spore: profile
id: titanium-grade-1
spore_version: 0.2
family: titanium-alloys
name: Commercially pure titanium, Grade 1 (UNS R50250)
abbreviation: CP Ti Grade 1
role: corrosion-resistant unalloyed metal
category: metals
type: titanium
summary: Commercially pure titanium Grade 1, UNS R50250, is unalloyed titanium. ASTM B265 Table 1 sets its minimum tensile strength at 240 MPa (35 ksi) and its minimum 0.2 % offset yield strength at 138 MPa (20 ksi) for strip, sheet and plate. The ATI 30 product page gives a density of 4.51 g/cm3. Alleima describes Grade 1 as having relatively low strength and high ductility, and says it is typically used for plate heat exchangers.
best_for: Formable, corrosion-resistant parts such as plate heat exchangers and chemical-plant equipment, where ductility matters more than strength (Alleima and Smiths)
weakest_at: 'Strength: 240 MPa minimum tensile (ASTM B265 Table 1); ATI says CP titanium has limited formability at room temperature'
identity:
  formula: 'Unalloyed titanium, UNS R50250 (ASTM Grade 1): maximum limits on O, Fe, C, N and H, titanium the balance'
  cas: 7440-32-6
  source: astm-b265
  where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Grade 1 column (ASTM B265-08b copy); CAS from PubChem CID 23963 (pubchem-ti)
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: R50250
      source: alleima-ti1
      where: Standards list, UNS line
    - system: Name
      code: CP Grade 1
      source: ati-cp1
      where: Page heading, ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium
    - system: Trade name
      code: ATI 30
      source: ati-cp1
      where: Page heading, ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium
    - system: Trade name
      code: Ti Grade 1
      source: alleima-ti1
      where: Datasheet title, Alleima Ti Grade 1
    - system: ASTM
      code: B265
      note: strip, sheet and plate
      source: astm-b265
      where: Designation line; Table 1 and Table 2, Grade 1 rows and columns
    - system: ASTM
      code: B348
      note: bars and billets
      source: smiths-cp1
      where: Material Specifications list, ASTM B348 Grade 1 line
    - system: ASTM
      code: F67
      source: ati-cp1
      where: Specifications list on the ATI 30 product page, ASTM F 67
    - system: AMS
      code: '4921'
      source: ati-cp1
      where: Specifications list on the ATI 30 product page, AMS 4921
    - system: AMS
      code: '4940'
      source: smiths-cp1
      where: Material Specifications list, AMS 4940 line
    - system: BS
      code: TA1
      source: smiths-cp1
      where: Material Specifications list, BS TA1 line
    - system: ASME
      code: SB-265
      source: tpc-sheet
      where: Commercially pure titanium list, GRADE 1 CP 4 / UNS R50250 block, ASME-SB-265 Grade 1 line
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - thermal-control
    - structures
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, bar
    value: 4.51
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: bar (the ATI 30 product page prints the same density under each product form)
      condition: not stated
    method: Printed in the Density row of the ATI 30 product page, which also gives 0.163 lb/in3
    status: ground
    source: ati-cp1
    where: Product Specifications By Form, Bar block, Density row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, minimum, bar
    value: 240
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: bar (ATI 30 product page, Bar block)
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Printed as 35 min (ksi) and 240 min (MPa) on the ATI 30 product page
    status: ground
    source: ati-cp1
    where: Product Specifications By Form, Bar block, Tensile Strength row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, minimum, bar
    value: 138
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: bar (ATI 30 product page, Bar block)
      offset: not printed on the product page
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Printed as 20 min (ksi) and 138 min (MPa) on the ATI 30 product page
    status: ground
    source: ati-cp1
    where: Product Specifications By Form, Bar block, Yield Strength row
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, minimum, bar
    value: 24
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: bar (ATI 30 product page, Bar block)
      gauge: not printed on the product page
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Printed as 24% min on the ATI 30 product page
    status: ground
    source: ati-cp1
    where: Product Specifications By Form, Bar block, Elongation row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 240
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265-08b product)
      condition: as specified for Grade 1 in ASTM B265-08b Table 1
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Minimum in Table 1 (Tensile Requirements) of the ASTM B265-08b copy, with 35 ksi printed beside 240 MPa
    status: ground
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 1 row (ksi 35, MPa 240)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 138
