{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "beryllium-copper-c17300",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "copper-alloys",
  "name": "Beryllium copper C17300 (leaded)",
  "abbreviation": "BeCu C17300",
  "role": "high-strength conductive alloy with added lead for machining",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "copper-alloys",
  "summary": "C17300 is a leaded copper-beryllium alloy with nominal 1.9 % beryllium and 0.4 % lead, sold to machine more easily than plain beryllium copper. Aviva Metals gives a density of 8.25 g/cm3 at 20 C and an electrical conductivity of 22 %IACS, and its strength depends on temper: its TB00 wire yields at 193 MPa and its TH04 wire at 1344 MPa. Airborne beryllium is a serious inhalation hazard, and OSHA sets the 8-hour limit at 0.2 μg/m3 of beryllium in air.\n",
  "best_for": "Springs, contacts and wear parts that need high strength with good conductivity, once beryllium exposure is controlled",
  "weakest_at": "Health: airborne beryllium is a serious inhalation hazard (OSHA). Strength also depends strongly on temper, from 193 MPa yield in TB00 wire to 1344 MPa in TH04 wire",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Cu-Be-Pb alloy: nominal 97.7 % Cu, 1.9 % Be and 0.4 % Pb (Aviva Metals); UNS C17300",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "C17300",
        "source": "samaterials-c17300",
        "where": "Specifications section, Grade and UNS No. C17300"
      },
      {
        "system": "CDA",
        "code": "173",
        "source": "aviva-c17300",
        "where": "Page title: C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173)"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "CW102C",
        "source": "aviva-c17300",
        "where": "International Specifications line: EN CW102C"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "2.1248",
        "source": "aviva-c17300",
        "where": "International Specifications line: DIN 2.1248"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B196",
        "note": "bar and rod",
        "source": "aviva-c17300",
        "where": "International Specifications line: ASTM B196 (Bar and Rod)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B197",
        "note": "wire",
        "source": "aviva-c17300",
        "where": "International Specifications line: ASTM B197 (Wire)"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "CuBe2Pb",
        "source": "aviva-c17300",
        "where": "International Specifications line: CuBe2Pb"
      }
    ],
    "source": "aviva-c17300",
    "where": "Chemical Composition table, Nominal column (Cu 97.7, Be 1.90, Pb .40); ranges Be 1.8 - 2.00 and Pb .20 - .6 (Aviva Metals). SAMaterials prints Be 1.8-2.0 and Pb 0.20-0.6."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips",
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, C17300 leaded beryllium copper",
      "value": 8.25,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17300 leaded beryllium copper",
        "temperature": "20 C",
        "unit_in_source": "gm/cm3 (0.298 lb/in3 at 68 F)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aviva-c17300",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Technical data for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173), Aviva Metals",
        "id": "CDA 173; CuBe2Pb; EN CW102C; DIN 2.1248; ASTM B196 and B197",
        "url": "https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, solidus",
      "value": 866,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17300 leaded beryllium copper",
        "unit_in_source": "C (1590 F printed beside it)",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aviva-c17300",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Melting Point, Solidus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Technical data for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173), Aviva Metals",
        "id": "CDA 173; CuBe2Pb; EN CW102C; DIN 2.1248; ASTM B196 and B197",
        "url": "https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, liquidus",
      "value": 982,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17300 leaded beryllium copper",
        "unit_in_source": "C (1800 F printed beside it)",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aviva-c17300",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Melting Point, Liquidus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Technical data for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173), Aviva Metals",
        "id": "CDA 173; CuBe2Pb; EN CW102C; DIN 2.1248; ASTM B196 and B197",
        "url": "https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity, C17300",
      "value": 22,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17300 leaded beryllium copper",
        "temperature": "68 F (20 C)",
        "temper": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet; IACS is the International Annealed Copper Standard reference",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aviva-c17300",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Electrical Conductivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Technical data for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173), Aviva Metals",
        "id": "CDA 173; CuBe2Pb; EN CW102C; DIN 2.1248; ASTM B196 and B197",
        "url": "https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity, C17300",
      "value": 7.68,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "microhm-cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17300 leaded beryllium copper",
        "temperature": "20 C",
        "unit_in_source": "microhm-cm (46.20 ohms-cmil/ft at 68 F)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "SAMaterials prints the same 7.68 microhm-cm at 20 C on its product page.",
      "source": "aviva-c17300",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Technical data for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173), Aviva Metals",
        "id": "CDA 173; CuBe2Pb; EN CW102C; DIN 2.1248; ASTM B196 and B197",
        "url": "https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 C, C17300",
