Nickel alloys

nickel-alloys

24 materials across 1 types

About nickel alloys

Nickel alloys and superalloys (Inconel 718, 625, Invar 36): strength, temperature limits and corrosion data with sources.

Nickel alloys range from superalloys such as Inconel, which keep their strength at high temperature and resist corrosion in aggressive environments, to low-expansion alloys such as Invar 36. Strength depends on the heat treatment, so each value names its condition.

At a glance

Highest yield strength: NiBe2 reaches 1,590 MPa. Lowest: Nickel starts at 105 MPa. (23 of 24 grades have a sourced value.)
Highest tensile strength: Nickel aluminide reaches 2,900 MPa. Lowest: Nickel starts at 380 MPa. (24 of 24 grades have a sourced value.)
Highest density: Hastelloy B-3 (Ni-Mo) reaches 9.22 g/cm³. Lowest: Nickel aluminide starts at 7.5 g/cm³. (24 of 24 grades have a sourced value.)

Ranges run across the conditions each source reports (temper, heat treatment, form), measured at room temperature where the source says so.

How they compare

The same measurements for every material in the collection. A range means the grade has values under several conditions; "at least" means the source gives a specified minimum. "no data" means no sourced value yet. For ranked tables, open a benchmark.

Nickel alloys: how the grades compare
Material	Yield strength	Tensile strength	Density	Young's modulus	Thermal conductivity	Melting point
Inconel 718structural superalloy	1,179 MPa	1,386 MPa	8.22 g/cm³	200 GPa	11.4 W/(m·K)	1,260 to 1,336 °C
Inconel 625corrosion-resistant solid-solution nickel superalloy	290 to 655 MPa	724 to 1,034 MPa	8.44 g/cm³	205 to 208 GPa	9.8 W/(m·K)	1,290 to 1,350 °C
Invar 36 (FeNi36)low-expansion structural alloy	276 MPa	448 to 518 MPa	8.05 to 8.13 g/cm³	140 to 141 GPa	10.5 W/(m·K)	1,427 °C
Hastelloy B-3 (Ni-Mo)corrosion-resistant structural alloy for hot reducing acids	400 to 421 MPa	862 to 883 MPa	9.22 g/cm³	216 GPa	11.2 W/(m·K)	1,370 to 1,418 °C
Hastelloy C-22corrosion-resistant structural alloy	310 to 403 MPa	690 to 950 MPa	8.69 g/cm³	206 GPa	10.1 to 21.3 W/(m·K)	1,357 to 1,399 °C
Hastelloy C-276corrosion-resistant nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy	283 to 415 MPa	690 to 792 MPa	8.89 to 8.9 g/cm³	205 GPa	7.3 to 19 W/(m·K)	1,323 to 1,371 °C
Hastelloy Xoxidation-resistant nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum alloy for hot gas-turbine and furnace parts	340 to 945 MPa	760 to 1,110 MPa	8.22 g/cm³	205 GPa	9.2 W/(m·K)	1,260 to 1,355 °C
Haynes 214 (UNS N07214)high-temperature oxidation-resistant nickel-chromium-aluminium wrought alloy	438 to 577 MPa	758 to 1,035 MPa	8.05 g/cm³	218 GPa	12 W/(m·K)	1,355 to 1,400 °C
Haynes 230oxidation-resistant solid-solution nickel superalloy	383 to 417 MPa	837 to 852 MPa	8.97 g/cm³	209 GPa	8.9 W/(m·K)	1,301 to 1,371 °C
Incoloy 800 (UNS N08800)high-temperature corrosion-resistant alloy	250 to 690 MPa	590 to 771 MPa	7.94 g/cm³	197 GPa	11.5 W/(m·K)	1,357 to 1,385 °C
Incoloy 825corrosion-resistant austenitic nickel-iron-chromium alloy	240 to 889 MPa	585 to 1,000 MPa	8.14 g/cm³	196 GPa	11.1 W/(m·K)	1,370 to 1,400 °C
Inconel 600corrosion-resistant nickel-chromium-iron alloy	170 to 345 MPa	490 to 690 MPa	8.47 to 8.5 g/cm³	214 GPa	14.9 W/(m·K)	1,354 to 1,413 °C
Inconel 601 (Alloy 601)high-temperature structural alloy	205 to 310 MPa	550 to 690 MPa	8.11 g/cm³	207 GPa	11.2 W/(m·K)	1,360 to 1,411 °C
Inconel 617 (Alloy 617)high-temperature structural alloy	300 to 368 MPa	690 to 808 MPa	8.36 g/cm³	211 GPa	13.4 W/(m·K)	1,330 to 1,380 °C
Inconel X-750age-hardenable spring and fastener alloy	393 to 793 MPa	855 to 1,586 MPa	8.28 g/cm³	214 GPa	83 Btu/in./hr/sq ft/°F	1,393 to 1,427 °C
Kovar (Fe-Ni-Co)glass-to-metal sealing alloy	at least 200 MPa	450 to 830 MPa	8.36 g/cm³	138 GPa	17.5 W/(m·K)	1,449 to 1,450 °C
Monel 400corrosion-resistant solid-solution nickel-copper alloy	172 to 345 MPa	483 to 621 MPa	8.8 to 8.83 g/cm³	179 to 180 GPa	22 W/(m·K)	1,300 to 1,350 °C
Monel K-500age-hardenable corrosion-resistant nickel-copper alloy for springs, fasteners and pump parts	276 to 827 MPa	621 to 1,310 MPa	8.44 to 8.45 g/cm³	179 GPa	17.4 to 17.5 W/(m·K)	1,315 to 1,350 °C
Nickelstructural metal and protective plating	105 to 210 MPa	380 to 520 MPa	8.89 to 8.91 g/cm³	205 GPa	70.3 W/(m·K)	1,455 °C
Nickel aluminidestructural intermetallic	no data	2,300 to 2,900 MPa	7.5 g/cm³	200 GPa	no data	no data
NiBe2high-temperature spring alloy, age-hardened strip	280 to 1,590 MPa	660 to 1,860 MPa	8.27 to 8.36 g/cm³	195 to 210 GPa	48 W/(m·K)	1,195 to 1,325 °C
Ni-alloyssoft-magnetic strip alloy and low-manganese nickel wire	280 to 1,030 MPa	450 to 900 MPa	8.2 to 8.86 g/cm³	no data	13 to 44 W/(m·K)	1,425 °C
Nimonic 90age-hardened creep-resisting superalloy	461 to 752 MPa	865 to 1,175 MPa	8.18 g/cm³	204 GPa	11.5 W/(m·K)	1,310 to 1,370 °C
Waspaloy (UNS N07001)age-hardenable nickel superalloy for hot rotating and static gas turbine parts	586 to 1,434 MPa	1,027 to 1,731 MPa	8.19 g/cm³	211 GPa	12.6 W/(m·K)	1,330 to 1,360 °C

