spore: profile
id: titanium-grade-11
spore_version: 0.2
family: titanium-alloys
name: Commercially pure titanium with palladium, Grade 11 (UNS R52250)
abbreviation: Ti Grade 11
role: corrosion-resistant unalloyed metal
category: metals
type: titanium
summary: |
  Titanium Grade 11, UNS R52250, is unalloyed titanium with 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium added (ASTM B265). The palladium gives enhanced corrosion resistance in crevices and in reducing acids, and in chloride-containing environments (S+D Metals, Elgiloy datasheet). ASTM B265 sets its minimum tensile strength at 240 MPa and its minimum 0.2 % yield strength at 138 MPa, with 24 % minimum elongation for strip, sheet and plate. The Elgiloy strip datasheet gives a density of 4.51 g/cm3 and an elastic modulus of 112 GPa at 20 degC. Its strength is lower than Grade 2 (345 MPa minimum tensile), so it is chosen for corrosion resistance and formability rather than strength.
best_for: Chloride and reducing-acid chemical plant equipment, and desalination or marine service, where crevice corrosion resistance matters more than strength (S+D Metals and Elgiloy datasheets)
weakest_at: 'Strength: 240 MPa minimum tensile, below the 345 MPa minimum of Grade 2 (ASTM B265). No Grade 11 crevice-corrosion test temperature was found in the sources read for this profile'
identity:
  formula: Unalloyed titanium with 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium, titanium the balance (ASTM B265 Grade 11)
  cas: 7440-32-6
  source: pubchem-ti
  where: CAS of titanium from PubChem CID 23963; the palladium range is from ASTM B265-08b Table 2, Grade 11 column, and the Grade 11 definition in section 1.1.9
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: R52250
      source: sd-metals-ti11
      where: Titanium Grade 11 page, header line ASTM B265 | ASME SB265 | 3.7225 | UNS R52250
    - system: EN
      code: '3.7225'
      source: elgiloy-strip
      where: Header block, W.Nr 3.7225 beside the title
    - system: ASTM
      code: B265
      note: strip, sheet and plate
      source: astm-b265
      where: Title, designation B 265 - 08b; Table 1 Grade 11 row
    - system: ASME
      code: SB265
      note: strip, sheet and plate
      source: sd-metals-ti11
      where: Titanium Grade 11 page, header line ASME SB265
    - system: Name
      code: Titanium Grade 11
      source: elgiloy-strip
      where: Product title, Titanium Grade 11
    - system: Name
      code: Ti-0.15Pd
      source: azom-ti11
      where: Page title, Grade 11 Ti-0.15Pd (UNS R52250) Sheet; 0.15 is a nominal palladium content in the trade name, not an ASTM limit
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - thermal-control
    - structures
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density
    value: 4.51
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip (Elgiloy datasheet product)
      temperature: 20 degC
    method: Printed as 4.51 g/cm3 at 20 degC in the Physical Properties table of the Elgiloy strip datasheet, beside 0.163 lb/in3 at 70 degF.
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-strip
    where: Physical Properties table, Density row, At 20oC column
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity (E)
    value: 112
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip (Elgiloy datasheet product)
      temperature: 20 degC
    method: Printed as 112 GPa at 20 degC in the Physical Properties table of the Elgiloy strip datasheet, beside 16.3 x 10^3 ksi at 70 degF. A supplier range of 80 to 130 GPa was seen on a gated listing and is not used.
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-strip
    where: Physical Properties table, Modulus of Elasticity (E) row, At 20oC column
  - benchmark: shear_modulus
    label: Modulus of rigidity (G)
    value: 41
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip (Elgiloy datasheet product)
      temperature: 20 degC
    method: Printed as 41 GPa at 20 degC in the Physical Properties table of the Elgiloy strip datasheet.
