Zinc minor alloys (rolled titanium-zinc, zinc-nickel plating, zinc-aluminium-magnesium coatings) Zn minor alloys

spore: profile
id: zinc-minor-alloys
spore_version: 0.2
family: zinc-alloys
name: Zinc minor alloys (rolled titanium-zinc, zinc-nickel plating, zinc-aluminium-magnesium coatings)
abbreviation: Zn minor alloys
role: rolled building sheet, corrosion-resistant electroplate and hot-dip steel coating
category: metals
type: heavy-metals
summary: |
  Zinc is alloyed in small amounts with copper and titanium for rolled building sheet, with nickel for an electroplated corrosion coating, and with aluminium and magnesium for a hot-dip steel coating. Rolled titanium-zinc sheet has a density of 7.2 g/cm3 and melts at 420 °C (NedZink), and its minimum tensile strength is 150 N/mm2 under EN 988. One plater quotes 240 hours to white rust and 1000 hours to red rust for trivalent zinc-nickel, and Ford WSS-M1P87 specifies 12 to 16 % nickel. The Magnelis coating (93.5 % Zn, 3.5 % Al, 3 % Mg) protects exposed steel at cut edges through corrosion products built up from the coating.
best_for: Thin rolled zinc roofs, facades and gutters, and steel sheet coated with Zn-Al-Mg where cut edges and chloride air matter
weakest_at: The corrosion figures for zinc-nickel and Zn-Al-Mg come from a plater, a coating maker and a literature summary, not from a standard test report, and no corrosion data for the rolled sheet was read in this run
identity:
  formula: 'Zinc-base alloys and coatings, weight %. Rolled titanium-zinc (EN 988 limits, Zintek): Cu 0.08 to 1, Ti 0.06 to 0.2, Al 0.015 max, zinc balance on Z1 zinc (99.995 under EN 1179). NedZink rolled titanium-zinc product: Zn 99.995, Cu 0.08 to 0.17, Ti 0.07 to 0.12, Al below 0.015. Zn-Al-Mg coating-bath types (ASTM A1046/A1046M-25a): 0.5 to 21 Al and 0.4 to 8 Mg across seven types, up to 1 additional element, zinc balance; Type 1 Al 5 to 13 and Mg 2 to 4; Type 2 Al 3 to <5 and Mg 2 to 4; Type 3 Al 3 to 6 and Mg 0.4 to <2; Type 4 Al 0.5 to <3 and Mg 0.4 to <2.6; Type 5 Al 0.5 to <3 and Mg 2.6 to 4; Type 6 Al 10 to 14 and Mg >4 to 6; Type 7 Al 17 to 21 and Mg 4 to 8. Magnelis coating: Zn 93.5, Al 3.5, Mg 3. Zinc-nickel electroplate: nickel typically around 15, with OEM windows from 5 to 15 (GM GMW4700 Type A) and 12 to 18 (Toyota TSH6532G), zinc balance.'
  source: nedzink-ti-zn
  where: NedZink chemical composition table (Cu, Ti, Al, Zn purity). EN 988 limits from the Zintek composition table. ASTM A1046 types from Table 1 of GalvInfoNote 1.11. Magnelis composition from the ArcelorMittal datasheet. Zinc-nickel windows and nominal composition from the DeKalb page.
  designations:
    - system: Trade name
      code: Magnelis
      source: arcelor-magnelis-e35
      where: Product description, first paragraph
    - system: ASTM
      code: A1046
      note: coating specification for Zn-Al-Mg coated steel sheet, not a grade
      source: galvinfo-1-11
      where: Section 2, first paragraph
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - structures
    - mechanisms
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink product)
    value: 7.2
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (NedZink product, EN 988 family)
      condition: rolled flat sheet
    method: Value printed in the Physical properties table of the NedZink product page
    status: ground
    source: nedzink-ti-zn
    where: Physical properties table, row Density
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, rolled titanium-zinc (Zintek technical file)
    value: 7.14
    unit: kg/dm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)
      condition: rolled flat sheet
      unit_in_source: Kg/dm3
    method: Value printed in the Physical and technological characteristics table of the Zintek technical file
    status: ground
    source: zintek-ti-zn
    where: Physical and technological characteristics table, row Density
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting point, rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink product)
    value: 420
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (NedZink product)
      condition: rolled flat sheet
    method: Value printed in the Physical properties table of the NedZink product page
    status: ground
    source: nedzink-ti-zn
    where: Physical properties table, row Melting point
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting point, rolled titanium-zinc (Zintek technical file)
    value: 419
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)
      condition: rolled flat sheet
    method: Value printed in the Physical and technological characteristics table of the Zintek technical file
    status: ground
    source: zintek-ti-zn
    where: Physical and technological characteristics table, row Melting point
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Thermal expansion parallel to lamination, rolled titanium-zinc
    value: 0.022
    unit: mm/m °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)
      condition: rolled flat sheet
      direction: parallel to the lamination direction
      unit_in_source: mm/m °C
    method: Value printed in the Physical and technological characteristics table of the Zintek technical file
    status: ground
    source: zintek-ti-zn
    where: Physical and technological characteristics table, row Thermal expansion coefficient in parallel direction to the lamination
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Thermal expansion transverse to lamination, rolled titanium-zinc
    value: 0.017
    unit: mm/m °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)
      condition: rolled flat sheet
      direction: transverse to the lamination direction
      unit_in_source: mm/m °C
    method: Value printed in the Physical and technological characteristics table of the Zintek technical file
    status: ground
    source: zintek-ti-zn
    where: Physical and technological characteristics table, row Thermal expansion coefficient in transversal direction to the lamination
