Beryllium copper C17300 (leaded) BeCu C17300

spore: profile
id: beryllium-copper-c17300
spore_version: 0.2
family: copper-alloys
name: Beryllium copper C17300 (leaded)
abbreviation: BeCu C17300
role: high-strength conductive alloy with added lead for machining
category: metals
type: copper-alloys
summary: |
  C17300 is a leaded copper-beryllium alloy with nominal 1.9 % beryllium and 0.4 % lead, sold to machine more easily than plain beryllium copper. Aviva Metals gives a density of 8.25 g/cm3 at 20 C and an electrical conductivity of 22 %IACS, and its strength depends on temper: its TB00 wire yields at 193 MPa and its TH04 wire at 1344 MPa. Airborne beryllium is a serious inhalation hazard, and OSHA sets the 8-hour limit at 0.2 μg/m3 of beryllium in air.
best_for: Springs, contacts and wear parts that need high strength with good conductivity, once beryllium exposure is controlled
weakest_at: 'Health: airborne beryllium is a serious inhalation hazard (OSHA). Strength also depends strongly on temper, from 193 MPa yield in TB00 wire to 1344 MPa in TH04 wire'
identity:
  formula: 'Cu-Be-Pb alloy: nominal 97.7 % Cu, 1.9 % Be and 0.4 % Pb (Aviva Metals); UNS C17300'
  source: aviva-c17300
  where: Chemical Composition table, Nominal column (Cu 97.7, Be 1.90, Pb .40); ranges Be 1.8 - 2.00 and Pb .20 - .6 (Aviva Metals). SAMaterials prints Be 1.8-2.0 and Pb 0.20-0.6.
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: C17300
      source: samaterials-c17300
      where: Specifications section, Grade and UNS No. C17300
    - system: CDA
      code: '173'
      source: aviva-c17300
      where: 'Page title: C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173)'
    - system: EN name
      code: CW102C
      source: aviva-c17300
      where: 'International Specifications line: EN CW102C'
    - system: EN
      code: '2.1248'
      source: aviva-c17300
      where: 'International Specifications line: DIN 2.1248'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B196
      note: bar and rod
      source: aviva-c17300
      where: 'International Specifications line: ASTM B196 (Bar and Rod)'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B197
      note: wire
      source: aviva-c17300
      where: 'International Specifications line: ASTM B197 (Wire)'
    - system: Trade name
      code: CuBe2Pb
      source: aviva-c17300
      where: 'International Specifications line: CuBe2Pb'
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - electronics-and-chips
    - mechanisms
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, C17300 leaded beryllium copper
    value: 8.25
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C17300 leaded beryllium copper
      temperature: 20 C
      unit_in_source: gm/cm3 (0.298 lb/in3 at 68 F)
    method: Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aviva-c17300
    where: Physical Properties table, Density row
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting point, solidus
    value: 866
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C17300 leaded beryllium copper
      unit_in_source: C (1590 F printed beside it)
      pressure: not stated
    method: Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aviva-c17300
    where: Physical Properties table, Melting Point, Solidus row
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting point, liquidus
    value: 982
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C17300 leaded beryllium copper
      unit_in_source: C (1800 F printed beside it)
      pressure: not stated
    method: Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aviva-c17300
    where: Physical Properties table, Melting Point, Liquidus row
  - benchmark: electrical_conductivity
    label: Electrical conductivity, C17300
    value: 22
    unit: '%IACS'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C17300 leaded beryllium copper
      temperature: 68 F (20 C)
      temper: not stated on the page
    method: Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet; IACS is the International Annealed Copper Standard reference
    status: ground
    source: aviva-c17300
    where: Physical Properties table, Electrical Conductivity row
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity, C17300
    value: 7.68
    unit: microhm-cm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C17300 leaded beryllium copper
      temperature: 20 C
      unit_in_source: microhm-cm (46.20 ohms-cmil/ft at 68 F)
    method: Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet
    status: ground
    note: SAMaterials prints the same 7.68 microhm-cm at 20 C on its product page.