What these materials are made of

Composition by weight, as printed in the sources for each grade (the first constituents listed).

Composition of each grade
Material	Main constituents
Inconel 718	Ni 50 to 55% · Cr 17 to 21% · Fe balance · Nb 4.75 to 5.5% · Mo 2.8 to 3.3% · Ti 0.65 to 1.15% · Al 0.2 to 0.8%
Inconel 625	Ni 58% · Cr 20 to 23% · Mo 8 to 10% · Nb 3.15 to 4.15%
Invar 36 (FeNi36)	Fe balance · Ni 36 to 37%
Hastelloy B-3 (Ni-Mo)	Ni 65% · Mo 28.5% · Cr 1.5% · Fe 1.5% · W up to 3% · Mn up to 3% · Co up to 3%
Hastelloy C-276	Ni 57% · Cr 16% · Mo 16% · W 4% · Fe 5%
Hastelloy X	Ni 47% · Cr 22% · Fe 18% · Mo 9% · Co 1.5% · W 0.6% · C 0.1%
Haynes 214 (UNS N07214)	Ni 75% · Cr 16% · Al 4.5% · Fe 3% · Y 0.01%
Haynes 230	Ni 57% · Cr 22% · W 14% · Mo 2% · Fe 3% · Co 5%
Incoloy 825	Ni 38 to 46% · Fe 22% · Cr 19.5 to 23.5% · Mo 2.5 to 3.5% · Cu 1.5 to 3% · Ti 0.6 to 1.2%
Inconel 600	Ni 72% · Cr 14 to 17% · Fe 6 to 10% · C, Mn, Si, Cu, S up to 0.15%
Inconel 601 (Alloy 601)	Ni 58% · Cr 21% · Fe balance · Al 1% · C 0.1% · Mn 1% · Si 0.5%
Inconel 617 (Alloy 617)	Ni 44.5% · Cr 22% · Co 12.5% · Mo 9% · Al 1.2% · C 0.07% · Ti 0.3%
Inconel X-750	Ni 73% · Cr 15% · Fe 7% · Ti 2.5% · Al 0.9% · Nb 0.9%
Kovar (Fe-Ni-Co)	Fe balance · Ni 28 to 30% · Co 17 to 18%
Monel 400	Ni 63% · Cu 28 to 34% · Fe 2.5% · Mn 2% · Si 0.5% · C 0.3% · S 0.024%
Nickel	Ni 100.0%
Waspaloy (UNS N07001)	Cr 18 to 21% · Co 12 to 15% · Mo 3.5 to 5% · Ti 2.75 to 3.25% · Al 1.2 to 1.6% · Zr 0.02 to 0.12%

