Titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6) Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn: titanium with 4.50 to 5.75 wt% aluminium and 2.00 to 3.00 wt% tin (AMS 4910 composition)
Also known as AMS 4910, AMS 4966, AMS 4926
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6) is a near-alpha titanium alloy with 4.50 to 5.75 wt% aluminium and 2.00 to 3.00 wt% tin in the AMS 4910 plate and sheet spec.
Evidence level
2 of 5
Lab-measured
- 0Predicted only. No one has made it, or no measurement exists.
- 1Calculated. Only calculated or predicted values from sources.
- 2Lab-measured. Measured properties with their conditions stated.
- 3Space-relevant tests. Measured in conditions relevant to space, such as vacuum or atomic oxygen.
- 4Ground-qualified. Qualified for an application on the ground.
- 5Flown or field-proven. Flight or field results exist.
Density
4.48 g/cm³
Strength
759 to 1034 MPa
Ductility
10 to 20 %
Elevated temperature
< 480 °C
Recipe, share of the weight
- Ti remainderTitanium
- Al 4.5 to 5.75%Aluminium
- Sn 2 to 3%Tin
- Fe 0.50 wt% maxIron
- O 0.20 wt% maxOxygen
Best for
Welded structure and tank hardware where strength, weldability and stability at elevated temperature matter, as the two supplier pages describe it
Weakest at
Low-temperature toughness: no cryogenic toughness value for this grade was found in the sources read, and NASA says trace beta phase from iron and manganese can be detrimental to very low temperature properties
Risk at a glance
- People None found. Solid alloy not classified as hazardous
- If it fails No data. No failure risks recorded
- Corrosion Low. The supplier claims reliable corrosion resistance in seawater; no corrosion rate is printed.
Quick facts: Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
| Property | Value | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 4.48 to 4.51 g/cm³ | 2 sourced values across conditions |
| Yield strength | 758 to 1,034 MPa | 2 sourced values across conditions |
| Tensile strength | 827 to 1,034 MPa | 2 sourced values across conditions |
| Young's modulus | 103 to 110 GPa | 2 sourced values across conditions |
| Maximum service temperature | 480 °C | 1 sourced value |
What is the density of Titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6)?
Titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6) has a density of 4.48 to 4.51 g/cm³. The range covers 2 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What is the yield strength of Titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6)?
Titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6) has a yield strength of 758 to 1,034 MPa. The range covers 2 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What is the tensile strength of Titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6)?
Titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6) has a tensile strength of 827 to 1,034 MPa. The range covers 2 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What is the Young's modulus of Titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6)?
Titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6) has a Young's modulus of 103 to 110 GPa. The range covers 2 sourced values across the tempers, forms and test conditions the sources report; room-temperature values are used where a source states a temperature.
What is the maximum service temperature of Titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6)?
Titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6) has a maximum service temperature of 480 °C. The source and test conditions are listed in the properties table on this page.
What are the other names and codes for Titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6)?
Titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6) is also written as AMS 4910, AMS 4966, AMS 4926. Each code is printed in the source listed beside it in the designations table.
What is Titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6) used for?
Uses recorded in the sources include Airframe forgings, brackets and fittings; Airframe components, brackets and panels from plate and sheet; Liquid hydrogen tanks and cryogenic containers.
Why it exists
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is a titanium alloy that suppliers sell for aircraft structure, cryogenic tanks and gas turbine parts. Its appeal is the combination of weldability, stable strength at elevated temperature and corrosion resistance, as the AMS 4910 and AMS 4966 suppliers describe it. NASA's 1966 report calls it an alpha alloy, which it describes as essentially all alpha phase, and says heat treatment has little or no effect on its mechanical properties. The sources read do not give cryogenic toughness values for this grade.
Where it's used
Aircraft structure
The AMS 4966 supplier page lists brackets, fittings and airframe forgings. The AMS 4910 page lists airframe components, brackets and panels from plate and sheet.
Liquid hydrogen tanks
The AMS 4910 supplier page lists cryogenic equipment, including liquid hydrogen tanks and cryogenic containers. That is a supplier application list, not a flight record.
Gas turbine casings and rings
The AMS 4910 supplier page lists gas turbine engine casings and rings where strength, stability and heat resistance matter. Wikipedia says the alloy is used in airframes and jet engines.
Recipe
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn: titanium with 4.50 to 5.75 wt% aluminium and 2.00 to 3.00 wt% tin (AMS 4910 composition); AMS 4966 forgings print 4.00 to 6.00 wt% aluminium and 2.00 to 3.00 wt% tin; iron 0.50 wt% max, oxygen 0.20 wt% max, carbon 0.08 wt% max, nitrogen 0.05 wt% max, hydrogen 0.020 wt% max, balance titanium. Nominal composition, no fixed chemical formula.
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is titanium alloyed with about 5% aluminium and 2.5% tin, per Wikipedia. AMS 4910 plate and sheet sets aluminium at 4.50 to 5.75 wt% and tin at 2.00 to 3.00 wt%, with the balance titanium. AMS 4966 forgings set aluminium at 4.00 to 6.00 wt%. The product is melted several times, with the last melt by vacuum arc remelting.
| Ingredient | Share of the weight | What it does |
|---|---|---|
| Titanium Ti | remainder | The base metal; the balance of the alloy by weight. |
| Aluminium Al | 4.5 to 5.75% | Main alloying element with tin in this near-alpha alloy. |
| Tin Sn | 2 to 3% | Neutral alloying element, as the Wikipedia definition of alpha alloys names tin. |
| Iron Fe | 0.50 wt% max | Impurity. NASA says iron and manganese impurities stabilise a small amount of beta phase. |
| Oxygen O | 0.20 wt% max | Interstitial impurity; the standard grade allows up to this level. |
Weight shares are as printed in the sources.