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Linear expansion coefficient, rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink product)
    value: 0.022
    unit: mm/(mK)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (NedZink product)
      condition: rolled flat sheet
      direction: not stated
      unit_in_source: mm/(mK)
    method: Value printed in the Physical properties table of the NedZink product page
    status: ground
    source: nedzink-ti-zn
    where: Physical properties table, row Lineair expansion coefficient
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, rolled titanium-zinc (Zintek technical file)
    value: 109
    unit: W/m °K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)
      condition: rolled flat sheet
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: W/m °K
    method: Value printed in the Physical and technological characteristics table of the Zintek technical file
    status: ground
    source: zintek-ti-zn
    where: Physical and technological characteristics table, row Thermal conductivity at 20 °C
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2 percent offset minimum, rolled titanium-zinc (Zintek technical file)
    value: 100
    bound: lower
    unit: N/mm2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)
      condition: rolled flat sheet
    method: Minimum limit printed in the mechanical characteristics section of the Zintek technical file (UNI EN 988 section); not a typical test value
    status: ground
    source: zintek-ti-zn
    where: Mechanical characteristics, row Offset from proportionality unit load 0.20 percent, Rp 0.2, min 100
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2 percent offset minimum, rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink product)
    value: 110
    bound: lower
    unit: N/mm2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (NedZink product)
      condition: rolled flat sheet
    method: Minimum limit printed in the Mechanical and technological properties table of the NedZink product page; not a typical test value
    status: ground
    source: nedzink-ti-zn
    where: Mechanical and technological properties table, Yield strength ellasticity (Rp 0.2), min. 110
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength minimum, rolled titanium-zinc (Zintek technical file)
    value: 150
    bound: lower
    unit: N/mm2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)
      condition: rolled flat sheet
    method: Minimum limit printed in the mechanical characteristics section of the Zintek technical file (UNI EN 988 section); not a typical test value
    status: ground
    source: zintek-ti-zn
    where: Mechanical characteristics, row Tensile strength, Rm, min 150
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength minimum, rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink product)
    value: 150
    bound: lower
    unit: N/mm2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (NedZink product)
      condition: rolled flat sheet
    method: Minimum limit printed in the Mechanical and technological properties table of the NedZink product page; not a typical test value
    status: ground
    source: nedzink-ti-zn
    where: Mechanical and technological properties table, Tensile strength (Rm), min. 150
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation after break A50 minimum, rolled titanium-zinc (Zintek technical file)
    value: 35
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)
      condition: rolled flat sheet
      gauge: A50 mm
    method: Minimum limit printed in the mechanical characteristics section of the Zintek technical file; not a typical test value
    status: ground
    source: zintek-ti-zn
    where: Mechanical characteristics, row Elongation percentage after break, A50 mm, min 35
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation A50 minimum, rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink product)
    value: 40
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (NedZink product)
      condition: rolled flat sheet
      gauge: A50
    method: Minimum limit printed in the Mechanical and technological properties table of the NedZink product page; not a typical test value
    status: ground
    source: nedzink-ti-zn
    where: Mechanical and technological properties table, Elongation (A50), min. 40
  - benchmark: vickers_hardness
    label: Hardness minimum, rolled titanium-zinc (Zintek technical file)
    value: 45
    bound: lower
    unit: HV
    scope: material
    conditions:
      alloy: Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)
      condition: rolled flat sheet
    method: Minimum limit printed in the mechanical characteristics section of the Zintek technical file; not a typical test value
    status: ground
    note: Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.
    source: zintek-ti-zn
    where: Mechanical characteristics, Minimum hardness, HV 45
  - benchmark: coating_mass
    label: Magnelis coating weight ZM90, double sided
    value: 90
    unit: g/m2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      designation: ZM90
      basis: coating weight, double sided, as printed
    method: Value printed in the Coating properties table of the ArcelorMittal Magnelis datasheet
    status: ground
    note: Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.
    source: arcelor-magnelis-e35
    where: Coating properties table, ZM90 row, Magnelis coating weight double sided column
  - benchmark: coating_thickness
    label: Magnelis coating thickness ZM90, per side
    value: 7
    unit: µm per side
    scope: material
    conditions:
      designation: ZM90
      basis: coating thickness per side, as printed
    method: Value printed in the Coating properties table of the ArcelorMittal Magnelis datasheet
    status: ground
    note: Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.
