Aluminium alloy 2319 2319

spore: profile
id: aluminium-2319
spore_version: 0.2
family: aluminium-alloys
name: Aluminium alloy 2319
abbreviation: '2319'
role: aluminium-copper welding filler wire for 2219 and other aerospace structures
category: metals
type: aluminium
summary: |
  2319 (AA 2319, UNS A92319, welding filler AWS ER2319) is an aluminium-copper alloy with 5.8 to 6.8 % copper and small additions of manganese, zirconium, titanium and vanadium. It is sold as solid wire and rod for MIG and TIG welding, not as a wrought plate or bar. Its density is 2.84 g/cm3 (AircraftMaterials; Wikipedia gives 2840 kg/m3) and its melting range is 543 to 643 °C. In a 1972 NASA TIG study on 6.35 mm 2219-T87 plate, the all-weld-metal deposit made with 2319 wire printed 269 MN/m2 tensile strength, 117 MN/m2 yield (0.2 % offset) and 18.0 % elongation at 25.6 °C, as welded. A supplier listing gives approximate filler values of 160 MPa tensile, 70 MPa yield and 12 % elongation at 20 °C, without a weld condition. No thermal, electrical or corrosion-test numbers for 2319 itself were found.
best_for: Welding 2219 and other Al-Cu aerospace structures and propellant tankage, where the weld is made with MIG or TIG wire (AircraftMaterials; NASA TM X-64659)
weakest_at: Weld strength. In the 1972 NASA TIG study, welds made with M-934 filler were 7 to 18 percent stronger than 2319 welds at ambient temperature.
identity:
  formula: 'Al-Cu-Mn-Zr-Ti-V alloy, AA 2319 / AWS ER2319 filler: Cu 5.8 to 6.8, Mn 0.20 to 0.40, Zr 0.10 to 0.25, Ti 0.10 to 0.20, V 0.05 to 0.15, Fe max 0.30, Si max 0.20, Zn max 0.10, Mg max 0.02, other elements max 0.15 wt%, Al balance'
  cas: ''
  source: aircraftmaterials-2319-weld
  where: 'Chemical Composition Limits table (Weight%), row 2319: Cu 5.8-6.8, Mn 0.20-0.40, Zr 0.10-0.25, Ti 0.10-0.20, V 0.05-0.15, Fe 0.30 max, Si 0.20 max, Zn 0.10 max, Mg 0.02 max, others 0.15 max. Cross-check: the Wikipedia lead paragraph (wiki-2319) prints the same Cu, Mn, Zr, Ti and V ranges, with Si, Fe, Zn and Mg as maxima.'
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: A92319
      source: aircraftmaterials-2319-weld
      where: Cross-Reference of Specifications, row UNS A 92319
    - system: AA
      code: '2319'
      source: wiki-2319
      where: Infobox title, AA 2319
    - system: AMS
      code: '4191'
      note: Welding wire, aluminium alloy; the page prints AMS 4191D
      source: aircraftmaterials-2319-weld
      where: Cross-Reference of Specifications, row AMS 4191D Aluminium Alloy, Welding Wire, UNS A92319
    - system: ISO
      code: S Al 2319
      note: EN ISO 18273 filler designation
      source: masterweld-2319
      where: 'Standards and designations printed: EN ISO 18273 S Al 2319 (AlCu6MnZrTi)'
    - system: EN name
      code: AlCu6MnZrTi
      note: chemical-name form printed with the EN ISO 18273 filler designation
      source: masterweld-2319
      where: 'Standards and designations printed: EN ISO 18273 S Al 2319 (AlCu6MnZrTi)'
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses:
    - extreme-cold
  applications:
    - structures
    - propulsion-and-tanks
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, 2319 filler (weld properties)
    value: 2.84
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition_in_source: not stated
      unit_in_source: gm/cc
    method: Value printed in the Weld Properties section of the AircraftMaterials datasheet as 2.84 gm/cc, restated in g/cm3 (same number)
    status: ground
    source: aircraftmaterials-2319-weld
    where: Weld Properties section, row Density
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, 2319 (cross-check)
    value: 2840
    unit: kg/m3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition_in_source: not stated
    method: Value printed in the Wikipedia lead paragraph, which cites it to the Aluminum Association Teal Sheets
    status: ground
    source: wiki-2319
    where: Lead paragraph, density statement
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting range, 2319
    value: 543
    value_high: 643