      "value": 107.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m·K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17300 leaded beryllium copper",
        "temperature": "20 C",
        "unit_in_source": "W/m · oK (62 Btu ft/(hr ft2 oF) at 68 F)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet; SAMaterials prints the same figure as 107.3 W/m·K at 20 C, marked as theoretical data for reference",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aviva-c17300",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Technical data for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173), Aviva Metals",
        "id": "CDA 173; CuBe2Pb; EN CW102C; DIN 2.1248; ASTM B196 and B197",
        "url": "https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity in tension, C17300",
      "value": 128000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17300 leaded beryllium copper",
        "temperature": "20 C",
        "unit_in_source": "18500 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aviva-c17300",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Modulus of Elasticity in Tension row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Technical data for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173), Aviva Metals",
        "id": "CDA 173; CuBe2Pb; EN CW102C; DIN 2.1248; ASTM B196 and B197",
        "url": "https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, C17300 (range)",
      "value": 125,
      "value_high": 130,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17300",
        "temper": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the mechanical properties section of an online materials reference",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "azom-c17300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties section, Modulus of Elasticity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Copper UNS C17300, AZoM article 6327",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6327",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Online materials reference (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio, C17300",
      "value": 0.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17300",
        "temper": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties section of an online materials reference",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "azom-c17300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties section, Poisson's Ratio row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Copper UNS C17300, AZoM article 6327",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6327",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Online materials reference (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "label": "Shear modulus, C17300",
      "value": 50,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17300",
        "temper": "not stated on the page",
        "unit_in_source": "7250 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties section of an online materials reference",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "azom-c17300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties section, Shear Modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Copper UNS C17300, AZoM article 6327",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6327",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Online materials reference (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity at 293 K, C17300",
      "value": 377.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17300 leaded beryllium copper",
        "temperature": "293 K",
        "unit_in_source": "J/kg · oK (0.090 Btu/lb/oF at 68 F)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aviva-c17300",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Specific Heat Capacity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Technical data for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173), Aviva Metals",
        "id": "CDA 173; CuBe2Pb; EN CW102C; DIN 2.1248; ASTM B196 and B197",
        "url": "https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, wire, TB00 temper",
      "value": 193,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "wire",
        "temper": "TB00 as printed (the page does not define the temper)",
        "temperature": "68 F (20 C)",
        "basis": "TYP. (typical) value in the mechanical properties table",
        "unit_in_source": "28 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a supplier technical datasheet, not a guaranteed minimum",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Same wire row gives 469 MPa tensile strength and 35 % elongation for TB00, so this is the softest temper on the page.",
      "source": "aviva-c17300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, wire row TB00, column YS 0.02% Offset",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Technical data for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173), Aviva Metals",
        "id": "CDA 173; CuBe2Pb; EN CW102C; DIN 2.1248; ASTM B196 and B197",
        "url": "https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, wire, TH04 temper",
      "value": 1344,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "wire",
        "temper": "TH04 as printed (the page does not define the temper)",
        "temperature": "68 F (20 C)",
        "basis": "TYP. (typical) value in the mechanical properties table",
        "unit_in_source": "195 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a supplier technical datasheet, not a guaranteed minimum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aviva-c17300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, wire row TH04 (cold work 0.0), column YS 0.02% Offset",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Technical data for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173), Aviva Metals",
        "id": "CDA 173; CuBe2Pb; EN CW102C; DIN 2.1248; ASTM B196 and B197",
        "url": "https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, C17300 (range, temper not stated)",
      "value": 275,