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265-08b product)
      offset: 0.2 %
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Minimum in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy, with 20 ksi printed beside 138 MPa
    status: ground
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 1 row, yield strength 0.2 % offset min (ksi 20, MPa 138)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, maximum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 310
    bound: upper
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265-08b product)
      offset: 0.2 %
      maximum: 'yes'
    method: Maximum in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy, with 45 ksi printed beside 310 MPa
    status: ground
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 1 row, yield strength 0.2 % offset max (ksi 45, MPa 310)
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)
    value: 24
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265-08b product)
      gauge: 2 in or 50 mm
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Minimum elongation in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy
    status: ground
    source: astm-b265
    where: Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 1 row, elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm min %
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, typical
    value: 345
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      basis: typical, not a minimum
      form: not split by form in the datasheet
    method: Printed in the UTS row, typical column, of the Smiths CP Grade 1 datasheet
    status: ground
    source: smiths-cp1
    where: Mechanical Properties table, UTS row, Typical column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, typical
    value: 221
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      basis: typical, not a minimum
      offset: 0.2 %
      form: not split by form in the datasheet
    method: Printed as typical yield strength 221 MPa in the Product Description and in the 0.2% PS row of the Smiths datasheet
    status: ground
    source: smiths-cp1
    where: Product Description; Mechanical Properties table, 0.2% PS row, Typical column
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation on 2 in, typical
    value: 37
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      basis: typical, not a minimum
      gauge: 2 in
      form: not split by form in the datasheet
    method: Printed in the Elongation on 2 in row, typical column, of the Smiths CP Grade 1 datasheet
    status: ground
    source: smiths-cp1
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Elongation on 2 in., % row, Typical column
  - benchmark: reduction_of_area
    label: Reduction of area, minimum
    value: 30
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: not split by form in the datasheet
      minimum: 'yes'
    method: Printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths CP Grade 1 datasheet. reduction_of_area is not in the canonical list, so a snake_case name is used (see gaps).
    status: ground
    source: smiths-cp1
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Reduction of area row, Minimum column
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Elastic modulus, typical
    value: 103
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      basis: typical, not a minimum
      loading: not stated in the datasheet
    method: Printed in the Mechanical Properties table, Elastic modulus row, Typical column, of the Smiths CP Grade 1 datasheet
    status: ground
    source: smiths-cp1
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Elastic modulus GPa row, Typical column
  - benchmark: hardness
    label: Hardness, typical
    value: 120
    unit: HV
    scope: material
    conditions:
      basis: typical
      form: not split by form in the datasheet
    method: Printed as Hardness HV, typical 120, in the Smiths CP Grade 1 datasheet. hardness is not in the canonical list (see gaps).
    status: ground
    source: smiths-cp1
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Hardness HV row, Typical column
  - benchmark: beta_transus
    label: Beta transus, ATI 30 (CP Grade 1)
    value: 888
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade_mapping: ATI 30 row of the ATI sheet; the ATI 30 product page names ATI 30 as CP Grade 1
      tolerance: ± 4 °C, printed as 888°C ± 4C°
    method: Printed for ATI 30 in the Physical Properties section of the ATI CP Grade 1 to 4 datasheet (version 1, 2012). The Fahrenheit value 1,630°F is printed alongside. beta_transus is not in the canonical list (see gaps).
    status: ground
    source: ati-tds
    where: Physical Properties, Beta Transus Temperature, ATI 30 row
corrosion:
  - environment: Oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media, including chlorides
    headline: Smiths says Grade 1 offers high corrosion resistance in oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media, including chlorides.
