spore: profile
id: titanium-13v-11cr-3al
spore_version: 0.2
family: titanium-alloys
name: Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al (B120VCA beta titanium)
abbreviation: Ti-13-11-3
role: Age-hardening beta titanium alloy for sheet, strip and plate
category: metals
type: titanium
summary: |
  Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al is an age-hardening beta titanium alloy, specified to AMS 4917 for sheet, strip and plate and to MIL-T-9046J. The MIL-T-9046J minimums are a tensile strength of 861 MPa and a yield strength (Rp0.2) of 827 MPa at 0 - 30°C, with at least 3 % elongation. The SAE heat treatment data give a solution treatment at 788 to 816 °C followed by ageing at 482 °C for 2 to 60 hours.
best_for: High-strength beta titanium sheet, strip and plate where AMS 4917 or MIL-T-9046J is specified
weakest_at: Wrought density, aged-condition strength and alloy-specific hazard data were not found in the sources held; the supplier powder figures disagree with the MIL minimums
identity:
  formula: Beta titanium alloy Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al, titanium balance with nominal 13 % vanadium, 11 % chromium and 3 % aluminium by weight
  source: efunda
  where: 'Opening paragraph: composed, in weight percentage, of 13% Vanadium (V), 11% Chromium (Cr), 3% Aluminum (Al) and the base metal Titanium (Ti)'
  designations:
    - system: AMS
      code: '4917'
      note: sheet, strip and plate, solution heat treated
      source: efunda
      where: 'Opening paragraph: Other designations include MIL-T-9046 and AMS 4917'
    - system: MIL
      code: MIL-T-9046
      note: titanium sheet, strip and plate
      source: efunda
      where: 'Opening paragraph: Other designations include MIL-T-9046 and AMS 4917'
    - system: MIL
      code: MIL-T-9046J
      note: revision J, 1991, titanium and titanium alloy, sheet, strip and plate
      source: totalmateria-mil
      where: 'Chemical Composition section: MIL-T-9046J: 1991'
    - system: Trade name
      code: B120VCA
      note: printed as B120VCA(Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al) in the 1962 design-data report
      source: contrails
      where: 'Record description: Four alloys were investigated: B120VCA(Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al)'
    - system: Trade name
      code: Ti-13-11-3
      note: other name printed on the supplier page
      source: samaterials
      where: 'Product description: also called Ti-13-11-3'
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - structures
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, spherical powder of Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al
    value: 4.58
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: spherical powder, supplier catalog DP4828 (listed as discontinued)
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: 4.58g/cm 3
    method: Value printed on a supplier product page
    status: ground
    note: Powder value, not a wrought sheet value. The Total Materia MIL page shows a placeholder for wrought density.
    source: samaterials
    where: Physical and Mechanical Properties list, Density
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting range, spherical powder of Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al
    value: 1630
    value_high: 1660
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: spherical powder
      pressure: not stated
      unit_in_source: 1630~1660℃
    method: Range printed on a supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: samaterials
    where: Physical and Mechanical Properties list, Melting Point
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength Rm, MIL-T-9046J minimum
    value: 861
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      specification: 'MIL-T-9046J: 1991'
      temperature: 0 - 30°C (column header as printed)
      temper: not stated on the page
      unit_in_source: ≥ 861 MPa
    method: Minimum value printed in a Total Materia table for the MIL specification
    status: ground
    note: A minimum for the specification, not a typical value. The same page prints 950 MPa for the supplier powder.
    source: totalmateria-mil
    where: MIL Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al Mechanical Properties, Tensile Strength row, 0 - 30°C column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength Rp0.2, MIL-T-9046J minimum
    value: 827
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      specification: 'MIL-T-9046J: 1991'
      temperature: 0 - 30°C (column header as printed)
      temper: not stated on the page
      unit_in_source: ≥ 827 MPa
    method: Minimum value printed in a Total Materia table for the MIL specification
    status: ground
    source: totalmateria-mil
    where: MIL Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al Mechanical Properties, Yield Strength Rp0.2 row, 0 - 30°C column
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation A, MIL-T-9046J minimum
    value: 3
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      specification: 'MIL-T-9046J: 1991'
      temperature: 0 - 30°C (column header as printed)
      unit_in_source: ≥ 3 %
    method: Minimum value printed in a Total Materia table for the MIL specification
    status: ground
    source: totalmateria-mil
    where: MIL Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al Mechanical Properties, Elongation A row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity, MIL Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al
    value: 80
    value_high: 130
    bound: range
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      specification: 'MIL-T-9046J: 1991'
      temperature: not clearly stated in the extracted row
      unit_in_source: 80 — 130 GPa
    method: Range printed in a Total Materia physical properties table
    status: ground
    note: The same 80 to 130 GPa range is printed on the SAE page (totalmateria-sae).
