spore: profile
id: waspaloy
spore_version: 0.2
family: nickel-alloys
name: Waspaloy
abbreviation: UNS N07001
role: age-hardenable nickel superalloy for hot rotating and static gas turbine parts
category: metals
type: nickel-superalloys
summary: |
  Waspaloy (UNS N07001, W.Nr. 2.4654) is an age-hardenable nickel-base superalloy used for hot gas turbine parts. Special Metals gives a density of 8.19 g/cm3 and a melting range of 1330 to 1360 °C, and says its strength and stability ranges are higher than those typically available for alloy 718. Its stress-rupture strength after 1000 h is 615 MPa at 649 °C and 110 MPa at 870 °C (heat treatment A). The alloy is used for compressor and rotor discs, shafts, spacers and casings, and a NASA contractor report on the Space Shuttle Main Engine high-pressure fuel turbopump describes a turbine blade rotor forged from it.
best_for: 'Hot rotating and static parts that must keep strength to about 650 °C in critical rotating use and to 870 °C in less demanding use: discs, shafts, casings, fasteners and rocket turbopump blade rotors'
weakest_at: 'Weldability and forming: the alloy is hot short, prone to strain cracking and work hardens rapidly, and its welds are weaker than the wrought material at high temperature'
identity:
  formula: 'Nickel-base superalloy, Special Metals limiting composition (wt%): Ni balance, Cr 18.00 to 21.00, Co 12.00 to 15.00, Mo 3.50 to 5.00, Ti 2.75 to 3.25, Al 1.20 to 1.60, C 0.02 to 0.10, B 0.003 to 0.010, Zr 0.02 to 0.12, Fe 2.00 max, Mn 1.00 max, Si 0.75 max, Cu 0.50 max, P 0.030 max, S 0.030 max'
  source: sm-waspaloy
  where: Table 1, Limiting Chemical Composition (Special Metals SMC-011); UNS N07001 and W. Nr. 2.4654 from the Available Products and Specifications section
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: N07001
      source: sm-waspaloy
      where: Available Products and Specifications, first sentence (designated UNS N07001)
    - system: EN
      code: '2.4654'
      source: sm-waspaloy
      where: Available Products and Specifications, first sentence (Werkstoff Number 2.4654)
    - system: ASTM
      code: B637
      note: rod, bar, wire and forging stock
      source: sm-waspaloy
      where: Available Products and Specifications, rod, bar, wire and forging stock list
    - system: AMS
      code: '5704'
      note: rod, bar, wire and forging stock
      source: sm-waspaloy
      where: Available Products and Specifications, rod, bar, wire and forging stock list (SAE AMS 5704)
    - system: AMS
      code: '5706'
      note: rod, bar, wire and forging stock
      source: sm-waspaloy
      where: Available Products and Specifications, rod, bar, wire and forging stock list (SAE AMS 5706)
    - system: AMS
      code: '5544'
      note: plate, sheet and strip
      source: sm-waspaloy
      where: Available Products and Specifications, plate, sheet and strip list (SAE AMS 5544)
    - system: Trade name
      code: Waspaloy
      source: wiki-waspaloy
      where: Lead paragraph (registered trademark of United Technologies Corp)
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - propulsion-and-tanks
    - structures
    - mechanisms
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, Waspaloy
    value: 8.19
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Waspaloy (UNS N07001)
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: 0.296 lb/in3
    method: Value printed in a producer's technical bulletin (Table 2, physical constants)
    status: ground
    source: sm-waspaloy
    where: Table 2 - Some Physical Constants, row Density
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, Waspaloy bar (AMS 5706)
    value: 8.19
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product_form: bar, AMS 5706
      unit_in_source: 0.296 lb/in3
    method: Value printed in a distributor's bar datasheet
    status: ground
    source: upmet-waspaloy-5706
    where: Physical Properties table, row Density
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting range, Waspaloy
    value: 1330
    value_high: 1360
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      unit_in_source: 2425-2475 °F
      pressure: not stated
    method: Melting range printed in a producer's technical bulletin
    status: ground
    source: sm-waspaloy
    where: Table 2 - Some Physical Constants, row Melting Range
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity, solution treated
    value: 1.24
    unit: µΩ·m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      treatment: solution treated 1080 °C (1975 °F) for 4 h, air cooled
      unit_in_source: microhm•m (0.38 microhm•ft)
      temperature: not stated
    method: Value printed in a producer's technical bulletin
    status: ground
    source: sm-waspaloy
    where: Table 2 - Some Physical Constants, Electrical Resistivity, solution treated row
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity, fully age hardened
    value: 1.2
    unit: µΩ·m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      treatment: solution treated, stabilized 845 °C (1550 °F) for 24 h and aged 760 °C (1400 °F) for 16 h, air cooled
      unit_in_source: microhm•m (0.37 microhm•ft)
      temperature: not stated
    method: Value printed in a producer's technical bulletin
    status: ground
    source: sm-waspaloy
    where: Table 2 - Some Physical Constants, Electrical Resistivity, fully age hardened row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity (dynamic) at 21 °C
    value: 211
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 21 °C (70 °F)
      unit_in_source: 30.3 x 10^3 ksi
      method_in_source: dynamic
    method: Value printed in a producer's technical bulletin
    status: ground
    source: sm-waspaloy
