spore: profile
id: titanium-grade-7
spore_version: 0.2
family: titanium-alloys
name: Commercially pure titanium, Grade 7 (UNS R52400, Ti-0.15Pd)
abbreviation: CP Ti Grade 7
role: corrosion-resistant unalloyed metal with palladium
category: metals
type: titanium
summary: |
  Commercially pure (CP) titanium Grade 7, UNS R52400, is unalloyed titanium with 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium added (ASTM B265 Table 2). The palladium is the only deliberate addition; the other limits (oxygen, iron, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen) match Grade 2. ASTM B265 sets its minimum tensile strength at 345 MPa and its minimum 0.2 % yield strength at 275 MPa, with 20 % minimum elongation for strip, sheet and plate. The Elgiloy strip datasheet gives a density of 4.51 g/cm3 and an elastic modulus of 112 GPa at 20 C. Grade 7 is the palladium-alloyed CP grade used where crevice attack is the concern: ATI says palladium-alloyed CP titanium typically does not suffer crevice corrosion below 250 C at pH above 1.
best_for: Chemical processing and hot chloride or acid service where crevice corrosion is the main concern and Grade 2 is not enough (ATI corrosion data sheet; Elgiloy datasheet)
weakest_at: 'Strength: 345 MPa minimum tensile, the same as Grade 2 and well below Ti-6Al-4V. Its crevice limit depends on pH and temperature, and no Grade 7 test at pH 1 or below was read in this run'
identity:
  formula: 'Unalloyed titanium with 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium, UNS R52400 (ASTM Grade 7): maximum limits on O, Fe, C, N and H, titanium the balance'
  source: astm-b265
  where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Grade 7 column (ASTM B265-08b copy); palladium range from the same column
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: R52400
      source: tpc-sheet
      where: Titanium sheet product page, specifications list, GRADE 7 / UNS R52400 line
    - system: Name
      code: Titanium Grade 7
      source: combmet-gr7
      where: Strip datasheet heading, Titanium Grade 7
    - system: EN
      code: '3.7235'
      source: combmet-gr7
      where: Strip datasheet heading, W.Nr 3.7235
    - system: Trade name
      code: ATI CP Grade 7 Titanium
      source: ati-gr7
      where: Product page title, ATI CP Grade 7 Titanium UNS R52400
    - system: ASTM
      code: B265
      note: strip, sheet and plate
      source: astm-b265
      where: Title, designation B 265 - 08b; Table 1 and Table 2, Grade 7 rows and columns
    - system: ASTM
      code: B863
      note: rod and wire
      source: tpc-rod-wire
      where: Titanium rod and wire rod product page, GRADE 7 / UNS R52400 line, ASTM B863 entry
    - system: ASME
      code: SB-265
      note: strip, sheet and plate
      source: tpc-sheet
      where: Titanium sheet product page, GRADE 7 / UNS R52400 row, ASME-SB-265 Grade 7 line
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - thermal-control
    - structures
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density
    value: 4.51
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate (Elgiloy strip datasheet)
      condition: at 20 C (At 20oC column)
    method: Printed as 4.51 g/cm3 in the Physical Properties block of the Elgiloy strip datasheet (0.163 lb/in3 at 70 F). The ATI product page prints the same 4.51 g/cm3 for Grade 7 bar, tube, sheet and plate.
    status: ground
    source: combmet-gr7
    where: Physical Properties, Density row, At 20oC column
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Elastic modulus
    value: 112
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip (Elgiloy strip datasheet)
      loading: modulus of elasticity (E)
      condition: at 20 C
    method: Printed as 112 GPa at 20 C in the Physical Properties block of the Elgiloy strip datasheet (16.3 x 10^3 ksi at 70 F).
    status: ground
    source: combmet-gr7
    where: Physical Properties, Modulus of Elasticity (E) row, At 20oC column
  - benchmark: shear_modulus
    label: Modulus of rigidity
    value: 41
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip (Elgiloy strip datasheet)
      condition: at 20 C
    method: Printed as 41 GPa at 20 C (modulus of rigidity, G) in the Physical Properties block of the Elgiloy strip datasheet.