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-strip
    where: Physical Properties table, Modulus of Rigidity (G) row, At 20oC column
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, Elgiloy strip datasheet
    value: 21.79
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip (Elgiloy datasheet product)
      temperature: 20 degC
      printed_as: 12.60 Btu-in./ft. hr.-F
    method: Printed as 21.79 W/m-K in the Physical Properties table of the Elgiloy strip datasheet, in the At 20oC column.
    status: ground
    note: The S+D Metals page prints 16 W/m°C at 20 degC for the same grade. The two sources disagree, so both values are kept.
    source: elgiloy-strip
    where: Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row, At 20oC column
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity at 20 degC, S+D Metals page
    value: 16
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 degC
      unit_in_source: W/ m°C
    method: Printed as 16 W/ m°C at 20°C in the physical constants list of the S+D Metals Grade 11 page. The degree and kelvin intervals are equal, so the number is the same in W/(m·K).
    status: ground
    note: The Elgiloy strip datasheet prints 21.79 W/m-K for the same property. The two sources disagree; see the other thermal conductivity row.
    source: sd-metals-ti11
    where: Physical constants and thermal properties, Thermal conductivity at 20°C row
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Coefficient of expansion, 20 to 500 degC
    value: 9.7
    unit: μm/(m·°C)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature_range: 20 to 500 degC
      printed_as: 5.4 microinches/in.-oF (70 to 932 oF)
    method: Printed as 9.7 μm/m-oC (20-500 oC) in the Physical Properties table of the Elgiloy strip datasheet.
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-strip
    where: Physical Properties table, Coefficient of Expansion row, At 20oC column
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity
    value: 53.3
    unit: μΩ·cm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 degC
      printed_as: 21 μ ohm.in
    method: Printed as 53.3 μ ohm.cm at 20 degC in the Physical Properties table of the Elgiloy strip datasheet.
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-strip
    where: Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row, At 20oC column
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting point
    value: 1670
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      basis: value printed for the grade on the S+D Metals page
    method: Printed as 1670°C in the physical constants list of the S+D Metals Grade 11 page.
    status: ground
    source: sd-metals-ti11
    where: Physical constants and thermal properties, Melting point row
  - benchmark: beta_transus
    label: Beta transus
    value: 888
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      tolerance_printed: plus or minus 4 degC
    method: Printed as 888 ± 4°C in the physical constants list of the S+D Metals Grade 11 page. The tolerance is recorded in conditions and is not a range.
    status: ground
    source: sd-metals-ti11
    where: Physical constants and thermal properties, Beta transus temperature row
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Suggested upper operating temperature
    value: 540
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip (Elgiloy datasheet product)
      basis: suggested operating conditions, annealed spring-application table
      printed_as: 1000 F
    method: Printed as -300 F to 1000 F (-184 C to 540 C) under Suggested Operating Conditions in the Elgiloy strip datasheet. This is a supplier suggestion, not a tested limit.
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-strip
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, Suggested Operating Conditions column, Annealed row
  - benchmark: min_service_temp
    label: Suggested lower operating temperature
    value: -184
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip (Elgiloy datasheet product)
      basis: suggested operating conditions, annealed spring-application table
      printed_as: '-300 F'
    method: Printed as -300°F to 1000°F (-184°C to 540°C) under Suggested Operating Conditions in the Elgiloy strip datasheet. This is a supplier suggestion, not a tested limit.
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-strip
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, Suggested Operating Conditions column, Annealed row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 240
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)
      condition: as specified for Grade 11 in ASTM B265-08b Table 1
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Minimum in Table 1 (Tensile Requirements) of the ASTM B265-08b copy, with 35 ksi printed beside 240 MPa.
    status: ground
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 11 row, tensile strength min (ksi 35, MPa 240)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 138
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)
      offset: 0.2 %
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Minimum in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy, with 20 ksi printed beside 138 MPa.
    status: ground
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 11 row, yield strength 0.2 % offset min (ksi 20, MPa 138)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, maximum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 310
    bound: upper
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)
      offset: 0.2 %
      maximum: 'yes'
    method: Maximum in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy, with 45 ksi printed beside 310 MPa. ASTM also limits Grade 11 to 275 MPa in supplementary requirement S2 when the purchaser specifies it; that limit is not recorded here.
    status: ground
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 11 row, yield strength 0.2 % offset max (ksi 45, MPa 310)
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 24
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)
      gauge: 2 in or 50 mm
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Minimum elongation in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy.
    status: ground
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 11 row, elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm min %
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, typical (annealed strip, spring-application table)
    value: 345
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip (Elgiloy datasheet product)
      condition: annealed at 1290 F
      basis: typical, not a minimum
    method: Printed as 50 ksi (345 MPa) typ in the Typical Mechanical Properties table for spring applications, Annealed row, of the Elgiloy strip datasheet.