What it can do
Density
4.48 g/cm³
measured
Annealed AMS 4910 plate and sheet have a density of 4.48 g/cm³. Annealed AMS 4966 forgings have a density of 4.51 g/cm³.
Strength
759 to 1034 MPa
measured
Annealed AMS 4910 plate and sheet have a 0.2% offset yield strength of 759 to 1034 MPa and a tensile strength of 828 to 1034 MPa. Annealed AMS 4966 forgings have a minimum yield strength of 758 MPa and a minimum tensile strength of 827 MPa.
Ductility
10 to 20 %
measured
Elongation is 10% to 20% in AMS 4910 plate and sheet, measured in 4D. AMS 4966 forgings have a minimum of 10%.
Elevated temperature
< 480 °C
measured
The AMS 4966 supplier page says strength is retained well up to about 480 °C. That is a supplier statement with no test method printed.
How it compares
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is an alpha alloy. NASA's 1966 report classes it as an alpha alloy and Ti-6Al-4V as an alpha-beta alloy, so the Ti-6Al-4V family carries beta-phase content that this alloy does not. The sources read here give no strength or density values for Ti-6Al-4V, so this profile does not compare numbers across the two grades. The table compares this grade's own properties.
The same measurements for each material, so you can compare them. Each row names the key condition under the value; the full conditions and methods are in the numbered notes under Technical details. Other materials are shown beside it; each was measured under its own conditions, so open its page before comparing closely. Compare every grade in the family.
| Measurement | Ti-5Al-2.5Sn | CP Ti Grade 2 | Ti-6Al-4V | Ti-6Al-4V ELI | Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9) | TiAl | Beta 3 | Ti Grade 11 | Ti Gr 12 | CP Ti Grade 3 | CP Ti Grade 7 | Ti minor alloys |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical and electrical | ||||||||||||
| Density, annealed plate and sheet | 4.48 g/cm³1 | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.43 g/cm³ | 4.42 g/cm³ | 4.48 g/cm³ | 3.8 g/cm³ | 5.07 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.54 g/cm³ |
| Density, annealed forgings | 4.51 g/cm³2 | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.43 g/cm³ | 4.42 g/cm³ | 4.48 g/cm³ | 3.8 g/cm³ | 5.07 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.51 g/cm³ | 4.54 g/cm³ |
| Other measurements | ||||||||||||
| Tensile strength, annealed plate and sheet | 828 to 1034 MPa3 | > 345 MPa | no data | 828 MPa | > 620 MPa | 422 MPa | 1000 MPa | > 240 MPa | > 483 MPa | > 450 MPa | > 345 MPa | < 175 ksi |
| Tensile strength, annealed forgings (minimum) | > 827 MPa4 | > 345 MPa | no data | 828 MPa | > 620 MPa | 422 MPa | 1000 MPa | > 240 MPa | > 483 MPa | > 450 MPa | > 345 MPa | < 175 ksi |
| Yield strength, annealed plate and sheet | 759 to 1034 MPa5 | > 275 MPa | 830 MPa | 759 MPa | > 483 MPa | 326 MPa | 965 MPa | > 138 MPa | > 345 MPa | > 380 MPa | > 275 MPa | < 186 ksi |
| Yield strength, annealed forgings (minimum) | > 758 MPa6 | > 275 MPa | 830 MPa | 759 MPa | > 483 MPa | 326 MPa | 965 MPa | > 138 MPa | > 345 MPa | > 380 MPa | > 275 MPa | < 186 ksi |
| Elongation, annealed plate and sheet | 10 to 20 %7 | > 20 % | 10 % | 10 % | > 15 % | 1.7 % | 7 % | > 24 % | > 18 % | > 18 % | > 20 % | < 10 % |
| Elongation, annealed forgings (minimum) | > 10 %8 | > 20 % | 10 % | 10 % | > 15 % | 1.7 % | 7 % | > 24 % | > 18 % | > 18 % | > 20 % | < 10 % |
| Reduction of area, annealed plate and sheet | 20 to 30 %9 | > 35 % | no data | 41.5 % | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | > 35 % | > 30 % | no data |
| Reduction of area, annealed forgings (minimum) | > 20 %10 | > 35 % | no data | 41.5 % | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | > 35 % | > 30 % | no data |
| Modulus of elasticity, annealed plate and sheet | 110 GPa11 | 103 GPa | 113.8 GPa | 107 to 122 GPa | 91 GPa | 168 GPa | 82 GPa | 112 GPa | 103 GPa | 103 GPa | 112 GPa | 15000 ksi |
| Modulus of elasticity, annealed forgings | 103 GPa12 | 103 GPa | 113.8 GPa | 107 to 122 GPa | 91 GPa | 168 GPa | 82 GPa | 112 GPa | 103 GPa | 103 GPa | 112 GPa | 15000 ksi |
| Poisson's ratio, annealed forgings | 0.34 -13 | no data | 0.342 dimensionless | no data | 0.3 - | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data |
| Elevated-temperature strength retention (supplier statement) | < 480 °C14 | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | 288 °C | 540 °C | 600 °F | no data | < 540 °C | no data |
| Alpha to beta transus | 1875 degF15 | 913 °C | 995 °C | 966 °C | no data | no data | 750 °C | 888 °C | 890 °C | 1690 °F | no data | 800 °C |
Why choose it, and why not
Good for
- Welded structure and parts that must keep strength at moderately elevated temperature, as the AMS 4910 and AMS 4966 suppliers describe them. No test data are printed with that claim.