    where: Table 2 - Some Physical Constants, Modulus of Elasticity (Dynamic), At 70°F row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity (dynamic) at 871 °C
    value: 157
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 871 °C (1600 °F)
      unit_in_source: 22.7 x 10^3 ksi
      method_in_source: dynamic
    method: Value printed in a producer's technical bulletin
    status: ground
    source: sm-waspaloy
    where: Table 2 - Some Physical Constants, Modulus of Elasticity (Dynamic), At 1600°F row
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity at 600 °C, strip
    value: 19.1
    unit: W/(m·°C)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 600 °C
      form: strip and foil
      unit_in_source: 125 Btu-in./ft hr-°F (1000°F)
    method: Value printed in a strip producer's datasheet
    status: ground
    source: combmet-strip-waspaloy
    where: Physical Properties table, row Thermal Conductivity, metric entry (19.1 W/m-°C at 600°C)
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity at 22 °C
    value: 12.6
    unit: W/(m·°C)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 22 °C (72 °F)
      unit_in_source: 88 BTU*in/(hr*ft²*°F)
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer's datasheet; the footnote says the physical values were calculated at 22 °C
    status: ground
    note: The Haynes datasheet footnote says the physical values were calculated at 22 °C, so this is a datasheet calculation and not a measurement.
    source: haynes-waspaloy
    where: Physical properties table, row Thermal Conductivity
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 600 °C, strip
    value: 14.3
    unit: µm/m·°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 to 600 °C
      form: strip and foil
      unit_in_source: 7.7 µin/in-°F (70-1000°F)
    method: Value printed in a strip producer's datasheet
    status: ground
    source: combmet-strip-waspaloy
    where: Physical Properties table, row Coefficient of Expansion, metric entry (14.3 µm/m-°C, 20-600°C)
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Coefficient of thermal expansion at 22 °C
    value: 13.9
    unit: µm/m·°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 22 °C (72 °F)
      unit_in_source: 7.6 µin/(in*°F)
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer's datasheet; the footnote says the values were calculated at 22 °C
    status: ground
    note: The same footnote as the thermal conductivity row applies.
    source: haynes-waspaloy
    where: Physical properties table, row Coefficient of thermal expansion
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Service limit, critical rotating applications
    value: 650
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      unit_in_source: 1200 °F
      use: critical rotating applications
    method: Service limit printed in a producer's technical bulletin
    status: ground
    source: sm-waspaloy
    where: Introduction, first paragraph (critical rotating applications up to 1200°F (650°C))
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Service limit, less demanding applications
    value: 870
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      unit_in_source: 1600 °F
      use: other, less demanding applications
    method: Service limit printed in a producer's technical bulletin
    status: ground
    source: sm-waspaloy
    where: Introduction, first paragraph (other less demanding applications up to 1600°F (870°C))
  - benchmark: stress_rupture_1000h
    label: Stress-rupture strength for 1000 h at 649 °C
    value: 615
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 649 °C (1200 °F)
      time: 1000 h
      heat_treatment: 'A: solution 1080 °C/4 h/AC, stabilization 845 °C/24 h/AC, age 760 °C/16 h/AC'
      unit_in_source: 89 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in a producer's technical bulletin
    status: ground
    source: sm-waspaloy
    where: Table 3 - Typical Properties (Heat Treatment A), row 1200 °F, column Rupture Strength (1000 h), MPa
  - benchmark: stress_rupture_1000h
    label: Stress-rupture strength for 1000 h at 760 °C
    value: 290
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 760 °C (1400 °F)
      time: 1000 h
      heat_treatment: 'A: solution 1080 °C/4 h/AC, stabilization 845 °C/24 h/AC, age 760 °C/16 h/AC'
      unit_in_source: 42 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in a producer's technical bulletin
    status: ground
    source: sm-waspaloy
    where: Table 3 - Typical Properties (Heat Treatment A), row 1400 °F, column Rupture Strength (1000 h), MPa
  - benchmark: stress_rupture_1000h
    label: Stress-rupture strength for 1000 h at 870 °C
    value: 110
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 870 °C (1600 °F)
      time: 1000 h
      heat_treatment: 'A: solution 1080 °C/4 h/AC, stabilization 845 °C/24 h/AC, age 760 °C/16 h/AC'
      unit_in_source: 16 ksi
    method: Typical value printed in a producer's technical bulletin
    status: ground
    source: sm-waspaloy
    where: Table 3 - Typical Properties (Heat Treatment A), row 1600 °F, column Rupture Strength (1000 h), MPa
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0% cold work
    value: 586
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      cold_work_percent: 0
      temperature: room temperature
      form: not stated
      unit_in_source: 85 ksi
      gauge: 25.4 cm (10 in) test gauge length
    method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer's datasheet; the footnote says values may not represent all diameters
    status: ground
    source: haynes-waspaloy
    where: Mechanical properties table, row 0 cold worked, column Yield strength
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 20% cold work