    source: arcelor-magnelis-e35
    where: Coating properties table, ZM90 row, Coating thickness per side column
  - benchmark: coating_mass
    label: Magnelis coating weight ZM310, double sided
    value: 310
    unit: g/m2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      designation: ZM310
      basis: coating weight, double sided, as printed
    method: Value printed in the Coating properties table of the ArcelorMittal Magnelis datasheet
    status: ground
    note: Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.
    source: arcelor-magnelis-e35
    where: Coating properties table, ZM310 row, Magnelis coating weight double sided column
  - benchmark: coating_thickness
    label: Magnelis coating thickness ZM310, per side
    value: 24
    unit: µm per side
    scope: material
    conditions:
      designation: ZM310
      basis: coating thickness per side, as printed
    method: Value printed in the Coating properties table of the ArcelorMittal Magnelis datasheet
    status: ground
    note: Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.
    source: arcelor-magnelis-e35
    where: Coating properties table, ZM310 row, Coating thickness per side column
  - benchmark: salt_spray_time_ratio
    label: Time to red rust, Zn-Al-Mg against conventional GI, neutral salt spray
    value: 4
    value_high: 20
    bound: range
    unit: times GI
    scope: material
    conditions:
      test: neutral salt spray, certain configurations
      reference: conventional hot-dip galvanised steel (GI)
      basis: literature surveys, as stated in words (four to twenty times)
    method: Range stated in the Corrosion Performance section of GalvInfoNote 1.11; the note says it is not a universal service-life multiplier
    status: ground
    note: Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.
    source: galvinfo-1-11
    where: Section 5 Corrosion Performance, first paragraph
  - benchmark: nickel_content
    label: Nickel content window, zinc-nickel (Ford WSS-M1P87)
    value: 12
    value_high: 16
    bound: range
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      spec: Ford WSS-M1P87
      basis: nickel content window as printed, weight basis not stated
    method: Range printed in the nickel content list of the DeKalb zinc-nickel page
    status: ground
    note: Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.
    source: dekalb-zn-ni
    where: Nickel content ranges list, Ford WSS-M1P87 (12-16%)
  - benchmark: nickel_content
    label: Nickel content window, zinc-nickel (FCA PS.50031)
    value: 12
    value_high: 17
    bound: range
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      spec: FCA PS.50031
      basis: nickel content window as printed, weight basis not stated
    method: Range printed in the nickel content list of the DeKalb zinc-nickel page
    status: ground
    note: Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.
    source: dekalb-zn-ni
    where: Nickel content ranges list, FCA PS.50031 (12-17%)
  - benchmark: nickel_content
    label: Nickel content window, zinc-nickel (Toyota TSH6532G)
    value: 12
    value_high: 18
    bound: range
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      spec: Toyota TSH6532G
      basis: nickel content window as printed, weight basis not stated
    method: Range printed in the nickel content list of the DeKalb zinc-nickel page
    status: ground
    note: Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.
    source: dekalb-zn-ni
    where: Nickel content ranges list, Toyota TSH6532G (12-18%)
  - benchmark: nickel_content
    label: Nickel content window, zinc-nickel (GM GMW4700 Type A)
    value: 5
    value_high: 15
    bound: range
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      spec: General Motors GMW4700, Type A
      basis: nickel content window as printed, weight basis not stated
    method: Range printed in the nickel content list of the DeKalb zinc-nickel page
    status: ground
    note: Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.
    source: dekalb-zn-ni
    where: Nickel content ranges list, General Motors GMW4700 (Type A 5-15%)
  - benchmark: nickel_content
    label: Nickel content, typical zinc-nickel deposit
    value: 15
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      basis: nominal composition, not a range, weight basis not stated
    method: Nominal composition sentence printed on the DeKalb zinc-nickel page
    status: ground
    note: Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.
    source: dekalb-zn-ni
    where: Nickel content text, nominal composition sentence (around 15% Nickel and 85% Zinc)
  - benchmark: salt_spray_white_rust_time
    label: Time to white rust, trivalent zinc-nickel with chromate topcoat
    value: 240
    bound: lower
    unit: h
    scope: material
    conditions:
      deposit: trivalent zinc-nickel with trivalent chromate topcoat
      test: salt spray, standard not named on the page
    method: Figure printed as 240+ hours in the trivalent zinc-nickel row of the DeKalb table; the plater's own figure, not a standard test report
    status: ground
    note: Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.
    source: dekalb-zn-ni
    where: Corrosion table, trivalent zinc-nickel row, White Rust column (240+ hours)
  - benchmark: salt_spray_red_rust_time
    label: Time to red rust, trivalent zinc-nickel with chromate topcoat
    value: 1000
    bound: lower
    unit: h
    scope: material
    conditions:
      deposit: trivalent zinc-nickel with trivalent chromate topcoat
      test: salt spray, standard not named on the page
    method: Figure printed as 1,000+ hours in the trivalent zinc-nickel row of the DeKalb table; the plater's own figure, not a standard test report
    status: ground
    note: Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.