    source: aviva-c17300
    where: Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity at 20 C, C17300
    value: 107.3
    unit: W/m·K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C17300 leaded beryllium copper
      temperature: 20 C
      unit_in_source: W/m · oK (62 Btu ft/(hr ft2 oF) at 68 F)
    method: Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet; SAMaterials prints the same figure as 107.3 W/m·K at 20 C, marked as theoretical data for reference
    status: ground
    source: aviva-c17300
    where: Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity in tension, C17300
    value: 128000
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C17300 leaded beryllium copper
      temperature: 20 C
      unit_in_source: 18500 ksi
    method: Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aviva-c17300
    where: Physical Properties table, Modulus of Elasticity in Tension row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity, C17300 (range)
    value: 125
    value_high: 130
    bound: range
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C17300
      temper: not stated on the page
    method: Range printed in the mechanical properties section of an online materials reference
    status: ground
    source: azom-c17300
    where: Mechanical Properties section, Modulus of Elasticity row
  - benchmark: poissons_ratio
    label: Poisson's ratio, C17300
    value: 0.3
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C17300
      temper: not stated on the page
    method: Value printed in the mechanical properties section of an online materials reference
    status: ground
    source: azom-c17300
    where: Mechanical Properties section, Poisson's Ratio row
  - benchmark: shear_modulus
    label: Shear modulus, C17300
    value: 50
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C17300
      temper: not stated on the page
      unit_in_source: 7250 ksi
    method: Value printed in the mechanical properties section of an online materials reference
    status: ground
    source: azom-c17300
    where: Mechanical Properties section, Shear Modulus row
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat capacity at 293 K, C17300
    value: 377.1
    unit: J/(kg·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C17300 leaded beryllium copper
      temperature: 293 K
      unit_in_source: J/kg · oK (0.090 Btu/lb/oF at 68 F)
    method: Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aviva-c17300
    where: Physical Properties table, Specific Heat Capacity row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, wire, TB00 temper
    value: 193
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product: wire
      temper: TB00 as printed (the page does not define the temper)
      temperature: 68 F (20 C)
      basis: TYP. (typical) value in the mechanical properties table
      unit_in_source: 28 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in a supplier technical datasheet, not a guaranteed minimum
    status: ground
    note: Same wire row gives 469 MPa tensile strength and 35 % elongation for TB00, so this is the softest temper on the page.
    source: aviva-c17300
    where: Mechanical Properties table, wire row TB00, column YS 0.02% Offset
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, wire, TH04 temper
    value: 1344
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product: wire
      temper: TH04 as printed (the page does not define the temper)
      temperature: 68 F (20 C)
      basis: TYP. (typical) value in the mechanical properties table
      unit_in_source: 195 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in a supplier technical datasheet, not a guaranteed minimum
    status: ground
    source: aviva-c17300
    where: Mechanical Properties table, wire row TH04 (cold work 0.0), column YS 0.02% Offset
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, C17300 (range, temper not stated)
    value: 275
    value_high: 345
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C17300
      temper: not stated on the page
      unit_in_source: 39900 - 50000 psi
    method: Range printed in the mechanical properties section of an online materials reference
    status: ground
    source: azom-c17300
    where: Mechanical Properties section, Tensile strength yield row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, wire, TB00 temper
    value: 469
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product: wire
      temper: TB00 as printed (the page does not define the temper)
      temperature: 68 F (20 C)
      basis: TYP. (typical) value in the mechanical properties table
      unit_in_source: 68 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in a supplier technical datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aviva-c17300
    where: Mechanical Properties table, wire row TB00, column Tensile Strength
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, wire, TH04 temper
    value: 1462
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product: wire
      temper: TH04 as printed (the page does not define the temper)
      temperature: 68 F (20 C)
      basis: TYP. (typical) value in the mechanical properties table
      unit_in_source: 212 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in a supplier technical datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aviva-c17300
    where: Mechanical Properties table, wire row TH04 (cold work 0.0), column Tensile Strength
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, C17300 (range, temper not stated)
    value: 515
    value_high: 585
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C17300
      temper: not stated on the page
      unit_in_source: 74700 - 84800 psi
    method: Range printed in the mechanical properties section of an online materials reference
    status: ground
    source: azom-c17300
    where: Mechanical Properties section, Tensile strength ultimate row
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, wire, TB00 temper
    value: 35
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product: wire
      temper: TB00 as printed (the page does not define the temper)
      basis: TYP. (typical) value in the mechanical properties table
    method: Typical value printed in a supplier technical datasheet
    status: ground
    source: aviva-c17300
    where: Mechanical Properties table, wire row TB00, column Elongation
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation at break, C17300 (range, temper not stated)
    value: 15
    value_high: 30
    bound: range
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C17300
      temper: not stated on the page
    method: Range printed in the mechanical properties section of an online materials reference
    status: ground
    source: azom-c17300
    where: Mechanical Properties section, Elongation at Break row
corrosion:
  - environment: General service in air (qualitative, no rate)
    headline: Good corrosion resistance is claimed for C17300, but no corrosion rate is printed.