    effect: The Smiths CP Grade 1 datasheet states that the material offers high corrosion resistance in oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media, including chlorides. The datasheet prints no test conditions, concentrations or temperatures.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: manufacturer statement; no test conditions printed
    source: smiths-cp1
    where: Corrosion Resistance section
  - environment: General corrosion across the ATI commercially pure titanium range
    headline: ATI describes the CP titanium range, Grades 1 to 4, as having excellent corrosion resistance. The sheet gives no Grade 1 test data.
    effect: The ATI technical data sheet covering CP Grades 1 to 4 says those grades are used where high ductility, excellent corrosion resistance, moderate strength and good weldability are desired. This is a general statement for the four grades together, not a Grade 1 test.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: general statement for four grades together; no test conditions
    source: ati-tds
    where: Introduction
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: PubChem aggregates GHS reports for titanium (CID 23963) and gives H228, Flammable solid, with signal word Danger under Flammable solids, Category 1. The record does not separate bulk metal from powder or swarf. Check the safety data sheet for the form you handle.
      ghs:
        - 'H228: Flammable solid'
      source: pubchem-ti
      where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 23963)
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Loss of ductility from hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen or carbon pickup
      trigger: Improper pickling, or forging, heat treating or brazing without protection
      consequence: ATI says the contamination deteriorates ductility, which adversely affects notch sensitivity and forming characteristics.
      severity: moderate
      source: ati-tds
      where: Special Precautions section
    - mode: Limited formability at room temperature
      trigger: Forming Grade 1 at room temperature
      consequence: ATI says CP titanium has limited formability at room temperature and recommends warm forming for deep drawing and spinning. Smiths says Grade 1 gives optimum ductility and cold formability, so the two sources conflict.
      severity: low
      source: ati-tds
      where: Forgeability/Formability section; compare Smiths product description
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: Smiths lists weldability as excellent for Grade 1.
      source: smiths-cp1
      where: Fabrication list, Weldability line
    - text: ATI says commercially pure titanium is easily welded if precautions prevent oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen contamination, using inert-gas shielding of the weld metal and the heated zones next to it.
      source: ati-tds
      where: Weldability section
    - text: ATI says CP titanium can be machined using austenitic stainless steel practice, with slow speeds, heavy feeds, rigid tooling and large amounts of non-chlorinated cutting fluid.
      source: ati-tds
      where: Machinability section
  mitigations:
    - text: Shield welds and heated zones with inert gas, and control pickling and forging so the metal does not pick up hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen (ATI).
      source: ati-tds
      where: Weldability and Special Precautions sections
uses:
  - application: thermal-control
    device: Plate heat exchangers
    example: Alleima says Ti Grade 1 is typically used for plate heat exchangers.
    source: alleima-ti1
    where: Datasheet introduction paragraph
  - application: structures
    device: Components and equipment for chemical plant and marine service
    example: Smiths lists typical applications as components and equipment for architecture, medical engineering, automotive, chemical plant, pharmaceutical, brewing, food, oil and gas, pulp and paper and marine industries.
    source: smiths-cp1
    where: Typical Applications list
  - application: structures
    device: Airframe skin, structural components and cryogenic vessels (listed for CP Grades 1 to 4 together)
    example: ATI lists airframe skin and structural components, cryogenic vessels, heat exchangers, chemical processing equipment, and medical and surgical devices for its CP grades together. The sheet does not give a Grade 1 specific list.
    source: ati-tds
    where: Introduction, typical product forms and applications
supply:
  - subject: Titanium sponge (feedstock for titanium mill products)
    abundance: The USGS 2026 titanium summary read for this profile gives no crustal abundance figure. It refers to a separate titanium mineral concentrates chapter.