    source: dekalb-zn-ni
    where: Corrosion table, trivalent zinc-nickel row, Red Rust column (1,000+ hours)
corrosion:
  - environment: Cut edges of Zn-Al-Mg coated steel, outdoors and in chloride air
    headline: Exposed steel at a sheared, punched or drilled edge is protected only in part, because the coating does not regenerate across the cut.
    effect: GalvInfoNote says zinc in the coating gives sacrificial protection to the cut edge, and Zn and Mg species migrate to the edge and precipitate as corrosion products that cover part of the exposed steel. It warns that self-healing is partial, so the terms self-healing and enhanced cut-edge protection need care.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      exposure: sheared, punched or drilled edges, laboratory and outdoor exposures
      basis: qualitative statement with cited studies, no edge corrosion rate read
    source: galvinfo-1-11
    where: Section 6 Cut-Edge Protection
  - environment: Neutral salt spray, Zn-Al-Mg coatings against conventional GI
    headline: Literature surveys report four to twenty times the time to red rust of conventional GI in some salt spray set-ups.
    effect: GalvInfoNote says these figures should not be read as universal service-life multipliers, because the result depends on alloy composition, coating thickness, chloride deposition, atmospheric CO2, wet and dry cycling, and pollutants.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      exposure: neutral salt spray, certain configurations
      basis: literature surveys summarised in the note, not a single test
    source: galvinfo-1-11
    where: Section 5 Corrosion Performance, first paragraph and bullet list
  - environment: Trivalent zinc-nickel with trivalent chromate topcoat, salt spray
    headline: The plater quotes more than 240 hours to white rust and more than 1000 hours to red rust.
    effect: DeKalb presents these as the trivalent zinc-nickel row of its table and does not name the salt spray standard (ISO 9227 or ASTM B117 are not named on the page), so they are not directly comparable with a standard test report.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      exposure: salt spray, standard not named
      basis: plater's own figures, trivalent chromate topcoat
    source: dekalb-zn-ni
    where: Corrosion table, trivalent zinc-nickel row; body text on salt spray hours
  - environment: Humid storage of roll-formed Zn-Ni electroplated steel bolts
    headline: White storage stain (white rust) forms on Zn-Ni electroplated bolts that are exposed to moisture.
    effect: The Korean study says white rust forms on the Zn-Ni surface, and that a Zn-Al powder slurry coating held up better than Zn-Ni in its salt spray test. It reports that a Ni-P electroless deposit with heat treatment protected the bolts for a long time under salt spray and high humidity tests.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      exposure: humidity and salt spray tests on roll-formed bolts, 24 hours salt spray in the paper
      basis: qualitative photographs and observations in the paper, no rate
    source: koreascience-zn-ni
    where: Abstract, first paragraph; Figures 5 to 8 captions
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: PubChem gives H250 and H260 for zinc, meaning it can catch fire in air as a powder and releases flammable gas in contact with water.
      ghs:
        - H250
        - H260
      source: pubchem-zn-ghs
      where: GHS Classification, Danger block, aggregated from 2624 company reports
    - text: PubChem gives H400 and H410 for zinc, meaning very toxic to aquatic life, with the second having long lasting effects.
      ghs:
        - H400
        - H410
      source: pubchem-zn-ghs
      where: GHS Classification, Warning block, aggregated information
    - text: PubChem gives H317, H351, H372 and H412 for nickel, covering allergic skin reaction, suspected cancer, organ damage with repeated exposure and aquatic harm. The zinc-nickel deposit contains nickel, so these codes matter for plating and handling.
      ghs:
        - H317
        - H351
        - H372
        - H412
      source: pubchem-ni-ghs
      where: GHS Classification, first Danger block
    - text: PubChem gives H302, H400, H410 and H411 for copper, covering harm if swallowed and aquatic harm. These are aggregated from notifications and may not describe the rolled alloy.
      ghs:
        - H302
        - H400
        - H410
        - H411
      source: pubchem-cu-ghs
      where: GHS Classification, aggregated information from 3463 company reports
  failure_risks:
    - mode: White storage stain (white rust) on zinc-nickel
      trigger: Zn-Ni electroplated parts exposed to moisture in storage
      consequence: The Korean study found white rust on roll-formed Zn-Ni bolts and reports that a Ni-P electroless deposit with heat treatment protected the bolts for a long time in its salt spray and humidity tests.
      severity: moderate
      source: koreascience-zn-ni
      where: Abstract, first paragraph
    - mode: Red rust at cut edges of Zn-Al-Mg coated steel
      trigger: Sheared, punched or drilled edges in outdoor or chloride exposure
      consequence: Exposed steel at the cut edge corrodes in part, because the coating does not regenerate across the edge.
      severity: moderate
      source: galvinfo-1-11
      where: Section 6 Cut-Edge Protection
  side_effects:
    - text: Nickel is a sensitiser and suspected carcinogen (PubChem H317 and H351), so plating and handling of nickel-bearing deposits need controls.