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-strip
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, Spring Applications, Annealed row, Tensile Strength column
corrosion:
  - environment: Crevices and chloride-containing environments
    headline: Palladium gives outstanding resistance to localized crevice corrosion in chloride-containing environments.
    effect: S+D Metals says the 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium addition gives outstanding corrosion resistance to localized crevice corrosion, particularly in chloride-containing environments. The page prints no test conditions, so this is a supplier statement, not a measured threshold.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: manufacturer statement; no test temperature, chloride level or pH printed
      palladium: 0.12 to 0.25 %
    source: sd-metals-ti11
    where: Areas of application and product description, Grade 11 page
  - environment: Reducing acids and chloride-containing reducing acid solutions
    headline: Palladium improves resistance in reducing acids and reducing acid chloride environments.
    effect: S+D Metals lists reducing acids among the media where the palladium addition gives outstanding corrosion resistance. The Elgiloy strip datasheet says the palladium gives enhanced corrosion resistance in crevices and reducing acid chloride environments. Neither source prints a concentration or temperature.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: manufacturer statements; no concentration or temperature printed
    source: elgiloy-strip
    where: Product description paragraph, Grade 11 datasheet
  - environment: Desalination and marine service
    headline: Listed for desalination and marine use; no Grade 11 seawater test was read.
    effect: The Elgiloy strip datasheet lists desalination and marine applications among the industries supplied. No seawater, brine or temperature limit for Grade 11 was printed in the sources read for this profile.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: list of industries supplied; no test data
    source: elgiloy-strip
    where: Product description, Industries supplied line
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: PubChem aggregates GHS reports for titanium (CID 23963). It gives H228 (flammable solid) with signal word Danger, from reports for flammable solids. The record does not separate bulk metal from powder or swarf, and it is not specific to Grade 11. Check the supplier safety data sheet for the form you handle.
      ghs:
        - 'H228: Flammable solid'
      source: pubchem-ti
      where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 23963)
    - text: Precautionary statement codes listed with the titanium GHS entry include P210, P222, P231, P233, P235, P240, P241 and P280, among others.
      ghs: []
      source: pubchem-ti
      where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Precautionary Statement Codes
  failure_risks: []
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: No handling guidance specific to Grade 11 was found in the sources read for this profile. Welding, bending and machining notes for unalloyed titanium were not fetched for this grade.
      source: elgiloy-strip
      where: Not stated in the strip datasheet, which describes properties only
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: thermal-control
    device: Heat exchangers and condensers in chemical processing
    example: 'ASTM B265 scope as summarised by S+D Metals: highly corrosive environments in chemical processing and manufacturing, and heat exchangers, are the listed areas of application for Grade 11.'
    source: sd-metals-ti11
    where: Areas of application for Titanium Grade 11 | ASTM B265, text block
  - application: structures
    device: Piping systems, industrial pumps and valves
    example: S+D Metals lists piping systems, industrial pumps and valves for highly corrosive chemical environments as areas of application for Grade 11.
    source: sd-metals-ti11
    where: Areas of application for Titanium Grade 11 | ASTM B265, text block
  - application: structures
    device: Chlorate manufacturing and desalination equipment
    example: The Elgiloy strip datasheet lists chemical processing, chlorate manufacturing, desalination and marine applications as the industries supplied with Grade 11 strip.
    source: elgiloy-strip
    where: Product description, Industries supplied line
supply:
  - subject: Titanium sponge (feedstock for titanium mill products, including Grade 11)
    abundance: The USGS 2026 titanium summary fetched for this profile gives no crustal abundance or resource tonnage. It refers to a separate titanium mineral concentrates chapter.