- Cryogenic tanks where weldability and ductility are wanted. NASA supports the low-interstitial version for very low temperatures.
Watch out for
- Low-temperature toughness is not measured in any source read. The cryogenic claims are supplier statements.
- The standard grade allows up to 0.20 wt% oxygen and 0.50 wt% iron. The ELI version is a different grade with tighter limits.
- Strength depends on the product form and spec. Plate and sheet (AMS 4910) and forgings (AMS 4966) print different minimums.
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is a documented, weldable alpha alloy with supplier-stated cryogenic and corrosion performance. This profile holds no cryogenic toughness or corrosion-rate values, so those claims rest on supplier statements.
Technical details
For scientists and researchers. Everything above comes from the record below: every number with its method, its conditions and its source.
Other names and standards
The same grade under other systems, as datasheets and standards print them. Each code was checked against the page it comes from.
| System | Codes |
|---|---|
| AMS | 4910 (sheet, strip and plate, annealed), 4966 (forgings, annealed), 4926 (bars and rings, same alloy, listed as a related product) |
Notes
The method, full conditions and any caveat for the numbered rows above.
| # | Measurement | Method | Conditions | Caveat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Density, annealed plate and sheet | Value printed in the Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition) table of the supplier's AMS 4910 page | form plate and sheet, annealed (AMS 4910)unit as printed g/cm^3 | — |
| 2 | Density, annealed forgings | Value printed in the Technical Specifications table of the supplier's AMS 4966 page | form forgings, annealed (AMS 4966)unit as printed g/cm³ | — |
| 3 | Tensile strength, annealed plate and sheet | Range printed in the Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition) table of the supplier's AMS 4910 page | form plate and sheet, annealed (AMS 4910)printed 828 to 1034 MPa (120,000 to 150,000 psi) | — |
| 4 | Tensile strength, annealed forgings (minimum) | Minimum printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the supplier's AMS 4966 page | form forgings, annealed (AMS 4966)printed 120 ksi (827 MPa) minimum | — |
| 5 | Yield strength, annealed plate and sheet | Range printed in the Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition) table of the supplier's AMS 4910 page | form plate and sheet, annealed (AMS 4910)test 0.2% offsetprinted 759 to 1034 MPa (110,000 to 150,000 psi) | — |
| 6 | Yield strength, annealed forgings (minimum) | Minimum printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the supplier's AMS 4966 page | form forgings, annealed (AMS 4966)test not stated on the pageprinted 110 ksi (758 MPa) minimum | — |
| 7 | Elongation, annealed plate and sheet | Range printed in the Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition) table of the supplier's AMS 4910 page | form plate and sheet, annealed (AMS 4910)basis in 4D | — |
| 8 | Elongation, annealed forgings (minimum) | Minimum printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the supplier's AMS 4966 page | form forgings, annealed (AMS 4966)printed 10% minimum | — |
| 9 | Reduction of area, annealed plate and sheet | Range printed in the Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition) table of the supplier's AMS 4910 page | form plate and sheet, annealed (AMS 4910) | — |
| 10 | Reduction of area, annealed forgings (minimum) | Minimum printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the supplier's AMS 4966 page | form forgings, annealed (AMS 4966)printed 20% minimum | — |
| 11 | Modulus of elasticity, annealed plate and sheet | Value printed in the Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition) table of the supplier's AMS 4910 page | form plate and sheet, annealed (AMS 4910)printed About 110 GPa | Printed with 'About', so it is a typical figure and not a limit. |
| 12 | Modulus of elasticity, annealed forgings | Value printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the supplier's AMS 4966 page | form forgings, annealed (AMS 4966)printed 103 GPa | — |
| 13 | Poisson's ratio, annealed forgings | Value printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the supplier's AMS 4966 page | form forgings, annealed (AMS 4966) | — |
| 14 | Elevated-temperature strength retention (supplier statement) | Supplier Features list; no test method, exposure time or strength value is printed with it | form forgings (AMS 4966)basis supplier wording: good strength retention and stability up to approximately 480°C / 896°F | — |
| 15 | Alpha to beta transus | Stated in the alpha alloy section of NASA Technical Memorandum X-53445 (1966) | basis printed as 'about 1875 F' in NASA's text for Ti-5Al-2.5Sncomposition Ti-5Al-2.5Sn | beta_transus is not in property-canon.yaml; it is a short snake_case name. |
Corrosion and compatibility
What happens when it meets other materials and environments.
| Environment | Concern | What happens |
|---|---|---|
| Seawater and aggressive industrial environments (supplier claim) | low | The supplier claims reliable corrosion resistance in seawater; no corrosion rate is printed.1 |
| Seawater, chloride solutions and acids (supplier claim) | low | The forging supplier claims strong corrosion resistance; no corrosion rate is printed.2 |
| # | Environment | Details | Test conditions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Seawater and aggressive industrial environments (supplier claim) | The AMS 4910 supplier page lists reliable corrosion resistance in seawater and aggressive industrial environments as a feature. No test, exposure time or corrosion rate is printed with it. | basis qualitative supplier claim, not a test resultform plate and sheet, annealed (AMS 4910) |
| 2 | Seawater, chloride solutions and acids (supplier claim) | The AMS 4966 supplier page lists strong corrosion resistance in seawater, chloride solutions, acids and other demanding environments as a feature. No test data are printed with it. | basis qualitative supplier claim, not a test resultform forgings, annealed (AMS 4966) |
Risks and side effects
Hazards to people, what happens when a cell overheats, and how the material is handled and stored.
