spore: profile
id: steel-1070
spore_version: 0.2
family: carbon-and-alloy-steels
name: Carbon steel 1070
abbreviation: 1070 (UNS G10700, AISI 1070, SAE 1070)
role: high-carbon spring steel
category: metals
type: steels-and-stainless
summary: |
  AISI / SAE 1070 is a plain high-carbon steel (UNS G10700) with 0.65 to 0.75 percent carbon and 0.60 to 0.90 percent manganese. Supplied annealed, it has a Brinell hardness of 192 to 212 HB and a tensile strength of 640 to 700 MPa. Hardened at 800 °C and tempered at 175 to 200 °C, it is used for springs, shafts and hand tools. It is brittle when fully hardened, welds poorly, and rusts in moist or salty air unless it is coated.
best_for: Springs, shafts and hand tools that are heat treated and kept dry or coated (tensile strength 640 to 700 MPa in the supplier range)
weakest_at: Corrosion, which is poor without a coating, brittleness once fully hardened, and poor weldability
identity:
  formula: Iron with 0.65 to 0.75 % C, 0.60 to 0.90 % Mn, max 0.040 % P, max 0.050 % S and max 0.100 % Si (wt %)
  source: gravitycast-1070
  where: Chemical Composition block of the AISI 1070 data sheet (C 0.650 - 0.750, Mn 0.600 - 0.900, P 0.040 max, S 0.050 max, Si 0.100 max)
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: G10700
      source: gravitycast-1070
      where: Cross Reference Table, row G10700, Standard UNS
    - system: AISI
      code: '1070'
      source: alro-steel-guide
      where: 'Combined AISI and SAE Standard Steel List, row C 1070, A.I.S.I. # column'
    - system: SAE
      code: '1070'
      source: alro-steel-guide
      where: 'Combined AISI and SAE Standard Steel List, row C 1070, S.A.E. # column'
    - system: SAE
      code: J403
      note: chemical composition specification
      source: azom-1070
      where: Other Designations list, SAE J403 (1070)
    - system: ASTM
      code: A510
      note: wire rod and round wire
      source: gravitycast-1070
      where: Cross Reference Table, row A 510 1070 (ASTM)
    - system: ASTM
      code: A830
      note: plate and steel
      source: gravitycast-1070
      where: Cross Reference Table, row A 830 1070 (ASTM)
    - system: ASME
      code: SA-29
      note: grade 1070
      source: totalmateria-1070
      where: International Equivalent Materials list, row SA-29 1070 (ASME, United States)
    - system: EN
      code: '1.1231'
      note: listed as equivalent to AISI 1070
      source: azom-1070
      where: Other Designations list, DIN 1.1231
    - system: AFNOR
      code: XC 68
      source: azom-1070
      where: Other Designations list, AFNOR XC 68
    - system: SS
      code: '1770'
      source: azom-1070
      where: Other Designations list, SS 1770
    - system: AMS
      code: '5115'
      source: azom-1070
      where: Other Designations list, AMS 5115
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - mechanisms
    - structures
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, AISI 1070 (range)
    value: 7.7
    value_high: 8.03
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: AISI 1070
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: 7.7-8.03 g/cm3 (0.278-0.290 lb/in3)
    method: Range printed in a materials encyclopedia property table
    status: ground
    source: azom-1070
    where: Physical Properties table, Density, metric column
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, SAE/AISI 1070
    value: 7850
    unit: kg/m3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: SAE/AISI 1070
      temperature: not stated
    method: Value printed in a materials database property table
    status: ground
    source: matmake-1070
    where: Table of SAE/AISI 1070 Properties, Physical Properties, Density (metric)
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Elastic modulus, cold drawn AISI 1070 (range)
    value: 190
    value_high: 210
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: cold drawn
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: 29700-30458 ksi
    method: Range printed in a materials encyclopedia property table under the heading cold drawn AISI 1070
    status: ground
    source: azom-1070
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Elastic modulus, metric column
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Coefficient of thermal expansion, AISI 1070
    value: 11.8
    unit: 10-6/°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 0 to 100 °C
      treatment: not stated
    method: Value printed in a materials encyclopedia thermal property table
    status: ground
    source: azom-1070
    where: Thermal Properties table, Thermal expansion coefficient, row 0 - 100 °C
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, SAE/AISI 1070
    value: 50
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not stated
    method: Value printed in a materials database thermal property table
    status: ground
    source: matmake-1070
    where: Thermal Properties, Thermal Conductivity, metric column
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat capacity, SAE/AISI 1070
    value: 470
    unit: J/(kg·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not stated
    method: Value printed in a materials database thermal property table
    status: ground
    source: matmake-1070
    where: Thermal Properties, Specific Heat Capacity (Cp), metric column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, AISI 1070 (supplier range)
    value: 640
    value_high: 700
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not stated
      condition: not specified in the table; the heat treatment column lists As Raw, Annealing, Normalizing, Hardening and Tempering
    method: Range printed in a supplier data sheet
    status: ground
    source: gravitycast-1070
    where: Mechanical Properties block, Tensile Strength in Mpa, 640 - 700
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, cold drawn and spheroidized annealed AISI 1070
    value: 640
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 25 °C
      condition: cold drawn, spheroidized annealed
    method: Value printed in a materials database property table
    status: ground
    source: efunda-1070
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength (Mpa) row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, supplier minimum
    value: 390
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not stated
      condition: not specified in the table
    method: Minimum value printed in a supplier data sheet
    status: ground
    note: A materials database gives 495 MPa for the same grade with no condition printed (next entry). The two are not reconciled.
