{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "zinc-minor-alloys",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "zinc-alloys",
  "name": "Zinc minor alloys (rolled titanium-zinc, zinc-nickel plating, zinc-aluminium-magnesium coatings)",
  "abbreviation": "Zn minor alloys",
  "role": "rolled building sheet, corrosion-resistant electroplate and hot-dip steel coating",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "heavy-metals",
  "summary": "Zinc is alloyed in small amounts with copper and titanium for rolled building sheet, with nickel for an electroplated corrosion coating, and with aluminium and magnesium for a hot-dip steel coating. Rolled titanium-zinc sheet has a density of 7.2 g/cm3 and melts at 420 °C (NedZink), and its minimum tensile strength is 150 N/mm2 under EN 988. One plater quotes 240 hours to white rust and 1000 hours to red rust for trivalent zinc-nickel, and Ford WSS-M1P87 specifies 12 to 16 % nickel. The Magnelis coating (93.5 % Zn, 3.5 % Al, 3 % Mg) protects exposed steel at cut edges through corrosion products built up from the coating.\n",
  "best_for": "Thin rolled zinc roofs, facades and gutters, and steel sheet coated with Zn-Al-Mg where cut edges and chloride air matter",
  "weakest_at": "The corrosion figures for zinc-nickel and Zn-Al-Mg come from a plater, a coating maker and a literature summary, not from a standard test report, and no corrosion data for the rolled sheet was read in this run",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Zinc-base alloys and coatings, weight %. Rolled titanium-zinc (EN 988 limits, Zintek): Cu 0.08 to 1, Ti 0.06 to 0.2, Al 0.015 max, zinc balance on Z1 zinc (99.995 under EN 1179). NedZink rolled titanium-zinc product: Zn 99.995, Cu 0.08 to 0.17, Ti 0.07 to 0.12, Al below 0.015. Zn-Al-Mg coating-bath types (ASTM A1046/A1046M-25a): 0.5 to 21 Al and 0.4 to 8 Mg across seven types, up to 1 additional element, zinc balance; Type 1 Al 5 to 13 and Mg 2 to 4; Type 2 Al 3 to <5 and Mg 2 to 4; Type 3 Al 3 to 6 and Mg 0.4 to <2; Type 4 Al 0.5 to <3 and Mg 0.4 to <2.6; Type 5 Al 0.5 to <3 and Mg 2.6 to 4; Type 6 Al 10 to 14 and Mg >4 to 6; Type 7 Al 17 to 21 and Mg 4 to 8. Magnelis coating: Zn 93.5, Al 3.5, Mg 3. Zinc-nickel electroplate: nickel typically around 15, with OEM windows from 5 to 15 (GM GMW4700 Type A) and 12 to 18 (Toyota TSH6532G), zinc balance.",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Magnelis",
        "source": "arcelor-magnelis-e35",
        "where": "Product description, first paragraph"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A1046",
        "note": "coating specification for Zn-Al-Mg coated steel sheet, not a grade",
        "source": "galvinfo-1-11",
        "where": "Section 2, first paragraph"
      }
    ],
    "source": "nedzink-ti-zn",
    "where": "NedZink chemical composition table (Cu, Ti, Al, Zn purity). EN 988 limits from the Zintek composition table. ASTM A1046 types from Table 1 of GalvInfoNote 1.11. Magnelis composition from the ArcelorMittal datasheet. Zinc-nickel windows and nominal composition from the DeKalb page."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "structures",
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink product)",
      "value": 7.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (NedZink product, EN 988 family)",
        "condition": "rolled flat sheet"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Physical properties table of the NedZink product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nedzink-ti-zn",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NedZink technical specification of rolled titanium-zinc",
        "id": "NedZink technical specification of basic material",
        "url": "https://www.nedzink.com/en/product-features-titanium-zinc/technical-specifications/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, rolled titanium-zinc (Zintek technical file)",
      "value": 7.14,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/dm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)",
        "condition": "rolled flat sheet",
        "unit_in_source": "Kg/dm3"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Physical and technological characteristics table of the Zintek technical file",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zintek-ti-zn",
      "where": "Physical and technological characteristics table, row Density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zintek technical file: rolled titanium-zinc",
        "id": "Zintek technical file, rolled zintek titanium zinc products",
        "url": "https://www.zintek.it/en/?p=7061",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink product)",
      "value": 420,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (NedZink product)",
        "condition": "rolled flat sheet"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Physical properties table of the NedZink product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nedzink-ti-zn",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Melting point",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NedZink technical specification of rolled titanium-zinc",
        "id": "NedZink technical specification of basic material",
        "url": "https://www.nedzink.com/en/product-features-titanium-zinc/technical-specifications/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, rolled titanium-zinc (Zintek technical file)",
      "value": 419,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)",
        "condition": "rolled flat sheet"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Physical and technological characteristics table of the Zintek technical file",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zintek-ti-zn",
      "where": "Physical and technological characteristics table, row Melting point",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zintek technical file: rolled titanium-zinc",
        "id": "Zintek technical file, rolled zintek titanium zinc products",
        "url": "https://www.zintek.it/en/?p=7061",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Thermal expansion parallel to lamination, rolled titanium-zinc",
      "value": 0.022,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mm/m °C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)",
        "condition": "rolled flat sheet",
        "direction": "parallel to the lamination direction",
        "unit_in_source": "mm/m °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Physical and technological characteristics table of the Zintek technical file",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zintek-ti-zn",
      "where": "Physical and technological characteristics table, row Thermal expansion coefficient in parallel direction to the lamination",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zintek technical file: rolled titanium-zinc",
        "id": "Zintek technical file, rolled zintek titanium zinc products",