    source: totalmateria-mil
    where: MIL Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al Physical Properties, Modulus of Elasticity row
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, MIL Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al
    value: 8.044
    unit: W/(m∙°C)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      specification: 'MIL-T-9046J: 1991'
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: 8.044 W/(m∙°C)
    method: Value printed in a Total Materia physical properties table
    status: ground
    note: Disagrees with 6.7 W/(m*K) on the supplier powder page; both are kept side by side.
    source: totalmateria-mil
    where: MIL Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al Physical Properties, Thermal Conductivity row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength (ultimate), spherical powder
    value: 950
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: spherical powder
      temperature: not stated
      temper: not stated
    method: Value printed on a supplier product page
    status: ground
    note: Disagrees with the MIL minimum of 861 MPa; a supplier powder value with no temper or test temperature, not a specification minimum.
    source: samaterials
    where: Physical and Mechanical Properties list, Tensile Strength (Ultimate)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, spherical powder
    value: 850
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: spherical powder
      temperature: not stated
      temper: not stated
    method: Value printed on a supplier product page
    status: ground
    note: Disagrees with the MIL minimum of 827 MPa; a supplier powder value.
    source: samaterials
    where: Physical and Mechanical Properties list, Yield Strength
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation at break, spherical powder
    value: 7
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: spherical powder
      temperature: not stated
      temper: not stated
    method: Value printed on a supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: samaterials
    where: Physical and Mechanical Properties list, Elongation at break
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Elastic modulus, spherical powder
    value: 103
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: spherical powder
      temperature: not stated
    method: Value printed on a supplier product page
    status: ground
    note: Falls inside the MIL range of 80 to 130 GPa; shown as a supplier value next to that range.
    source: samaterials
    where: Physical and Mechanical Properties list, Elastic Modulus
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, spherical powder
    value: 6.7
    unit: W/(m*K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: spherical powder
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: 6.7W/(m*K)
    method: Value printed on a supplier product page
    status: ground
    note: Disagrees with 8.044 W/(m∙°C) on the MIL page.
    source: samaterials
    where: Physical and Mechanical Properties list, Thermal Conductivity
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat capacity, spherical powder
    value: 515
    unit: J/(kg*K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: spherical powder
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: 515 J/(kg*K)
    method: Value printed on a supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: samaterials
    where: Physical and Mechanical Properties list, Specific Heat Capacity
  - benchmark: vanadium_content
    label: Vanadium content, supplier powder specification
    value: 12.5
    value_high: 14.5
    bound: range
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: spherical powder
      basis: content as printed in the composition table
      unit_in_source: Content (%)
    method: Range printed in the composition table of a supplier product page
    status: ground
    note: The MIL page prints a placeholder for vanadium; this row is the only printed vanadium range read.
    source: samaterials
    where: Chemical Composition table, V column
  - benchmark: chromium_content
    label: Chromium content, supplier powder specification
    value: 10
    value_high: 12
    bound: range
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: spherical powder
      basis: content as printed in the composition table
      unit_in_source: 10.0~12.0
    method: Range printed in the composition table of a supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: samaterials
    where: Chemical Composition table, Cr column
  - benchmark: aluminium_content
    label: Aluminium content, supplier powder specification
    value: 2.5
    value_high: 3.5
    bound: range
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: spherical powder
      basis: content as printed in the composition table
      unit_in_source: 2.5~3.5
    method: Range printed in the composition table of a supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: samaterials
    where: Chemical Composition table, Al column
  - benchmark: iron_content
    label: Iron content, supplier powder specification
    value: 0.35
    bound: upper
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: spherical powder
      basis: single value printed, no range
      unit_in_source: '0.35'
    method: Value printed in the composition table of a supplier product page
    status: ground
    note: The table prints one value without a range or a label of maximum; it is shown as printed.