    value: 1089
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      cold_work_percent: 20
      temperature: room temperature
      form: not stated
      unit_in_source: 158 ksi
      gauge: 25.4 cm (10 in) test gauge length
    method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer's datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-waspaloy
    where: Mechanical properties table, row 20 cold worked, column Yield strength
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 37% cold work
    value: 1434
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      cold_work_percent: 37
      temperature: room temperature
      form: not stated
      unit_in_source: 208 ksi
      gauge: 25.4 cm (10 in) test gauge length
    method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer's datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-waspaloy
    where: Mechanical properties table, row 37 cold worked, column Yield strength
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, 0% cold work
    value: 1027
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      cold_work_percent: 0
      temperature: room temperature
      form: not stated
      unit_in_source: 149 ksi
      gauge: 25.4 cm (10 in) test gauge length
    method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer's datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-waspaloy
    where: Mechanical properties table, row 0 cold worked, column Ultimate tensile strength
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, 20% cold work
    value: 1262
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      cold_work_percent: 20
      temperature: room temperature
      form: not stated
      unit_in_source: 183 ksi
      gauge: 25.4 cm (10 in) test gauge length
    method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer's datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-waspaloy
    where: Mechanical properties table, row 20 cold worked, column Ultimate tensile strength
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, 37% cold work
    value: 1731
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      cold_work_percent: 37
      temperature: room temperature
      form: not stated
      unit_in_source: 251 ksi
      gauge: 25.4 cm (10 in) test gauge length
    method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer's datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-waspaloy
    where: Mechanical properties table, row 37 cold worked, column Ultimate tensile strength
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, 0% cold work
    value: 43
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      cold_work_percent: 0
      temperature: room temperature
      form: not stated
      gauge: 25.4 cm (10 in) test gauge length
    method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer's datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-waspaloy
    where: Mechanical properties table, row 0 cold worked, column Elongation %
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, 37% cold work
    value: 3
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      cold_work_percent: 37
      temperature: room temperature
      form: not stated
      gauge: 25.4 cm (10 in) test gauge length
    method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer's datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-waspaloy
    where: Mechanical properties table, row 37 cold worked, column Elongation %
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, sheet, solution treated, stabilized and precipitation heat treated, 0 to 0.020 in
    value: 110
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet
      thickness: 0 to 0.020 in
      temper: solution treated, stabilization and precipitation heat treated
      temperature: room
      measure: 0.2% offset (yield column)
    method: Typical value printed in a distributor's datasheet, sheet properties as per AMS 5544
    status: ground
    source: acm-waspaloy
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, row Sheet, 0-0.020 inch, Room, column Yield Strength ksi
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, sheet, solution treated, stabilized and precipitation heat treated, 0 to 0.020 in
    value: 170
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet
      thickness: 0 to 0.020 in
      temper: solution treated, stabilization and precipitation heat treated
      temperature: room
    method: Typical value printed in a distributor's datasheet, sheet properties as per AMS 5544
    status: ground
    source: acm-waspaloy
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, row Sheet, 0-0.020 inch, Room, column Tensile Strength ksi
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, sheet, 0 to 0.020 in
    value: 15
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet
      thickness: 0 to 0.020 in
      temper: solution treated, stabilization and precipitation heat treated
      temperature: room
      gauge: 4D
    method: Typical value printed in a distributor's datasheet
    status: ground
    source: acm-waspaloy
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, row Sheet, 0-0.020 inch, Room, column Elongation in 4D
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, sheet over 0.020 in, room temperature
    value: 175
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet
      thickness: over 0.020 in
      temper: solution treated, stabilization and precipitation heat treated
      temperature: room
    method: Typical value printed in a distributor's datasheet
    status: ground
    source: acm-waspaloy
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, row Sheet, over 0.020 inch, Room, column Tensile Strength ksi