      affects: Plating workers and anyone handling nickel-bearing parts
      source: pubchem-ni-ghs
      where: GHS Classification, first Danger block
  handling:
    - text: Keep zinc dust and powder dry. PubChem gives H260 for zinc, meaning it releases flammable gas in contact with water.
      source: pubchem-zn-ghs
      where: GHS Classification, H260 line
    - text: DeKalb says trivalent chromate is applied on top of its zinc-nickel coatings and that the coating meets RoHS requirements.
      source: dekalb-zn-ni
      where: Trivalent chromate and RoHS statements
    - text: Give Zn-Al-Mg cut edges a finish or topcoat in outdoor or chloride service, because the coating protects the cut edge only in part.
      source: galvinfo-1-11
      where: Section 6 Cut-Edge Protection
uses:
  - application: structures
    device: Roofing, cladding and cable trays from Magnelis Zn-Al-Mg coated steel
    example: ArcelorMittal lists roofing and cladding, cable trays, profiles and expanded metal among Magnelis construction uses.
    source: arcelor-magnelis-e35
    where: Applications list, Construction
  - application: structures
    device: Barns and greenhouse structures from Zn-Al-Mg coated steel
    example: ArcelorMittal lists barns and greenhouse structures under agricultural and farming uses of Magnelis.
    source: arcelor-magnelis-e35
    where: Applications list, Agricultural and farming
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Zinc-nickel electroplated automotive parts and fasteners
    example: DeKalb lists OEM zinc-nickel specifications from Ford, General Motors, FCA, Toyota and Honda on its page.
    source: dekalb-zn-ni
    where: Nickel content ranges list
  - application: structures
    device: Rolled titanium-zinc sheet for roofs, facades and roof gutters
    example: The NedZink product site lists Roofs, Façades and Roof gutters as product categories in its navigation menu.
    source: nedzink-ti-zn
    where: Site navigation menu, product category links (no application text printed on the product page)
supply:
  - subject: Zinc (base metal of all three families)
    abundance: Identified zinc resources of the world are about 1.9 billion tons (USGS MCS 2026, World Resources).
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 31.5
        year: 2025
      - country: Peru
        share_percent: 11.5
        year: 2025
      - country: Australia
        share_percent: 8.5
        year: 2025
      - country: India
        share_percent: 6.7
        year: 2025
      - country: Mexico
        share_percent: 6
        year: 2025
    critical_lists:
      - list: IEA Final List of Critical Minerals 2025, entry 59, zinc used as a coating to protect iron and steel from corrosion
        listed: true
    recycling: 'USGS: refined zinc produced in the United States was recovered from secondary materials at both primary and secondary smelters, including galvanizing residues and crude zinc oxide from electric arc furnace dust.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: aluminum- and magnesium-base alloys are major substitutes for zinc-base diecasting alloys, and aluminum and plastics substitute for galvanized sheet in automobiles.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-zinc
    where: 'World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column, zinc content in thousand t: China 4,100; Peru 1,500; Australia 1,100; India 870; Mexico 780; world total 13,000 (rounded). Shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the rounded total. Recycling and Substitutes sections.'
  - subject: Nickel (zinc-nickel deposits)
    abundance: Globally, nickel resources have been estimated to contain more than 350 million tons of nickel (USGS MCS 2026, World Resources).
    producers:
      - country: Indonesia
        share_percent: 66.7
        year: 2025
      - country: Philippines
        share_percent: 6.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.1
        year: 2025
      - country: Canada
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
      - country: New Caledonia
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
    critical_lists:
      - list: IEA Final List of Critical Minerals 2025, entry 33, nickel used in high-strength steel and rechargeable batteries
        listed: true
    recycling: 'USGS: most secondary nickel was in the form of nickel content of stainless-steel scrap.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-nickel
    where: 'World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column, nickel content in tons: Indonesia 2,600,000; Philippines 270,000; Russia 200,000; Canada 140,000; New Caledonia 140,000; world total 3,900,000 (rounded). Shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the rounded total. Recycling and Substitutes sections.'
  - subject: Copper (alloying addition in the rolled titanium-zinc sheet; IEA lists it for wiring and cables)
    abundance: World reserves of copper are about 980,000 thousand t (USGS MCS 2026, rounded world total in the reserves column).
    producers:
      - country: Chile
        share_percent: 23
        year: 2025
      - country: Congo (Kinshasa)
        share_percent: 13.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Peru
        share_percent: 11.7
        year: 2025
      - country: China
        share_percent: 7.8
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.7
        year: 2025
    critical_lists:
      - list: IEA Final List of Critical Minerals 2025, entry 12, copper used widely in wiring and cables
        listed: true
      - list: U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals, copper added in 2025 (USGS MCS 2026)
        listed: true
    source: usgs-mcs2026-copper
    where: 'World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, Mine production 2025e column, copper content in thousand t: Chile 5,300; Congo (Kinshasa) 3,200; Peru 2,700; China 1,800; Russia 1,300; world total 23,000 (rounded). Shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the rounded total. Reserves column world total 980,000. Critical-minerals text on the first page.'