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition_in_source: not stated
    method: Range printed in the Weld Properties section of the AircraftMaterials datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aircraftmaterials-2319-weld
    where: Weld Properties section, row Melting range (543 - 643 °C)
  - benchmark: vickers_hardness
    label: Weld hardness, 2319 filler
    value: 122
    value_high: 153
    bound: range
    unit: HV
    scope: material
    conditions:
      test_load: not stated
      condition_in_source: not stated
    method: Range printed as Hardness range in the Weld Properties section of the AircraftMaterials datasheet; the page prints no test load or weld condition
    status: ground
    source: aircraftmaterials-2319-weld
    where: Weld Properties section, row Hardness range (122 - 153 HV)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength Rp0.2, 2319 filler wire (approximate)
    value: 70
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product: 2319 welding wire (filler)
      temperature: 20 °C
      basis: approximate values
      weld_condition: not stated
    method: Approximate value printed in the physical properties table of the MasterWeld MW-2319 page, at 20 °C; the page does not state the weld condition
    status: ground
    source: masterweld-2319
    where: Physical properties (Approx. values), row 0.2 % yield strength Rp0.2 [MPa]
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength Rm, 2319 filler wire (approximate)
    value: 160
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product: 2319 welding wire (filler)
      temperature: 20 °C
      basis: approximate values
      weld_condition: not stated
    method: Approximate value printed in the physical properties table of the MasterWeld MW-2319 page, at 20 °C; the page does not state the weld condition
    status: ground
    source: masterweld-2319
    where: Physical properties (Approx. values), row Tensile strength Rm [MPa]
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation A5, 2319 filler wire (approximate)
    value: 12
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product: 2319 welding wire (filler)
      temperature: 20 °C
      gauge_length: A5 (Lo = 5d0)
      basis: approximate values
      weld_condition: not stated
    method: Approximate value printed in the physical properties table of the MasterWeld MW-2319 page, at 20 °C
    status: ground
    source: masterweld-2319
    where: Physical properties (Approx. values), row Elongation A5 (Lo=5d0) [%]
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, 2319 all-weld-metal deposit, as welded, 25.6 °C
    value: 269
    unit: MN/m2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product: all-weld-metal deposit of 2319 filler, TIG, 6.35 mm 2219-T87 plate (a weld deposit, not a wrought product)
      temperature: +78 °F (+25.6 °C)
      weld_condition: as welded, no post-weld treatment
      travel_speed: 15.25 cm/min carriage speed
      parent_alloy: 2219-T87
    method: Tensile result printed in NASA TM X-64659, Table VI, for all-weld-metal specimens; it describes the weld deposit made in that test set-up
    status: ground
    source: nasa-tm-x-64659
    where: Table VI (second group, 6.35 mm plate), block Weldments Using 15.25 cm/minute Carriage Speed, row All Weld Metal, No Post Weld Treatment, +78 (+25.6 °C), column UTS, 2319 Filler
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2 % offset, 2319 all-weld-metal deposit, as welded, 25.6 °C
    value: 117
    unit: MN/m2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product: all-weld-metal deposit of 2319 filler, TIG, 6.35 mm 2219-T87 plate (a weld deposit, not a wrought product)
      temperature: +78 °F (+25.6 °C)
      weld_condition: as welded, no post-weld treatment
      travel_speed: 15.25 cm/min carriage speed
      parent_alloy: 2219-T87
      offset: 0.2 percent
    method: Yield result printed in NASA TM X-64659, Table VI, for all-weld-metal specimens (column YS, footnote YS at 0.2 percent offset)
    status: ground
    source: nasa-tm-x-64659