    source: gravitycast-1070
    where: Mechanical Properties block, Yield Strength in Mpa, 390 min.
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, AISI 1070
    value: 495
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not printed
      condition: not printed
    method: Value printed in a materials database property table
    status: ground
    source: efunda-1070
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Yield Strength (Mpa) row
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, supplier minimum
    value: 10
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not stated
      condition: not specified in the table
    method: Minimum value printed in a supplier data sheet
    status: ground
    source: gravitycast-1070
    where: Mechanical Properties block, Elongation in %, 10 min.
  - benchmark: reduction_of_area
    label: Reduction of area, supplier range
    value: 30
    value_high: 45
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not stated
      condition: not specified in the table
    method: Range printed in a supplier data sheet
    status: ground
    source: gravitycast-1070
    where: Mechanical Properties block, Reduction of Area in %, 30 - 45
  - benchmark: hardness_brinell
    label: Brinell hardness, supplier range
    value: 192
    value_high: 212
    unit: HB
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not stated
      condition: not specified in the table
    method: Range printed in a supplier data sheet
    status: ground
    source: gravitycast-1070
    where: Mechanical Properties block, Hardness in HB, 192 - 212
  - benchmark: hardness_brinell
    label: Brinell hardness, cold drawn and spheroidized annealed AISI 1070
    value: 192
    unit: HB
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 25 °C
      condition: cold drawn, spheroidized annealed
    method: Value printed in a materials database property table
    status: ground
    source: efunda-1070
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Hardness (HB) row
  - benchmark: hardening_temperature
    label: Hardening temperature, knife-supplier schedule
    value: 800
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      hold: 10 minutes
      quench: PQ11 fast oil
      grade: SAE 1070
    method: Heat treatment schedule printed on a knife-supplier page, not a mill or standard specification
    status: ground
    source: sdknives-1070
    where: Heat treatment block, Hardening line
  - benchmark: tempering_temperature
    label: Tempering temperature range, knife-supplier schedule
    value: 175
    value_high: 200
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: SAE 1070
    method: Heat treatment schedule printed on a knife-supplier page, not a mill or standard specification
    status: ground
    source: sdknives-1070
    where: Heat treatment block, Tempering line
  - benchmark: annealing_temperature
    label: Annealing temperature, knife-supplier schedule
    value: 741
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      hold: 30 minutes, then slow cool in furnace, ash or vermiculite
      grade: SAE 1070
    method: Heat treatment schedule printed on a knife-supplier page, not a mill or standard specification
    status: ground
    source: sdknives-1070
    where: Heat treatment block, Annealing Cycle line
corrosion:
  - environment: Moist or salty air, uncoated
    headline: Carbon steel rusts in moist or salty air, and a coating such as paint or varnish shields it.
    effect: The Wikipedia carbon steel article says carbon steel is susceptible to rust and corrosion, especially with high moisture and/or salt. No corrosion rate or 1070-specific rating was found in a fetched source.
    rating: unknown
    conditions:
      basis: general statement for carbon steel, not measured on 1070
    source: wikipedia-carbon-steel
    where: Properties section, corrosion paragraph
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: Metals Depot's steel safety data sheet says steel is an article that is not hazardous in its solid form, but cutting, milling, grinding, melting and welding can emit hazardous fume. The GHS table in that sheet lists carcinogenicity Category 1B, respiratory sensitizer Category 1, STOT repeated exposure Category 1, skin sensitizer Category 1, acute oral toxicity Category 4 and eye irritation Category 2B, with signal word Danger. It is a generic steel sheet, not a 1070 sheet.