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 70.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 260,000 t of 370,000 t world sponge (USGS table, World Sponge Metal Production)'
      - country: Japan
        share_percent: 14.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 53,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 6.8
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 25,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 4.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 16,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Saudi Arabia
        share_percent: 3.2
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 12,000 t of 370,000 t'
    us_position: The United States produced no titanium sponge in 2025; the last domestic sponge plant closed in 2024. U.S. imports of sponge were an estimated 44,000 tons in 2025.
    source: usgs-ti-2026
    where: Domestic Production and Use; Events, Trends, and Issues; World Sponge Metal Production table
  - subject: Palladium (the alloying addition, 0.12 to 0.25 %)
    abundance: Not read in this run. The USGS PGM chapter gives mine production and reserves but no crustal abundance.
    producers:
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 44.2
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 84,000 kg of 190,000 kg world mine production (2025e, rounded total)'
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 36.8
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 70,000 kg of 190,000 kg'
      - country: Canada
        share_percent: 8.4
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 16,000 kg of 190,000 kg'
      - country: Zimbabwe
        share_percent: 7.9
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 15,000 kg of 190,000 kg'
      - country: United States
        share_percent: 3.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 6,200 kg of 190,000 kg'
    recycling: 'USGS: about 140,000 kg of palladium and platinum were recovered globally from new and old scrap in 2025, including about 50,000 kg of palladium from automobile catalytic converters in the United States. No palladium-only global total is given.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: about 25 % of palladium can routinely be substituted for platinum in diesel catalytic converters, and up to 50 % in some applications.'
    source: usgs-pgm-2026
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, Palladium 2025e column (world total 190,000 kg, rounded; shares computed here); Recycling; Substitutes
critical_lists: []
composition:
  basis: weight percent, ASTM B265-08b Table 2, Grade 11 column
  source: astm-b265
  where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Grade 11 column; palladium 0.12 to 0.25 % from the same column
  limits:
    - element: Pd
      min: 0.12
      max: 0.25
    - element: O
      max: 0.18
    - element: Fe
      max: 0.2
    - element: C
      max: 0.08
    - element: 'N'
      max: 0.03
    - element: H
      max: 0.015
  note: The Elgiloy strip datasheet prints the same maxima as nominal values (Fe 0.20, O 0.18, C 0.08, N 0.03, H 0.0150, Pd 0.25). The ASTM values are used.
supply_note: Shares are computed by the assistant from the printed tonnage and the printed world total (USGS rounds its world totals), not printed by USGS. Critical-mineral list status for titanium and palladium was not confirmed in this run.
media: []
documents:
  - title: 'Elgiloy Specialty Metals: Strip Products, Titanium Grade 11 datasheet (copy on combmet.com, dated 10/30/15)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-11.pdf
    year: 2015
  - title: 'S+D Metals: Titanium Grade 11 product page (composition, physical constants, typical mechanical properties)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://sd-metals.bibus.com/de-en/materials/itm/Titan-Grade-11/
    year: 2026
  - title: 'ASTM B265-08b: Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)'
    type: standard
    url: https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf
    year: 2008
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (February 2026)'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Platinum-Group Metals (February 2026)'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-platinum-group.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification (PUG View JSON)'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - 'Corrosion data: no Grade 11 crevice-corrosion, seawater or reducing-acid test with a temperature, concentration or time was found. Pang and Blackwood (2016), used for Grade 2, covers Grades 2, 5 and 7 only and was not fetched for Grade 11. The palladium statements above are supplier wording.'
  - 'Thermal conductivity conflicts: 21.79 W/m-K (Elgiloy strip datasheet) and 16 W/m°C at 20 degC (S+D Metals). Both are kept with notes; a certificate or the ASTM test method would settle it.'
  - 'Elastic modulus: a supplier range of 80 to 130 GPa appears on a gated listing (TotalMateria) and a value of 110 GPa on MakeItFrom, which was not readable. Neither is used.'
  - 'Density: the S+D Metals page prints 4,51 g/cm² (unit typo); the value is taken from the Elgiloy datasheet, which prints g/cm3.'
  - Beta transus is not in spores/property-canon.yaml and uses the snake_case name beta_transus.
  - 'Specific heat, Poisson''s ratio, hardness, Charpy impact, fatigue and cryogenic properties: no numeric value for Grade 11 was found in the sources read.'
  - 'Hazards and handling: only the PubChem titanium GHS record was read. No Grade 11 or palladium safety data sheet was read. No handling, welding, bending or machining guidance specific to Grade 11 was found, and no failure-risk entries are recorded.'