      "value_high": 345,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17300",
        "temper": "not stated on the page",
        "unit_in_source": "39900 - 50000 psi"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the mechanical properties section of an online materials reference",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "azom-c17300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties section, Tensile strength yield row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Copper UNS C17300, AZoM article 6327",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6327",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Online materials reference (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, wire, TB00 temper",
      "value": 469,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "wire",
        "temper": "TB00 as printed (the page does not define the temper)",
        "temperature": "68 F (20 C)",
        "basis": "TYP. (typical) value in the mechanical properties table",
        "unit_in_source": "68 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a supplier technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aviva-c17300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, wire row TB00, column Tensile Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Technical data for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173), Aviva Metals",
        "id": "CDA 173; CuBe2Pb; EN CW102C; DIN 2.1248; ASTM B196 and B197",
        "url": "https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, wire, TH04 temper",
      "value": 1462,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "wire",
        "temper": "TH04 as printed (the page does not define the temper)",
        "temperature": "68 F (20 C)",
        "basis": "TYP. (typical) value in the mechanical properties table",
        "unit_in_source": "212 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a supplier technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aviva-c17300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, wire row TH04 (cold work 0.0), column Tensile Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Technical data for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173), Aviva Metals",
        "id": "CDA 173; CuBe2Pb; EN CW102C; DIN 2.1248; ASTM B196 and B197",
        "url": "https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, C17300 (range, temper not stated)",
      "value": 515,
      "value_high": 585,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17300",
        "temper": "not stated on the page",
        "unit_in_source": "74700 - 84800 psi"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the mechanical properties section of an online materials reference",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "azom-c17300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties section, Tensile strength ultimate row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Copper UNS C17300, AZoM article 6327",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6327",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Online materials reference (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, wire, TB00 temper",
      "value": 35,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "wire",
        "temper": "TB00 as printed (the page does not define the temper)",
        "basis": "TYP. (typical) value in the mechanical properties table"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a supplier technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aviva-c17300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, wire row TB00, column Elongation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Technical data for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173), Aviva Metals",
        "id": "CDA 173; CuBe2Pb; EN CW102C; DIN 2.1248; ASTM B196 and B197",
        "url": "https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, C17300 (range, temper not stated)",
      "value": 15,
      "value_high": 30,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17300",
        "temper": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the mechanical properties section of an online materials reference",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "azom-c17300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties section, Elongation at Break row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Copper UNS C17300, AZoM article 6327",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6327",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Online materials reference (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "General service in air (qualitative, no rate)",
      "headline": "Good corrosion resistance is claimed for C17300, but no corrosion rate is printed.",
      "effect": "SAMaterials lists good corrosion resistance among the key characteristics of this alloy in its FAQ. The page prints no corrosion rate, exposure time, environment or test standard.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "supplier FAQ statement; no test data on the page"
      },
      "source": "samaterials-c17300",
      "where": "FAQs, question 2"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Age hardening (heat treatment)",
      "headline": "Toughness and corrosion resistance depend on the ageing schedule.",
      "effect": "Aviva Metals says that toughness, fatigue strength and corrosion resistance can be modified by under-ageing or over-ageing, and that the age-hardening response depends on time, temperature and cold work. No corrosion rate is printed.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "supplier introduction text; no numbers given for corrosion"
      },
      "source": "aviva-c17300",
      "where": "Introduction, age-hardening paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "OSHA 8-hour limit: the employer must ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of beryllium in excess of 0.2 μg/m3 calculated as an 8-hour TWA.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "osha-1910-1024",
        "where": "Paragraph (c)(1) of 29 CFR 1910.1024"