For people
The PubChem record for titanium is Not Classified under GHS. Titanium powder is a different case.
- Solid alloy
- PubChem reports titanium as Not Classified under GHS, from 606 of 808 company reports. The record covers the element, not this alloy grade.
- Powder
- PubChem says dry titanium powder can be easily ignited and burns with an intense flame. That applies to powder, not to plate, sheet, forgings or bar.
Low-temperature use
NASA's 1966 report does not test this grade at low temperature.
- Trace beta phase
- NASA says a small amount of beta phase, stabilised by iron and manganese impurities, can be detrimental to very low temperature properties. The ELI grade has lower iron and manganese.
- Not covered
- No cryogenic toughness data for Ti-5Al-2.5Sn were found in the sources read.
Test details
The original wording and numbers from the sources, for readers who want them.
Failure risks
| Failure | Trigger and consequence |
|---|---|
| Lower room-temperature ductility after heating into the beta field | Heating into the beta field without subsequent working in the alpha fieldNASA says this causes lower ductility at room temperature, with little effect on tensile strength properties. |
| Loss of very low temperature properties from trace beta phase | Trace beta phase stabilised by iron and manganese impuritiesNASA says this small amount of beta phase can be detrimental to very low temperature properties. A low interstitial (ELI) grade with lower iron and manganese content can be used for those applications. |
Handling and storage
- Stress relief: NASA says stress-relief annealing is 'normally conducted in the 1000 to 1200 F temperature range for 1/4 to 1 hour followed by air cooling'.
- Melting practice for the AMS 4910 product: multiple melts, the first by vacuum consumable electrode, non-consumable electrode, electron beam cold hearth or plasma arc cold hearth practice, and later melts by vacuum arc remelting (VAR). Alloy additions are not permitted in the final VAR melt.
Mitigations
- For very low temperature service, NASA says the ELI grade with lower iron and manganese can be used. The ELI grade is a different grade and is not profiled here.
Supply and geography
How common the raw materials are and where they come from.
Titanium sponge metal (feedstock for mill products)
- Top producers (2025)
- China 70.3%, Japan 14.3%, Russia 6.8%, Kazakhstan 4.3%, Saudi Arabia 3.2%
- Critical mineral lists
- US: listed, EU: listed
- Recycling
- USGS: consumption data for titanium scrap metal for the titanium metal industry were withheld, because survey responses were limited.
- Substitutes
- USGS: few materials possess titanium metal's strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance; aluminum, nickel, specialty steels and zirconium alloys may be substituted where corrosion resistance is required.
Titanium (crustal abundance)
5,650 ppm in the Earth's crust (USGS Professional Paper 1802-A, Table A1, citing Jefferson Science Associates, 2014)
Documents
Datasheets, safety data sheets, papers and standards you can open.
Full record
The complete spore, as stored. Free to reuse under CC-BY-4.0. Images keep the licence shown with each one.
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spore: profile
id: titanium-5al-2-5sn
spore_version: 0.2
family: titanium-alloys
name: Titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6)
abbreviation: Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
role: structural alloy
category: metals
type: titanium
summary: Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6) is a near-alpha titanium alloy with 4.50 to 5.75 wt% aluminium and 2.00 to 3.00 wt% tin in the AMS 4910 plate and sheet spec. Annealed AMS 4910 plate and sheet have a density of 4.48 g/cm^3 and a tensile strength of 828 to 1034 MPa, per the Golden Sunbird Metals supplier page. The sources read give no cryogenic toughness value for this grade.
best_for: Welded structure and tank hardware where strength, weldability and stability at elevated temperature matter, as the two supplier pages describe it
weakest_at: 'Low-temperature toughness: no cryogenic toughness value for this grade was found in the sources read, and NASA says trace beta phase from iron and manganese can be detrimental to very low temperature properties'
identity:
formula: 'Ti-5Al-2.5Sn: titanium with 4.50 to 5.75 wt% aluminium and 2.00 to 3.00 wt% tin (AMS 4910 composition); AMS 4966 forgings print 4.00 to 6.00 wt% aluminium and 2.00 to 3.00 wt% tin; iron 0.50 wt% max, oxygen 0.20 wt% max, carbon 0.08 wt% max, nitrogen 0.05 wt% max, hydrogen 0.020 wt% max, balance titanium. Nominal composition, no fixed chemical formula.'
source: ams4910
where: 'Chemical Composition (wt.%) table of AMS 4910 plate and sheet; aluminium range for AMS 4966 from its Chemical Composition table; Wikipedia Titanium alloy, Grade 6 entry: ''Contains 5% aluminium and 2.5% tin.'''