    source: samaterials
    where: Chemical Composition table, Fe column
  - benchmark: carbon_content
    label: Carbon content, supplier powder specification
    value: 0.05
    bound: upper
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: spherical powder
      basis: maximum, printed as less than or equal to
      unit_in_source: ≤0.05
    method: Limit printed in the composition table of a supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: samaterials
    where: Chemical Composition table, C column
  - benchmark: nitrogen_content
    label: Nitrogen content, supplier powder specification
    value: 0.08
    bound: upper
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: spherical powder
      basis: maximum, printed as less than or equal to
      unit_in_source: ≤0.08
    method: Limit printed in the composition table of a supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: samaterials
    where: Chemical Composition table, N column
  - benchmark: hydrogen_content
    label: Hydrogen content, supplier powder specification
    value: 250
    bound: upper
    unit: ppm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: spherical powder
      basis: maximum
      unit_in_source: 250ppm. Max.
    method: Limit printed in the composition table of a supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: samaterials
    where: Chemical Composition table, H column
  - benchmark: solution_treatment_temperature
    label: Solution treatment temperature, SAE heat treatment
    value: 788
    value_high: 816
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      hold: within ±14°C (±25°F), then water quenched; sections may be air cooled
      unit_in_source: 788 to 816°C (1450 to 1500°F)
    method: Range printed in a Total Materia heat treatment section
    status: ground
    note: Process parameter with no canonical benchmark name; recorded under solution_treatment_temperature.
    source: totalmateria-sae
    where: Heat Treatments section, solution treatment
  - benchmark: aging_temperature
    label: Ageing temperature, SAE heat treatment
    value: 482
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      tolerance: ±8°C (900°F ± 15°F)
      hold: 2 to 60 hours, then air cooled
      unit_in_source: 482°C ± 8°C (900°F ± 15°F)
    method: Value printed in a Total Materia heat treatment section
    status: ground
    note: Process parameter with no canonical benchmark name; recorded under aging_temperature.
    source: totalmateria-sae
    where: Heat Treatments section, aging, first procedure
  - benchmark: aging_time
    label: Ageing time, SAE heat treatment
    value: 2
    value_high: 60
    bound: range
    unit: hours
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 482°C ± 8°C
      unit_in_source: 2 to 60 hour
    method: Range printed in a Total Materia heat treatment section
    status: ground
    note: Process parameter with no canonical benchmark name; recorded under aging_time.
    source: totalmateria-sae
    where: Heat Treatments section, aging, first procedure, holding time
corrosion:
  - environment: Seawater and general corrosion, supplier statement
    headline: The powder supplier says the alloy has good corrosion resistance, including in seawater.
    effect: Stanford Advanced Materials states that Ti-13-11-3 shows good corrosion resistance in the seawater environment, which suits marine use. The page gives no corrosion rate, test medium or exposure time.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: supplier wording only; no test data printed on the page
    source: samaterials
    where: Description and Applications text
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: PubChem's record for the element titanium (CID 23963) lists GHS hazard statements H228 (flammable solid), H250 (catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air) and H251 (self-heating; may catch fire) from a minority of company notifications, while most company reports say the element does not meet GHS hazard criteria. No safety data sheet for Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al was found, so this entry describes the element, not this alloy.
      ghs:
        - H228
        - H250
        - H251
      source: pubchem-titanium
      where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 23963)
  failure_risks: []
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: 'Heat treat in two steps: solution treat at 788 to 816 °C and water quench, then age at 482 °C for 2 to 60 hours and air cool (SAE page).'
      source: totalmateria-sae
      where: Heat Treatments section
    - text: Lighter sections may be air cooled after solution treatment instead of water quenched (SAE page).
      source: totalmateria-sae
      where: Heat Treatments section, solution treatment
    - text: Check the governing specification, AMS 4917 or MIL-T-9046J, before use. The full texts of both were not read.
      source: efunda
      where: Opening paragraph, other designations
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: structures
    device: Sheet, strip and plate in the solution-treated condition
    example: The SAE listing for AMS4917E covers a titanium alloy of 13.5V - 11Cr - 3.0Al in the form of sheet, strip and plate, solution heat treated.
    source: saemobilus
    where: Title and Scope of AMS4917E
  - application: structures
    device: Aircraft components and structural parts
    example: The powder supplier says the alloy is widely used in aerospace applications, such as aircraft components or structural parts.
    source: samaterials
    where: Applications paragraph
  - application: structures
    device: Spherical powder feedstock for additive manufacturing (3D printing)
    example: The supplier offered the alloy as spherical powder, catalog DP4828, now discontinued, for making complex components by additive manufacturing.