    effect: SAMaterials lists good corrosion resistance among the key characteristics of this alloy in its FAQ. The page prints no corrosion rate, exposure time, environment or test standard.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: supplier FAQ statement; no test data on the page
    source: samaterials-c17300
    where: FAQs, question 2
  - environment: Age hardening (heat treatment)
    headline: Toughness and corrosion resistance depend on the ageing schedule.
    effect: Aviva Metals says that toughness, fatigue strength and corrosion resistance can be modified by under-ageing or over-ageing, and that the age-hardening response depends on time, temperature and cold work. No corrosion rate is printed.
    rating: unknown
    conditions:
      basis: supplier introduction text; no numbers given for corrosion
    source: aviva-c17300
    where: Introduction, age-hardening paragraph
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: 'OSHA 8-hour limit: the employer must ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of beryllium in excess of 0.2 μg/m3 calculated as an 8-hour TWA.'
      ghs: []
      source: osha-1910-1024
      where: Paragraph (c)(1) of 29 CFR 1910.1024
    - text: 'OSHA short-term limit: the employer must ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of beryllium in excess of 2.0 μg/m3 as determined over a sampling period of 15 minutes.'
      ghs: []
      source: osha-1910-1024
      where: Paragraph (c)(2) of 29 CFR 1910.1024
    - text: OSHA says individuals who become sensitized and later inhale airborne beryllium are at risk of developing a debilitating disease of the lungs called chronic beryllium disease (CBD).
      ghs: []
      source: osha-beryllium
      where: Topic page, health effects paragraph
    - text: NIOSH Pocket Guide gives the OSHA PEL for beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be) as TWA 0.0002 mg/m3 and STEL 0.002 mg/m3 (15 minutes), and lists the substance as a potential occupational carcinogen (Ca).
      ghs: []
      source: niosh-npg-beryllium
      where: Exposure limits section, OSHA PEL row; NIOSH REL row shows Ca
    - text: 'NIOSH Pocket Guide health effects for beryllium: berylliosis (chronic exposure) with anorexia, weight loss, lassitude, chest pain, cough, clubbing of fingers, cyanosis and pulmonary insufficiency; irritation of the eyes; and dermatitis.'
      ghs: []
      source: niosh-npg-beryllium
      where: Health effects (Symptoms) line
    - text: 'NIOSH IDLH page: the revised IDLH for beryllium compounds is 4 mg Be/m3, based on 2,000 times the OSHA PEL of 0.002 mg Be/m3 that the page cites; the page points to the Pocket Guide for current limits.'
      ghs: []
      source: niosh-idlh-beryllium
      where: IDLH line and basis paragraph
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Lower strength than the design needs, from the wrong temper
      trigger: Using a soft wire temper (TB00) where a hardened temper (TH04) is specified
      consequence: Aviva Metals prints typical yield strength of 193 MPa for TB00 wire and 1344 MPa for TH04 wire, so the temper choice changes the strength a lot.
      severity: moderate
      source: aviva-c17300
      where: Mechanical Properties table, wire rows TB00 and TH04
    - mode: Worker exposure to airborne beryllium
      trigger: Melting, machining or grinding that releases airborne beryllium
      consequence: OSHA says individuals who become sensitized and inhale airborne beryllium are at risk of chronic beryllium disease.