    status: ground
    source: combmet-gr7
    where: Physical Properties, Modulus of Rigidity (G) row, At 20oC column
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity
    value: 21.79
    unit: W/m-K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip (Elgiloy strip datasheet)
      temperature: 20 C (At 20oC column)
    method: Printed as 21.79 W/m-K in the Physical Properties block of the Elgiloy strip datasheet (12.60 Btu-in/ft hr F at 70 F). The value is recorded in the unit printed.
    status: ground
    source: combmet-gr7
    where: Physical Properties, Thermal Conductivity row, At 20oC column
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Coefficient of thermal expansion
    value: 9.7
    unit: µm/m-°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip (Elgiloy strip datasheet)
      temperature_range: 20 to 500 C
      unit_in_source: μm/m-oC
    method: Printed as 9.7 μm/m-oC over 20 to 500 C in the Physical Properties block of the Elgiloy strip datasheet (5.4 microinches/in-F over 70 to 932 F). The unit is written as printed.
    status: ground
    source: combmet-gr7
    where: Physical Properties, Coefficient of Expansion row, At 20oC column
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity
    value: 53.3
    unit: µΩ·cm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip (Elgiloy strip datasheet)
      condition: at 20 C
      unit_in_source: μ ohm.cm
    method: Printed as 53.3 μ ohm.cm at 20 C in the Physical Properties block of the Elgiloy strip datasheet (21 μ ohm.in at 70 F).
    status: ground
    source: combmet-gr7
    where: Physical Properties, Electrical Resistivity row, At 20oC column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 345
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)
      condition: as specified for Grade 7 in ASTM B265-08b Table 1
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Minimum in Table 1 (Tensile Requirements) of the ASTM B265-08b copy, Grade 7 row, with 50 ksi printed beside 345 MPa.
    status: ground
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 7 row, tensile strength min (ksi 50, MPa 345)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 275
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)
      offset: 0.2 %
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Minimum in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy, Grade 7 row, with 40 ksi printed beside 275 MPa. The same row prints a maximum of 450 MPa (65 ksi), which is not recorded here. The ATI page prints 276 MPa for bar; the ASTM value is used.
    status: ground
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 7 row, yield strength 0.2 % offset min (ksi 40, MPa 275)
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 20
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)
      gauge: 2 in or 50 mm
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Minimum elongation in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy, Grade 7 row.
    status: ground
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 7 row, elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm min %
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, minimum (bar, seamless tube, pipe and wire)
    value: 345
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: bar, seamless tube, seamless pipe and wire (ATI product page)
      condition: 1300 F anneal
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Printed as 50 ksi min and 345 MPa min for the bar, seamless tube, seamless pipe and wire product, metallurgical condition 1300 F anneal, on the ATI Grade 7 product page.
    status: ground
    source: ati-gr7
    where: Product Specifications, By Form, Bar Seamless Tube Seamless Pipe Wire, Tensile Strength row
  - benchmark: reduction_of_area
    label: Reduction of area, minimum (bar, seamless tube, pipe and wire)
    value: 30
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: bar, seamless tube, seamless pipe and wire (ATI product page)
      condition: 1300 F anneal
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Printed as Reduction in Area 30 % Min on the ATI Grade 7 product page for the same bar, tube and wire row. reduction_of_area is not in the canonical list, so a snake_case name is used (see gaps).
    status: ground
    source: ati-gr7
    where: Product Specifications, By Form, Bar Seamless Tube Seamless Pipe Wire, Reduction in Area row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, typical (annealed strip)
    value: 448
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip (Elgiloy strip datasheet)
      heat_treatment: 1290 F anneal
      basis: typical, not a minimum
    method: Printed as 65 ksi (448 MPa) typ in the Typical Mechanical Properties table of the Elgiloy strip datasheet, Annealed row, heat treatment 1290 F. The datasheet's minimum for the same row is 50 ksi (345 MPa), recorded above from ASTM B265.
    status: ground
    source: combmet-gr7
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, Annealed row, tensile strength typical
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Suggested maximum operating temperature
    value: 540
    bound: upper
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip (Elgiloy strip datasheet)
      basis: suggested operating condition printed by the supplier
    method: Printed as 1000 F (540 C) as the upper end of Suggested Operating Conditions on the Elgiloy strip datasheet. It is a supplier suggestion, not a tested service limit.