    source: samaterials
    where: Product description and Applications paragraph
supply:
  - subject: Titanium sponge metal (feedstock for titanium alloys)
    abundance: USGS reports world sponge metal production of 370,000 tons in 2025 (estimated), after 380,000 tons in 2024. Sponge is the metal feedstock for alloys such as this one.
    producers:
      - country: China
        year: 2025
      - country: Japan
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        year: 2025
      - country: Kazakhstan
        year: 2025
      - country: Saudi Arabia
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: 'USGS: owing to limited responses from voluntary surveys, consumption data for titanium scrap metal for the titanium metal industry were withheld. The United States imported an estimated 44,000 tons of sponge in 2025 (estimated).'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: Aluminum, nickel, specialty steels, and zirconium alloys may be substituted for titanium for applications that require corrosion resistance.'
      - 'USGS: In high-strength applications, titanium competes with aluminum, composites, intermetallics, steel, and superalloys.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-titanium
    where: Salient Statistics, World Sponge Metal Production table (2025e), Recycling, Substitutes and Events, Trends, and Issues sections
documents:
  - title: Stanford Advanced Materials, Titanium Alloy 13-11-3 Spherical Powder (Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al), catalog DP4828
    type: datasheet
    url: https://powder.samaterials.com/titanium-alloy-13-11-3-spherical-powder-ti-13v-11cr-3al.html
  - title: 'Total Materia: MIL Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al (MIL-T-9046J) physical and mechanical properties'
    type: database
    url: https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/3255813
  - title: 'Total Materia: SAE Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al heat treatments and properties'
    type: database
    url: https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/3210972
  - title: 'eFunda: Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al wrought titanium alloy'
    type: database
    url: https://www.efunda.com/glossary/materials/alloys/materials--alloys--titanium_alloy--wrought--ti-13v-11cr-3al.cfm
  - title: 'SAE: AMS4917E titanium alloy sheet, strip and plate, solution heat treated'
    type: standard
    url: https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/ams4917e
  - title: Lockheed-Georgia, ASD TDR 62-335 Volume 3, design data for heat treated titanium alloy sheet (Illinois Institute of Technology record)
    type: report
    url: https://contrails.library.iit.edu/item/159100
    year: 1962
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and titanium dioxide'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification summary'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963
gaps:
  - No safety data sheet for the wrought alloy or its powder was found in the sources held. The only hazard entry is PubChem's record for the element titanium, which may not describe this alloy.
  - No failure-mode or service-failure record for this alloy was found in the sources held.
  - Aged-condition tensile, yield and elongation values for sheet, strip and plate were not found. The MIL figures are minimums with no stated temper. The 1962 Lockheed-Georgia report (ASD TDR 62-335 Volume 3) is an image-only PDF with no text layer, so its tables could not be read.
  - The ASM Alloy Digest for Crucible B-120VCA is paywalled, and its visible text gives only a general stability statement without the test details needed to record a value.
  - UNS R58010 is printed on the Total Materia SAE page, but that page marks the equivalence as Implicit, so it is not recorded as a designation.
  - Wrought density and melting point were not found. The Total Materia MIL page shows a placeholder for density, and the only density and melting range are supplier powder values.
  - The eFunda typical density, modulus and tensile figures apply to titanium alloys in general, not this grade, so they are not recorded.
  - The MIL page prints a placeholder for vanadium, and the AMS 4917 composition table could not be read, so the vanadium limits come from the powder supplier only.
  - The AMS 4917 title gives a vanadium figure that differs from the nominal vanadium content on eFunda. The difference is shown, not resolved.
  - Specific heat, electrical resistivity and coefficient of thermal expansion for the wrought alloy were not found. Specific heat is recorded only for the supplier powder.
  - Corrosion rate, outgassing and radiation data for this alloy in space conditions were not found in the sources held.
  - The USGS titanium chapter read here does not print a critical-minerals listing for titanium, so critical_lists is empty.
  - Country production shares for sponge are not calculated here. The producers list names the countries with printed 2025 sponge production.