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 70.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 260,000 t of 370,000 t world sponge (USGS table, World Sponge Metal Production)'
      - country: Japan
        share_percent: 14.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 53,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 6.8
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 25,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 4.3
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 16,000 t of 370,000 t'
      - country: Saudi Arabia
        share_percent: 3.2
        year: 2025
        basis: 'computed: 12,000 t of 370,000 t'
    us_position: The United States did not produce titanium sponge metal in 2025. U.S. imports of sponge were an estimated 44,000 tons in 2025, with Japan (73%), Kazakhstan (13%) and Saudi Arabia (13%) the leading sources through July.
    source: usgs-ti-2026
    where: Domestic Production and Use; Events, Trends, and Issues; World Sponge Metal Production table (2025 column, world total rounded 370,000)
critical_lists: []
supply_note: Shares are computed by the assistant from the printed tonnage and the printed world total (USGS rounds its world totals), not printed by USGS.
media: []
documents:
  - title: 'Smiths Metal Centres: CP Grade 1 technical datasheet'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-1.pdf
    year: 2023
  - title: 'Alleima: Ti Grade 1 datasheet (updated 2025-05-09)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/alleima-ti-grade-1/
    year: 2025
  - title: 'ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium: ATI product page with specification list'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp1
    year: 2026
  - title: ATI CP Grade 1 to 4 commercially pure titanium technical data sheet, version 1
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/titanium/commerciallypure/ati_cp1_cp2_cp3_cp4_tds_en1_v1.pdf
    year: 2012
  - title: 'ASTM B265-08b: Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)'
    type: standard
    url: https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf
    year: 2008
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification (PUG View JSON)'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Titanium Processing Center: titanium sheet product page (commercially pure titanium specifications list)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-sheet/
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - 'Melting point: the ATI sheet prints one melting range (3,000-3,040 F) for CP Grades 1 to 4 together, not for Grade 1 alone, so no value is recorded.'
  - 'Specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity and Poisson''s ratio: not printed for Grade 1 in any source read for this profile.'
  - 'Hardness: the ATI 30 product page prints a hardness row that does not match the other grade-specific sources; that row is not used. The Smiths typical value (120 HV) is recorded instead.'
  - 'Oxygen maximum conflicts between sources: the ASTM B265-08b Table 2 Grade 1 column, the ATI 30 product page and the Smiths datasheet give 0.18; the Alleima datasheet gives a nominal oxygen limit of 0.12 (printed as <=0.12). Both are recorded in composition; the ASTM value is used for the record.'
  - 'Carbon and hydrogen conflicts: Smiths prints C max 0.1 and H max 0.015 for sheet and 0.0125 for bar, while ASTM Table 2 gives C max 0.08 and H max 0.015. The ASTM values are used. Alleima prints nominal H <= 0.01 and N <= 0.02.'
  - 'Formability conflict: Smiths calls Grade 1 optimum in ductility and cold formability, while ATI says CP titanium has limited formability at room temperature. Both statements are kept in failure_risks.'
  - No Grade 1 test was found for seawater, brine, crevice corrosion or stress corrosion cracking. The seawater crevice test read in this run was on a different grade and is not used here.
  - 'Space and orbital data (atomic oxygen erosion, outgassing, thermal cycling in orbit, cryogenic properties): no NASA or NIST source with Grade 1 numbers was fetched.'
  - 'Standard edition: the ASTM B265 copy is the 08b edition. The ATI sheet is version 1 dated 2012. Check current editions before specifying.'
  - 'Designations not found on any page read in this run: EN 3.7025, DIN, EN name, ISO 5832-2 (ATI lists ISO 5832-2 for unalloyed titanium as a family, not Grade 1 specifically), JIS and GB.'
  - 'Property names: hardness, beta_transus and reduction_of_area are not in spores/property-canon.yaml and use snake_case or the plain name.'
  - Atomic weights of the constituents were not fetched, so recipe parts carry share limits only.
  - Alleima's datasheet URL with ?show=pdf returned the HTML product page, so the Alleima values were read from that page (datasheet updated 2025-05-09). Alleima prints no density, mechanical or physical values for Grade 1.