designations:
- system: AMS
code: '4910'
note: sheet, strip and plate, annealed
source: ams4910
where: 'Technical Specifications, Standard row: AMS4910 Ti5Al2.5Sn Titanium Alloy, Sheet, Strip, And Plate 5Al-2.5Sn Annealed'
- system: AMS
code: '4966'
note: forgings, annealed
source: ams4966
where: 'Technical Specifications, Standard row: AMS4966 Ti5Al2.5Sn Titanium Alloy Forgings Annealed'
- system: AMS
code: '4926'
note: bars and rings, same alloy, listed as a related product
source: ams4966
where: 'Related Products list: AMS4926 Ti5Al2.5Sn Titanium Alloy Bars and Rings'
tags:
environments: []
stresses:
- extreme-cold
applications:
- structures
- cryogenic-fuel
- propulsion-and-tanks
properties:
- benchmark: density
label: Density, annealed plate and sheet
value: 4.48
unit: g/cm3
scope: material
conditions:
form: plate and sheet, annealed (AMS 4910)
unit_as_printed: g/cm^3
method: Value printed in the Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition) table of the supplier's AMS 4910 page
status: ground
source: ams4910
where: 'Mechanical Properties table, Density row (also Technical Specifications, Density row: 4.48g/cm³)'
- benchmark: density
label: Density, annealed forgings
value: 4.51
unit: g/cm3
scope: material
conditions:
form: forgings, annealed (AMS 4966)
unit_as_printed: g/cm³
method: Value printed in the Technical Specifications table of the supplier's AMS 4966 page
status: ground
source: ams4966
where: Technical Specifications table, Density row (4.51g/cm³)
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength, annealed plate and sheet
value: 828
value_high: 1034
bound: range
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
form: plate and sheet, annealed (AMS 4910)
printed: 828 to 1034 MPa (120,000 to 150,000 psi)
method: Range printed in the Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition) table of the supplier's AMS 4910 page
status: ground
source: ams4910
where: Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength row
- benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
label: Tensile strength, annealed forgings (minimum)
value: 827
bound: lower
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
form: forgings, annealed (AMS 4966)
printed: 120 ksi (827 MPa) minimum
method: Minimum printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the supplier's AMS 4966 page
status: ground
source: ams4966
where: Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength row
- benchmark: yield_strength
label: Yield strength, annealed plate and sheet
value: 759
value_high: 1034
bound: range
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
form: plate and sheet, annealed (AMS 4910)
test: 0.2% offset
printed: 759 to 1034 MPa (110,000 to 150,000 psi)
method: Range printed in the Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition) table of the supplier's AMS 4910 page
status: ground
source: ams4910
where: Mechanical Properties table, Yield Strength (0.2% Offset) row
- benchmark: yield_strength
label: Yield strength, annealed forgings (minimum)
value: 758
bound: lower
unit: MPa
scope: material
conditions:
form: forgings, annealed (AMS 4966)
test: not stated on the page
printed: 110 ksi (758 MPa) minimum
method: Minimum printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the supplier's AMS 4966 page
status: ground
source: ams4966
where: Mechanical Properties table, Yield Strength row
- benchmark: elongation
label: Elongation, annealed plate and sheet
value: 10
value_high: 20
bound: range
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
form: plate and sheet, annealed (AMS 4910)
basis: in 4D
method: Range printed in the Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition) table of the supplier's AMS 4910 page
status: ground
source: ams4910
where: Mechanical Properties table, Elongation (in 4D) row
- benchmark: elongation
label: Elongation, annealed forgings (minimum)
value: 10
bound: lower
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
form: forgings, annealed (AMS 4966)
printed: 10% minimum
method: Minimum printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the supplier's AMS 4966 page
status: ground
source: ams4966
where: Mechanical Properties table, Elongation row
- benchmark: reduction_of_area
label: Reduction of area, annealed plate and sheet
value: 20
value_high: 30
bound: range
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
form: plate and sheet, annealed (AMS 4910)
method: Range printed in the Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition) table of the supplier's AMS 4910 page
status: ground
source: ams4910
where: Mechanical Properties table, Reduction of Area row
- benchmark: reduction_of_area
label: Reduction of area, annealed forgings (minimum)
value: 20
bound: lower
unit: '%'
scope: material
conditions:
form: forgings, annealed (AMS 4966)
printed: 20% minimum
method: Minimum printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the supplier's AMS 4966 page
status: ground
source: ams4966
where: Mechanical Properties table, Reduction of Area row
- benchmark: elastic_modulus
label: Modulus of elasticity, annealed plate and sheet
value: 110
unit: GPa
scope: material
conditions:
form: plate and sheet, annealed (AMS 4910)
printed: About 110 GPa
method: Value printed in the Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition) table of the supplier's AMS 4910 page
status: ground
note: Printed with 'About', so it is a typical figure and not a limit.
source: ams4910
where: Mechanical Properties table, Modulus of Elasticity row
- benchmark: elastic_modulus
label: Modulus of elasticity, annealed forgings
value: 103
unit: GPa
scope: material
conditions:
form: forgings, annealed (AMS 4966)
printed: 103 GPa
method: Value printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the supplier's AMS 4966 page
status: ground
source: ams4966
where: Mechanical Properties table, Modulus of Elasticity row
- benchmark: poissons_ratio
label: Poisson's ratio, annealed forgings
value: 0.34
unit: '-'
scope: material
conditions:
form: forgings, annealed (AMS 4966)
method: Value printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the supplier's AMS 4966 page
status: ground
source: ams4966
where: Mechanical Properties table, Poisson's Ratio row
- benchmark: max_service_temp
label: Elevated-temperature strength retention (supplier statement)
value: 480
bound: upper
unit: °C
scope: material
conditions:
form: forgings (AMS 4966)
basis: 'supplier wording: good strength retention and stability up to approximately 480°C / 896°F'
method: Supplier Features list; no test method, exposure time or strength value is printed with it
status: ground
source: ams4966
where: Features list, elevated-temperature bullet
- benchmark: beta_transus
label: Alpha to beta transus
value: 1875
unit: degF
scope: material
conditions:
basis: printed as 'about 1875 F' in NASA's text for Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
composition: Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
method: Stated in the alpha alloy section of NASA Technical Memorandum X-53445 (1966)
status: ground
note: beta_transus is not in property-canon.yaml; it is a short snake_case name.
source: nasa-tmx53445
where: Alpha Alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn section, Structure paragraph
corrosion:
- environment: Seawater and aggressive industrial environments (supplier claim)
headline: The supplier claims reliable corrosion resistance in seawater; no corrosion rate is printed.