        "url": "https://www.zintek.it/en/?p=7061",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Thermal expansion transverse to lamination, rolled titanium-zinc",
      "value": 0.017,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mm/m °C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)",
        "condition": "rolled flat sheet",
        "direction": "transverse to the lamination direction",
        "unit_in_source": "mm/m °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Physical and technological characteristics table of the Zintek technical file",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zintek-ti-zn",
      "where": "Physical and technological characteristics table, row Thermal expansion coefficient in transversal direction to the lamination",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zintek technical file: rolled titanium-zinc",
        "id": "Zintek technical file, rolled zintek titanium zinc products",
        "url": "https://www.zintek.it/en/?p=7061",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Linear expansion coefficient, rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink product)",
      "value": 0.022,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mm/(mK)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (NedZink product)",
        "condition": "rolled flat sheet",
        "direction": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "mm/(mK)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Physical properties table of the NedZink product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nedzink-ti-zn",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Lineair expansion coefficient",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NedZink technical specification of rolled titanium-zinc",
        "id": "NedZink technical specification of basic material",
        "url": "https://www.nedzink.com/en/product-features-titanium-zinc/technical-specifications/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, rolled titanium-zinc (Zintek technical file)",
      "value": 109,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m °K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)",
        "condition": "rolled flat sheet",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "W/m °K"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Physical and technological characteristics table of the Zintek technical file",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zintek-ti-zn",
      "where": "Physical and technological characteristics table, row Thermal conductivity at 20 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zintek technical file: rolled titanium-zinc",
        "id": "Zintek technical file, rolled zintek titanium zinc products",
        "url": "https://www.zintek.it/en/?p=7061",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2 percent offset minimum, rolled titanium-zinc (Zintek technical file)",
      "value": 100,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)",
        "condition": "rolled flat sheet"
      },
      "method": "Minimum limit printed in the mechanical characteristics section of the Zintek technical file (UNI EN 988 section); not a typical test value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zintek-ti-zn",
      "where": "Mechanical characteristics, row Offset from proportionality unit load 0.20 percent, Rp 0.2, min 100",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zintek technical file: rolled titanium-zinc",
        "id": "Zintek technical file, rolled zintek titanium zinc products",
        "url": "https://www.zintek.it/en/?p=7061",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2 percent offset minimum, rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink product)",
      "value": 110,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (NedZink product)",
        "condition": "rolled flat sheet"
      },
      "method": "Minimum limit printed in the Mechanical and technological properties table of the NedZink product page; not a typical test value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nedzink-ti-zn",
      "where": "Mechanical and technological properties table, Yield strength ellasticity (Rp 0.2), min. 110",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NedZink technical specification of rolled titanium-zinc",
        "id": "NedZink technical specification of basic material",
        "url": "https://www.nedzink.com/en/product-features-titanium-zinc/technical-specifications/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength minimum, rolled titanium-zinc (Zintek technical file)",
      "value": 150,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)",
        "condition": "rolled flat sheet"
      },
      "method": "Minimum limit printed in the mechanical characteristics section of the Zintek technical file (UNI EN 988 section); not a typical test value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zintek-ti-zn",
      "where": "Mechanical characteristics, row Tensile strength, Rm, min 150",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zintek technical file: rolled titanium-zinc",
        "id": "Zintek technical file, rolled zintek titanium zinc products",
        "url": "https://www.zintek.it/en/?p=7061",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength minimum, rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink product)",
      "value": 150,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (NedZink product)",
        "condition": "rolled flat sheet"
      },
      "method": "Minimum limit printed in the Mechanical and technological properties table of the NedZink product page; not a typical test value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nedzink-ti-zn",
      "where": "Mechanical and technological properties table, Tensile strength (Rm), min. 150",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NedZink technical specification of rolled titanium-zinc",
        "id": "NedZink technical specification of basic material",
        "url": "https://www.nedzink.com/en/product-features-titanium-zinc/technical-specifications/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation after break A50 minimum, rolled titanium-zinc (Zintek technical file)",
      "value": 35,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)",
        "condition": "rolled flat sheet",
        "gauge": "A50 mm"
      },
      "method": "Minimum limit printed in the mechanical characteristics section of the Zintek technical file; not a typical test value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zintek-ti-zn",
      "where": "Mechanical characteristics, row Elongation percentage after break, A50 mm, min 35",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zintek technical file: rolled titanium-zinc",
        "id": "Zintek technical file, rolled zintek titanium zinc products",
        "url": "https://www.zintek.it/en/?p=7061",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation A50 minimum, rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink product)",