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, sheet 0 to 0.020 in, 1000 °F
    value: 145
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet
      thickness: 0 to 0.020 in
      temper: solution treated, stabilization and precipitation heat treated
      temperature: 1000 °F (538 °C)
    method: Typical value printed in a distributor's datasheet
    status: ground
    source: acm-waspaloy
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, row Sheet, 0-0.020 inch, 1000°F, column Tensile Strength ksi
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, annealed and aged strip, minimum
    value: 1100
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip
      temper: annealed, stabilization 845 °C and age 760 °C
      unit_in_source: 170 ksi min
    method: Minimum value printed in a strip producer's datasheet
    status: ground
    source: combmet-strip-waspaloy
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, row Annealed + Aged, Tensile Strength column (170 ksi min (1100 MPa))
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, spring temper strip, minimum
    value: 1380
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip
      temper: spring temper (no aging)
      unit_in_source: 200 ksi min
    method: Minimum value printed in a strip producer's datasheet
    status: ground
    source: combmet-strip-waspaloy
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, row Spring Temper, Tensile Strength column (200 ksi min (1380 MPa))
  - benchmark: hardness_brinell
    label: Hardness of bar stock, solution treated
    value: 230
    unit: BHN
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: solution treated, 1825 to 1900 °F (996 to 1038 °C) for 1 h
      form: bar
    method: Typical value printed in a distributor's bar datasheet
    status: ground
    source: upmet-waspaloy-5706
    where: Hardness section (hardness of stock is typically 230 BHN)
  - benchmark: hardness_rockwell_c
    label: Hardness of bar, fully heat treated
    value: 34
    value_high: 44
    bound: range
    unit: HRC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: fully heat treated, stabilized 843 °C/4 h then aged 760 °C/16 h
      form: bar
    method: Range printed in a distributor's bar datasheet
    status: ground
    source: upmet-waspaloy-5706
    where: Mechanical Properties section (hardness of the fully heat-treated condition ranges from 34 to 44 Rockwell C)
corrosion:
  - environment: Combustion products in gas turbine and jet engine atmospheres, up to 871 °C
    headline: Excellent resistance to corrosion by combustion products up to 1600 °F (871 °C), with intergranular oxidation above that temperature.
    effect: Upmet says the bar has excellent resistance to corrosion by gas turbine and jet engine combustion products up to 1600 °F (871 °C), and that intergranular oxidation occurs above 1600 °F. Special Metals says the alloy has performed well in gas turbine atmospheres and in salt spray, and that solution-treated material gives the best corrosion resistance.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      temperature: up to 871 °C (1600 °F)
      basis: datasheet statements, no test medium or exposure time given
    source: upmet-waspaloy-5706
    where: Description paragraph, sentences on combustion products and intergranular oxidation
  - environment: Air oxidation under frequent thermal cycling, continuous exposure to 1038 °C
    headline: Good oxidation resistance under frequent thermal cycling, with continuous exposure up to 1900 °F (1038 °C).
    effect: Special Metals says the oxidation resistance is good under frequent thermal cycling and in continuous exposure up to 1900 °F (1038 °C). The bulletin gives no oxidation rate.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      temperature: continuous exposure up to 1038 °C (1900 °F)
      basis: qualitative statement in the producer's bulletin
    source: sm-waspaloy
    where: Introduction, first paragraph (oxidation resistance)
  - environment: Stress corrosion and hot corrosion
    headline: Excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking and adequate resistance to hot corrosion.
    effect: Upmet says the bar has excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking and adequate hot corrosion resistance, and that its high chromium content gives resistance to oxidation and sulfidation up to 1600 °F (871 °C). No corrosion rate or test result is given.
    rating: unknown
    conditions:
      basis: qualitative statements, no test medium or exposure time given
    source: upmet-waspaloy-5706
    where: Description paragraph (stress corrosion cracking, hot corrosion, sulfidation)
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: 'Alleima safety information sheet for corrosion and heat resisting austenitic nickel alloys in massive forms (a family sheet, not a Waspaloy-specific sheet): classified as Carc. 1B (H350), Repr. 1B (H360F), Muta. 2 (H341), STOT RE 1 (H372), Skin Sens. 1 (H317) and Resp. Sens. 1 (H334). The sheet says labelling is not required for massive alloys, and that the main concern is allergic skin reaction in people already sensitised to nickel.'
      ghs:
        - H350
        - H360F
        - H341
        - H372
        - H317
        - H334
      source: alleima-sis-nickel
      where: Section 2.1, classification table (Table 1), and Section 2.2 label elements
    - text: 'VDM Metals safety information sheet for a family of nickel alloys: GHS-US classification is ''Not classified, Article''. Dust, fume and particulates generated by cutting, welding, melting or grinding may irritate the eyes, skin and respiratory tract, and fine particulates may present an explosion hazard. Metal fume fever is possible from inhaled fume.'