  - 'Standard edition: the ASTM B265 copy is the 2008b edition (its header says B 265 - 08b). The current revision was not checked. ASTM B338, B348 and B861 cover Grade 11 according to search snippets, but those pages were not fetched, so no codes are recorded from them.'
  - 'Designations not found on a page read in this run: AMS (none for Grade 11 sheet found), JIS, GB, DIN, ISO and an EN name. The EN number 3.7225 is printed on the Elgiloy and S+D pages.'
  - Titanium sponge critical-list status and palladium critical-list status were not confirmed. The USGS titanium and PGM summaries read here do not state them.
  - Palladium crustal abundance and recycling rate for palladium alone were not found in the USGS PGM chapter read here.
  - Process route (sponge, melt, mill) is not described in the sources read for this profile.
  - 'Space and orbital data (atomic oxygen, outgassing, thermal cycling, radiation): no NASA or NIST source with Grade 11 numbers was fetched.'
  - Atomic weights of the constituents were not fetched, so recipe parts carry share limits only.
  - 'Property names: beta_transus is not in the canonical list; see above.'
sources:
  astm-b265:
    title: 'ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)'
    id: ASTM B265-08b
    url: https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf
    year: 2008
    kind: standard
    license: standard copy, cited not reproduced
  elgiloy-strip:
    title: 'Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Strip Products: Titanium Grade 11 (copy on combmet.com)'
    id: Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Elgin IL; printed 10/30/15
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-11.pdf
    year: 2015
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced
  sd-metals-ti11:
    title: 'S+D Metals: Titanium Grade 11 (ASTM B265, ASME SB265, 3.7225, UNS R52250)'
    id: S+D Metals GmbH
    url: https://sd-metals.bibus.com/de-en/materials/itm/Titan-Grade-11/
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  azom-ti11:
    title: 'AZoM: Grade 11 Ti-0.15Pd (UNS R52250) Sheet'
    id: AZoM
    url: https://www.azom.com/metals/titanium-alloys_grade-11-ti-0-15pd-(uns-r52250)_sheet
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: supplier listing, cited not reproduced
  usgs-ti-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, Titanium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: US Government work, public domain
  usgs-pgm-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Platinum-Group Metals (USGS, February 2026)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, Platinum-Group Metals
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-platinum-group.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: US Government work, public domain
  pubchem-ti:
    title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification and identifiers'
    id: PubChem CID 23963
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: PubChem, public
  wiki-ti-alloy:
    title: Titanium alloy (Wikipedia)
    id: Wikipedia, Titanium alloy
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: CC BY-SA 4.0
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 16
  unreachable: 2
  caveats: 3
  note: 'Written 2026-10-26 by an assistant from pages fetched in this run: ASTM B265-08b copy, Elgiloy strip datasheet (copy), S+D Metals Grade 11 page, AZoM listing, USGS MCS 2026 titanium and platinum-group metals, PubChem titanium, and Wikipedia. TotalMateria and MakeItFrom were not used for values.'
story:
  recipe:
    line: Unalloyed titanium with 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium added. ASTM B265 limits the grade to maximum oxygen, iron, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen, with titanium as the balance. Process routes are not described in the sources read for this profile.
    parts:
      - name: Titanium
        symbol: Ti
        share_note: balance (the rest)
        role: Base metal. Gives the low density and the oxide-film corrosion resistance.
        source: elgiloy-strip
        where: Nominal Composition table, Ti balance
      - name: Palladium
        symbol: Pd
        share_low: 0.12
        share_high: 0.25
        share_note: 0.12 to 0.25 %
        role: Alloying addition. S+D Metals and the Elgiloy datasheet tie it to better crevice and reducing-acid corrosion resistance.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Grade 11 column (Palladium); section 1.1.9 (Grade 11 definition)
      - name: Oxygen
        symbol: O
        share_high: 0.18
        share_note: maximum 0.18 %
        role: Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Oxygen max, Grade 11 column
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_high: 0.2
        share_note: maximum 0.20 %
        role: Impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Iron max, Grade 11 column
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        share_high: 0.08
        share_note: maximum 0.08 %
        role: Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Carbon max, Grade 11 column
      - name: Nitrogen
        symbol: 'N'
        share_high: 0.03
        share_note: maximum 0.03 %
        role: Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Nitrogen max, Grade 11 column
      - name: Hydrogen
        symbol: H
        share_high: 0.015
        share_note: maximum 0.015 %
        role: Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Hydrogen max, Grade 11 column
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 1
      verdict: 'Solid: no class. Powder and swarf: flammable'
      lead: The solid metal is not hazard-classed in the sources read here. PubChem gives titanium a flammable-solid classification (H228), which applies to powder and swarf.