      },
      {
        "text": "OSHA short-term limit: the employer must ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of beryllium in excess of 2.0 μg/m3 as determined over a sampling period of 15 minutes.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "osha-1910-1024",
        "where": "Paragraph (c)(2) of 29 CFR 1910.1024"
      },
      {
        "text": "OSHA says individuals who become sensitized and later inhale airborne beryllium are at risk of developing a debilitating disease of the lungs called chronic beryllium disease (CBD).",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "osha-beryllium",
        "where": "Topic page, health effects paragraph"
      },
      {
        "text": "NIOSH Pocket Guide gives the OSHA PEL for beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be) as TWA 0.0002 mg/m3 and STEL 0.002 mg/m3 (15 minutes), and lists the substance as a potential occupational carcinogen (Ca).",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "niosh-npg-beryllium",
        "where": "Exposure limits section, OSHA PEL row; NIOSH REL row shows Ca"
      },
      {
        "text": "NIOSH Pocket Guide health effects for beryllium: berylliosis (chronic exposure) with anorexia, weight loss, lassitude, chest pain, cough, clubbing of fingers, cyanosis and pulmonary insufficiency; irritation of the eyes; and dermatitis.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "niosh-npg-beryllium",
        "where": "Health effects (Symptoms) line"
      },
      {
        "text": "NIOSH IDLH page: the revised IDLH for beryllium compounds is 4 mg Be/m3, based on 2,000 times the OSHA PEL of 0.002 mg Be/m3 that the page cites; the page points to the Pocket Guide for current limits.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "niosh-idlh-beryllium",
        "where": "IDLH line and basis paragraph"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Lower strength than the design needs, from the wrong temper",
        "trigger": "Using a soft wire temper (TB00) where a hardened temper (TH04) is specified",
        "consequence": "Aviva Metals prints typical yield strength of 193 MPa for TB00 wire and 1344 MPa for TH04 wire, so the temper choice changes the strength a lot.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "aviva-c17300",
        "where": "Mechanical Properties table, wire rows TB00 and TH04"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Worker exposure to airborne beryllium",
        "trigger": "Melting, machining or grinding that releases airborne beryllium",
        "consequence": "OSHA says individuals who become sensitized and inhale airborne beryllium are at risk of chronic beryllium disease.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "osha-beryllium",
        "where": "Topic page, health effects paragraph"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Control beryllium dust and fume: OSHA limits airborne beryllium to 0.2 μg/m3 as an 8-hour TWA and to 2.0 μg/m3 over 15 minutes.",
        "source": "osha-1910-1024",
        "where": "Paragraphs (c)(1) and (c)(2) of 29 CFR 1910.1024"
      },
      {
        "text": "Specify the temper: Aviva Metals says the age-hardening response depends on time, temperature and cold work, and the typical strengths on this page are for named tempers only.",
        "source": "aviva-c17300",
        "where": "Introduction, age-hardening paragraph; Mechanical Properties table"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Electrical contact bridges, switch and relay blades, and electric motor components",
      "example": "Aviva Metals lists contact bridges, electrical switch and relay blades, electric motor components and navigational instruments as typical uses of C17300.",
      "source": "aviva-c17300",
      "where": "Typical Uses for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper, Electrical list"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Fasteners, bushings, spline shafts and valves",
      "example": "Aviva Metals lists washers, screws, bolts, retaining rings, roll pins, lock washers, spline shafts, pump parts, valves, flexible metal hose and bushings as typical uses.",
      "source": "aviva-c17300",
      "where": "Typical Uses for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper, Fasteners and Industrial lists"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Beryllium (beryllium content, USGS)",
      "abundance": "USGS: world identified beryllium resources are more than 100,000 tons, and about 60% of them are in the United States.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 53.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 18.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 17.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Nigeria",
          "share_percent": 9.3,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: recycling may account for as much as 20% to 25% of total beryllium consumption.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: copper alloys containing nickel and silicon, tin, titanium or other alloying elements, or phosphor bronze alloys, may be substituted for beryllium-copper alloys, but these substitutions can result in substantially reduced performance."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-beryllium",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (metric tons of beryllium content): United States 230, Brazil 80, China 77, Nigeria 40, world total 430. Shares calculated by Space Mushroom as the printed tonnage over the 430 world total (230/430, 80/430, 77/430, 40/430). Recycling and Substitutes sections."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Aviva Metals technical datasheet, C17300 leaded beryllium copper (CDA 173)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper"
    },
    {
      "title": "SAMaterials product page, beryllium copper wire C17300 (catalog CU5979)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://samaterials.com/cm5979-beryllium-copper-wire-c17300.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Beryllium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-beryllium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "29 CFR 1910.1024, Beryllium (OSHA standard)",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1024"