      severity: high
      source: osha-beryllium
      where: Topic page, health effects paragraph
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: 'Control beryllium dust and fume: OSHA limits airborne beryllium to 0.2 μg/m3 as an 8-hour TWA and to 2.0 μg/m3 over 15 minutes.'
      source: osha-1910-1024
      where: Paragraphs (c)(1) and (c)(2) of 29 CFR 1910.1024
    - text: 'Specify the temper: Aviva Metals says the age-hardening response depends on time, temperature and cold work, and the typical strengths on this page are for named tempers only.'
      source: aviva-c17300
      where: Introduction, age-hardening paragraph; Mechanical Properties table
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: electronics-and-chips
    device: Electrical contact bridges, switch and relay blades, and electric motor components
    example: Aviva Metals lists contact bridges, electrical switch and relay blades, electric motor components and navigational instruments as typical uses of C17300.
    source: aviva-c17300
    where: Typical Uses for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper, Electrical list
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Fasteners, bushings, spline shafts and valves
    example: Aviva Metals lists washers, screws, bolts, retaining rings, roll pins, lock washers, spline shafts, pump parts, valves, flexible metal hose and bushings as typical uses.
    source: aviva-c17300
    where: Typical Uses for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper, Fasteners and Industrial lists
supply:
  - subject: Beryllium (beryllium content, USGS)
    abundance: 'USGS: world identified beryllium resources are more than 100,000 tons, and about 60% of them are in the United States.'
    producers:
      - country: United States
        share_percent: 53.5
        year: 2025
      - country: Brazil
        share_percent: 18.6
        year: 2025
      - country: China
        share_percent: 17.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Nigeria
        share_percent: 9.3
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: 'USGS: recycling may account for as much as 20% to 25% of total beryllium consumption.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: copper alloys containing nickel and silicon, tin, titanium or other alloying elements, or phosphor bronze alloys, may be substituted for beryllium-copper alloys, but these substitutions can result in substantially reduced performance.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-beryllium
    where: 'World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (metric tons of beryllium content): United States 230, Brazil 80, China 77, Nigeria 40, world total 430. Shares calculated by Space Mushroom as the printed tonnage over the 430 world total (230/430, 80/430, 77/430, 40/430). Recycling and Substitutes sections.'
documents:
  - title: Aviva Metals technical datasheet, C17300 leaded beryllium copper (CDA 173)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper
  - title: SAMaterials product page, beryllium copper wire C17300 (catalog CU5979)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://samaterials.com/cm5979-beryllium-copper-wire-c17300.html
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Beryllium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-beryllium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 29 CFR 1910.1024, Beryllium (OSHA standard)
    type: standard
    url: https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1024
  - title: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be)
    type: database
    url: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0054.html
  - title: NIOSH IDLH, Beryllium compounds (as Be)
    type: database
    url: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7440417.html
gaps:
  - No ASTM B196 or Materion specification table was opened for C17300, so the temper-by-temper strengths come from one supplier's typical (TYP.) table, and the tempers TB00 and TH04 are printed without definition. The AZoM range has no temper at all.
  - 'Lead content conflicts across sources: Aviva Metals and SAMaterials both list Pb 0.20 to 0.6, but the AZoM composition table lists Co 0.40 and prints no lead. Both are recorded in the identity and recipe, and the conflict is not resolved.'
  - AZoM gives machinability as 20 % in its mechanical table and 50 % in its fabrication text, so neither is recorded.
  - AZoM's introduction gives a tensile strength of 1380 MPa, which does not match its own table range of 515 to 585 MPa, so the introduction figure is not recorded.
  - No measured corrosion rate, salt spray, seawater or atmospheric test result was found for C17300. Wikipedia says C17200 resists seawater, but that is a different grade, so it is not used as a rating for C17300.
  - No NASA outgassing, atomic-oxygen, cold-welding or radiation data for C17300 was found.
  - Electrical conductivity is not in the canonical property list; the snake_case name electrical_conductivity is used for the %IACS value.
  - The U.S. critical minerals list status for beryllium was not printed in the USGS text read, so critical_lists is empty.
  - 'Fatigue strength, hardness by temper and magnetic permeability were not recorded: the pages read give hardness only for other grades or not at all.'