  - 'Critical-mineral lists: the USGS 2026 titanium summary fetched here does not list them, and the EU and USGS critical lists were not fetched for titanium.'
sources:
  ati-cp1:
    title: ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium (ATI product page, product specifications by form)
    id: ATI 30; UNS R50250
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp1
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
  ati-tds:
    title: 'ATI CP Grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 Commercially Pure Titanium: technical data sheet (version 1, 2012)'
    id: ATI; UNS R50250, R50400, R50550, R50700
    url: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/titanium/commerciallypure/ati_cp1_cp2_cp3_cp4_tds_en1_v1.pdf
    year: 2012
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced
  alleima-ti1:
    title: Alleima Ti Grade 1 datasheet (seamless tube and pipe page, updated 2025-05-09)
    id: Alleima; UNS R50250
    url: https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/alleima-ti-grade-1/
    year: 2025
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced
  smiths-cp1:
    title: CP Grade 1 Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)
    id: Smiths Metal Centres; UNS R50250; ASTM B348 Grade 1; BS TA1; AMS 4940
    url: https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-1.pdf
    year: 2023
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced
  astm-b265:
    title: 'ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)'
    id: ASTM B265-08b
    url: https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf
    year: 2008
    kind: standard
    license: standard copy, cited not reproduced
  usgs-ti-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026, Titanium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: US Government work, public domain
  pubchem-ti:
    title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification and identifiers'
    id: PubChem CID 23963
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: PubChem, public
  tpc-sheet:
    title: 'Titanium Processing Center: titanium sheet product page (commercially pure titanium specifications list)'
    id: Titanium Processing Center
    url: https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-sheet/
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: supplier web page, cited not reproduced
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-11-01'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 15
  unreachable: 0
  caveats: 3
  note: 'Written 2026-11-01 by an assistant from pages read in this run: ATI 30 product page, ATI CP Grade 1 to 4 technical data sheet, Alleima Ti Grade 1 page, Smiths CP Grade 1 datasheet, ASTM B265-08b copy, USGS MCS 2026 titanium and PubChem CID 23963. Conflicts in oxygen, carbon and formability are stated in gaps.'
story:
  recipe:
    line: Unalloyed titanium with no deliberate alloying additions. ASTM B265 Table 2 limits the Grade 1 composition to maximum oxygen, iron, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen, with titanium as the balance. Process routes are not described in the sources fetched for this profile.
    parts:
      - name: Titanium
        symbol: Ti
        share_note: balance (the rest)
        role: Base metal. ASTM B265 gives titanium as the balance after the listed maxima.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Titanium balance row, Grade 1 column
      - name: Oxygen
        symbol: O
        share_high: 0.18
        share_note: maximum 0.18 %
        role: Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit. The Alleima datasheet prints a lower nominal limit (see gaps).
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Oxygen max, Grade 1 column
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_high: 0.2
        share_note: maximum 0.2 %
        role: Impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Iron max, Grade 1 column
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        share_high: 0.08
        share_note: maximum 0.08 %
        role: Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Carbon max, Grade 1 column
      - name: Nitrogen
        symbol: 'N'
        share_high: 0.03
        share_note: maximum 0.03 %
        role: Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Nitrogen max, Grade 1 column
      - name: Hydrogen
        symbol: H
        share_high: 0.015
        share_note: maximum 0.015 %
        role: Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.
        source: astm-b265
        where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Hydrogen max, Grade 1 column
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 1
      verdict: 'Solid: no class. Powder and swarf: flammable'
      lead: The solid metal is not hazard-classed in the sources fetched here. PubChem gives titanium a flammable-solid classification (H228), which applies to powder and swarf.
      points:
        - label: Solid metal
          line: Sheet, plate, bar and tube are covered by the Smiths and Alleima datasheets, which carry no hazard classification.
        - label: Powder and swarf
          line: PubChem gives H228 (flammable solid) from aggregated reports. Treat powder and swarf as a fire hazard.
  why: Grade 1 is an unalloyed titanium grade chosen where ductility, formability and corrosion resistance matter more than strength. Alleima describes it as having relatively low strength and high ductility, and says it is typically used for plate heat exchangers. Smiths says it provides optimum ductility and cold formability with useful mechanical strength, and that it resists oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media, including chlorides.
  uses:
    - where: Plate heat exchangers
      line: Alleima says Ti Grade 1 is typically used for plate heat exchangers. The datasheet describes the grade as having low oxygen content, relatively low strength and high ductility.