      points:
        - label: Solid metal
          line: The strip datasheet and the S+D Metals page carry no hazard classification for Grade 11.
        - label: Powder and swarf
          line: PubChem gives H228 (flammable solid) from aggregated reports for titanium. Treat powder and swarf as a fire hazard.
  why: Grade 11 is unalloyed titanium with a small palladium addition. It is chosen for corrosion resistance in chloride and reducing-acid service, where the palladium improves crevice resistance. Its strength is lower than Grade 2, but it keeps the good ductility, cold formability and weldability of the unalloyed grades (Elgiloy datasheet).
  uses:
    - where: Heat exchangers and chemical plant
      line: S+D Metals lists highly corrosive chemical processing, piping systems, industrial pumps and valves and heat exchangers as areas of application for Grade 11 under ASTM B265.
    - where: Chlorate manufacturing and desalination
      line: The Elgiloy strip datasheet lists chemical processing, chlorate manufacturing, desalination and marine applications as the industries supplied with Grade 11 strip.
  can_do:
    - label: Strength
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: Minimum tensile strength 240 MPa and minimum 0.2 % yield strength 138 MPa for strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265). The maximum yield is 310 MPa. Typical annealed strip is 345 MPa tensile (Elgiloy).
    - label: Ductility
      benchmark: elongation
      line: Minimum elongation 24 % at 2 in or 50 mm gauge (ASTM B265). The Elgiloy datasheet adds good ductility, cold formability and high impact toughness.
    - label: Stiffness
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      line: Elastic modulus 112 GPa at 20 degC and shear modulus 41 GPa (Elgiloy datasheet).
    - label: Corrosion
      line: Palladium gives enhanced crevice corrosion resistance in chloride-containing environments and in reducing acids (S+D Metals and Elgiloy datasheet). No numeric limit was found.
    - label: Temperature
      line: The Elgiloy datasheet suggests operating from -184 degC to 540 degC for the strip product. This is a supplier suggestion, not a tested limit.
  compare: Grade 11 is a lower-strength titanium with corrosion resistance added by palladium. Its minimum tensile strength is 240 MPa (ASTM B265), against a minimum of 345 MPa for the unalloyed [CP Ti Grade 2](/materials/titanium-grade-2), which has no palladium. The rows below give Grade 11 values for density, elastic modulus and yield strength.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Elastic modulus
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
    - label: Yield strength
      benchmark: yield_strength
  handling:
    - No handling guidance specific to Grade 11 was found in the sources read for this profile. Welding, bending and machining guidance for unalloyed titanium is in the Grade 2 profile and was not checked for Grade 11.
  good_for:
    - Chloride and reducing-acid chemical plant equipment, where crevice resistance matters (S+D Metals).
    - Desalination and marine service (Elgiloy datasheet).
    - Formed and welded parts where ductility matters more than strength (Elgiloy datasheet).
  watch_out:
    - 'Lower strength than Grade 2: 240 MPa minimum tensile against 345 MPa (ASTM B265).'
    - Thermal conductivity figures disagree between two suppliers (21.79 and 16 W/m-K). Check the certificate for the product.
    - Palladium is a small addition (0.12 to 0.25 %) but a precious metal. Mine supply is concentrated in Russia and South Africa (USGS, 2025).
    - No numeric crevice or reducing-acid test was found for Grade 11, so the corrosion benefit is a supplier statement.
  verdict: Grade 11 is the palladium-bearing version of unalloyed titanium for chloride and reducing-acid service, where crevice resistance matters more than strength. It gives up some strength against Grade 2, and the palladium is the reason for its price and the main gap in the corrosion data.