  - No Materion or other manufacturer datasheet for C17300 was opened; a search for one returned only distributor pages and a Materion page for C17000 (Alloy 165), which is a different grade.
  - PubChem GHS classification for beryllium could not be read in this run (the PubChem page returned a browser check), so the hazard entries rest on the OSHA and NIOSH pages and carry no GHS H-codes.
  - The NIOSH IDLH page cites an OSHA PEL of 0.002 mg Be/m3 and a 1994 IDLH basis, while the OSHA 8-hour limit in 29 CFR 1910.1024 is 0.2 μg/m3; both are recorded and the IDLH page is not used as a current exposure limit.
sources:
  aviva-c17300:
    title: Technical data for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173), Aviva Metals
    id: CDA 173; CuBe2Pb; EN CW102C; DIN 2.1248; ASTM B196 and B197
    url: https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)
  samaterials-c17300:
    title: Beryllium Copper Wire C17300 product page, SAMaterials (catalog CU5979)
    id: UNS C17300; ASTM B196
    url: https://samaterials.com/cm5979-beryllium-copper-wire-c17300.html
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)
  azom-c17300:
    title: Beryllium Copper UNS C17300, AZoM article 6327
    url: https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6327
    kind: web
    license: Online materials reference (cited, not reproduced)
  usgs-mcs2026-beryllium:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Beryllium (USGS)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-beryllium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  osha-1910-1024:
    title: 29 CFR 1910.1024, Beryllium (OSHA standard)
    url: https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1024
    kind: standard
    license: public domain (US federal regulation)
  osha-beryllium:
    title: Beryllium, OSHA topic page
    url: https://www.osha.gov/beryllium
    kind: web
    license: public domain (US federal agency)
  niosh-npg-beryllium:
    title: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Beryllium & beryllium compounds (as Be)
    id: CAS 7440-41-7 (metal); RTECS DS1750000
    url: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0054.html
    kind: handbook
    license: public domain (US federal agency)
  niosh-idlh-beryllium:
    title: NIOSH IDLH documentation, Beryllium compounds (as Be)
    id: CAS 7440-41-7
    url: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7440417.html
    kind: database
    license: public domain (US federal agency)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-11-01'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 19
  unreachable: 0
  caveats: 4
  note: 'Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the pages named in each entry. Caveats: the temper names TB00 and TH04 are printed without definition; the strengths are typical (TYP.) values from one supplier; the AZoM composition table disagrees with the other two sources on lead; supply shares are calculated from printed USGS tonnages.'
story:
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      lead: Airborne beryllium is a serious inhalation hazard. OSHA sets airborne limits for beryllium; the sources here address airborne exposure, not the solid alloy.
      level: 3
      verdict: Beryllium dust and fume hazard
      points:
        - label: Airborne limit
          line: OSHA's 8-hour limit is 0.2 μg/m3 of beryllium in air, and its short-term limit is 2.0 μg/m3 over 15 minutes.
        - label: Chronic disease
          line: OSHA says people who become sensitized and inhale airborne beryllium are at risk of chronic beryllium disease.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: The sources name temper and heat as the main variables. No measured corrosion rate for this grade was found.
      level: 1
      verdict: Strength depends on temper
      points:
        - label: Wrong temper
          line: Aviva Metals prints a typical yield strength of 193 MPa for TB00 wire and 1344 MPa for TH04 wire, so picking the wrong temper changes the strength a lot.
        - label: Corrosion
          line: Aviva Metals says toughness and corrosion resistance can be modified by under-ageing or over-ageing, and prints no corrosion rate.
    - title: Handling and storage
      points:
        - label: Dust control
          line: Keep worker exposure to airborne beryllium within OSHA's 0.2 μg/m3 eight-hour limit.
        - label: Temper
          line: Specify the temper on the order, since the datasheet gives typical strengths only for the named tempers.
  why: 'C17300 is a copper-beryllium alloy with nominal 1.9 % beryllium and 0.4 % lead. The lead is there to make the alloy machine more easily, according to the Aviva Metals datasheet. The datasheet gives an electrical conductivity of 22 %IACS and a density of 8.25 g/cm3 at 20 C. Its strength depends on temper: the typical yield strength is 193 MPa for TB00 wire and 1344 MPa for TH04 wire. Airborne beryllium is a serious hazard, and OSHA sets exposure limits for it.'
  uses:
    - where: Electrical contacts
      line: Aviva Metals lists contact bridges, electrical switch and relay blades, electric motor components and navigational instruments as typical uses of C17300.