      "value": 40,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (NedZink product)",
        "condition": "rolled flat sheet",
        "gauge": "A50"
      },
      "method": "Minimum limit printed in the Mechanical and technological properties table of the NedZink product page; not a typical test value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nedzink-ti-zn",
      "where": "Mechanical and technological properties table, Elongation (A50), min. 40",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NedZink technical specification of rolled titanium-zinc",
        "id": "NedZink technical specification of basic material",
        "url": "https://www.nedzink.com/en/product-features-titanium-zinc/technical-specifications/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vickers_hardness",
      "label": "Hardness minimum, rolled titanium-zinc (Zintek technical file)",
      "value": 45,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "Rolled titanium-zinc sheet (EN 988, Zintek technical file)",
        "condition": "rolled flat sheet"
      },
      "method": "Minimum limit printed in the mechanical characteristics section of the Zintek technical file; not a typical test value",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.",
      "source": "zintek-ti-zn",
      "where": "Mechanical characteristics, Minimum hardness, HV 45",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zintek technical file: rolled titanium-zinc",
        "id": "Zintek technical file, rolled zintek titanium zinc products",
        "url": "https://www.zintek.it/en/?p=7061",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "coating_mass",
      "label": "Magnelis coating weight ZM90, double sided",
      "value": 90,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/m2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "designation": "ZM90",
        "basis": "coating weight, double sided, as printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Coating properties table of the ArcelorMittal Magnelis datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.",
      "source": "arcelor-magnelis-e35",
      "where": "Coating properties table, ZM90 row, Magnelis coating weight double sided column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ArcelorMittal Magnelis datasheet, E35 (mirror copy)",
        "id": "Magnelis E35 datasheet, ArcelorMittal",
        "url": "https://www.bevego.se/storage/FC0842321D6254DD57690C6005DF9B62EAA442147EF260823444E6DFA3BCD210/f03ee00e69274de4a0039c0fa24c08a1/pdf/media/b767318573c14d2b8cc0e928ca9e8000/E35%20-%20EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "coating_thickness",
      "label": "Magnelis coating thickness ZM90, per side",
      "value": 7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm per side",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "designation": "ZM90",
        "basis": "coating thickness per side, as printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Coating properties table of the ArcelorMittal Magnelis datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.",
      "source": "arcelor-magnelis-e35",
      "where": "Coating properties table, ZM90 row, Coating thickness per side column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ArcelorMittal Magnelis datasheet, E35 (mirror copy)",
        "id": "Magnelis E35 datasheet, ArcelorMittal",
        "url": "https://www.bevego.se/storage/FC0842321D6254DD57690C6005DF9B62EAA442147EF260823444E6DFA3BCD210/f03ee00e69274de4a0039c0fa24c08a1/pdf/media/b767318573c14d2b8cc0e928ca9e8000/E35%20-%20EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "coating_mass",
      "label": "Magnelis coating weight ZM310, double sided",
      "value": 310,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/m2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "designation": "ZM310",
        "basis": "coating weight, double sided, as printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Coating properties table of the ArcelorMittal Magnelis datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.",
      "source": "arcelor-magnelis-e35",
      "where": "Coating properties table, ZM310 row, Magnelis coating weight double sided column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ArcelorMittal Magnelis datasheet, E35 (mirror copy)",
        "id": "Magnelis E35 datasheet, ArcelorMittal",
        "url": "https://www.bevego.se/storage/FC0842321D6254DD57690C6005DF9B62EAA442147EF260823444E6DFA3BCD210/f03ee00e69274de4a0039c0fa24c08a1/pdf/media/b767318573c14d2b8cc0e928ca9e8000/E35%20-%20EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "coating_thickness",
      "label": "Magnelis coating thickness ZM310, per side",
      "value": 24,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm per side",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "designation": "ZM310",
        "basis": "coating thickness per side, as printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Coating properties table of the ArcelorMittal Magnelis datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.",
      "source": "arcelor-magnelis-e35",
      "where": "Coating properties table, ZM310 row, Coating thickness per side column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ArcelorMittal Magnelis datasheet, E35 (mirror copy)",
        "id": "Magnelis E35 datasheet, ArcelorMittal",
        "url": "https://www.bevego.se/storage/FC0842321D6254DD57690C6005DF9B62EAA442147EF260823444E6DFA3BCD210/f03ee00e69274de4a0039c0fa24c08a1/pdf/media/b767318573c14d2b8cc0e928ca9e8000/E35%20-%20EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "salt_spray_time_ratio",
      "label": "Time to red rust, Zn-Al-Mg against conventional GI, neutral salt spray",
      "value": 4,
      "value_high": 20,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "times GI",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "neutral salt spray, certain configurations",
        "reference": "conventional hot-dip galvanised steel (GI)",
        "basis": "literature surveys, as stated in words (four to twenty times)"
      },
      "method": "Range stated in the Corrosion Performance section of GalvInfoNote 1.11; the note says it is not a universal service-life multiplier",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.",
      "source": "galvinfo-1-11",
      "where": "Section 5 Corrosion Performance, first paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GalvInfoNote 1.11: Zinc-Aluminum-Magnesium Alloy-Coated Steel Sheet (revised)",
        "id": "GalvInfo Note 1.11, Rev 1.2, 2026",
        "url": "https://www.galvinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2026/09/GalvInfoNote_1.11_Zn-Al-Mg_REVISED.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "GalvInfo technical note, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "nickel_content",
      "label": "Nickel content window, zinc-nickel (Ford WSS-M1P87)",
      "value": 12,
      "value_high": 16,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "spec": "Ford WSS-M1P87",