      ghs: []
      source: vdm-sis-nickel
      where: Section 2 Hazards identification, GHS-US classification, and Section 2.3 Other Hazards
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Cracking in welds and at high-stress weld locations
      trigger: Fusion welding of material that is not in the solution-treated condition, or welding at high-stress locations
      consequence: Special Metals says the alloy may show hot short characteristics and some sensitivity to strain cracking, and that welds have lower high-temperature strength than heat-treated wrought material, so welds should be avoided at high-stress locations.
      severity: moderate
      source: sm-waspaloy
      where: Joining section
    - mode: Intergranular oxidation at high temperature
      trigger: Exposure above about 871 °C (1600 °F)
      consequence: Upmet says intergranular oxidation occurs at temperatures above 1600 °F (871 °C). The sheet does not give an oxidation depth or rate.
      severity: moderate
      source: upmet-waspaloy-5706
      where: Description paragraph (intergranular oxidation above 1600°F)
    - mode: Cracking during hot working below 980 °C
      trigger: Hot working below 980 °C (1800 °F)
      consequence: Special Metals recommends hot working between 1170 and 980 °C to avoid rapid work hardening and possible cracking below 980 °C, and warns of hot shortness above 1180 °C. The alloy work hardens very rapidly, so intermediate annealing is normally required.
      severity: low
      source: sm-waspaloy
      where: Hot and Cold Working section
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: Special Metals recommends that material to be welded is in the solution-treated condition before welding, and that all welded components are re-solution treated before service. It also says the alloy is generally regarded as not readily weldable outside very carefully controlled circumstances.
      source: sm-waspaloy
      where: Joining section
    - text: Machining is difficult. Upmet says the bar machines best in the solution-treated condition, that rigid set-up, plenty of power and carbide or ceramic tools are needed, and that the typical stock removal rate is 30 to 50 surface feet per minute with carbide tooling.
      source: upmet-waspaloy-5706
      where: Mechanical Properties and Machinability sections
    - text: Scale formed during heat treatment in oxidizing atmospheres may be removed by acid pickling or by mechanical means.
      source: sm-waspaloy
      where: Heat Treatment section, last paragraph
    - text: Dust and fume can be generated during welding, cutting and grinding of nickel alloys in massive form. Use local extraction and avoid breathing dust or fume.
      source: alleima-sis-nickel
      where: Section 2.3 Other hazards (dust and fume during welding, cutting and grinding)
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: propulsion-and-tanks
    device: Forged turbine blade rotor, Space Shuttle Main Engine high-pressure fuel turbopump
    example: A NASA contractor report on a structural evaluation of an SSME high-pressure fuel turbopump turbine blade says the blade rotor is forged with Waspaloy, a vacuum-melted, precipitation-hardened nickel-base alloy.
    source: nasa-ntrs-19960047652
    where: Page 1, Description of the blade, paragraph beginning The blade rotor is forged with waspalloy material
  - application: propulsion-and-tanks
    device: Compressor and rotor discs, shafts, spacers, rings and casings in gas turbine engines
    example: Special Metals lists compressor and rotor discs, shafts, spacers, seals, rings and casings, fasteners and other engine hardware as current and potential applications for the alloy.
    source: sm-waspaloy
    where: Introduction, paragraph beginning Special Metals Waspaloy is used for gas turbine engine components
  - application: structures
    device: Rear fuselage fairing around the exhaust nozzles of an aircraft
    example: The British Aircraft Corporation TSR-2 strike aircraft had an unpainted rear fuselage fairing around the exhaust nozzles made of Waspaloy because of the high temperatures in that area.
    source: wiki-waspaloy
    where: History section, paragraph on the TSR-2 fairing
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Springs, seals and fasteners
    example: Combmet's strip and wire datasheets list gas turbine components, seals, springs and fasteners as applications, and give a spring temper strip minimum tensile strength of 200 ksi.
    source: combmet-strip-waspaloy
    where: Description paragraph (Applications include), and Typical Mechanical Properties table, row Spring Temper
supply:
  - subject: Nickel (the main element of Waspaloy)
    producers:
      - country: Indonesia
        share_percent: 66.7
        year: 2025
      - country: Philippines
        share_percent: 6.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.1
        year: 2025
      - country: Canada
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: 'USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60 % of apparent consumption in 2025, and most secondary nickel is in the form of nickel content of stainless-steel scrap.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-nickel
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from Indonesia 2,600,000 t, Philippines 270,000 t, Russia 200,000 t and Canada 140,000 t); Recycling; Substitutes. The USGS summary does not print a share for these countries.