    - where: Fasteners and mechanisms
      line: The same datasheet lists washers, screws, bolts, retaining rings, roll pins, spline shafts, pump parts, valves and bushings as typical uses.
  can_do:
    - label: Carry current
      line: The electrical conductivity is 22 %IACS at 68 F (20 C) on the Aviva Metals datasheet.
      benchmark: electrical_conductivity
    - label: Carry heat
      line: The thermal conductivity is 107.3 W/m·K at 20 C on the same datasheet.
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    - label: Weight
      line: The density is 8.25 gm/cm3 at 20 C on the Aviva Metals datasheet.
      benchmark: density
    - label: Strength range by temper
      value: 193 MPa to 1344 MPa yield
      line: Typical yield strength is 193 MPa in TB00 wire and 1344 MPa in TH04 wire, as printed by Aviva Metals.
    - label: Elongation in the soft temper
      value: 35 % in TB00 wire
      line: Typical elongation is 35 % in TB00 wire, with a tensile strength of 469 MPa.
  compare: Within this grade the spread is large. The typical yield strength on the Aviva Metals table runs from 193 MPa in TB00 wire to 1344 MPa in TH04 wire, while the AZoM range for C17300 with no temper stated is 275 to 345 MPa. The Aviva Metals and SAMaterials pages agree on the 7.68 microhm-cm resistivity and the 107.3 W/m·K conductivity, but they do not print the same strength data, so the rows below use the Aviva Metals values.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Thermal conductivity
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    - label: Elastic modulus
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
  handling:
    - Specify the temper, because the strength runs from 193 MPa to 1344 MPa yield in the typical values printed for the named tempers.
    - 'Control beryllium dust and fume: OSHA''s limit is 0.2 μg/m3 as an 8-hour TWA.'
    - Control airborne beryllium, since OSHA says sensitized people who inhale it are at risk of chronic beryllium disease.
  good_for:
    - Springs, contacts and wear parts that need strength and conductivity, where beryllium exposure is controlled.
    - Machined parts, because the lead addition is there to improve machinability (Aviva Metals).
  watch_out:
    - 'Airborne beryllium: OSHA sets a 2.0 μg/m3 limit over 15 minutes as well as the 0.2 μg/m3 eight-hour limit.'
    - 'The lead content is not agreed between sources: the AZoM composition table prints no lead.'
    - No measured corrosion rate was found, so the corrosion rating is only a supplier statement.
  verdict: C17300 is a leaded copper-beryllium alloy that trades some conductivity for machinability, with 22 %IACS and a typical yield strength that runs from 193 MPa to 1344 MPa depending on temper. The beryllium hazard is serious, and this profile has no measured corrosion or space data for this grade.
  recipe:
    line: C17300 is a copper-beryllium alloy with nominal 1.9 % beryllium and 0.4 % lead, age-hardened to raise strength (Aviva Metals). The supplier says its strength response depends on time, temperature and cold work.
    parts:
      - name: Copper
        symbol: Cu
        role: Matrix, the balance of the alloy
        share_percent: 97.7
        share_note: nominal; the datasheet prints Rem. (balance) for the range
        source: aviva-c17300
        where: Chemical Composition table, Nominal column, row Cu
      - name: Beryllium
        symbol: Be
        role: Age-hardening element
        share_percent: 1.9
        share_note: nominal; range 1.8 - 2.00
        source: aviva-c17300
        where: Chemical Composition table, Nominal column, row Be
      - name: Lead
        symbol: Pb
        role: Machinability additive
        share_percent: 0.4
        share_note: nominal; range .20 - .6
        source: aviva-c17300
        where: Chemical Composition table, Nominal column, row Pb
      - name: Cobalt, aluminium and silicon
        role: Minor additions
        share_note: Co 0.20 minimum; Al and Si 0.20 maximum
        source: aviva-c17300
        where: Chemical Composition table, rows Co, Al and Si