Where they are used

Uses
Use	Grades
Main combustion chamber shell of the RS-25 (Space Shuttle main engine and SLS core-stage engine)	Inconel 718
Cryogenic tankage	Inconel 718
Rings, casings and formed sheet metal parts for aircraft and land-based gas turbine engines	Inconel 718
Thrust-chamber tubing for rocket engines, fuel and hydraulic line tubing, and engine exhaust systems	Inconel 625
Aircraft ducting systems, resistance-welded honeycomb structures housing engine controls, and turbine shroud rings	Inconel 625
Heat-exchanger tubing in environmental control systems	Inconel 625
Metering structures that hold the spacing between optical elements in a space telescope	Invar 36 (FeNi36)
Semiconductor components, optical and laser benches, precision instruments	Invar 36 (FeNi36)
Containers for liquefied natural gas and cryogenic energy storage	Invar 36 (FeNi36)
Reaction vessels for pure, reducing acid service	Hastelloy B-3 (Ni-Mo)
Process equipment in acetic acid, methyl methacrylate and agrochemical plants	Hastelloy B-3 (Ni-Mo)
Welded bellows in vacuum-jacketed cryogenic supply lines at the Space Shuttle launch site	Hastelloy C-22
Bellows for repair of the LC-39B fuel cell servicing system (Space Shuttle fuel cell transfer line)	Hastelloy C-22
Process equipment in the chemical and environmental industries: reactors, heat exchangers, columns, agitators, pipelines and spray systems	Hastelloy C-22
Reactors, heat exchangers and columns in chemical process plants	Hastelloy C-276
Outlet ducting in flue-gas desulfurization systems	Hastelloy C-276