    status: ground
    source: combmet-gr7
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, Suggested Operating Conditions column
  - benchmark: min_service_temp
    label: Suggested minimum operating temperature
    value: -184
    bound: lower
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip (Elgiloy strip datasheet)
      basis: suggested operating condition printed by the supplier
    method: Printed as -300 F (-184 C) as the lower end of Suggested Operating Conditions on the Elgiloy strip datasheet. It is a supplier suggestion, not a tested service limit.
    status: ground
    source: combmet-gr7
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, Suggested Operating Conditions column
corrosion:
  - environment: Near-anaerobic seawater up to 200 C, with and without CO2
    headline: Grade 7 resisted stress corrosion cracking and pitting in near-anaerobic seawater up to 200 C.
    effect: Pang and Blackwood tested Grades 2, 5 and 7 in near-anaerobic seawater (below 1 ppm oxygen) up to 200 C, with and without CO2. The abstract says all three grades resist stress corrosion cracking and pitting. It names crevice corrosion only for Grades 2 and 5 (at 80 C and 200 C), so no crevice temperature for Grade 7 is printed in the abstract.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      electrolyte: seawater, near-anaerobic (below 1 ppm oxygen)
      temperature: up to 200 C
      CO2: tested with and without CO2
    source: pang-2016
    where: Abstract (Corrosion Science 105, 2016)
  - environment: Crevice corrosion in palladium-alloyed CP titanium
    headline: Palladium-alloyed CP grades, including Grade 7, typically do not crevice-corrode below 250 C at pH above 1.
    effect: ATI says palladium-alloyed CP titanium (grades 7, 11, 16 and 17) is more resistant to crevice corrosion than unalloyed CP grades and typically does not suffer crevice corrosion below 250 C at pH greater than 1. The same sheet says unalloyed CP grades 1 to 4 typically do not crevice-corrode below 80 C at any pH. The sheet prints no test conditions for these statements.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      temperature: below 250 C
      pH: greater than 1
      basis: manufacturer statement; no test conditions printed
    source: ati-cr-tds
    where: Crevice Corrosion section, page 2
  - environment: Hot seawater (crevice corrosion, above about 260 C)
    headline: Grade 7 is named for significantly better crevice corrosion resistance above 260 C in seawater.
    effect: Titanium Industries says that for significantly better crevice corrosion resistance at temperatures above 500 F (260 C), Titanium Grade 7 is viable, with Grade 12 as a lower-cost alternative. The statement is a supplier comparison; no test data are printed.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      temperature: above 260 C (500 F)
      basis: supplier statement; no test conditions printed
    source: titanium-industries
    where: Conclusion of the seawater applications page
  - environment: Reducing and non-oxidising acids
    headline: The palladium addition is described as giving Grade 7 extreme resistance to acid corrosion.
    effect: The Elgiloy strip datasheet says Grade 7 is extremely resistant to corrosion, especially from acids, because of the palladium addition, and lists chemical processing among its industries. The datasheet prints no acid, concentration or temperature.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: manufacturer statement; no acid, concentration or temperature printed
    source: combmet-gr7
    where: Opening paragraph, strip datasheet
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: PubChem aggregates GHS reports for titanium (CID 23963). It gives H228 (flammable solid) with signal word Danger, and lists Flammable solids Category 1. The record does not separate bulk metal from powder or swarf. Check the SDS for the form you handle.
      ghs:
        - 'H228: Flammable solid'
      source: pubchem-ti
      where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 23963)
    - text: Precautionary statement codes listed with the GHS entry include P210, P222, P231, P233, P235, P240, P241, P280, P302+P335+P334, P370+P378, P407, P410, P413 and P420.
      ghs: []
      source: pubchem-ti
      where: Safety and Hazards, GHS precautionary statements
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Crevice attack in hot chloride or seawater above the stated limit
      trigger: Tight crevices in chloride service above about 250 C, or at pH 1 or below
      consequence: Local attack inside the crevice. ATI's limit applies only above pH 1, and no Grade 7 test at pH 1 or below is printed in the sources read.