media: []
documents:
  - title: 'Zintek technical file: rolled titanium-zinc (EN 988 limits, physical and mechanical characteristics)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.zintek.it/en/?p=7061
  - title: NedZink technical specification of rolled titanium-zinc
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.nedzink.com/en/product-features-titanium-zinc/technical-specifications/
  - title: ArcelorMittal Magnelis datasheet, E35 (mirror copy)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.bevego.se/storage/FC0842321D6254DD57690C6005DF9B62EAA442147EF260823444E6DFA3BCD210/f03ee00e69274de4a0039c0fa24c08a1/pdf/media/b767318573c14d2b8cc0e928ca9e8000/E35%20-%20EN.pdf
  - title: 'GalvInfoNote 1.11: Zinc-Aluminum-Magnesium Alloy-Coated Steel Sheet'
    type: report
    url: https://www.galvinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2026/09/GalvInfoNote_1.11_Zn-Al-Mg_REVISED.pdf
  - title: 'DeKalb Metal Finishing: zinc-nickel plating capability page'
    type: report
    url: https://dekalbmetal.com/capabilities/zinc-nickel-plating
  - title: Study on the salt spray test of roll-formed Zn-Ni electrodeposited steel bolts (2012, Korean journal, KSTP)
    type: paper
    url: https://koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO201225135676572.pdf
    year: 2012
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Zinc'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-zinc.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'IEA: Final List of Critical Minerals 2025'
    type: report
    url: https://www.iea.org/policies/31799-final-list-of-critical-minerals-2025
    year: 2025
  - title: 'PubChem: zinc (CID 23994), GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23994/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification
  - title: 'PubChem: nickel (CID 935), GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification
  - title: 'PubChem: copper (CID 23978), GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23978/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification
gaps:
  - No vacuum, outgassing, atomic-oxygen, radiation or thermal-vacuum data were fetched for any of the three families, so tags.environments and tags.stresses are empty.
  - No binary Zn-Cu alloy (copper-only zinc, outside the Cu-Ti rolled sheet) was found with its own properties. The EN 988 copper limit of 1 percent (Zintek) is the only Zn-Cu figure recorded, in the recipe and identity.
  - No corrosion rate, patina or outdoor exposure figure for the rolled titanium-zinc sheet was read in this run. The NedZink page prints no application or durability text beyond its navigation menu.
  - 'The NedZink and Zintek pages disagree on several values, and both are kept with their sources: density 7.2 g/cm3 against 7.14 kg/dm3, melting point 420 against 419 °C, Rp 0.2 minimum 110 against 100 N/mm2, elongation minimum 40 against 35 percent, and copper 0.08 to 0.17 percent (NedZink) against 0.08 to 1 percent (EN 988 limit).'
  - The Zintek page prints the titanium and copper limits with decimal commas (for example 0,06 and 0,2); they are recorded with a decimal point.
  - 'The MDPI Metals 2022 Zn-Ni article (volume 12, article 96) could not be opened: MDPI returned HTTP 403 to both curl and WebFetch. No electrochemical or Ni-content data from that paper are recorded.'
  - The DeKalb page does not name the salt spray standard (ISO 9227 or ASTM B117), the coating thickness, or the hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of zinc-nickel. Its hours are the plater's figures, not a standard test report.
  - The Korean 2012 paper gives qualitative white-rust observations only. Its specimen nickel content and hour counts were not extracted, so no property value is taken from it.
  - No peer-reviewed cut-edge corrosion study for Zn-Al-Mg was fetched. GalvInfoNote 1.11 gives the qualitative cut-edge mechanism and the literature salt spray range only.
  - The Magnelis composition figure of 93.5 percent zinc, 3.5 percent aluminium and 3 percent magnesium is from the ArcelorMittal datasheet (mirror copy). A seller blog gave a different composition, which was not used.
  - Titanium, aluminium and magnesium supply were not sourced in this run. The USGS titanium summary was downloaded but its sponge production table was not read.
  - Supply shares for zinc, nickel and copper are calculated by Space Mushroom from the USGS 2025e production columns against the rounded world totals. The printed country values do not sum exactly to those totals.
  - Zinc critical-mineral status comes from the IEA list. The USGS zinc summary does not name zinc as critical in the text read in this run.
  - The nominal zinc-nickel composition of around 15 percent nickel is a plater's statement, not a standard grade limit.
  - 'Benchmark names not in property-canon.yaml and used here: coating_mass, coating_thickness, nickel_content, salt_spray_white_rust_time, salt_spray_red_rust_time, salt_spray_time_ratio, vickers_hardness.'
  - Product categories for rolled titanium-zinc (Roofs, Facades, Roof gutters) are taken from the NedZink navigation menu, not from application text.