When each grade fits

Best use and weak spots of each grade
Material	Best for	Weakest at
Inconel 718	Hot and cryogenic structural parts that must keep strength and fatigue resistance, such as rocket engine shells, rings, casings and fasteners	The datasheet service limit is 1300 F, and long exposure between about 700 and 1000 C lets delta phase form and weaken the alloy
Inconel 625	Corrosion-resistant parts that also need strength and good weldability, such as chemical plant, marine hardware, aerospace ducting and rocket tubing	Long exposure near 1200 F hardens the annealed alloy and cuts its room-temperature elongation from 54 to 30 percent after 2000 hours
Invar 36 (FeNi36)	Holding a dimension across temperature changes: 1.3 ppm/K near room temperature, and 1.8 ppm/K between -240 and -18 °C	Humid air, where Matthey says its corrosion resistance falls; and dimensional drift from cold work unless it is heat-treated before final machining
Hastelloy B-3 (Ni-Mo)	Hot hydrochloric and sulfuric acid service in reducing conditions: 0.29 mm/y in boiling 20 % HCl and 0.03 mm/y in boiling 50 % H2SO4 in Haynes lab tests	Oxidising conditions: ferric or cupric salts, wet chlorine gas and hypochlorite bleach (no chromium to protect it), and cracking in welds after more than about 7 % cold work without re-annealing
Hastelloy C-22	Resisting pitting and crevice corrosion in hot chloride, oxidizing and mixed acid environments, including seawater, in the solution-annealed condition	Long exposure at 593 to 760 °C, where mu phase forms on grain boundaries and ductility falls, and hot hydrochloric acid, which corrodes it at more than 10 mm/y when boiling
Hastelloy C-276	Wet, mixed-acid and chloride service where a corrosion-resistant nickel alloy must also be welded and formed (Haynes; ATI)	Hot, concentrated nitric acid, where ATI says the chromium content is too low; Haynes gives 22.12 mm/y at the boil in 65 percent nitric acid
Hastelloy X	Hot oxidising gas and furnace service where the alloy must also be formed and welded: metal loss of 0.007 mm per side after 1008 h at 980 C in flowing air (Haynes)	Strength at high temperature and after long ageing: plate yield falls from 340 MPa at room temperature to 189 MPa at 871 C (Haynes), and Charpy energy falls from 129 J to 16 J after 16,000 h at 871 C (Haynes)
Haynes 214 (UNS N07214)	Static, low-stress parts in hot oxidising gas, such as furnace belts, flame hoods, honeycomb seals and combustor splash plates, where oxidation or scale loss above 1750 °F is the limit	Strength above about 1800 °F, where sheet UTS falls to 68 MPa, and welding of restrained parts through the 595 to 925 °C range, where gamma-prime precipitation can cause strain-age cracking
Haynes 230	Hot-gas parts that must resist oxidation to 2100 °F (1149 °C) and keep strength, such as gas turbine combustion cans, transition ducts and flame holders	Hydrogen service (a 2022 NASA trade study rates its hydrogen embrittlement risk high) and long exposure at 1400 °F (760 °C), which cuts room-temperature elongation to 32 % after 8,000 h
Incoloy 800 (UNS N08800)	Strength and oxidation resistance up to about 816 °C (1500 °F), with resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking	Creep and rupture strength above about 816 °C, where the bulletin points to alloys 800H and 800HT, and sensitisation after heating at 540 to 760 °C
Incoloy 825	Corrosion service in sulfuric and phosphoric acid, sour gas and seawater, in sheet, plate, bar, tube and pipe that must be welded and formed	Strength against chloride pitting: Jacquet judges it only an improvement over Type 316 for pitting, and rates Alloy 625 and AL-6XN higher
Inconel 600	Hot or cryogenic-to-hot parts in oxidising and corrosive chemical service where chloride stress-corrosion cracking must be avoided, such as furnace parts, heater sheaths, electronic support parts and springs	Strength in the annealed state (170 to 345 MPa yield, so cold work is needed for more), and sensitization between 540 and 760 °C, which makes it prone to intergranular attack; it also cracks in high-temperature, high-strength caustic alkali unless stress-relieved
Inconel 601 (Alloy 601)	Hot furnace parts and oxidising heat: resistance to high-temperature oxidation up to about 1200 °C, with strength that holds up well in the annealed condition	Carbon pickup in carburizing and carbonitriding atmospheres (16.66 mg/cm2 gain in 100 h at 1095 °C in one test), and the sources give no spacecraft or vacuum data
Inconel 617 (Alloy 617)	Hot parts that must keep strength and resist oxidation above 1800 °F (982 °C), such as gas-turbine combustion cans, ducting and transition liners	Nickel content: the main element is nickel (PubChem notifications classify nickel as a sensitiser and suspected carcinogen), and the alloy loses ductility after long exposure at 650 °C
Inconel X-750	Springs and high-strength fasteners that must keep their load from sub-zero temperatures to 1200 F, where relaxation resistance matters	Weight (8.28 g/cm3), and the strength depends on the temper: the spring-temper wire relaxes about four times as much as the No. 1 temper at 800 F, and welding a precipitation-hardened part can crack the parent metal
Kovar (Fe-Ni-Co)	Hermetic glass-to-metal seals: a mean expansion coefficient of 5.25 ×10⁻⁶/°C from 25 to 450 °C, close to borosilicate glass	Heat conduction and weight: 17.5 W/m °K at 20 °C and a density of 8.36 g/cm3, and a yield strength of only 200 MPa minimum when annealed
Monel 400	Seawater, hydrofluoric-acid and reducing-acid service, and marine valves, pump shafts and fasteners, where corrosion resistance matters more than high strength	Stagnant seawater (crevice and pitting corrosion), caustic at high temperature and stress (stress-corrosion cracking), and low strength in the annealed condition
Monel K-500	Springs, fasteners and pump parts that need much higher strength than Monel 400 with similar corrosion resistance, in a virtually non-magnetic alloy	Stress corrosion cracking in the age-hardened condition, which is the condition that gives the high strength
Nickel	A tough, corrosion-resistant, magnetic metal that conducts heat and electricity and can be applied as a plated barrier coating	Skin sensitisation and cancer-hazard concerns for people, and no space-environment test data found in this record (no outgassing, atomic-oxygen or flight results)
Nickel aluminide	High-temperature strength and oxidation resistance for turbine parts and hot-section coatings, where the material is run inside its stated temperature range	Lower ductility of stoichiometric NiAl (NASA), no sourced ductility value for Ni3Al, and no sourced melting point or flight record for either compound
NiBe2	Thin spring parts that must keep their force at 200 C or higher, such as sprinkler-head Belleville washers, thermostats, bellows and test sockets, once beryllium exposure is controlled	Health: beryllium dust, mist and fume during machining and heat treatment. Strength also depends on temper, and Matthey lists the strip as ferromagnetic
Ni-alloys	Soft-magnetic strip that needs high saturation induction, and low-manganese nickel wire for lead-in and lead wire parts	Almost no data for nickel-cobalt, nickel-silicon, nickel-vanadium and nickel-boron in this record, no corrosion or space-environment test data, and no hazard data read for these grades
Nimonic 90	High-temperature strength and creep resistance up to about 920 °C, for turbine blades, discs, forgings and ring sections	Weight (8.18 g/cm3), hard machining (250 to 350 HV when fully heat treated), and oxide spalling under cyclic heating (onset after 250 h at 990 °C)
Waspaloy (UNS N07001)	Hot rotating and static parts that must keep strength to about 650 °C in critical rotating use and to 870 °C in less demanding use: discs, shafts, casings, fasteners and rocket turbopump blade rotors	Weldability and forming: the alloy is hot short, prone to strain cracking and work hardens rapidly, and its welds are weaker than the wrought material at high temperature