Benchmarks/Energy materials/Li-ion anodes
Li-ion anode benchmark
energy/li-ion-anodesBattery anode materials compared on the same measurements. Ranked by the column you pick. Measured values come first; calculated values are labeled, and predictions are never mixed in as measurements.
| # | Material | Theoretical capacity | Measured capacity | Average voltage | Density | Thermal runaway onsetfinished cell | Cycle lifefinished cell | Data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GrGraphite | 372 mAh/gcalculatedcalculated (hidden) | no data | no data | 1.9 to 2.3 g/cm³measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 80 to 160 °Cmeasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 3 of 6 | |
| LTOLithium titanate | 175 mAh/gcalculatedcalculated (hidden) | 140 mAh/gmeasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 1.55 V vs Li/Li+measured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | no data | 125 °Cmeasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 20000 cyclesmeasured · labmeasured · lab (hidden) | 5 of 6 |
No materials match.
These values come from different cells and tests, so the order is a guide, not a verdict. Hover a value, or open the material, to see its conditions.
Hover a value to see its conditions. Open a material for the method and the source. Want a missing value? Add a result. Download this comparison as CSV.
What each material can do wrong, and how much we still do not know. Open a material for the full detail and sources.
| Material | Hazards | Failure risks | Worst severity | Known gaps |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GrGraphite | 3 | 3 | high | 9 |
| LTOLithium titanate | 2 | 3 | high | 8 |
Severity is the editors' reading of the cited sources, not a safety certification. "none listed" means no sourced failure risk has been entered, which is not the same as safe.
How to read this
- Measured values come from a test or a flight. Calculated values are worked out from the material's formula. Prediction values come from a model.
- no data means nobody has published a value we could source. It does not mean zero.
- Material values describe the active material. Cell values describe a finished cell, which varies by manufacturer. Check the conditions before comparing cell values.
- Every value links to its source, with the place in the source where it can be found.
The measurements
| Measurement | Better when | How it is tested |
|---|---|---|
| Theoretical capacityCharge the material can store per gram, from its chemistry | higher | Faraday calculation from the formula |
| Measured capacityCharge actually delivered per gram in a test cell | higher | Half-cell test at stated rate and voltage window |
| Average voltageTypical working voltage against lithium | depends on the use | Half-cell test |
| DensityMass per volume, which sets volumetric energy | depends on the use | Crystallographic or tap density |
| Thermal runaway onsetTemperature where self-heating begins | higher | DSC or accelerating-rate calorimetry |
| Cycle lifeCharge-discharge cycles before capacity falls to a stated level | higher | Cycling test at stated rate, depth and temperature |