    },
    {
      "title": "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0054.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "NIOSH IDLH, Beryllium compounds (as Be)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7440417.html"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No ASTM B196 or Materion specification table was opened for C17300, so the temper-by-temper strengths come from one supplier's typical (TYP.) table, and the tempers TB00 and TH04 are printed without definition. The AZoM range has no temper at all.",
    "Lead content conflicts across sources: Aviva Metals and SAMaterials both list Pb 0.20 to 0.6, but the AZoM composition table lists Co 0.40 and prints no lead. Both are recorded in the identity and recipe, and the conflict is not resolved.",
    "AZoM gives machinability as 20 % in its mechanical table and 50 % in its fabrication text, so neither is recorded.",
    "AZoM's introduction gives a tensile strength of 1380 MPa, which does not match its own table range of 515 to 585 MPa, so the introduction figure is not recorded.",
    "No measured corrosion rate, salt spray, seawater or atmospheric test result was found for C17300. Wikipedia says C17200 resists seawater, but that is a different grade, so it is not used as a rating for C17300.",
    "No NASA outgassing, atomic-oxygen, cold-welding or radiation data for C17300 was found.",
    "Electrical conductivity is not in the canonical property list; the snake_case name electrical_conductivity is used for the %IACS value.",
    "The U.S. critical minerals list status for beryllium was not printed in the USGS text read, so critical_lists is empty.",
    "Fatigue strength, hardness by temper and magnetic permeability were not recorded: the pages read give hardness only for other grades or not at all.",
    "No Materion or other manufacturer datasheet for C17300 was opened; a search for one returned only distributor pages and a Materion page for C17000 (Alloy 165), which is a different grade.",
    "PubChem GHS classification for beryllium could not be read in this run (the PubChem page returned a browser check), so the hazard entries rest on the OSHA and NIOSH pages and carry no GHS H-codes.",
    "The NIOSH IDLH page cites an OSHA PEL of 0.002 mg Be/m3 and a 1994 IDLH basis, while the OSHA 8-hour limit in 29 CFR 1910.1024 is 0.2 μg/m3; both are recorded and the IDLH page is not used as a current exposure limit."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "C17300 is a copper-beryllium alloy with nominal 1.9 % beryllium and 0.4 % lead. The lead is there to make the alloy machine more easily, according to the Aviva Metals datasheet. The datasheet gives an electrical conductivity of 22 %IACS and a density of 8.25 g/cm3 at 20 C. Its strength depends on temper: the typical yield strength is 193 MPa for TB00 wire and 1344 MPa for TH04 wire. Airborne beryllium is a serious hazard, and OSHA sets exposure limits for it.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Electrical contacts",
        "line": "Aviva Metals lists contact bridges, electrical switch and relay blades, electric motor components and navigational instruments as typical uses of C17300."
      },
      {
        "where": "Fasteners and mechanisms",
        "line": "The same datasheet lists washers, screws, bolts, retaining rings, roll pins, spline shafts, pump parts, valves and bushings as typical uses."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Carry current",
        "line": "The electrical conductivity is 22 %IACS at 68 F (20 C) on the Aviva Metals datasheet.",
        "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Carry heat",
        "line": "The thermal conductivity is 107.3 W/m·K at 20 C on the same datasheet.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "The density is 8.25 gm/cm3 at 20 C on the Aviva Metals datasheet.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength range by temper",
        "line": "Typical yield strength is 193 MPa in TB00 wire and 1344 MPa in TH04 wire, as printed by Aviva Metals.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "193 MPa to 1344 MPa yield"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elongation in the soft temper",
        "line": "Typical elongation is 35 % in TB00 wire, with a tensile strength of 469 MPa.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "35 % in TB00 wire"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Within this grade the spread is large. The typical yield strength on the Aviva Metals table runs from 193 MPa in TB00 wire to 1344 MPa in TH04 wire, while the AZoM range for C17300 with no temper stated is 275 to 345 MPa. The Aviva Metals and SAMaterials pages agree on the 7.68 microhm-cm resistivity and the 107.3 W/m·K conductivity, but they do not print the same strength data, so the rows below use the Aviva Metals values.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elastic modulus",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the temper, because the strength runs from 193 MPa to 1344 MPa yield in the typical values printed for the named tempers.",
      "Control beryllium dust and fume: OSHA's limit is 0.2 μg/m3 as an 8-hour TWA.",
      "Control airborne beryllium, since OSHA says sensitized people who inhale it are at risk of chronic beryllium disease."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Springs, contacts and wear parts that need strength and conductivity, where beryllium exposure is controlled.",
      "Machined parts, because the lead addition is there to improve machinability (Aviva Metals)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Airborne beryllium: OSHA sets a 2.0 μg/m3 limit over 15 minutes as well as the 0.2 μg/m3 eight-hour limit.",
      "The lead content is not agreed between sources: the AZoM composition table prints no lead.",
      "No measured corrosion rate was found, so the corrosion rating is only a supplier statement."