        "basis": "nickel content window as printed, weight basis not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the nickel content list of the DeKalb zinc-nickel page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.",
      "source": "dekalb-zn-ni",
      "where": "Nickel content ranges list, Ford WSS-M1P87 (12-16%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DeKalb Metal Finishing: zinc-nickel plating capability page",
        "id": "DeKalb zinc-nickel plating page",
        "url": "https://dekalbmetal.com/capabilities/zinc-nickel-plating",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "plater web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "nickel_content",
      "label": "Nickel content window, zinc-nickel (FCA PS.50031)",
      "value": 12,
      "value_high": 17,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "spec": "FCA PS.50031",
        "basis": "nickel content window as printed, weight basis not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the nickel content list of the DeKalb zinc-nickel page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.",
      "source": "dekalb-zn-ni",
      "where": "Nickel content ranges list, FCA PS.50031 (12-17%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DeKalb Metal Finishing: zinc-nickel plating capability page",
        "id": "DeKalb zinc-nickel plating page",
        "url": "https://dekalbmetal.com/capabilities/zinc-nickel-plating",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "plater web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "nickel_content",
      "label": "Nickel content window, zinc-nickel (Toyota TSH6532G)",
      "value": 12,
      "value_high": 18,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "spec": "Toyota TSH6532G",
        "basis": "nickel content window as printed, weight basis not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the nickel content list of the DeKalb zinc-nickel page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.",
      "source": "dekalb-zn-ni",
      "where": "Nickel content ranges list, Toyota TSH6532G (12-18%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DeKalb Metal Finishing: zinc-nickel plating capability page",
        "id": "DeKalb zinc-nickel plating page",
        "url": "https://dekalbmetal.com/capabilities/zinc-nickel-plating",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "plater web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "nickel_content",
      "label": "Nickel content window, zinc-nickel (GM GMW4700 Type A)",
      "value": 5,
      "value_high": 15,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "spec": "General Motors GMW4700, Type A",
        "basis": "nickel content window as printed, weight basis not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the nickel content list of the DeKalb zinc-nickel page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.",
      "source": "dekalb-zn-ni",
      "where": "Nickel content ranges list, General Motors GMW4700 (Type A 5-15%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DeKalb Metal Finishing: zinc-nickel plating capability page",
        "id": "DeKalb zinc-nickel plating page",
        "url": "https://dekalbmetal.com/capabilities/zinc-nickel-plating",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "plater web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "nickel_content",
      "label": "Nickel content, typical zinc-nickel deposit",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "nominal composition, not a range, weight basis not stated"
      },
      "method": "Nominal composition sentence printed on the DeKalb zinc-nickel page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.",
      "source": "dekalb-zn-ni",
      "where": "Nickel content text, nominal composition sentence (around 15% Nickel and 85% Zinc)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DeKalb Metal Finishing: zinc-nickel plating capability page",
        "id": "DeKalb zinc-nickel plating page",
        "url": "https://dekalbmetal.com/capabilities/zinc-nickel-plating",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "plater web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "salt_spray_white_rust_time",
      "label": "Time to white rust, trivalent zinc-nickel with chromate topcoat",
      "value": 240,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "h",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "deposit": "trivalent zinc-nickel with trivalent chromate topcoat",
        "test": "salt spray, standard not named on the page"
      },
      "method": "Figure printed as 240+ hours in the trivalent zinc-nickel row of the DeKalb table; the plater's own figure, not a standard test report",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.",
      "source": "dekalb-zn-ni",
      "where": "Corrosion table, trivalent zinc-nickel row, White Rust column (240+ hours)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DeKalb Metal Finishing: zinc-nickel plating capability page",
        "id": "DeKalb zinc-nickel plating page",
        "url": "https://dekalbmetal.com/capabilities/zinc-nickel-plating",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "plater web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "salt_spray_red_rust_time",
      "label": "Time to red rust, trivalent zinc-nickel with chromate topcoat",
      "value": 1000,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "h",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "deposit": "trivalent zinc-nickel with trivalent chromate topcoat",
        "test": "salt spray, standard not named on the page"
      },
      "method": "Figure printed as 1,000+ hours in the trivalent zinc-nickel row of the DeKalb table; the plater's own figure, not a standard test report",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.",
      "source": "dekalb-zn-ni",
      "where": "Corrosion table, trivalent zinc-nickel row, Red Rust column (1,000+ hours)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DeKalb Metal Finishing: zinc-nickel plating capability page",
        "id": "DeKalb zinc-nickel plating page",
        "url": "https://dekalbmetal.com/capabilities/zinc-nickel-plating",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "plater web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Cut edges of Zn-Al-Mg coated steel, outdoors and in chloride air",
      "headline": "Exposed steel at a sheared, punched or drilled edge is protected only in part, because the coating does not regenerate across the cut.",
      "effect": "GalvInfoNote says zinc in the coating gives sacrificial protection to the cut edge, and Zn and Mg species migrate to the edge and precipitate as corrosion products that cover part of the exposed steel. It warns that self-healing is partial, so the terms self-healing and enhanced cut-edge protection need care.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "sheared, punched or drilled edges, laboratory and outdoor exposures",