  - solution_treatment_temperature, aging_temperature and aging_time are not canonical benchmark names. No canonical name exists for these process steps.
sources:
  samaterials:
    title: Titanium Alloy 13-11-3 Spherical Powder (Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al), catalog DP4828, Stanford Advanced Materials
    id: Catalog No. DP4828 (discontinued)
    url: https://powder.samaterials.com/titanium-alloy-13-11-3-spherical-powder-ti-13v-11cr-3al.html
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier product page (cited, not reproduced)
  totalmateria-mil:
    title: 'Total Materia: MIL Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al, MIL-T-9046J: 1991 (physical, mechanical, composition)'
    id: Total Materia material page 3255813
    url: https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/3255813
    kind: database
    license: Total Materia (cited, not reproduced); full data behind free registration
  totalmateria-sae:
    title: 'Total Materia: SAE Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al (heat treatments, physical and mechanical properties)'
    id: Total Materia material page 3210972
    url: https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/3210972
    kind: database
    license: Total Materia (cited, not reproduced); full data behind free registration
  efunda:
    title: 'eFunda glossary: Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al wrought titanium alloy'
    url: https://www.efunda.com/glossary/materials/alloys/materials--alloys--titanium_alloy--wrought--ti-13v-11cr-3al.cfm
    kind: web
    license: eFunda (cited, not reproduced)
  saemobilus:
    title: AMS4917E titanium alloy sheet, strip, and plate, 13.5V - 11Cr - 3.0Al, solution heat treated (SAE)
    id: AMS4917E, revision E, reaffirmed
    url: https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/ams4917e
    kind: standard
    license: SAE Mobilus listing (cited, not reproduced)
  contrails:
    title: ASD TDR 62-335 Volume 3, Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy Sheet, Tables of Data Collected (Lockheed-Georgia, 1962)
    id: Illinois Institute of Technology record 159100
    url: https://contrails.library.iit.edu/item/159100
    year: 1962
    kind: report
    license: IIT Galvin Library record (cited, not reproduced)
  usgs-mcs2026-titanium:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and titanium dioxide (USGS)'
    id: USGS MCS 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: Public domain (USGS)
  pubchem-titanium:
    title: 'PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification summary'
    id: PubChem CID 23963
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963
    kind: database
    license: PubChem (public domain, NCBI; cited, not reproduced)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-11-01'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 23
  unreachable: 0
  caveats: 4
  note: Values read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the pages named in each entry. Total Materia shows some values only behind a registration wall, so only printed values are recorded. The supplier powder and the MIL minimums disagree and are kept as separate rows. The 1962 report is image-only and was not used for values.
story:
  recipe:
    line: 'Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al is a titanium alloy: titanium is the balance, and vanadium, chromium and aluminium are the alloying additions. Supplier and specification pages print composition limits as percent by weight. The SAE page gives the heat treatment that follows melting and forming, a solution treatment and then ageing.'
    parts:
      - name: Titanium
        symbol: Ti
        role: Base metal, the balance of the alloy
        share_note: balance (Bal.) as printed
        source: samaterials
        where: Chemical Composition table, Ti column
      - name: Vanadium
        symbol: V
        role: Main alloying element
        share_percent: 12.5
        share_high: 14.5
        source: samaterials
        where: Chemical Composition table, V column
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        role: Alloying element
        share_percent: 10
        share_high: 12
        source: samaterials
        where: Chemical Composition table, Cr column
      - name: Aluminium
        symbol: Al
        role: Alloying element
        share_percent: 2.5
        share_high: 3.5
        source: samaterials
        where: Chemical Composition table, Al column
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        role: Impurity, as printed
        share_percent: 0.35
        share_note: printed as 0.35, no range
        source: samaterials
        where: Chemical Composition table, Fe column
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        role: Impurity limit
        share_percent: 0.05
        share_note: maximum, printed as ≤0.05
        source: samaterials
        where: Chemical Composition table, C column
      - name: Nitrogen
        symbol: 'N'
        role: Impurity limit
        share_percent: 0.08
        share_note: maximum, printed as ≤0.08
        source: samaterials
        where: Chemical Composition table, N column
      - name: Hydrogen
        symbol: H
        role: Impurity limit
        share_note: maximum 250 ppm, as printed
        source: samaterials
        where: Chemical Composition table, H column
  why: Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al is a beta titanium alloy with high strength for its weight. The MIL-T-9046J minimums are 861 MPa tensile and 827 MPa yield at 0 - 30°C, with at least 3 % elongation, and AMS 4917 covers the alloy as sheet, strip and plate in the solution-treated condition. A supplier of the alloy powder reports 950 MPa tensile and 850 MPa yield, a higher figure with no temper or test temperature stated, so the two sets of values are shown side by side rather than merged.
  uses:
    - where: Aircraft sheet, strip and plate
      line: AMS 4917 covers this titanium alloy as sheet, strip and plate in the solution-treated condition, according to the SAE listing for AMS4917E.