    where: Table VI (second group, 6.35 mm plate), block Weldments Using 15.25 cm/minute Carriage Speed, row All Weld Metal, No Post Weld Treatment, +78 (+25.6 °C), column YS, 2319 Filler
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, 2319 all-weld-metal deposit, as welded, 25.6 °C
    value: 18
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product: all-weld-metal deposit of 2319 filler, TIG, 6.35 mm 2219-T87 plate (a weld deposit, not a wrought product)
      temperature: +78 °F (+25.6 °C)
      weld_condition: as welded, no post-weld treatment
      travel_speed: 15.25 cm/min carriage speed
      parent_alloy: 2219-T87
      gauge_length: not read (the El footnote was not extracted)
    method: Elongation result printed in NASA TM X-64659, Table VI, for all-weld-metal specimens
    status: ground
    source: nasa-tm-x-64659
    where: Table VI (second group, 6.35 mm plate), block Weldments Using 15.25 cm/minute Carriage Speed, row All Weld Metal, No Post Weld Treatment, +78 (+25.6 °C), column El, 2319 Filler
corrosion:
  - environment: 3.5 % NaCl solution, alternate immersion (10 minutes in each hour), up to 90 days or failure, at 75 % of the yield strength applied stress
    headline: The 1972 NASA study reports no significant stress-corrosion penalty for the substitute fillers compared with the 2319 baseline. It gives no 2319 failure count in the text read.
    effect: The specimens were TIG welds of 2219-T87 sheet with 2014 or M-934 filler, compared with 2319 filler welds. The report says no significant deleterious effect came from either substitute filler, and it refers to Tables IX and X for the results. Those tables could not be read reliably from the PDF text layer, so no 2319-specific result is recorded here.
    rating: unknown
    conditions:
      basis: qualitative comparison of weld specimens, not a wrought product
      test: alternate immersion in 3 1/2 percent NaCl, 75 % of yield applied stress, 90 days or until failure
    source: nasa-tm-x-64659
    where: Method paragraph on stress-corrosion tests (alternate immersion in 3 1/2 percent sodium chloride); results paragraph after Table VIII; Tables IX and X not extracted
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: The Hydro safety data sheet for the wrought 2xxx series (revised 2018) lists aluminium (CAS 7429-90-5, 85 to 97 %) with the GHS classes Flam. Sol. 1 H228, Water-react. 2 H261 and a combustible dust class. It lists copper (CAS 7440-50-8, below 6.9 %) with Aquatic Acute 1 H400 and Aquatic Chronic 3 H412. The sheet covers the whole 2xxx family, so these classes are a family-level reading and not a 2319 safety data sheet.
      ghs:
        - H228
        - H261
        - H400
        - H412
      source: hydro-2xxx-sds
      where: Section 2.1 classification and Section 3 composition table, rows Aluminum and Copper
    - text: The same sheet says that inhaling dusts and fumes can cause metal fume fever, that small chips, fine turnings and dust from processing may be toxic to aquatic life, and that metallic dusts may ignite or explode.
      ghs: []
      source: hydro-2xxx-sds
      where: Section 2 text on inhalation, environmental hazards and metallic dust
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Weld strength below the best filler
      trigger: TIG welding of 2219-T87 with 2319 filler, compared with M-934 filler in the 1972 NASA study
      consequence: The study summary says welds with M-934 filler were 7 to 18 percent stronger than 2319 welds in ultimate and yield strength at ambient temperature. In that study 2319 was the baseline, not the strongest filler.
      severity: moderate
      source: nasa-tm-x-64659
      where: Summary, paragraph on strength increase; abstract
    - mode: Low yield margin in as-welded weld metal
      trigger: All-weld-metal deposit with 2319 filler, as welded, with no post-weld treatment
      consequence: At 25.6 °C the printed yield value (117 MN/m2) is about 43 % of the printed tensile value (269 MN/m2). The weld metal therefore has little yield margin, so the weld design must check weld metal, not the parent alloy.