        "basis": "qualitative statement with cited studies, no edge corrosion rate read"
      },
      "source": "galvinfo-1-11",
      "where": "Section 6 Cut-Edge Protection"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Neutral salt spray, Zn-Al-Mg coatings against conventional GI",
      "headline": "Literature surveys report four to twenty times the time to red rust of conventional GI in some salt spray set-ups.",
      "effect": "GalvInfoNote says these figures should not be read as universal service-life multipliers, because the result depends on alloy composition, coating thickness, chloride deposition, atmospheric CO2, wet and dry cycling, and pollutants.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "neutral salt spray, certain configurations",
        "basis": "literature surveys summarised in the note, not a single test"
      },
      "source": "galvinfo-1-11",
      "where": "Section 5 Corrosion Performance, first paragraph and bullet list"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Trivalent zinc-nickel with trivalent chromate topcoat, salt spray",
      "headline": "The plater quotes more than 240 hours to white rust and more than 1000 hours to red rust.",
      "effect": "DeKalb presents these as the trivalent zinc-nickel row of its table and does not name the salt spray standard (ISO 9227 or ASTM B117 are not named on the page), so they are not directly comparable with a standard test report.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "salt spray, standard not named",
        "basis": "plater's own figures, trivalent chromate topcoat"
      },
      "source": "dekalb-zn-ni",
      "where": "Corrosion table, trivalent zinc-nickel row; body text on salt spray hours"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Humid storage of roll-formed Zn-Ni electroplated steel bolts",
      "headline": "White storage stain (white rust) forms on Zn-Ni electroplated bolts that are exposed to moisture.",
      "effect": "The Korean study says white rust forms on the Zn-Ni surface, and that a Zn-Al powder slurry coating held up better than Zn-Ni in its salt spray test. It reports that a Ni-P electroless deposit with heat treatment protected the bolts for a long time under salt spray and high humidity tests.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "humidity and salt spray tests on roll-formed bolts, 24 hours salt spray in the paper",
        "basis": "qualitative photographs and observations in the paper, no rate"
      },
      "source": "koreascience-zn-ni",
      "where": "Abstract, first paragraph; Figures 5 to 8 captions"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem gives H250 and H260 for zinc, meaning it can catch fire in air as a powder and releases flammable gas in contact with water.",
        "ghs": [
          "H250",
          "H260"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-zn-ghs",
        "where": "GHS Classification, Danger block, aggregated from 2624 company reports"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem gives H400 and H410 for zinc, meaning very toxic to aquatic life, with the second having long lasting effects.",
        "ghs": [
          "H400",
          "H410"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-zn-ghs",
        "where": "GHS Classification, Warning block, aggregated information"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem gives H317, H351, H372 and H412 for nickel, covering allergic skin reaction, suspected cancer, organ damage with repeated exposure and aquatic harm. The zinc-nickel deposit contains nickel, so these codes matter for plating and handling.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H351",
          "H372",
          "H412"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-ni-ghs",
        "where": "GHS Classification, first Danger block"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem gives H302, H400, H410 and H411 for copper, covering harm if swallowed and aquatic harm. These are aggregated from notifications and may not describe the rolled alloy.",
        "ghs": [
          "H302",
          "H400",
          "H410",
          "H411"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-cu-ghs",
        "where": "GHS Classification, aggregated information from 3463 company reports"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "White storage stain (white rust) on zinc-nickel",
        "trigger": "Zn-Ni electroplated parts exposed to moisture in storage",
        "consequence": "The Korean study found white rust on roll-formed Zn-Ni bolts and reports that a Ni-P electroless deposit with heat treatment protected the bolts for a long time in its salt spray and humidity tests.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "koreascience-zn-ni",
        "where": "Abstract, first paragraph"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Red rust at cut edges of Zn-Al-Mg coated steel",
        "trigger": "Sheared, punched or drilled edges in outdoor or chloride exposure",
        "consequence": "Exposed steel at the cut edge corrodes in part, because the coating does not regenerate across the edge.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "galvinfo-1-11",
        "where": "Section 6 Cut-Edge Protection"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Nickel is a sensitiser and suspected carcinogen (PubChem H317 and H351), so plating and handling of nickel-bearing deposits need controls.",
        "affects": "Plating workers and anyone handling nickel-bearing parts",
        "source": "pubchem-ni-ghs",
        "where": "GHS Classification, first Danger block"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Keep zinc dust and powder dry. PubChem gives H260 for zinc, meaning it releases flammable gas in contact with water.",
        "source": "pubchem-zn-ghs",
        "where": "GHS Classification, H260 line"
      },
      {
        "text": "DeKalb says trivalent chromate is applied on top of its zinc-nickel coatings and that the coating meets RoHS requirements.",
        "source": "dekalb-zn-ni",
        "where": "Trivalent chromate and RoHS statements"
      },
      {
        "text": "Give Zn-Al-Mg cut edges a finish or topcoat in outdoor or chloride service, because the coating protects the cut edge only in part.",
        "source": "galvinfo-1-11",
        "where": "Section 6 Cut-Edge Protection"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Roofing, cladding and cable trays from Magnelis Zn-Al-Mg coated steel",
      "example": "ArcelorMittal lists roofing and cladding, cable trays, profiles and expanded metal among Magnelis construction uses.",
      "source": "arcelor-magnelis-e35",
      "where": "Applications list, Construction"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Barns and greenhouse structures from Zn-Al-Mg coated steel",
      "example": "ArcelorMittal lists barns and greenhouse structures under agricultural and farming uses of Magnelis.",
      "source": "arcelor-magnelis-e35",
