page tabs. Fluorotherm is a fabricator page, not a manufacturer datasheet. Wikipedia was not used as a value source."
  },
  "sources": {
    "arkema-kynar-physical": {
      "title": "Kynar PVDF Resin, contact physical and mechanical properties, Arkema",
      "id": "Arkema HPP product family page, physical and mechanical properties tables",
      "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/contact-physical-and-mechanical-properties/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "fluorotherm-pvdf": {
      "title": "Fluorotherm, PVDF Properties",
      "id": "Fabricator web page, PVDF properties table",
      "url": "https://www.fluorotherm.com/technical-information/materials-overview/pvdf-properties/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "kureha-battery-binder": {
      "title": "Kureha, Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) KF Polymer, battery material",
      "id": "Kureha battery material page, grade table",
      "url": "https://www.kureha.co.jp/en/business/material/kfpolymer/battery_material.html",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "nasa-tm-2008-215490": {
      "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit",
      "id": "NASA/TM-2008-215490 (Banks, Backus and de Groh, 2008), NTRS 20090011780",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780",
      "year": 2008,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public document"
    },
    "usgs-fluorspar": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Fluorspar",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, fluorspar chapter",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-fluorspar.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US government work"
    },
    "pubchem-vdf": {
      "title": "PubChem: Vinylidene fluoride (CID 6369)",
      "id": "PubChem CID 6369, GHS classification",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6369",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem, public database"
    },
    "arkema-kynar-chemical": {
      "title": "Kynar PVDF, chemical resistance and fuel resistance, Arkema",
      "id": "Arkema HPP Kynar family, chemical resistance page",
      "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/chemical-resistance-fuel-resistance/",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "arkema-kynar-design": {
      "title": "Kynar PVDF, design properties: solubility and irradiation, Arkema",
      "id": "Arkema HPP Kynar family, design properties page",
      "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/design-properties-solubility-irradiation/",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "arkema-kynar-burning": {
      "title": "Kynar PVDF, burning studies, Arkema",
      "id": "Arkema HPP Kynar family, burning studies page",
      "url": "https://hpp.arkema.com/en/product-families/kynar-fluoropolymer-family/burning-studies/",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/pvdf-kynar/"
}