      severity: moderate
      source: ati-cr-tds
      where: Crevice Corrosion section, page 2
    - mode: Crevice corrosion of a related palladium-free CP grade in hot seawater
      trigger: Tight crevices in near-anaerobic seawater at 80 C and above
      consequence: Pang and Blackwood report this for Grade 2 at 80 C, which is why Grade 7 is chosen for hotter crevice service. This is not a Grade 7 result.
      severity: moderate
      source: pang-2016
      where: Abstract (Corrosion Science 105, 2016)
    - mode: Fire from titanium powder or swarf
      trigger: Handling fine powder or swarf
      consequence: PubChem gives H228 (flammable solid) from aggregated reports. Sheet, bar and tube are not classed in the sources read.
      severity: moderate
      source: pubchem-ti
      where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 23963)
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: Bend test radii in ASTM B265 Table 1 for Grade 7 are 2T for thickness under 0.070 in and 2.5T for 0.070 to 0.187 in.
      source: astm-b265
      where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 7 row, bend test columns
    - text: Elgiloy describes Grade 7 as having excellent welding and fabrication properties, with physical and mechanical properties similar to Grade 2.
      source: combmet-gr7
      where: Opening paragraph, strip datasheet
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: thermal-control
    device: Heat exchangers, condensers and chemical process piping
    example: Bozo Metal lists Grade 7 seamless tubes for chemical pipelines and heat exchangers, and reactors, storage tanks, acid pipelines and scrubber components as typical chemical processing applications. The page is a supplier listing with no test data.
    source: bozemetal
    where: Typical Applications, Chemical Processing; Titanium Tube and Pipe entry
  - application: structures
    device: Production equipment components
    example: Elgiloy lists chemical processing and production equipment components among the industries it supplies Grade 7 strip to.
    source: combmet-gr7
    where: Opening paragraph, Industries supplied line
supply:
  - subject: Titanium sponge (feedstock for titanium mill products, including Grade 7)
    abundance: The USGS 2026 titanium summary fetched for this profile gives no crustal abundance or resource tonnage. It refers to a separate titanium mineral concentrates chapter.
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 70.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 260,000 t of 370,000 t world sponge (USGS table, World Sponge Metal Production)'
      - country: Japan
        share_percent: 14.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 53,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 6.8
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 25,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 4.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 16,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Saudi Arabia
        share_percent: 3.2
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 12,000 t of 370,000 t'
    us_position: The United States produced no titanium sponge in 2025; the last domestic sponge plant closed in 2024. U.S. imports of sponge were an estimated 44,000 tons in 2025 (Japan 73 %, Kazakhstan 13 %, Saudi Arabia 13 % through July 2025).
    source: usgs-ti-2026
    where: Domestic Production and Use; Events, Trends, and Issues; World Sponge Metal Production table
media: []
documents:
  - title: 'Elgiloy Specialty Metals: Titanium Grade 7 strip products datasheet (dated 9/30/15)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-7.pdf
    year: 2015
  - title: 'ATI: CP Grade 7 Titanium product page (product specifications by form)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/grade-7
    year: 2026
  - title: 'ATI: Corrosion-Resistant Titanium technical data sheet, version 2 (2013)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/titanium/commerciallypure/ati_corrosion_resistant_titanium%20_alloys_tds_en1_v1.pdf
    year: 2013
  - title: 'ASTM B265-08b: Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)'
    type: standard
    url: https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf
    year: 2008
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification (PUG View JSON)'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Pang and Blackwood (2016): Corrosion of titanium alloys in high temperature near anaerobic seawater, Corrosion Science 105'
    type: paper
    url: https://tethys-engineering.pnnl.gov/publications/corrosion-titanium-alloys-high-temperature-near-anaerobic-seawater
    year: 2016
  - title: 'Titanium Processing Center: titanium sheet product page (specifications list, Grade 7 row)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-sheet/
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Titanium Processing Center: titanium rod and wire rod product page (specifications list, Grade 7 row)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-rod-wire-rod/
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - 'Composition as named in the request (Ti-0.15Pd): no source read in this run prints 0.15 % palladium. ASTM B265 Table 2 gives 0.12 to 0.25 % Pd, and the Elgiloy datasheet gives a nominal palladium maximum of 0.20 %. The ASTM range is used; the 0.15 % figure is not recorded.'