      "where": "Applications list, Agricultural and farming"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Zinc-nickel electroplated automotive parts and fasteners",
      "example": "DeKalb lists OEM zinc-nickel specifications from Ford, General Motors, FCA, Toyota and Honda on its page.",
      "source": "dekalb-zn-ni",
      "where": "Nickel content ranges list"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Rolled titanium-zinc sheet for roofs, facades and roof gutters",
      "example": "The NedZink product site lists Roofs, Façades and Roof gutters as product categories in its navigation menu.",
      "source": "nedzink-ti-zn",
      "where": "Site navigation menu, product category links (no application text printed on the product page)"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Zinc (base metal of all three families)",
      "abundance": "Identified zinc resources of the world are about 1.9 billion tons (USGS MCS 2026, World Resources).",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 31.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 11.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "share_percent": 8.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 6.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "share_percent": 6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "IEA Final List of Critical Minerals 2025, entry 59, zinc used as a coating to protect iron and steel from corrosion",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: refined zinc produced in the United States was recovered from secondary materials at both primary and secondary smelters, including galvanizing residues and crude zinc oxide from electric arc furnace dust.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: aluminum- and magnesium-base alloys are major substitutes for zinc-base diecasting alloys, and aluminum and plastics substitute for galvanized sheet in automobiles."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-zinc",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column, zinc content in thousand t: China 4,100; Peru 1,500; Australia 1,100; India 870; Mexico 780; world total 13,000 (rounded). Shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the rounded total. Recycling and Substitutes sections."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (zinc-nickel deposits)",
      "abundance": "Globally, nickel resources have been estimated to contain more than 350 million tons of nickel (USGS MCS 2026, World Resources).",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "New Caledonia",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "IEA Final List of Critical Minerals 2025, entry 33, nickel used in high-strength steel and rechargeable batteries",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: most secondary nickel was in the form of nickel content of stainless-steel scrap.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column, nickel content in tons: Indonesia 2,600,000; Philippines 270,000; Russia 200,000; Canada 140,000; New Caledonia 140,000; world total 3,900,000 (rounded). Shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the rounded total. Recycling and Substitutes sections."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Copper (alloying addition in the rolled titanium-zinc sheet; IEA lists it for wiring and cables)",
      "abundance": "World reserves of copper are about 980,000 thousand t (USGS MCS 2026, rounded world total in the reserves column).",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 23,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 13.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 11.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 7.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.7,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "IEA Final List of Critical Minerals 2025, entry 12, copper used widely in wiring and cables",
          "listed": true
        },
        {
          "list": "U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals, copper added in 2025 (USGS MCS 2026)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-copper",
      "where": "World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, Mine production 2025e column, copper content in thousand t: Chile 5,300; Congo (Kinshasa) 3,200; Peru 2,700; China 1,800; Russia 1,300; world total 23,000 (rounded). Shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the rounded total. Reserves column world total 980,000. Critical-minerals text on the first page."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Zintek technical file: rolled titanium-zinc (EN 988 limits, physical and mechanical characteristics)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.zintek.it/en/?p=7061"
    },
    {
      "title": "NedZink technical specification of rolled titanium-zinc",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.nedzink.com/en/product-features-titanium-zinc/technical-specifications/"
    },
    {
      "title": "ArcelorMittal Magnelis datasheet, E35 (mirror copy)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.bevego.se/storage/FC0842321D6254DD57690C6005DF9B62EAA442147EF260823444E6DFA3BCD210/f03ee00e69274de4a0039c0fa24c08a1/pdf/media/b767318573c14d2b8cc0e928ca9e8000/E35%20-%20EN.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "GalvInfoNote 1.11: Zinc-Aluminum-Magnesium Alloy-Coated Steel Sheet",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://www.galvinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2026/09/GalvInfoNote_1.11_Zn-Al-Mg_REVISED.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "DeKalb Metal Finishing: zinc-nickel plating capability page",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://dekalbmetal.com/capabilities/zinc-nickel-plating"
    },
    {
      "title": "Study on the salt spray test of roll-formed Zn-Ni electrodeposited steel bolts (2012, Korean journal, KSTP)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO201225135676572.pdf",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Zinc",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-zinc.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "IEA: Final List of Critical Minerals 2025",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://www.iea.org/policies/31799-final-list-of-critical-minerals-2025",
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: zinc (CID 23994), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23994/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: nickel (CID 935), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: copper (CID 23978), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23978/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No vacuum, outgassing, atomic-oxygen, radiation or thermal-vacuum data were fetched for any of the three families, so tags.environments and tags.stresses are empty.",
    "No binary Zn-Cu alloy (copper-only zinc, outside the Cu-Ti rolled sheet) was found with its own properties. The EN 988 copper limit of 1 percent (Zintek) is the only Zn-Cu figure recorded, in the recipe and identity.",