      ghs: []
      source: metals-depot-sds
      where: Section 2 Hazards identification, classification and GHS table
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Brittle fracture after full hardening
      trigger: Steel hardened and not tempered; the knife-supplier schedule hardens at 800 °C, quenches in PQ11 fast oil, then tempers at 175 to 200 °C
      consequence: Quenched carbon steel is extremely hard but brittle, usually too brittle for practical purposes (Wikipedia). The source gives no fracture data for 1070.
      severity: moderate
      source: wikipedia-carbon-steel
      where: Heat treatment, Quenching section
    - mode: Rust in moist or salty service
      trigger: Uncoated steel left in humid air or in salt
      consequence: Carbon steel is susceptible to rust and corrosion. The source names paint, varnish or another protective material as the shield.
      severity: moderate
      source: wikipedia-carbon-steel
      where: Properties section, corrosion paragraph
    - mode: Poor weldability
      trigger: Welding high-carbon steel
      consequence: High-carbon steel has extremely poor ductility and weldability (Wikipedia carbon steel article, Higher-carbon steels section).
      severity: low
      source: wikipedia-carbon-steel
      where: Higher-carbon steels section
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: 'Heat treatment schedule from a knife supplier: anneal at 741 °C and slow cool, harden at 800 °C for 10 minutes and quench in PQ11 fast oil, temper at 175 to 200 °C.'
      source: sdknives-1070
      where: Heat treatment block
    - text: Normally supplied annealed, according to the Wikipedia spring steel table, row 1070.
      source: wikipedia-spring-steel
      where: Table of common spring steel grades, Comments column, row 1070
    - text: Do not breathe dust, fume, gas, vapour or spray from cutting, grinding or welding, and use in a well-ventilated area.
      source: metals-depot-sds
      where: Section 4 Precautionary statements, Prevention
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Springs and shafts
    example: 'The Wikipedia spring steel table lists 1070 as a common spring grade. The knife-supplier page reproduces the application list for SAE 1070: railroad rails, heavy machinery parts, shafts, springs and a wide variety of hand and machine tools.'
    source: wikipedia-spring-steel
    where: Table of common spring steel grades, row 1070; sdknives product description paragraph
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Valve, pump and general engineering parts
    example: Gravity Cast states that the AISI 1070 grade is intended for valve, pump, general engineering, automotive and other industries.
    source: gravitycast-1070
    where: Header block, Application line
  - application: structures
    device: Railroad and street railway rails, heavy machinery parts
    example: The knife-supplier page lists railroad and street railway rails and heavy machinery parts among the uses of SAE 1070, in the same wording as the ASM Alloy Digest application list.
    source: sdknives-1070
    where: Product description paragraph
supply:
  - subject: Raw steel production, 2025 estimate
    abundance: 'Iron is the least expensive and most widely used metal (USGS). World raw steel production in 2025e is 1,900 million t, rounded. Printed country values in million t: China 980, India 160, Japan 81, United States 82.'
    critical_lists: []
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: iron and steel compete with aluminum and plastics in automotive, with aluminum, concrete and wood in construction, and with aluminum, glass, paper and plastics in containers.'
    source: usgs-iron-steel-2026
    where: World Production table, Raw steel column, 2025e; Substitutes paragraph
documents:
  - title: 'Gravity Cast Pvt. Ltd. data sheet: AISI 1070 (chemical composition, heat treatment, mechanical properties, cross-reference table)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://gravitycastindia.com/images/resources/ferrouspdf/AISI%201070.pdf
  - title: AISI 1070 Carbon Steel (UNS G10700), AZoM
    type: database
    url: https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6577
  - title: 'eFunda: Properties of Carbon Steel AISI 1070'
    type: database
    url: https://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/carbon_steels/show_carbon.cfm?ID=AISI_1070&prop=all&Page_Title=AISI+1070
  - title: 'SAE/AISI 1070 Carbon Steel: Composition and Properties (Matmake)'
    type: database
    url: https://matmake.com/materials-data/steel-1070-properties.html
  - title: AISI - 1070 - Total Materia
    type: database
    url: https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250045
  - title: Alro Steel Metals Guide, Combined AISI and SAE Standard Steel List
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.alro.com/Resources/WebResources/AlroCom/MetalsGuideCatalog/PDFs/011-Reference.pdf
  - title: SAE 1070 High Carbon Steel (Stefan Diedericks Knives and Supplies)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.sdknives.co.za/product/sae-1070-high-carbon-steel/
  - title: Carbon steel (Wikipedia)
    type: database
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel
  - title: Spring steel (Wikipedia)
    type: database
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_steel
  - title: 'Metals Depot safety data sheet: STEEL (2018)'
    type: sds
    url: https://www.metalsdepot.com/assets/files/Page-Editor-Files/MetalsDepotSDS-Steel-2018.pdf
    year: 2018
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - No corrosion rate or 1070-specific rust rating was found in a fetched source. The ASM Alloy Digest entry for SAE 1070 covers corrosion resistance but is paywalled, and the Wikipedia statement is for carbon steel in general.