documents:
  - title: Special Metals Waspaloy technical bulletin SMC-011 (Sept 2004)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/waspoloy.pdf
    year: 2004
  - title: United Performance Metals, Waspaloy bar AMS 5706 datasheet (UNS N07001)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.upmet.com/sites/default/files/products/datasheet/waspaloy-5706-datasheet.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Waspaloy strip datasheet (rev 8/26/2020)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Waspaloy-Nickel-Alloy.pdf
    year: 2020
  - title: Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Waspaloy wire datasheet (rev 6/18/2020)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Wire-Waspaloy-Alloy-Jun-2020.pdf
    year: 2020
  - title: FW Metals (Haynes), HAYNES Waspaloy alloy product page
    type: datasheet
    url: https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-waspaloy-alloy
  - title: Aircraft Materials, Nickel Superalloy Waspaloy technical data sheet
    type: datasheet
    url: https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/nickel/waspaloy.html
  - title: 'Wikipedia: Waspaloy (composition, history, TSR-2 fairing)'
    type: database
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waspaloy
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: NASA Contractor Report 198428, Structural Evaluation of a SSME High Pressure Fuel Turbopump Turbine Blade (NYMA, June 1996)
    type: report
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19960047652
    year: 1996
  - title: Alleima Safety Information Sheet for nickel alloys (issue November 2023)
    type: sds
    url: https://www.alleima.com/contentassets/02d411385cfd47b39f50c63b9bb9c838/nickel-alloys-sis.pdf
    year: 2023
  - title: VDM Metals USA Safety Information Sheet for nickel alloys
    type: sds
    url: https://www.vdm-metals.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Safety_Information_Sheets/Nickel_Alloys_VDM_Metals_USA_EN.pdf
gaps:
  - No AISI number was found for Waspaloy in any source read in this run, so no AISI designation is listed. The EN name (the NiCo-style material name) was not printed by any source read, so it is also left out.
  - Waspaloy's own safety data sheet was not found. The hazard entries use the Alleima family sheet for austenitic nickel alloys in massive form and the VDM sheet for a family of nickel alloys; both are labelled as family sheets and neither names Waspaloy.
  - No Waspaloy-specific spacecraft or rocket source beyond the SSME turbine blade report was found. The NASA report names only the rotor forging, not the rest of the engine, so the propulsion use rests on one report.
  - Stress-rupture strength (property name stress_rupture_1000h) and hardness (hardness_brinell, hardness_rockwell_c) are not in the canonical property list, so they use short names as allowed by the brief.
  - Tensile values for bar (AMS 5706) and for wire were not printed in a readable table in any source fetched. The Special Metals tensile curves are graphs only, so the bar tensile strength at room temperature is not recorded. The wire datasheet gives 160 ksi minimum without an MPa value, so it is not entered.
  - Electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity and cold-work tensile values come from different forms and conditions and are not interchangeable. The Haynes physical values are footnoted as calculated at 22 °C.
  - The USGS nickel summary does not print a critical-mineral list status for nickel in the text read, so no critical_lists entry is given.
  - No atomic oxygen, outgassing, radiation or cryogenic property data for Waspaloy were found in any source read in this run.
  - Creep and fatigue data beyond the Special Metals stress-rupture table, and a Wikipedia article claim of use up to about 980 °C, were not checked against a primary test report.
  - The Special Metals bulletin dates from 2004 and the strip and wire datasheets from 2020, so the values are a few years old and are typical values, not design allowables.
sources:
  sm-waspaloy:
    title: Special Metals Waspaloy technical bulletin, publication SMC-011
    id: UNS N07001, W. Nr. 2.4654; Copyright Special Metals Corporation, 2004 (Sept 04)
    url: https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/waspoloy.pdf
    year: 2004
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer bulletin, informational only (cited, not reproduced)
  upmet-waspaloy-5706:
    title: United Performance Metals, Waspaloy 5706 bar datasheet (AMS 5706, UNS N07001)
    url: https://www.upmet.com/sites/default/files/products/datasheet/waspaloy-5706-datasheet.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: datasheet
    license: Distributor datasheet, technical data for information only (cited, not reproduced)
  combmet-strip-waspaloy:
    title: Elgiloy Specialty Metals strip products datasheet, Waspaloy alloy (UNS N07001, W. Nr 2.4654)
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Waspaloy-Nickel-Alloy.pdf
    year: 2020
    kind: datasheet
    license: Distributor datasheet, typical values (cited, not reproduced)
  combmet-wire-waspaloy:
    title: Elgiloy Specialty Metals wire products datasheet, Waspaloy alloy (UNS N07001, W. Nr. 2.4654)
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Wire-Waspaloy-Alloy-Jun-2020.pdf
    year: 2020
    kind: datasheet
    license: Distributor datasheet, typical values (cited, not reproduced)
  haynes-waspaloy:
    title: HAYNES Waspaloy alloy product page (FW Metals)
    url: https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-waspaloy-alloy
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)
  acm-waspaloy:
    title: Aircraft Materials, Nickel Superalloy Waspaloy technical data sheet (AMS 5544 sheet and AMS 5708 bar data)
    url: https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/nickel/waspaloy.html
    kind: web
    license: Distributor web page, disclaimer says values are a guideline (cited, not reproduced)
  wiki-waspaloy:
    title: Waspaloy, Wikipedia
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waspaloy
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: CC BY-SA (cited, not reproduced); used for composition, trademark and history only
  usgs-mcs2026-nickel:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel (U.S. Geological Survey)'
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  nasa-ntrs-19960047652:
    title: Structural Evaluation of a Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) High Pressure Fuel Turbopump Turbine Blade, NASA Contractor Report 198428 (Abdul-Aziz, NYMA, 1996)
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19960047652
    year: 1996
    kind: report
    license: public domain (NASA)
  alleima-sis-nickel:
    title: Alleima Safety Information Sheet for nickel alloys (corrosion, heat and creep resisting austenitic grades, massive forms), issue November 2023
    url: https://www.alleima.com/contentassets/02d411385cfd47b39f50c63b9bb9c838/nickel-alloys-sis.pdf
    year: 2023
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer safety information sheet (cited, not reproduced)
  vdm-sis-nickel:
    title: VDM Metals USA Safety Information Sheet, nickel alloys
    url: https://www.vdm-metals.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Safety_Information_Sheets/Nickel_Alloys_VDM_Metals_USA_EN.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer safety information sheet (cited, not reproduced)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 33
  unreachable: 0
  caveats: 6
  note: 'Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry (PDFs extracted with pdftotext; the Special Metals tensile figure is a graph and was not used). Caveats: the Special Metals bulletin is from 2004 and the strip and wire sheets from 2020; the Haynes physical values are footnoted as calculated at 22 °C; the sheet and bar strengths are typical values from a distributor and the cold-work strengths are from the Haynes typical table; the hazard sheets are family sheets for nickel alloys, not Waspaloy''s own SDS; the propulsion use rests on one NASA report.'
story:
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      lead: The main health concern in the sources is dust and fume from processing, plus allergy in people already sensitised to nickel. The solid alloy is not classified as an article under GHS-US in one family sheet.
      level: 1
      verdict: Mostly a processing hazard
      points:
        - label: Solid alloy
          line: The VDM sheet for a family of nickel alloys says the massive product is not classified under GHS-US as an article. The Alleima family sheet for nickel alloys in massive forms says labelling is not required for massive alloys.
        - label: Dust and fume
          line: Cutting, welding, melting and grinding give dust and fume that can irritate the eyes, skin and airways. Both family sheets name these processes. Fine particulates may present an explosion hazard.
        - label: Nickel allergy
          line: The Alleima sheet lists skin sensitisation (H317) and respiratory sensitisation (H334) for the family, and its main concern is allergic skin reaction in people already sensitised to nickel.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: The failure routes in the sources are mostly about manufacture and exposure, not about measured service failures in space.
      points:
        - label: Weld cracking
          line: Special Metals says welds can crack under strain and have lower high-temperature strength than wrought material, so welds should be avoided at high-stress locations.
        - label: Intergranular oxidation
          line: Upmet says the bar oxidises intergranularly above 1600 °F (871 °C), so the service limit is set by that temperature.
        - label: Forming and hot working
          line: The alloy work hardens very rapidly and can crack when hot worked below 980 °C, so intermediate annealing is normally needed.
    - title: Handling and storage
      points:
        - label: Weld in the solution-treated condition
          line: Special Metals recommends solution treatment before welding and re-solution treatment of welded components before service.
        - label: Machining
          line: Upmet says the bar machines best in the solution-treated condition and needs carbide or ceramic tools with rigid set-up.
  why: Waspaloy is a nickel-base superalloy that keeps strength and oxidation resistance in hot parts. Special Metals gives a density of 8.19 g/cm3 and a melting range of 1330 to 1360 °C, and says the alloy is used for critical rotating parts up to 650 °C and for less demanding parts up to 870 °C. Its stress-rupture strength after 1000 h is 615 MPa at 649 °C and 110 MPa at 870 °C. The alloy is used in gas turbine compressor and rotor discs, shafts, spacers, seals, rings and casings. A NASA report describes a turbine blade rotor of the Space Shuttle Main Engine forged from it.
  uses:
    - where: Rocket engine turbopump
      line: A NASA contractor report on the Space Shuttle Main Engine high-pressure fuel turbopump turbine blade says the blade rotor is forged with Waspaloy.
    - where: Gas turbine parts
      line: Special Metals lists compressor and rotor discs, shafts, spacers, seals, rings and casings, and fasteners among current and potential uses.