  - The Elgiloy datasheet (dated 2015) prints a palladium maximum of 0.20 %, which is narrower than ASTM B265 0.12 to 0.25 %. The ASTM range is used.
  - 'Strip tensile conflict: the ATI page prints 80 ksi (550 MPa) minimum for strip, which differs from the ASTM B265 Grade 7 minimum of 50 ksi (345 MPa). The ATI strip row gives no temper, so it is not recorded.'
  - 'Vendor conflict: Bozo Metal''s Grade 7 page prints tensile at 275 MPa or more and yield at 205 MPa or more, below the ASTM B265 minimums of 345 and 275 MPa. The vendor values are not used.'
  - 'Yield minimum: ATI prints 276 MPa for bar, and ASTM B265 prints 275 MPa. The ASTM value is used. ASTM also prints a 450 MPa upper limit for yield, which is not recorded.'
  - Reduction of area and minimum bend radius are not in spores/property-canon.yaml; reduction_of_area uses a snake_case name. The bend radii are recorded as handling text, not as properties.
  - 'Crevice behaviour below pH 1, in fluoride or in reducing acids: the Casanova et al. 2021 paper (Politecnico di Milano repository), the OSTI brine study and the UBC Grade 7 study could not be opened. Their results are not used.'
  - The Pang and Blackwood abstract gives no crevice temperature for Grade 7; it names crevice attack only for Grades 2 and 5.
  - 'Melting point, specific heat, Poisson''s ratio, hardness, Charpy impact and fatigue: no numeric value for Grade 7 was found in the pages fetched for this profile.'
  - 'Space and orbital data (atomic oxygen erosion, outgassing, thermal cycling in orbit, cryogenic properties): no NASA or NIST source with Grade 7 numbers was fetched.'
  - 'Hydrogen embrittlement: no Grade 7 limit was found in the sources read.'
  - 'Designations not found on any page read in this run: the Smiths Grade 7 datasheet URL returned a 404 page, and the Total Materia and AZoM pages did not print a Grade 7 designation. No ISO, JIS, DIN or GB code is recorded.'
  - Supply shares are computed by the assistant from the printed USGS tonnage and the printed world total, as for Grade 2. USGS prints no shares for titanium.
  - 'Critical-mineral lists: the USGS 2026 titanium summary fetched for this profile does not list them, and the EU and USGS critical lists were not fetched.'
  - Atomic weights of palladium and the other constituents were not fetched, so recipe parts carry share limits only.
  - Process route for Grade 7 (sponge to mill product, palladium addition) is not described in the sources fetched for this profile.
  - 'Fabrication and weld data: only the Elgiloy qualitative statement and the ASTM bend radii were read. No weld-specific heat-input or post-weld treatment source for Grade 7 was found.'
sources:
  astm-b265:
    title: 'ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)'
    id: ASTM B265-08b
    url: https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf
    year: 2008
    kind: standard
    license: standard copy, cited not reproduced
  ati-gr7:
    title: 'ATI: CP Grade 7 Titanium, product specifications by form (UNS R52400)'
    id: ATI CP Grade 7 Titanium
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/grade-7
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  ati-cr-tds:
    title: 'ATI: Corrosion-Resistant Titanium technical data sheet (commercially pure), version 2'
    id: ATI corrosion-resistant titanium TDS
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/titanium/commerciallypure/ati_corrosion_resistant_titanium%20_alloys_tds_en1_v1.pdf
    year: 2013
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced
  combmet-gr7:
    title: 'Elgiloy Specialty Metals: Titanium Grade 7 strip products datasheet'
    id: Elgiloy Specialty Metals (Combmet copy)
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-7.pdf
    year: 2015
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced
  tpc-sheet:
    title: 'Titanium Processing Center: titanium sheet product page (commercially pure titanium specifications list)'
    id: Titanium Processing Center
    url: https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-sheet/
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  tpc-rod-wire:
    title: 'Titanium Processing Center: titanium rod and wire rod product page (specifications list)'
    id: Titanium Processing Center
    url: https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-rod-wire-rod/
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  titanium-industries:
    title: Titanium Performance in Seawater Applications (Titanium Industries)
    id: Titanium Industries technical data
    url: https://www.titanium.com/technical-references/titanium-seawater-applications
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  pang-2016:
    title: Corrosion of titanium alloys in high temperature near anaerobic seawater (Pang and Blackwood, Corrosion Science 105, 2016)