      severity: moderate
      source: nasa-tm-x-64659
      where: Table VI, row All Weld Metal, No Post Weld Treatment, +78 (+25.6 °C), columns UTS and YS, 2319 Filler
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: Keep grinding and machining dust and fines under control. The Hydro sheet says that metallic dust may ignite or explode and that product dust is combustible. It says to avoid breathing dust or fume (P260). For aluminium it prints OSHA PEL 15 mg/m3 total dust and 5 mg/m3 respirable, and NIOSH REL 10 mg/m3 total dust and 5 mg/m3 respirable.
      source: hydro-2xxx-sds
      where: Precautionary statement P260; exposure limits table, row Aluminum (7429-90-5)
    - text: The supplier says the wire is surface cleaned to remove standard metalworking lubricants. Specify the filler (for example, 2319 ER2319 for TIG or MIG) and the form (wire or rod) when ordering.
      source: aircraftmaterials-2319-weld
      where: Product form line, solid wire surface cleaned; product type line
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: structures
    device: Welding filler for 2219 and other Al-Cu aerospace structures (MIG and TIG wire and rods)
    example: AircraftMaterials says 2319 was developed for use with Alloy 2219 in high-strength structural and aircraft applications, and lists it as MIG and TIG welding wire and rods.
    source: aircraftmaterials-2319-weld
    where: Product type and intended use lines
  - application: propulsion-and-tanks
    device: TIG-welded propellant tankage built from 2219 with 2319 filler
    example: NASA TM X-64659 says the TIG process, 2219 base alloy and 2319 filler wire are consistent with fabrication practice for aerospace hardware such as propellant tankage, and that alloy 2219 was the prime structural material for the S-IC propellant tanks.
    source: nasa-tm-x-64659
    where: Summary; Introduction, first paragraphs
supply:
  - subject: Primary aluminium smelter production, 2025 estimate (world)
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 60.8
        year: 2025
      - country: India
        share_percent: 5.7
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.3
        year: 2025
      - country: Canada
        share_percent: 4.5
        year: 2025
      - country: United Arab Emirates
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: 'USGS: in 2025 about 3.6 million tons of aluminum were recovered from purchased scrap in the United States, about 56 % from new scrap and 44 % from old scrap. Old-scrap recovery was equivalent to about 28 % of apparent consumption.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: composites can substitute for aluminum in aircraft fuselages and wings. Copper can replace aluminum in electrical and heat-exchange applications.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-aluminum
    where: 'World Smelter Production and Capacity table, column 2025e: China 45,000, India 4,200, Russia 3,900, Canada 3,300, United Arab Emirates 2,700, world total (rounded) 74,000 thousand t. Shares are calculated from those printed values (for example 45,000 / 74,000 = 60.8 %). Recycling and Substitutes sections.'
  - subject: Copper refinery production, 2025 estimate (world), the main alloying element at 5.8 to 6.8 %
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 48.3
        year: 2025
      - country: Congo (Kinshasa)
        share_percent: 9.7
        year: 2025
      - country: Chile
        share_percent: 5.9
        year: 2025
    critical_lists:
      - list: USGS Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (Federal Register 90 FR 50494, published 7 November 2025; copper added, as printed in the USGS copper summary)
        listed: true
    source: usgs-mcs2026-copper
    where: 'World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, column Refinery production 2025e: China 14,000, Congo (Kinshasa) 2,800, Chile 1,700, world total 29,000 thousand t. Shares are calculated from those values. Critical minerals paragraph in the text before the production table.'