    - where: Chemical plant and marine equipment
      line: Smiths lists typical applications for Grade 1 that include chemical plant, pharmaceutical, food, oil and gas, and marine industries.
    - where: Airframe and cryogenic parts (shared CP range)
      line: ATI lists airframe skin, structural components and cryogenic vessels for its CP grades together. The ATI sheet does not give a Grade 1 specific list.
  can_do:
    - label: Strength
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: ASTM B265 Table 1 gives a minimum tensile strength of 240 MPa (35 ksi) and a minimum 0.2 % yield strength of 138 MPa (20 ksi) for strip, sheet and plate. Smiths prints typical values of 345 MPa tensile and 221 MPa yield.
    - label: Ductility
      benchmark: elongation
      line: The ASTM minimum elongation is 24 % in 2 in or 50 mm. Smiths prints a typical elongation of 37 % on 2 in.
    - label: Stiffness
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      line: Smiths prints a typical elastic modulus of 103 GPa, without stating the loading mode.
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
      line: The ATI 30 product page prints a density of 4.51 g/cm3.
    - label: Corrosion
      line: Smiths says Grade 1 offers high corrosion resistance in oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media, including chlorides. No Grade 1 seawater or crevice test was found.
  compare: Grade 1 is described by Alleima as having relatively low strength and high ductility. Its ASTM B265 minimum tensile strength is 240 MPa, and the Smiths datasheet prints a typical elastic modulus of 103 GPa. The ATI 30 product page prints a density of 4.51 g/cm3. This profile does not compare Grade 1 numerically with other grades, because those grades are recorded in their own profiles. The table below sets out the three values recorded here.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Elastic modulus
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
    - label: Yield strength
      benchmark: yield_strength
  handling:
    - Weldability is excellent (Smiths). Use inert-gas shielding of the weld metal and heated zones, and keep oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen out (ATI).
    - 'Bending and forming: ATI notes limited formability at room temperature, and Smiths reports good cold formability. Test a sample first.'
    - 'Machining: use slow speeds, heavy feeds, rigid tooling and non-chlorinated coolant (ATI).'
  good_for:
    - Plate heat exchangers, where Alleima says the grade is typically used.
    - Forming and welding of sheet and plate where ductility matters more than strength (Smiths and ATI).
    - Chemical plant and marine equipment, where corrosion resistance matters (Smiths).
  watch_out:
    - 'Low strength: 240 MPa minimum tensile (ASTM B265), with typical 345 MPa tensile (Smiths).'
    - Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen pickup lowers ductility and notch resistance (ATI).
    - Powder and swarf are a flammable-solid fire hazard (PubChem).
    - No Grade 1 seawater or crevice test was found in the sources read.
  verdict: Grade 1 is the unalloyed titanium choice where ductility and formability come before strength. ASTM B265 sets a 240 MPa minimum tensile strength, and Alleima points it at plate heat exchangers.
composition:
  basis: weight percent, ASTM B265-08b Table 2, Grade 1 column
  source: astm-b265
  where: Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Grade 1 column
  limits:
    - element: O
      max: 0.18
    - element: Fe
      max: 0.2
    - element: C
      max: 0.08
    - element: 'N'
      max: 0.03
    - element: H
      max: 0.015
  note: 'ASTM B265-08b Table 2 and the ATI 30 product page both print O max 0.18, Fe max 0.20, C max 0.08, N max 0.03 and H max 0.015. The Alleima datasheet prints nominal values: Fe <= 0.20, O <= 0.12, C <= 0.08, H <= 0.01 and N <= 0.02. The Smiths datasheet prints C max 0.1, O 0.18 and H max 0.015 for sheet. The ASTM values are used.'