  - No media (images) were added in this run.
sources:
  usgs-mcs2026-zinc:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Zinc (U.S. Geological Survey)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-zinc.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-mcs2026-nickel:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel (U.S. Geological Survey)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-mcs2026-copper:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper (U.S. Geological Survey)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  iea-crit-2025:
    title: Final List of Critical Minerals 2025 (IEA policy database)
    url: https://www.iea.org/policies/31799-final-list-of-critical-minerals-2025
    year: 2025
    kind: web
    license: IEA web page, cited not reproduced
  pubchem-zn-ghs:
    title: 'PubChem compound record: zinc (CID 23994), GHS classification (ECHA C&L Inventory, aggregated)'
    id: CID 23994; CAS 7440-66-6
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23994/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification
    kind: database
    license: public domain (NCBI)
  pubchem-ni-ghs:
    title: 'PubChem compound record: nickel (CID 935), GHS classification'
    id: CID 935
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification
    kind: database
    license: public domain (NCBI)
  pubchem-cu-ghs:
    title: 'PubChem compound record: copper (CID 23978), GHS classification (ECHA C&L Inventory, aggregated)'
    id: CID 23978
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23978/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification
    kind: database
    license: public domain (NCBI)
  galvinfo-1-11:
    title: 'GalvInfoNote 1.11: Zinc-Aluminum-Magnesium Alloy-Coated Steel Sheet (revised)'
    id: GalvInfo Note 1.11, Rev 1.2, 2026
    url: https://www.galvinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2026/09/GalvInfoNote_1.11_Zn-Al-Mg_REVISED.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: GalvInfo technical note, cited not reproduced
  arcelor-magnelis-e35:
    title: ArcelorMittal Magnelis datasheet, E35 (mirror copy)
    id: Magnelis E35 datasheet, ArcelorMittal
    url: https://www.bevego.se/storage/FC0842321D6254DD57690C6005DF9B62EAA442147EF260823444E6DFA3BCD210/f03ee00e69274de4a0039c0fa24c08a1/pdf/media/b767318573c14d2b8cc0e928ca9e8000/E35%20-%20EN.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced
  zintek-ti-zn:
    title: 'Zintek technical file: rolled titanium-zinc'
    id: Zintek technical file, rolled zintek titanium zinc products
    url: https://www.zintek.it/en/?p=7061
    kind: datasheet
    license: manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced
  nedzink-ti-zn:
    title: NedZink technical specification of rolled titanium-zinc
    id: NedZink technical specification of basic material
    url: https://www.nedzink.com/en/product-features-titanium-zinc/technical-specifications/
    kind: datasheet
    license: manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced
  dekalb-zn-ni:
    title: 'DeKalb Metal Finishing: zinc-nickel plating capability page'
    id: DeKalb zinc-nickel plating page
    url: https://dekalbmetal.com/capabilities/zinc-nickel-plating
    kind: web
    license: plater web page, cited not reproduced
  koreascience-zn-ni:
    title: Study on the salt spray test of roll-formed Zn-Ni electrodeposited steel bolts (Transactions of Materials Processing, 2012)
    id: KSTP 2012, vol. 21, no. 5, doi 10.5228/KSTP.2012.21.5.330
    url: https://koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO201225135676572.pdf
    year: 2012
    kind: paper
    license: Korean journal article, cited not reproduced
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 27
  unreachable: 0
  caveats: 4
  note: Drafted by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from NedZink, Zintek, ArcelorMittal, GalvInfoNote, DeKalb, a 2012 Korean journal paper, USGS, IEA and PubChem pages read in this run. The MDPI Zn-Ni paper could not be opened (HTTP 403) and is not cited. verify-values on 2026-10-26 found 27 of 27 values and 2 of 2 designations in the cited source text.
story:
  recipe:
    line: Three families share a zinc base. Rolled titanium-zinc is zinc with small copper and titanium additions, rolled into flat building sheet to EN 988. Zn-Al-Mg coatings are applied to steel sheet by continuous hot-dip galvanising. Zinc-nickel is electroplated onto steel parts, with about 15 % nickel typical.
    parts:
      - name: Zinc
        symbol: Zn
        share: balance (99.995 minimum in the rolled sheet, Z1 grade under EN 1179)
        role: Base metal. In Zn-Al-Mg coatings it is the matrix and gives sacrificial protection to exposed steel.
      - name: Copper
        symbol: Cu
        share: 0.08 to 0.17 % (NedZink product); 0.08 to 1 % (EN 988 limit, Zintek)
        role: Small addition in the rolled sheet, one of the EN 988 limits.
      - name: Titanium
        symbol: Ti
        share: 0.07 to 0.12 % (NedZink product); 0.06 to 0.2 % (EN 988 limit, Zintek)
        role: Small addition in the rolled sheet, one of the EN 988 limits.
      - name: Aluminium
        symbol: Al
        share: below 0.015 % in the rolled sheet; 3.5 % in the Magnelis coating; 5 to 13 % in ASTM A1046 Type 1 coating bath
        role: Kept low in the rolled sheet (cap 0.015). In Zn-Al-Mg coatings it shapes solidification and forms corrosion products (GalvInfoNote).