documents:
  - title: 'Wikipedia: 2319 aluminium alloy (lead paragraph, composition, density, AA and UNS designations)'
    type: database
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2319_aluminium_alloy
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Wikipedia: 2219 aluminium alloy (Space Shuttle Standard Weight Tank, base alloy for 2319 filler)'
    type: database
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2219_aluminium_alloy
    year: 2026
  - title: 'AircraftMaterialsUK: Aluminium Welding Alloy 2319 (composition limits, weld properties, cross-reference of specifications)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/weld/2319.html
  - title: 'MasterWeld: MW-2319 AlCu6MnZrTi aluminium welding wire (physical properties, standards)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://aesis-masterweld.dc01.gob2b.com/product-range/Aluminium-Welding-Wires/MW-2319-AlCu6MnZrTi-Aluminium-Welding-Wire
  - title: 'NASA TM X-64659: Improved TIG-Weld Joint Strength in Aluminum Alloy 2219-T87 by Filler Metal Substitution (1972)'
    type: report
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19720017824/downloads/19720017824.pdf
    year: 1972
  - title: 'Hydro Extrusion USA: Safety Data Sheet, Wrought Aluminum Products, 2xxx Series Alloys (revised 08/14/2018)'
    type: sds
    url: https://www.hydro.com/globalassets/01-products--services/extruded-profiles/americas/ena-resources/safety-data-sheets/4-664-2xxx-series.pdf
    year: 2018
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - No thermal conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion or electrical conductivity for alloy 2319 was found on a fetched 2319 page. Wikipedia gives no property table for 2319. Figures for 2219 (Wikipedia 2219 article) and generic 2000-series values in a search snippet were not used, because they are other grades or unnamed.
  - 'No 2319-specific corrosion test data were found. The NASA 1972 stress-corrosion results are qualitative in the text read, and Tables IX and X could not be read from the PDF text layer. The supplier claim of good stress-corrosion resistance (Lincoln Electric Superglaze 2319) was not read: the page returned HTTP 403.'
  - Tensile values for the weld deposit come from one 1972 test set-up (2219-T87 TIG, 6.35 mm plate, 15.25 cm/min). The other 2319 rows in Table VI and Table VIII are weld joints, not the alloy, so they were not entered. Cryogenic rows were also not entered.
  - The MasterWeld approximate tensile values (160 MPa, 70 MPa, 12 %) do not say whether they are as-welded or aged, so they are recorded with weld_condition not stated.
  - The Vickers hardness benchmark (vickers_hardness) is not in spores/property-canon.yaml. The short snake_case name is used, as in the 2017 profile for Brinell hardness.
  - AWS A5.10 ER2319 is printed on two sources, but AWS is not one of the designation systems in the brief, so it is left out of identity.designations. The MSRR 9500/45 and DE71 codes are also left out for the same reason.
  - 'The AMS 4191 specification text (SAE) was not read in full: the SAE pages returned only search snippets, so AMS 4191D is recorded only as printed on the AircraftMaterials cross-reference.'
  - The Wikipedia 2219 article says the Space Shuttle Standard Weight Tank was built from 2219, but it does not name 2319 filler. A search snippet reported 2319 welds in the Shuttle external tank and a repair-cracking problem with 2319 on 2195 welds, but neither was read on a fetched page, so neither is stated in this profile.
  - The hazard classes come from the Hydro SDS for the wrought 2xxx family (copper row below 6.9 %), not a 2319-specific SDS. The PubChem GHS record and an MSDS for ER2319 were not read.
  - The USGS 2026 aluminum summary text read here does not mention a critical-minerals list, so no aluminium critical-list entry is recorded. The copper summary records copper as added to the 2025 US final list of critical minerals.