    - where: Aircraft components and structural parts
      line: The powder supplier says the alloy is widely used in aerospace applications, such as aircraft components or structural parts.
    - where: Additive manufacturing feedstock
      line: The same supplier offered the alloy as spherical powder for making complex components by additive manufacturing. The catalog entry is now discontinued.
  can_do:
    - label: Tensile strength (specification minimum)
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      value: 861 MPa minimum
      line: Under MIL-T-9046J the tensile strength is at least 861 MPa at 0 - 30°C, per the Total Materia MIL table.
    - label: Yield strength (specification minimum)
      benchmark: yield_strength
      value: 827 MPa minimum
      line: The Rp0.2 yield strength is at least 827 MPa in the same table, with at least 3 % elongation.
    - label: Powder density
      benchmark: density
      value: 4.58 g/cm3
      line: The spherical powder has a density of 4.58 g/cm3 as printed by the supplier. A wrought density was not found.
    - label: Melting range (powder)
      benchmark: melting_point
      value: 1630 to 1660 °C
      line: The supplier powder prints a melting range of 1630 to 1660 °C.
    - label: Ageing temperature
      benchmark: aging_temperature
      value: 482 °C
      line: After solution treatment at 788 to 816 °C, the SAE page gives ageing at 482 °C for 2 to 60 hours.
    - label: Elastic modulus
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      value: 80 to 130 GPa
      line: The modulus is printed as 80 to 130 GPa on the MIL and SAE Total Materia pages. The test temperature is not clear in the extracted row.
  compare: 'The MIL-T-9046J minimums (861 MPa tensile and 827 MPa yield) are lower than the powder supplier''s stated values (950 MPa tensile and 850 MPa yield). A minimum is a floor a specification guarantees, while the supplier figure is a single product value with no temper or test temperature, so the two should not be ranked against each other. The thermal conductivity also differs by source: 8.044 W/(m∙°C) on the MIL page against 6.7 W/(m*K) for the powder.'
  compare_rows:
    - label: Tensile strength
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    - label: Yield strength
      benchmark: yield_strength
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
  handling:
    - 'Heat treat in two steps: solution treat at 788 to 816 °C and water quench, then age at 482 °C for 2 to 60 hours and air cool.'
    - Lighter sections may be air cooled after solution treatment instead of water quenched.
    - Check the governing specification, AMS 4917 or MIL-T-9046J, before use. The full texts of both were not read.
  good_for:
    - Sheet, strip and plate for aircraft structures, where MIL-T-9046J sets minimum tensile and yield strengths.
    - Age hardening after solution treatment, using the SAE heat treatment steps.
  watch_out:
    - The strength minimums carry no stated temper, so no aged-condition strength is recorded for sheet.
    - The supplier powder and the MIL minimums disagree. Both are shown and neither is averaged.
    - The wrought density and melting point were not found, so mass and melting data are powder values only.
    - No hazard or failure data were found for this alloy.
  verdict: Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al is a high-strength beta titanium alloy with MIL-T-9046J minimums of 861 MPa tensile and 827 MPa yield, and a published heat treatment of 788 to 816 °C solution treatment and 482 °C ageing. Its wrought density, aged-condition strength and alloy-specific hazard data are not in the sources held, and the supplier powder values differ from the specification minimums.
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      lead: No safety data sheet for this alloy or its powder was found in the sources held. The only GHS data read is for the element titanium.
      verdict: Element GHS data only
      points:
        - label: Powder
          line: The supplier product page prints no hazard classification, and no safety data sheet for the alloy was found.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: The sources give specification minimums and supplier values, not failure records.
      verdict: No failure records found
      points:
        - label: Strength floor
          line: The MIL-T-9046J minimums are 861 MPa tensile and 827 MPa yield at 0 - 30°C. The supplier powder values of 950 MPa and 850 MPa carry no temper or test temperature.
    - title: Handling and storage
      points:
        - label: Heat treatment
          line: Solution treatment at 788 to 816 °C is followed by a water quench, and ageing at 482 °C for 2 to 60 hours, per the SAE page.