    "No corrosion rate, patina or outdoor exposure figure for the rolled titanium-zinc sheet was read in this run. The NedZink page prints no application or durability text beyond its navigation menu.",
    "The NedZink and Zintek pages disagree on several values, and both are kept with their sources: density 7.2 g/cm3 against 7.14 kg/dm3, melting point 420 against 419 °C, Rp 0.2 minimum 110 against 100 N/mm2, elongation minimum 40 against 35 percent, and copper 0.08 to 0.17 percent (NedZink) against 0.08 to 1 percent (EN 988 limit).",
    "The Zintek page prints the titanium and copper limits with decimal commas (for example 0,06 and 0,2); they are recorded with a decimal point.",
    "The MDPI Metals 2022 Zn-Ni article (volume 12, article 96) could not be opened: MDPI returned HTTP 403 to both curl and WebFetch. No electrochemical or Ni-content data from that paper are recorded.",
    "The DeKalb page does not name the salt spray standard (ISO 9227 or ASTM B117), the coating thickness, or the hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of zinc-nickel. Its hours are the plater's figures, not a standard test report.",
    "The Korean 2012 paper gives qualitative white-rust observations only. Its specimen nickel content and hour counts were not extracted, so no property value is taken from it.",
    "No peer-reviewed cut-edge corrosion study for Zn-Al-Mg was fetched. GalvInfoNote 1.11 gives the qualitative cut-edge mechanism and the literature salt spray range only.",
    "The Magnelis composition figure of 93.5 percent zinc, 3.5 percent aluminium and 3 percent magnesium is from the ArcelorMittal datasheet (mirror copy). A seller blog gave a different composition, which was not used.",
    "Titanium, aluminium and magnesium supply were not sourced in this run. The USGS titanium summary was downloaded but its sponge production table was not read.",
    "Supply shares for zinc, nickel and copper are calculated by Space Mushroom from the USGS 2025e production columns against the rounded world totals. The printed country values do not sum exactly to those totals.",
    "Zinc critical-mineral status comes from the IEA list. The USGS zinc summary does not name zinc as critical in the text read in this run.",
    "The nominal zinc-nickel composition of around 15 percent nickel is a plater's statement, not a standard grade limit.",
    "Benchmark names not in property-canon.yaml and used here: coating_mass, coating_thickness, nickel_content, salt_spray_white_rust_time, salt_spray_red_rust_time, salt_spray_time_ratio, vickers_hardness.",
    "Product categories for rolled titanium-zinc (Roofs, Facades, Roof gutters) are taken from the NedZink navigation menu, not from application text.",
    "No media (images) were added in this run."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Rolled titanium-zinc is a flat zinc product, with a density of 7.2 g/cm3 and a melting point of 420 °C (NedZink). Zn-Al-Mg coatings are added to steel sheet to protect cut edges and to improve salt spray results. Zinc-nickel is electroplated where OEM specifications set nickel windows near 12 to 16 %.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Roofs, facades and gutters",
        "line": "NedZink lists Roofs, Façades and Roof gutters as product categories in its site menu."
      },
      {
        "where": "Construction and agricultural steel (Magnelis)",
        "line": "ArcelorMittal lists roofing and cladding, cable trays, barns and greenhouse structures among Magnelis uses."
      },
      {
        "where": "Automotive fasteners and parts",
        "line": "DeKalb lists OEM zinc-nickel specifications from Ford, General Motors, FCA, Toyota and Honda on its page."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength",
        "line": "EN 988 minimum tensile strength is 150 N/mm2 for rolled titanium-zinc, printed by both Zintek and NedZink.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "Rolled titanium-zinc has a density of 7.2 g/cm3 (NedZink) or 7.14 kg/dm3 (Zintek).",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Coating thickness",
        "line": "Magnelis ZM90 is 7 µm per side and ZM310 is 24 µm per side.",
        "benchmark": "coating_thickness",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Salt spray against GI",
        "line": "Literature surveys report four to twenty times the time to red rust of conventional GI in some neutral salt spray set-ups. GalvInfoNote says this is not a service-life multiplier.",
        "benchmark": "salt_spray_time_ratio",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Of the three families, rolled titanium-zinc is the only one with a full set of printed mechanical minima in this file, and it has two printed densities that differ by a little under 1 %. Zn-Al-Mg coatings add 7 to 24 µm per side of zinc-rich coating to steel, and their cut-edge benefit is real but partial. Zinc-nickel deposits are quoted at 240 hours to white rust and 1000 hours to red rust, but the test standard is not named. The table compares density, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Keep zinc dust and powder dry. PubChem gives H260 for zinc, meaning it releases flammable gas in contact with water.",
      "DeKalb says trivalent chromate is applied on top of its zinc-nickel coatings and that the coating meets RoHS requirements.",
      "Finish or topcoat Zn-Al-Mg cut edges in outdoor or chloride service, because the coating protects the cut edge only in part."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Rolled zinc sheet for roofs, facades and gutters, where EN 988 limits set the copper and titanium content (Zintek, NedZink).",
      "Steel sheet coated with Zn-Al-Mg for roofing, cladding and barns (ArcelorMittal).",
      "Zinc-nickel electroplate for automotive parts where OEM nickel windows apply (DeKalb)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Cut edges on Zn-Al-Mg coated steel, which are protected only in part (GalvInfoNote).",
      "Humid storage of zinc-nickel parts, where white rust can form (2012 Korean study).",
      "Nickel hazard codes H317, H351 and H372 during plating and handling (PubChem)."
    ],
    "verdict": "The three minor zinc alloys suit building sheet, steel coatings and automotive plating. Rolled titanium-zinc has the best-documented numbers here. The corrosion figures for zinc-nickel and Zn-Al-Mg rest on plater, maker and literature statements rather than standard test reports.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Three families share a zinc base. Rolled titanium-zinc is zinc with small copper and titanium additions, rolled into flat building sheet to EN 988. Zn-Al-Mg coatings are applied to steel sheet by continuous hot-dip galvanising. Zinc-nickel is electroplated onto steel parts, with about 15 % nickel typical.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Zinc",
          "symbol": "Zn",
          "role": "Base metal. In Zn-Al-Mg coatings it is the matrix and gives sacrificial protection to exposed steel."