  - No media (images) were added. The 2017 profile has none either.
sources:
  wiki-2319:
    title: 2319 aluminium alloy (Wikipedia)
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2319_aluminium_alloy
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)
  aircraftmaterials-2319-weld:
    title: 'AircraftMaterialsUK: Aluminium Welding Alloy 2319'
    id: UNS A92319, AMS 4191D, AWS A5.10 ER 2319
    url: https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/weld/2319.html
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)
  masterweld-2319:
    title: MasterWeld MW-2319 AlCu6MnZrTi aluminium welding wire
    id: EN ISO 18273 S Al 2319 (AlCu6MnZrTi), AWS A 5-10 ER 2319
    url: https://aesis-masterweld.dc01.gob2b.com/product-range/Aluminium-Welding-Wires/MW-2319-AlCu6MnZrTi-Aluminium-Welding-Wire
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)
  nasa-tm-x-64659:
    title: 'NASA TM X-64659: Improved TIG-Weld Joint Strength in Aluminum Alloy 2219-T87 by Filler Metal Substitution'
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19720017824/downloads/19720017824.pdf
    year: 1972
    kind: report
    license: US government technical report (public domain)
  hydro-2xxx-sds:
    title: 'Hydro Extrusion USA: Safety Data Sheet, Wrought Aluminum Products, 2xxx Series Alloys (revision 08/14/2018, issued 09/17/2014)'
    url: https://www.hydro.com/globalassets/01-products--services/extruded-profiles/americas/ena-resources/safety-data-sheets/4-664-2xxx-series.pdf
    year: 2018
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)
  wiki-2219:
    title: 2219 aluminium alloy (Wikipedia)
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2219_aluminium_alloy
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)
  usgs-mcs2026-aluminum:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum'
    id: USGS MCS 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-mcs2026-copper:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper'
    id: USGS MCS 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 10
  unreachable: 3
  caveats: 5
  note: 'Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages named in each entry. Blocked or unreachable: Lincoln Electric Superglaze 2319 (HTTP 403), MakeItFrom 2319 (HTTP 403), MasterWeld page returned via a mirror domain. Caveats: the NASA values are all-weld-metal deposits from one 1972 test set-up on 2219-T87 plate, not wrought 2319; the MasterWeld values are approximate and do not state the weld condition; the hazard classes are for the whole 2xxx family; the copper and aluminium shares are calculated from printed tonnages; no thermal or electrical value for 2319 was found.'
story:
  recipe:
    line: 2319 is an Al-Cu-Mn-Zr-Ti-V welding alloy, supplied as solid wire and rod for MIG and TIG welding (AircraftMaterials). Its composition is the standard filler range, not a measured value. The wire is surface cleaned to remove metalworking lubricants (AircraftMaterials).
    parts:
      - name: Aluminium
        symbol: Al
        share: balance (wt%)
        role: The matrix of the filler. Balance of the composition.
      - name: Copper
        symbol: Cu
        share: 5.8 to 6.8 wt%
        role: The main alloying element (Wikipedia; AircraftMaterials). The datasheets call 2319 heat treatable.
      - name: Manganese
        symbol: Mn
        share: 0.20 to 0.40 wt%
        role: Alloying element named in the composition limits.
      - name: Zirconium
        symbol: Zr
        share: 0.10 to 0.25 wt%
        role: Alloying element named in the composition limits (Wikipedia; AircraftMaterials).
      - name: Titanium
        symbol: Ti
        share: 0.10 to 0.20 wt%
        role: Alloying element named in the composition limits.
      - name: Vanadium
        symbol: V
        share: 0.05 to 0.15 wt%
        role: Alloying element named in the composition limits.
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 1
      verdict: Dust and fume warnings
      lead: The Hydro safety data sheet for the 2xxx series gives dust, fume and environmental warnings for processing. No health data for the 2319 filler were found.
      points:
        - label: Welding and machining dust
          line: Metallic dust can ignite or explode, and fumes from welding or machining can cause metal fume fever (Hydro SDS, 2xxx series).
        - label: Environment
          line: Small chips, fine turnings and processing dust may be toxic to aquatic life, and the copper content adds an aquatic hazard class (H400, H412) in the same family-level sheet.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: The failure routes found in the sources are weaker welds with 2319 than with other fillers, and low yield margin in the as-welded weld metal.
      points:
        - label: Welds
          line: In the 1972 NASA TIG study on 2219-T87, welds with M-934 filler were 7 to 18 percent stronger than 2319 welds at ambient temperature.