      - name: Magnesium
        symbol: Mg
        share: 3 % in the Magnelis coating; 2 to 4 % in ASTM A1046 Types 1 and 2
        role: GalvInfoNote says the benefit comes from the corrosion products that Mg helps form, not from Mg being more corrosion resistant than zinc.
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        share: about 15 % typical; 12 to 16 % (Ford WSS-M1P87)
        role: Sets the corrosion behaviour of the zinc-nickel deposit. OEM specifications set nickel windows for it.
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 0
      verdict: Nickel and zinc dust carry the main hazard codes
      lead: The GHS codes come from PubChem's aggregated notifications for each element, not for these alloys.
      points:
        - label: Nickel
          line: PubChem gives H317 (allergic skin reaction), H351 (suspected of causing cancer), H372 (organ damage with repeated exposure) and H412 for nickel, which is in the zinc-nickel deposit.
        - label: Zinc dust
          line: PubChem gives H250 and H260 for zinc, meaning it can catch fire in air as powder and releases flammable gas in water. Keep dust and powder dry.
        - label: Copper
          line: PubChem gives H302 (harmful if swallowed) and H400, H410 and H411 (aquatic life) for copper.
    - title: Outdoor and wet exposure
      lead: These corrosion results come from a plater's figures, a coating maker's note and a 2012 laboratory paper, not from field incidents.
      points:
        - label: Cut edges
          line: Exposed steel at a cut edge still corrodes in part, because the Zn-Al-Mg coating does not regenerate across the cut (GalvInfoNote).
        - label: Zinc-nickel
          line: DeKalb quotes more than 240 hours to white rust and more than 1000 hours to red rust for trivalent zinc-nickel.
        - label: Humidity
          line: The 2012 Korean study found white rust on roll-formed Zn-Ni electroplated bolts exposed to moisture.
  why: Rolled titanium-zinc is a flat zinc product, with a density of 7.2 g/cm3 and a melting point of 420 °C (NedZink). Zn-Al-Mg coatings are added to steel sheet to protect cut edges and to improve salt spray results. Zinc-nickel is electroplated where OEM specifications set nickel windows near 12 to 16 %.
  uses:
    - where: Roofs, facades and gutters
      line: NedZink lists Roofs, Façades and Roof gutters as product categories in its site menu.
    - where: Construction and agricultural steel (Magnelis)
      line: ArcelorMittal lists roofing and cladding, cable trays, barns and greenhouse structures among Magnelis uses.
    - where: Automotive fasteners and parts
      line: DeKalb lists OEM zinc-nickel specifications from Ford, General Motors, FCA, Toyota and Honda on its page.
  can_do:
    - label: Tensile strength
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: EN 988 minimum tensile strength is 150 N/mm2 for rolled titanium-zinc, printed by both Zintek and NedZink.
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
      line: Rolled titanium-zinc has a density of 7.2 g/cm3 (NedZink) or 7.14 kg/dm3 (Zintek).
    - label: Coating thickness
      benchmark: coating_thickness
      line: Magnelis ZM90 is 7 µm per side and ZM310 is 24 µm per side.
    - label: Salt spray against GI
      benchmark: salt_spray_time_ratio
      line: Literature surveys report four to twenty times the time to red rust of conventional GI in some neutral salt spray set-ups. GalvInfoNote says this is not a service-life multiplier.
  compare: Of the three families, rolled titanium-zinc is the only one with a full set of printed mechanical minima in this file, and it has two printed densities that differ by a little under 1 %. Zn-Al-Mg coatings add 7 to 24 µm per side of zinc-rich coating to steel, and their cut-edge benefit is real but partial. Zinc-nickel deposits are quoted at 240 hours to white rust and 1000 hours to red rust, but the test standard is not named. The table compares density, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Thermal conductivity
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    - label: Thermal expansion
      benchmark: cte
  handling:
    - Keep zinc dust and powder dry. PubChem gives H260 for zinc, meaning it releases flammable gas in contact with water.
    - DeKalb says trivalent chromate is applied on top of its zinc-nickel coatings and that the coating meets RoHS requirements.
    - Finish or topcoat Zn-Al-Mg cut edges in outdoor or chloride service, because the coating protects the cut edge only in part.
  good_for:
    - Rolled zinc sheet for roofs, facades and gutters, where EN 988 limits set the copper and titanium content (Zintek, NedZink).
    - Steel sheet coated with Zn-Al-Mg for roofing, cladding and barns (ArcelorMittal).
    - Zinc-nickel electroplate for automotive parts where OEM nickel windows apply (DeKalb).
  watch_out:
    - Cut edges on Zn-Al-Mg coated steel, which are protected only in part (GalvInfoNote).
    - Humid storage of zinc-nickel parts, where white rust can form (2012 Korean study).
    - Nickel hazard codes H317, H351 and H372 during plating and handling (PubChem).
  verdict: The three minor zinc alloys suit building sheet, steel coatings and automotive plating. Rolled titanium-zinc has the best-documented numbers here. The corrosion figures for zinc-nickel and Zn-Al-Mg rest on plater, maker and literature statements rather than standard test reports.