    ],
    "verdict": "C17300 is a leaded copper-beryllium alloy that trades some conductivity for machinability, with 22 %IACS and a typical yield strength that runs from 193 MPa to 1344 MPa depending on temper. The beryllium hazard is serious, and this profile has no measured corrosion or space data for this grade.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "C17300 is a copper-beryllium alloy with nominal 1.9 % beryllium and 0.4 % lead, age-hardened to raise strength (Aviva Metals). The supplier says its strength response depends on time, temperature and cold work.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "Matrix, the balance of the alloy",
          "share_percent": 97.7,
          "share_note": "nominal; the datasheet prints Rem. (balance) for the range",
          "source": "aviva-c17300",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, Nominal column, row Cu"
        },
        {
          "name": "Beryllium",
          "symbol": "Be",
          "role": "Age-hardening element",
          "share_percent": 1.9,
          "share_note": "nominal; range 1.8 - 2.00",
          "source": "aviva-c17300",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, Nominal column, row Be"
        },
        {
          "name": "Lead",
          "symbol": "Pb",
          "role": "Machinability additive",
          "share_percent": 0.4,
          "share_note": "nominal; range .20 - .6",
          "source": "aviva-c17300",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, Nominal column, row Pb"
        },
        {
          "name": "Cobalt, aluminium and silicon",
          "role": "Minor additions",
          "share_note": "Co 0.20 minimum; Al and Si 0.20 maximum",
          "source": "aviva-c17300",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, rows Co, Al and Si"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "Airborne beryllium is a serious inhalation hazard. OSHA sets airborne limits for beryllium; the sources here address airborne exposure, not the solid alloy.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Airborne limit",
            "line": "OSHA's 8-hour limit is 0.2 μg/m3 of beryllium in air, and its short-term limit is 2.0 μg/m3 over 15 minutes."
          },
          {
            "label": "Chronic disease",
            "line": "OSHA says people who become sensitized and inhale airborne beryllium are at risk of chronic beryllium disease."
          }
        ],
        "level": 3,
        "verdict": "Beryllium dust and fume hazard"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The sources name temper and heat as the main variables. No measured corrosion rate for this grade was found.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Wrong temper",
            "line": "Aviva Metals prints a typical yield strength of 193 MPa for TB00 wire and 1344 MPa for TH04 wire, so picking the wrong temper changes the strength a lot."
          },
          {
            "label": "Corrosion",
            "line": "Aviva Metals says toughness and corrosion resistance can be modified by under-ageing or over-ageing, and prints no corrosion rate."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Strength depends on temper"
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Dust control",
            "line": "Keep worker exposure to airborne beryllium within OSHA's 0.2 μg/m3 eight-hour limit."
          },
          {
            "label": "Temper",
            "line": "Specify the temper on the order, since the datasheet gives typical strengths only for the named tempers."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 19,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the pages named in each entry. Caveats: the temper names TB00 and TH04 are printed without definition; the strengths are typical (TYP.) values from one supplier; the AZoM composition table disagrees with the other two sources on lead; supply shares are calculated from printed USGS tonnages."
  },
  "sources": {
    "aviva-c17300": {
      "title": "Technical data for C17300 Leaded Beryllium Copper (CDA 173), Aviva Metals",
      "id": "CDA 173; CuBe2Pb; EN CW102C; DIN 2.1248; ASTM B196 and B197",
      "url": "https://avivametals.com/products/c17300-leaded-beryllium-copper",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "samaterials-c17300": {
      "title": "Beryllium Copper Wire C17300 product page, SAMaterials (catalog CU5979)",
      "id": "UNS C17300; ASTM B196",
      "url": "https://samaterials.com/cm5979-beryllium-copper-wire-c17300.html",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "azom-c17300": {
      "title": "Beryllium Copper UNS C17300, AZoM article 6327",
      "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6327",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Online materials reference (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-beryllium": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Beryllium (USGS)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-beryllium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "osha-1910-1024": {
      "title": "29 CFR 1910.1024, Beryllium (OSHA standard)",
      "url": "https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1024",
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "public domain (US federal regulation)"
    },
    "osha-beryllium": {
      "title": "Beryllium, OSHA topic page",
      "url": "https://www.osha.gov/beryllium",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "public domain (US federal agency)"
    },
    "niosh-npg-beryllium": {
      "title": "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Beryllium & beryllium compounds (as Be)",
      "id": "CAS 7440-41-7 (metal); RTECS DS1750000",
      "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0054.html",
      "kind": "handbook",
      "license": "public domain (US federal agency)"
    },
    "niosh-idlh-beryllium": {
      "title": "NIOSH IDLH documentation, Beryllium compounds (as Be)",
      "id": "CAS 7440-41-7",
      "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7440417.html",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (US federal agency)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/beryllium-copper-c17300/"
}