        - label: Weld metal yield
          line: The as-welded all-weld-metal deposit printed 117 MN/m2 yield against 269 MN/m2 tensile at 25.6 °C.
        - label: Stress corrosion
          line: The 1972 NASA study reports no significant deleterious effect from the substitute fillers in 3.5 % NaCl alternate immersion. No 2319-specific result was recorded.
    - title: Handling and storage
      points:
        - label: Specify the filler and the form
          line: Name the filler (2319 or ER2319) and whether it is wire or rod, because the weld strengths depend on the filler and the welding process.
        - label: Dust control
          line: Keep grinding and machining dust under control, and avoid breathing dust or fume, following the Hydro SDS.
  why: 2319 is the aluminium-copper filler that NASA's 1972 TIG study tested for 2219-T87 welds, and it is listed as the filler for 2219 in aerospace structures. The study describes the TIG process with 2219 base alloy and 2319 filler as consistent with aerospace hardware such as propellant tankage. Wikipedia notes that 2219 was used for the Space Shuttle Standard Weight Tank, but it does not name 2319 for that tank.
  uses:
    - where: Aerospace welds in 2219 and other Al-Cu structures
      line: AircraftMaterials says 2319 was developed for use with Alloy 2219 in high-strength structural and aircraft applications, as MIG and TIG wire and rods.
    - where: TIG-welded propellant tankage
      line: NASA TM X-64659 lists propellant tankage as aerospace hardware built with TIG welding, 2219 base alloy and 2319 filler, and says 2219 was the prime structural material for the S-IC propellant tanks.
  can_do:
    - label: Weld metal strength
      value: 269 MN/m2 tensile (deposit)
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: In the NASA TIG study, the 2319 all-weld-metal deposit printed 269 MN/m2 tensile strength, 117 MN/m2 yield and 18.0 % elongation at 25.6 °C, as welded.
    - label: Filler at room temperature
      value: 160 MPa tensile (approximate)
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: The MasterWeld listing gives approximate values of 160 MPa tensile, 70 MPa yield and 12 % elongation at 20 °C, without a weld condition.
    - label: Weight
      value: 2.84 g/cm3
      benchmark: density
      line: The AircraftMaterials weld properties give a density of 2.84 g/cm3. Wikipedia gives 2840 kg/m3.
  compare: 2319 is a filler, so the sources here compare it with other fillers in welds rather than with other wrought aluminium alloys. The 1972 NASA study found M-934 welds stronger than 2319 welds at ambient temperature, by 7 to 18 percent. The sources read here give no numeric comparison with wrought grades.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Melting range
      benchmark: melting_point
    - label: Tensile strength, weld deposit
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
  handling:
    - Specify the filler (2319 or ER2319) and the form (wire or rod), because weld values depend on the filler and the process.
    - Keep grinding and machining dust and fines under control. Metallic dust can ignite or explode.
    - Compare weld strengths only with the same parent alloy, process and condition. The NASA values are for 2219-T87 TIG welds.
  good_for:
    - Welding 2219 and other Al-Cu aerospace structures, where the sources name 2319 as the filler.
    - Propellant tankage welded by TIG, as described in the NASA 1972 study.
  watch_out:
    - 'Weld strength: in the 1972 NASA study, M-934 filler welds were 7 to 18 percent stronger than 2319 welds at ambient temperature.'
    - 'Weld yield: the as-welded deposit printed 117 MN/m2 yield against 269 MN/m2 tensile.'
    - 'Gaps: no thermal, electrical or 2319-specific corrosion value was found in the sources read.'
    - 'Condition: the approximate filler values (160 MPa, 70 MPa, 12 %) do not state the weld condition.'
  verdict: 2319 is a copper-rich aluminium welding filler for 2219 and other Al-Cu aerospace structures. Its weld values are sound but not the strongest choice in the 1972 NASA study, and the sources here give no thermal, electrical or 2319-specific corrosion data.