effect: The AMS 4910 supplier page lists reliable corrosion resistance in seawater and aggressive industrial environments as a feature. No test, exposure time or corrosion rate is printed with it.
rating: low
conditions:
basis: qualitative supplier claim, not a test result
form: plate and sheet, annealed (AMS 4910)
source: ams4910
where: Features list
- environment: Seawater, chloride solutions and acids (supplier claim)
headline: The forging supplier claims strong corrosion resistance; no corrosion rate is printed.
effect: The AMS 4966 supplier page lists strong corrosion resistance in seawater, chloride solutions, acids and other demanding environments as a feature. No test data are printed with it.
rating: low
conditions:
basis: qualitative supplier claim, not a test result
form: forgings, annealed (AMS 4966)
source: ams4966
where: Features list
risks:
hazards:
- text: PubChem records titanium (CID 23963) as Not Classified under GHS, reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 606 of 808 companies. That record covers the element titanium, not this alloy grade.
ghs: []
source: pubchem-ti
where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification
- text: PubChem's physical description of dry titanium powder says it can be easily ignited and burns with an intense flame, and that very fine powder may be ignited by sparks. That describes the powder, not the plate, sheet, forgings or bar in this profile.
ghs: []
source: pubchem-ti
where: Physical Description entry in the PubChem record for titanium
failure_risks:
- mode: Lower room-temperature ductility after heating into the beta field
trigger: Heating into the beta field without subsequent working in the alpha field
consequence: NASA says this causes lower ductility at room temperature, with little effect on tensile strength properties.
source: nasa-tmx53445
where: Alpha Alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn section, annealing paragraph, and Table III discussion
- mode: Loss of very low temperature properties from trace beta phase
trigger: Trace beta phase stabilised by iron and manganese impurities
consequence: NASA says this small amount of beta phase can be detrimental to very low temperature properties. A low interstitial (ELI) grade with lower iron and manganese content can be used for those applications.
source: nasa-tmx53445
where: Alpha Alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn section, Structure paragraph
side_effects: []
handling:
- text: 'Stress relief: NASA says stress-relief annealing is ''normally conducted in the 1000 to 1200 F temperature range for 1/4 to 1 hour followed by air cooling''.'
source: nasa-tmx53445
where: Alpha Alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn section, Stress-Relief Annealing paragraph
- text: 'Melting practice for the AMS 4910 product: multiple melts, the first by vacuum consumable electrode, non-consumable electrode, electron beam cold hearth or plasma arc cold hearth practice, and later melts by vacuum arc remelting (VAR). Alloy additions are not permitted in the final VAR melt.'
source: ams4910
where: Technical Specifications, Melting Practice row
mitigations:
- text: For very low temperature service, NASA says the ELI grade with lower iron and manganese can be used. The ELI grade is a different grade and is not profiled here.
source: nasa-tmx53445
where: Alpha Alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn section, Structure paragraph
uses:
- application: structures
device: Airframe forgings, brackets and fittings
example: The AMS 4966 supplier page lists aircraft structural components such as brackets, fittings and airframe forgings.
source: ams4966
where: Applications list
- application: structures
device: Airframe components, brackets and panels from plate and sheet
example: The AMS 4910 supplier page lists aerospace structural parts such as airframe components, brackets, panels and load-bearing fabricated parts.
source: ams4910
where: Applications list
- application: cryogenic-fuel
device: Liquid hydrogen tanks and cryogenic containers
example: The AMS 4910 supplier page lists cryogenic equipment including liquid hydrogen tanks and cryogenic containers. This is a supplier application list, not a flight record.
source: ams4910
where: Applications list
- application: propulsion-and-tanks
device: Gas turbine engine casings and rings
example: The AMS 4910 supplier page lists gas turbine engine casings and rings where strength, stability and heat resistance are important.
source: ams4910
where: Applications list
supply:
- subject: Titanium sponge metal (feedstock for mill products)
producers:
- country: China
share_percent: 70.3
year: 2025
- country: Japan
share_percent: 14.3
year: 2025
- country: Russia
share_percent: 6.8
year: 2025
- country: Kazakhstan
share_percent: 4.3
year: 2025
- country: Saudi Arabia
share_percent: 3.2
year: 2025
critical_lists:
- list: USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals (titanium entry)
listed: true
- list: EU critical raw materials list (Titanium metal entry, Regulation (EU) 2024/1252)
listed: true
recycling: 'USGS: consumption data for titanium scrap metal for the titanium metal industry were withheld, because survey responses were limited.'
substitutes:
- 'USGS: few materials possess titanium metal''s strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance; aluminum, nickel, specialty steels and zirconium alloys may be substituted where corrosion resistance is required.'
source: usgs-mcs2026-titanium
where: 'World Sponge Metal Production table, 2025 column (China 260,000 t; Japan 53,000 t; Russia 25,000 t; Kazakhstan 16,000 t; Saudi Arabia 12,000 t; world total rounded 370,000 t). Shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the 370,000 t rounded total; USGS does not print them. Critical lists: USGS and European Commission pages (see sources).'