    id: doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2015.12.011
    url: https://tethys-engineering.pnnl.gov/publications/corrosion-titanium-alloys-high-temperature-near-anaerobic-seawater
    year: 2016
    kind: paper
    license: abstract page, cited not reproduced
  bozemetal:
    title: 'BOZE Metal: Grade 7 (Ti-0.2Pd) Titanium, properties, specifications and applications'
    id: BOZE Metal
    url: https://bozemetal.com/titanium-grades/grade-7-titanium
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  pubchem-ti:
    title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification and identifiers'
    id: PubChem CID 23963
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: PubChem, public
  usgs-ti-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, Titanium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: US Government work, public domain
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 14
  unreachable: 4
  caveats: 4
  note: 'Written 2026-10-26 by an assistant from pages fetched in this run: ASTM B265-08b copy, ATI Grade 7 product page, ATI corrosion-resistant titanium data sheet, Elgiloy strip datasheet, Titanium Processing Center sheet and rod pages, Titanium Industries seawater page, Pang and Blackwood abstract, PubChem, USGS MCS 2026 titanium, Bozo Metal. Casanova 2021 (Polimi), OSTI and UBC were blocked or unreachable, and the Smiths Grade 7 URL returned 404; none of their values is used.'
story:
  recipe:
    line: Unalloyed titanium with 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium, the only deliberate addition. ASTM B265 limits the Grade 7 composition to maximum oxygen, iron, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen, with titanium as the balance. Wikipedia describes Grade 7 as similar to Grade 2 with palladium added. Process routes are not described in the sources fetched for this profile.
    parts:
      - name: Titanium
        symbol: Ti
        share_note: balance (the rest)
        role: Base metal. Gives the low density and the oxide-film corrosion resistance.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Titanium balance row
      - name: Palladium
        symbol: Pd
        share_high: 0.25
        share_note: 0.12 to 0.25 %
        role: Deliberate addition. ATI and Elgiloy credit it with better crevice and acid resistance than unalloyed CP grades.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Palladium row, Grade 7 column
      - name: Oxygen
        symbol: O
        share_high: 0.25
        share_note: maximum 0.25 %
        role: Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Oxygen max, Grade 7 column
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_high: 0.3
        share_note: maximum 0.3 %
        role: Impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Iron max, Grade 7 column
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        share_high: 0.08
        share_note: maximum 0.08 %
        role: Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Carbon max, Grade 7 column
      - name: Nitrogen
        symbol: 'N'
        share_high: 0.03
        share_note: maximum 0.03 %
        role: Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Nitrogen max, Grade 7 column
      - name: Hydrogen
        symbol: H
        share_high: 0.015
        share_note: maximum 0.015 %
        role: Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Hydrogen max, Grade 7 column
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 1
      verdict: 'Solid: no class. Powder and swarf: flammable'
      lead: The solid metal is not hazard-classed in the sources fetched here. PubChem gives titanium a flammable-solid classification (H228), which applies to powder and swarf.
      points:
        - label: Solid metal
          line: Sheet, plate, bar, tube and wire are covered by the ATI and Elgiloy product sheets, which carry no hazard classification.
        - label: Powder and swarf
          line: PubChem gives H228 (flammable solid) from aggregated reports. Treat powder and swarf as a fire hazard.
  why: Grade 7 is the palladium-alloyed version of the most common unalloyed titanium grade. It keeps Grade 2's moderate strength, ductility and weldability, and the small palladium addition gives it better crevice and acid resistance. ATI says the palladium-alloyed grades typically do not crevice-corrode below 250 C at pH above 1, against 80 C for unalloyed grades 1 to 4. It is chosen when crevice corrosion in chloride or acid service is the main concern and strength is secondary.
  uses:
    - where: Chemical processing
      line: Elgiloy lists chemical processing among the industries it supplies Grade 7 strip to. Bozo Metal lists reactors, storage tanks, acid pipelines and heat-exchanger tubing as typical uses. The Bozo Metal page is a supplier listing with no test data.