    - where: Aircraft fairing
      line: The TSR-2 strike aircraft had an unpainted rear fuselage fairing around its exhaust nozzles made of Waspaloy, according to Wikipedia.
  can_do:
    - label: Hold strength when hot
      value: 110 MPa at 870 °C
      benchmark: stress_rupture_1000h
      line: Stress-rupture strength for 1000 h is 615 MPa at 649 °C, 290 MPa at 760 °C and 110 MPa at 870 °C, for heat treatment A.
    - label: Operating limit
      value: 650 °C critical rotating
      benchmark: max_service_temp
      line: Special Metals gives 650 °C (1200 °F) for critical rotating applications and 870 °C (1600 °F) for less demanding ones.
    - label: Weight
      value: 8.19 g/cm3
      benchmark: density
      line: Density is 8.19 g/cm3 in the Special Metals bulletin and in the Upmet bar datasheet.
    - label: Stiffness
      value: 211 GPa at 21 °C
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      line: The dynamic modulus of elasticity is 211 GPa at 21 °C and 157 GPa at 871 °C.
    - label: Sheet strength
      value: 170 ksi tensile at room temperature
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: A distributor lists sheet with a tensile strength of 170 ksi and yield of 110 ksi at room temperature, for sheet up to 0.020 in thick.
    - label: Strip strength
      value: 1100 MPa minimum
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: Annealed and aged strip has a minimum tensile strength of 1100 MPa (170 ksi), and spring temper strip has a minimum of 1380 MPa (200 ksi).
  compare: Special Metals says that the strength and stability ranges of Waspaloy are higher than those typically available for alloy 718, and that the alloy is used where critical rotating parts run to 650 °C. The rows below show the density, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion from the sources read here. The sources cover different forms and conditions, so read the rows as examples, not as a ranking.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Thermal conductivity
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    - label: Thermal expansion
      benchmark: cte
  handling:
    - Solution treat before welding and re-solution treat welded parts before service.
    - Use carbide or ceramic tools with a rigid set-up for machining, and machine in the solution-treated condition.
    - Control dust and fume during cutting, welding and grinding.
  good_for:
    - 'Hot rotating parts: 650 °C critical rotating service limit and 615 MPa stress-rupture strength at 649 °C for 1000 h.'
    - 'Gas turbine hardware: discs, shafts, spacers, seals, rings and casings.'
    - 'Oxidation resistance: good under frequent thermal cycling, with continuous exposure up to 1038 °C (1900 °F).'
  watch_out:
    - 'Welding: the alloy is hot short and prone to strain cracking, and welds are weaker than wrought material at high temperature.'
    - 'Work hardening: the alloy hardens rapidly, so intermediate annealing is normally needed.'
    - Intergranular oxidation above 871 °C (1600 °F).
    - No Waspaloy-specific hazard sheet, AISI number or flight test data were found in this run.
  verdict: Waspaloy is an age-hardenable nickel superalloy with a 650 °C critical rotating service limit, a stress-rupture strength of 110 MPa at 870 °C, and a density of 8.19 g/cm3. It is hard to weld and form, and it oxidises intergranularly above 871 °C. The sources read in this run support its use in gas turbine parts and in one Space Shuttle Main Engine turbopump blade rotor, but they do not give a full spacecraft or rocket qualification.
  recipe:
    line: 'Waspaloy is a nickel-base superalloy with a nominal composition set by the Special Metals limiting chemical composition table (UNS N07001): nickel as the balance, with chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, titanium and aluminium as the main alloying elements. It is vacuum induction melted and then vacuum arc refined (VIM/VAR), or vacuum induction melted and electroslag refined (VIM/ESR), and it is solution treated, stabilised and age hardened (Special Metals).'
    parts:
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        role: The matrix of the alloy. The Special Metals table gives nickel only as the balance, so no numeric share is given.
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        share_percent: 18
        share_high: 21
        role: Solid-solution strengthening element that gives oxidation and corrosion resistance, according to Special Metals.
      - name: Cobalt
        symbol: Co
        share_percent: 12
        share_high: 15
        role: Solid-solution strengthening element, according to Special Metals.
      - name: Molybdenum
        symbol: Mo
        share_percent: 3.5
        share_high: 5
        role: Solid-solution strengthening element, according to Special Metals.
      - name: Titanium
        symbol: Ti
        share_percent: 2.75
        share_high: 3.25
        role: Age-hardening element with aluminium, according to Special Metals.
      - name: Aluminium
        symbol: Al
        share_percent: 1.2
        share_high: 1.6
        role: Age-hardening element with titanium, according to Special Metals.
      - name: Zirconium
        symbol: Zr
        share_percent: 0.02
        share_high: 0.12
        role: Minor grain-boundary element, per Special Metals Table 1 (Zr 0.02 to 0.12 wt%). Carbon 0.02 to 0.10 and boron 0.003 to 0.01 are also limited in the same table and are not listed as parts here.