        },
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "Small addition in the rolled sheet, one of the EN 988 limits."
        },
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Small addition in the rolled sheet, one of the EN 988 limits."
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "Kept low in the rolled sheet (cap 0.015). In Zn-Al-Mg coatings it shapes solidification and forms corrosion products (GalvInfoNote)."
        },
        {
          "name": "Magnesium",
          "symbol": "Mg",
          "role": "GalvInfoNote says the benefit comes from the corrosion products that Mg helps form, not from Mg being more corrosion resistant than zinc."
        },
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Sets the corrosion behaviour of the zinc-nickel deposit. OEM specifications set nickel windows for it."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The GHS codes come from PubChem's aggregated notifications for each element, not for these alloys.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Nickel",
            "line": "PubChem gives H317 (allergic skin reaction), H351 (suspected of causing cancer), H372 (organ damage with repeated exposure) and H412 for nickel, which is in the zinc-nickel deposit."
          },
          {
            "label": "Zinc dust",
            "line": "PubChem gives H250 and H260 for zinc, meaning it can catch fire in air as powder and releases flammable gas in water. Keep dust and powder dry."
          },
          {
            "label": "Copper",
            "line": "PubChem gives H302 (harmful if swallowed) and H400, H410 and H411 (aquatic life) for copper."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Nickel and zinc dust carry the main hazard codes"
      },
      {
        "title": "Outdoor and wet exposure",
        "lead": "These corrosion results come from a plater's figures, a coating maker's note and a 2012 laboratory paper, not from field incidents.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Cut edges",
            "line": "Exposed steel at a cut edge still corrodes in part, because the Zn-Al-Mg coating does not regenerate across the cut (GalvInfoNote)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Zinc-nickel",
            "line": "DeKalb quotes more than 240 hours to white rust and more than 1000 hours to red rust for trivalent zinc-nickel."
          },
          {
            "label": "Humidity",
            "line": "The 2012 Korean study found white rust on roll-formed Zn-Ni electroplated bolts exposed to moisture."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 27,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Drafted by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from NedZink, Zintek, ArcelorMittal, GalvInfoNote, DeKalb, a 2012 Korean journal paper, USGS, IEA and PubChem pages read in this run. The MDPI Zn-Ni paper could not be opened (HTTP 403) and is not cited. verify-values on 2026-10-26 found 27 of 27 values and 2 of 2 designations in the cited source text."
  },
  "sources": {
    "usgs-mcs2026-zinc": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Zinc (U.S. Geological Survey)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-zinc.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel (U.S. Geological Survey)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-copper": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper (U.S. Geological Survey)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "iea-crit-2025": {
      "title": "Final List of Critical Minerals 2025 (IEA policy database)",
      "url": "https://www.iea.org/policies/31799-final-list-of-critical-minerals-2025",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "IEA web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "pubchem-zn-ghs": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: zinc (CID 23994), GHS classification (ECHA C&L Inventory, aggregated)",
      "id": "CID 23994; CAS 7440-66-6",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23994/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "pubchem-ni-ghs": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: nickel (CID 935), GHS classification",
      "id": "CID 935",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "pubchem-cu-ghs": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: copper (CID 23978), GHS classification (ECHA C&L Inventory, aggregated)",
      "id": "CID 23978",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23978/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "galvinfo-1-11": {
      "title": "GalvInfoNote 1.11: Zinc-Aluminum-Magnesium Alloy-Coated Steel Sheet (revised)",
      "id": "GalvInfo Note 1.11, Rev 1.2, 2026",
      "url": "https://www.galvinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2026/09/GalvInfoNote_1.11_Zn-Al-Mg_REVISED.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "GalvInfo technical note, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "arcelor-magnelis-e35": {
      "title": "ArcelorMittal Magnelis datasheet, E35 (mirror copy)",
      "id": "Magnelis E35 datasheet, ArcelorMittal",
      "url": "https://www.bevego.se/storage/FC0842321D6254DD57690C6005DF9B62EAA442147EF260823444E6DFA3BCD210/f03ee00e69274de4a0039c0fa24c08a1/pdf/media/b767318573c14d2b8cc0e928ca9e8000/E35%20-%20EN.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "zintek-ti-zn": {
      "title": "Zintek technical file: rolled titanium-zinc",
      "id": "Zintek technical file, rolled zintek titanium zinc products",
      "url": "https://www.zintek.it/en/?p=7061",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "nedzink-ti-zn": {
      "title": "NedZink technical specification of rolled titanium-zinc",
      "id": "NedZink technical specification of basic material",
      "url": "https://www.nedzink.com/en/product-features-titanium-zinc/technical-specifications/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "dekalb-zn-ni": {
      "title": "DeKalb Metal Finishing: zinc-nickel plating capability page",
      "id": "DeKalb zinc-nickel plating page",
      "url": "https://dekalbmetal.com/capabilities/zinc-nickel-plating",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "plater web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "koreascience-zn-ni": {
      "title": "Study on the salt spray test of roll-formed Zn-Ni electrodeposited steel bolts (Transactions of Materials Processing, 2012)",
      "id": "KSTP 2012, vol. 21, no. 5, doi 10.5228/KSTP.2012.21.5.330",
      "url": "https://koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO201225135676572.pdf",
      "year": 2012,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "Korean journal article, cited not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/zinc-minor-alloys/"
}