- subject: Titanium (crustal abundance)
abundance: 5,650 ppm in the Earth's crust (USGS Professional Paper 1802-A, Table A1, citing Jefferson Science Associates, 2014)
source: usgs-pp1802a
where: Table A1, Crustal abundances of mineral commodities (elements)
media: []
documents:
- title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide (USGS, February 2026)'
type: report
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
year: 2026
- title: AMS4910 Ti5Al2.5Sn titanium alloy plate and sheet, supplier page (Golden Sunbird Metals)
type: datasheet
url: https://gsalloy.com/?p=1252
- title: AMS4966 Ti5Al2.5Sn titanium alloy forgings, supplier page (Golden Sunbird Metals)
type: datasheet
url: https://gsalloy.com/?p=1272
- title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification and physical description'
type: database
url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963
year: 2025
- title: 'NASA Technical Memorandum X-53445: Heat Treatment of Titanium and Titanium Alloys (1966)'
type: report
url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19660015720
year: 1966
gaps:
- No UNS number is printed for this grade on any source read; the supplier pages list AMS numbers only.
- The ELI version (printed as Ti5Al2.5Sn ELI and AMS 4924 on the AMS 4966 page's related products list) is a different grade and is not profiled. Its toughness at liquid-hydrogen temperature was not found in any source read.
- No cryogenic tensile, yield or fracture toughness value for this grade was found. The 1966 NASA report contains no low-temperature test data for this alloy.
- NASA heritage in cryogenic propellant tanks and use in liquid hydrogen turbopumps (planning notes) are not shown by any source read.
- Thermal conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion and melting range were not found; the supplier pages state that these are not given.
- Fatigue, creep and room-temperature fracture toughness were not found in the sources read. The hardness limit printed on the AMS 4966 page is not profiled as a benchmark.
- 'Corrosion: no measured corrosion rate, exposure test or seawater data were found; both corrosion entries are supplier claims.'
- Hazard data cover titanium in general (PubChem) and titanium powder. No safety data sheet for the solid alloy was read.
- Aluminium, tin and iron supply shares and an aluminium or tin mine-production table were not read in this run.
- The Grade 6 datasheet from MatWeb, linked from the Wikipedia article, could not be opened because the site showed a bot check.
- No flight, vacuum or space-exposure data for this alloy were found.
- reduction_of_area is not in property-canon.yaml; it is a short snake_case name.
sources:
ams4910:
title: AMS4910 Ti5Al2.5Sn Titanium Alloy Plate and Sheet (supplier page, Golden Sunbird Metals)
id: AMS 4910, annealed plate, sheet and strip
url: https://gsalloy.com/?p=1252
kind: web
license: supplier web page, linked not reproduced
ams4966:
title: AMS4966 Ti5Al2.5Sn Titanium Alloy Forgings (supplier page, Golden Sunbird Metals)
id: AMS 4966, annealed forgings
url: https://gsalloy.com/?p=1272
kind: web
license: supplier web page, linked not reproduced
usgs-mcs2026-titanium:
title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide'
id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
year: 2026
kind: report
license: public domain (USGS)
usgs-pp1802a:
title: 'Critical Mineral Resources of the United States: An Introduction (Professional Paper 1802-A), Table A1, crustal abundances'
id: USGS PP 1802-A
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/a/pp1802a.pdf
year: 2017
kind: report
license: public domain (USGS)
usgs-crit2025:
title: About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals (USGS)
id: Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals
url: https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals
year: 2025
kind: web
license: public domain (USGS)
ec-crm:
title: Critical raw materials (European Commission, list under Regulation (EU) 2024/1252)
id: Regulation (EU) 2024/1252
url: https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/raw-materials/areas-specific-interest/critical-raw-materials_en
year: 2024
kind: web
license: European Commission web page
pubchem-ti:
title: PubChem compound record, Titanium (CID 23963)
id: CID 23963
url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963
year: 2025
kind: database
license: public domain (NCBI)
wiki-ti-alloy:
title: Titanium alloy (Wikipedia), Grade 6 entry
url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy
kind: web
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
nasa-tmx53445:
title: Heat Treatment of Titanium and Titanium Alloys (NASA Technical Memorandum X-53445, F. F. Schmidt and R. A. Wood)
id: NASA TM X-53445; NTRS 19660015720
url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19660015720
year: 1966
kind: report
license: public domain (NASA)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-11-01'
review:
status: draft
method: assistant
checked_values: 15
unreachable: 1
caveats: 0
note: 'Read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01: values copied from the two supplier AMS pages and the NASA report as printed. The MatWeb Grade 6 datasheet could not be opened (bot check). No cryogenic data found.'
story:
why: Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is a titanium alloy that suppliers sell for aircraft structure, cryogenic tanks and gas turbine parts. Its appeal is the combination of weldability, stable strength at elevated temperature and corrosion resistance, as the AMS 4910 and AMS 4966 suppliers describe it. NASA's 1966 report calls it an alpha alloy, which it describes as essentially all alpha phase, and says heat treatment has little or no effect on its mechanical properties. The sources read do not give cryogenic toughness values for this grade.
uses:
- where: Aircraft structure
line: The AMS 4966 supplier page lists brackets, fittings and airframe forgings. The AMS 4910 page lists airframe components, brackets and panels from plate and sheet.
- where: Liquid hydrogen tanks
line: The AMS 4910 supplier page lists cryogenic equipment, including liquid hydrogen tanks and cryogenic containers. That is a supplier application list, not a flight record.
- where: Gas turbine casings and rings
line: The AMS 4910 supplier page lists gas turbine engine casings and rings where strength, stability and heat resistance matter. Wikipedia says the alloy is used in airframes and jet engines.
can_do:
- label: Density
benchmark: density
line: Annealed AMS 4910 plate and sheet have a density of 4.48 g/cm³. Annealed AMS 4966 forgings have a density of 4.51 g/cm³.
- label: Strength
benchmark: yield_strength
line: Annealed AMS 4910 plate and sheet have a 0.2% offset yield strength of 759 to 1034 MPa and a tensile strength of 828 to 1034 MPa. Annealed AMS 4966 forgings have a minimum yield strength of 758 MPa and a minimum tensile strength of 827 MPa.