    - where: Seawater and hot chloride service
      line: Titanium Industries says Grade 7 is viable for significantly better crevice corrosion resistance above 260 C in seawater, with Grade 12 as a lower-cost alternative.
  can_do:
    - label: Strength
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: Minimum tensile strength 345 MPa and minimum 0.2 % yield strength 275 MPa for strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265). Typical annealed strip tensile is 448 MPa (Elgiloy).
    - label: Ductility
      benchmark: elongation
      line: Minimum elongation 20 % (ASTM B265, 2 in or 50 mm gauge). Minimum reduction of area 30 % for bar, tube and wire (ATI).
    - label: Stiffness
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      line: Elastic modulus 112 GPa at 20 C (Elgiloy).
    - label: Corrosion
      line: Palladium-alloyed; typically no crevice corrosion below 250 C at pH above 1 (ATI). Crevice attack is reported for Grade 2 at 80 C in near-anaerobic seawater (Pang and Blackwood), but no Grade 7 crevice temperature is printed in that abstract.
  compare: Grade 7 is the palladium-alloyed version of Grade 2 ([Grade 2](/materials/titanium-grade-2)). Its strength is the same as Grade 2 (345 MPa minimum tensile, 275 MPa minimum yield, ASTM B265), and its density is 4.51 g/cm3 (Elgiloy and ATI). Its elastic modulus is 112 GPa at 20 C (Elgiloy). The palladium is the reason to choose Grade 7 over Grade 2 in crevice-prone service. Both are far weaker than [Ti-6Al-4V](/materials/ti-6al-4v).
  compare_rows:
    - scope: material
      label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - scope: material
      label: Elastic modulus
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
    - scope: material
      label: Yield strength
      benchmark: yield_strength
  handling:
    - 'Bending: ASTM B265 gives a bend radius of 2T for thickness under 0.070 in and 2.5T for 0.070 to 0.187 in for Grade 7.'
    - 'Welding and fabrication: Elgiloy describes excellent welding and fabrication properties, similar to Grade 2. No Grade 7 weld heat-input or post-weld source was read.'
  good_for:
    - Crevice-prone chloride or acid service above the range where Grade 2 is safe (ATI, Titanium Industries).
    - Forming and welding of sheet, plate and tube where ductility and weldability matter more than strength (Elgiloy, ASTM B265).
    - 'Chemical process equipment: reactors, heat exchangers and acid piping (Elgiloy, Bozo Metal).'
  watch_out:
    - 'Lower strength than Ti-6Al-4V: 345 MPa minimum tensile (see the Ti-6Al-4V profile).'
    - Crevice limit is a manufacturer statement with no test conditions; the ATI limit applies only above pH 1.
    - Crevice attack is reported for Grade 2 at 80 C in near-anaerobic seawater; no comparable Grade 7 result is printed in the abstract read.
    - Powder and swarf are a flammable-solid fire hazard (PubChem).
  verdict: CP titanium Grade 7 is Grade 2 with palladium added for better crevice and acid resistance. Its strength is the same modest 345 MPa minimum tensile, so it is a corrosion-service material, not a structural alloy. Pick it over Grade 2 where crevice attack in hot chloride or acid is the main risk, and verify the pH and temperature limits for the specific service.
composition:
  basis: weight percent, ASTM B265-08b Table 2, Grade 7 column
  source: astm-b265
  where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Grade 7 column
  limits:
    - element: O
      max: 0.25
    - element: Fe
      max: 0.3
    - element: C
      max: 0.08
    - element: 'N'
      max: 0.03
    - element: H
      max: 0.015
    - element: Pd
      min: 0.12
      max: 0.25
  note: ASTM B265-08b Table 2 prints Pd 0.12 to 0.25 for Grade 7. The Elgiloy datasheet prints a nominal palladium maximum of 0.20. The ASTM range is used; the 0.15 % named in the request is not printed by any source read in this run.
critical_lists: []
supply_note: Shares are computed by the assistant from the printed tonnage and the printed world total (USGS rounds its world totals), not printed by USGS.