- label: Ductility
benchmark: elongation
line: Elongation is 10% to 20% in AMS 4910 plate and sheet, measured in 4D. AMS 4966 forgings have a minimum of 10%.
- label: Elevated temperature
benchmark: max_service_temp
line: The AMS 4966 supplier page says strength is retained well up to about 480 °C. That is a supplier statement with no test method printed.
compare: Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is an alpha alloy. NASA's 1966 report classes it as an alpha alloy and Ti-6Al-4V as an alpha-beta alloy, so the Ti-6Al-4V family carries beta-phase content that this alloy does not. The sources read here give no strength or density values for Ti-6Al-4V, so this profile does not compare numbers across the two grades. The table compares this grade's own properties.
compare_rows:
- label: Density
benchmark: density
- label: Yield strength
benchmark: yield_strength
- label: Elongation
benchmark: elongation
handling:
- 'Stress relief: NASA says stress-relief annealing is normally done at 1000 to 1200 F for 1/4 to 1 hour, followed by air cooling.'
- 'Melting: the AMS 4910 product is melted several times, with the last melt by vacuum arc remelting, and no alloy additions are made in that final melt.'
- If toughness at very low temperature matters, NASA says the ELI grade, with lower iron and manganese, is the one to use. This profile does not cover the ELI grade.
good_for:
- Welded structure and parts that must keep strength at moderately elevated temperature, as the AMS 4910 and AMS 4966 suppliers describe them. No test data are printed with that claim.
- Cryogenic tanks where weldability and ductility are wanted. NASA supports the low-interstitial version for very low temperatures.
watch_out:
- Low-temperature toughness is not measured in any source read. The cryogenic claims are supplier statements.
- The standard grade allows up to 0.20 wt% oxygen and 0.50 wt% iron. The ELI version is a different grade with tighter limits.
- Strength depends on the product form and spec. Plate and sheet (AMS 4910) and forgings (AMS 4966) print different minimums.
verdict: Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is a documented, weldable alpha alloy with supplier-stated cryogenic and corrosion performance. This profile holds no cryogenic toughness or corrosion-rate values, so those claims rest on supplier statements.
recipe:
line: Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is titanium alloyed with about 5% aluminium and 2.5% tin, per Wikipedia. AMS 4910 plate and sheet sets aluminium at 4.50 to 5.75 wt% and tin at 2.00 to 3.00 wt%, with the balance titanium. AMS 4966 forgings set aluminium at 4.00 to 6.00 wt%. The product is melted several times, with the last melt by vacuum arc remelting.
parts:
- name: Titanium
symbol: Ti
role: The base metal; the balance of the alloy by weight.
share_note: remainder
- name: Aluminium
symbol: Al
role: Main alloying element with tin in this near-alpha alloy.
share_percent: 4.5
share_high: 5.75
source: ams4910
where: Chemical Composition table, Aluminum row
- name: Tin
symbol: Sn
role: Neutral alloying element, as the Wikipedia definition of alpha alloys names tin.
share_percent: 2
share_high: 3
source: ams4910
where: Chemical Composition table, Tin row
- name: Iron
symbol: Fe
role: Impurity. NASA says iron and manganese impurities stabilise a small amount of beta phase.
share_note: 0.50 wt% max
source: ams4910
where: Chemical Composition table, Iron row
- name: Oxygen
symbol: O
role: Interstitial impurity; the standard grade allows up to this level.
share_note: 0.20 wt% max
source: ams4910
where: Chemical Composition table, Oxygen row
risk_groups:
- title: For people
level: 0
verdict: Solid alloy not classified as hazardous
lead: The PubChem record for titanium is Not Classified under GHS. Titanium powder is a different case.
points:
- label: Solid alloy
line: PubChem reports titanium as Not Classified under GHS, from 606 of 808 company reports. The record covers the element, not this alloy grade.
- label: Powder
line: PubChem says dry titanium powder can be easily ignited and burns with an intense flame. That applies to powder, not to plate, sheet, forgings or bar.
- title: Low-temperature use
lead: NASA's 1966 report does not test this grade at low temperature.
gap: No cryogenic toughness data for Ti-5Al-2.5Sn were found in the sources read.
points:
- label: Trace beta phase
line: NASA says a small amount of beta phase, stabilised by iron and manganese impurities, can be detrimental to very low temperature properties. The ELI grade has lower iron and manganese.
References
Every number above carries a reference number. Click one to see the source and where in it the value comes from.
| # | Source | Type | Year | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMS4910 Ti5Al2.5Sn Titanium Alloy Plate and Sheet (supplier page, Golden Sunbird Metals) | web | 12 values | ||
| AMS4966 Ti5Al2.5Sn Titanium Alloy Forgings (supplier page, Golden Sunbird Metals) | web | 10 values | ||
| Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide | report | 2026 | 1 value | |
| Critical Mineral Resources of the United States: An Introduction (Professional Paper 1802-A), Table A1, crustal abundances | report | 2017 | 1 value | |
| About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals (USGS) | web | 2025 | 0 values | |
| Critical raw materials (European Commission, list under Regulation (EU) 2024/1252) | web | 2024 | 0 values | |
| PubChem compound record, Titanium (CID 23963) | database | 2025 | 2 values | |
| Titanium alloy (Wikipedia), Grade 6 entry | web | 0 values | ||
| Heat Treatment of Titanium and Titanium Alloys (NASA Technical Memorandum X-53445, F. F. Schmidt and R. A. Wood) | report | 1966 | 5 values |
Updated