  - 'Yield strength: the supplier minimum is 390 MPa with no condition, and a materials database gives 495 MPa with no condition. Both are kept and not reconciled. No tempered or spring-temper strength was found in a fetched source.'
  - EN number 1.1520 and the EN name were printed only on MakeItFrom and Raykam pages, which were not fetched (MakeItFrom returned HTTP 403). No EN designation is listed.
  - Total Materia lists DIN 1.0603 and CS 70 (BS) as Implicit equivalents, not as the same grade by a printed statement, so both were left out. The Gravity Cast cross-reference table prints no EN, JIS or W.Nr. entry.
  - MatWeb (HTTP 403), Machining Doctor (HTTP 403) and the ASM Alloy Digest PDF (paywalled) could not be read. Total Materia physical values are locked placeholders. Electrical resistivity and conductivity were not recorded.
  - Hot-working and forging temperatures for 1070 were not found in a readable primary source. The steel-grades page gives an implausible 1796 to 1939 °C heat-treatment value and was not used.
  - Brinell hardness, hardening, tempering and annealing temperatures are not canonical names in spores/property-canon.yaml; short snake_case names are used. Reduction of area is also not canonical.
  - The USGS iron and steel summary gives production in million tonnes, not shares. No country share percentages are recorded. The USGS scrap chapter and critical-mineral status were not opened.
  - Poisson ratio (0.27 to 0.30, on AZoM and Matmake), impact energy, fatigue, and any space-environment data (outgassing, atomic oxygen, vacuum or radiation) were not found for 1070 in a fetched source, so tags.environments is empty.
sources:
  gravitycast-1070:
    title: 'Gravity Cast Pvt. Ltd., data sheet: Material AISI 1070 (Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Compositions For Forging To Hot-Rolled Steel and Bar)'
    id: UNS G10700, SAE 1070, ASTM A 510, A 713, A 830 (cross-reference table)
    url: https://gravitycastindia.com/images/resources/ferrouspdf/AISI%201070.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer data sheet, indicative values only (cited, not reproduced)
  azom-1070:
    title: AISI 1070 Carbon Steel (UNS G10700), AZoM
    url: https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6577
    kind: web
    license: Encyclopedia article (cited, not reproduced)
  efunda-1070:
    title: 'eFunda: Properties of Carbon Steel AISI 1070'
    url: https://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/carbon_steels/show_carbon.cfm?ID=AISI_1070&prop=all&Page_Title=AISI+1070
    kind: database
    license: Materials database (cited, not reproduced)
  matmake-1070:
    title: 'SAE/AISI 1070 Carbon Steel: Composition and Properties (Matmake)'
    id: UNS G10700
    url: https://matmake.com/materials-data/steel-1070-properties.html
    kind: database
    license: Materials database (cited, not reproduced)
  totalmateria-1070:
    title: AISI - 1070 - Total Materia
    id: SAE J403 (2014) composition; equivalents table
    url: https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250045
    kind: database
    license: Materials database, locked values (cited, not reproduced)
  alro-steel-guide:
    title: Alro Steel Metals Guide, Combined AISI and SAE Standard Steel List, page 11-6
    url: https://www.alro.com/Resources/WebResources/AlroCom/MetalsGuideCatalog/PDFs/011-Reference.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: Distributor reference guide (cited, not reproduced)
  sdknives-1070:
    title: SAE 1070 High Carbon Steel, Stefan Diedericks Knives and Supplies
    url: https://www.sdknives.co.za/product/sae-1070-high-carbon-steel/
    kind: web
    license: Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)
  wikipedia-carbon-steel:
    title: Carbon steel, Wikipedia
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel
    kind: web
    license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)
  wikipedia-spring-steel:
    title: Spring steel, Wikipedia (table of common spring steel grades)
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_steel
    kind: web
    license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)
  metals-depot-sds:
    title: 'Metals Depot safety data sheet: STEEL (2018)'
    url: https://www.metalsdepot.com/assets/files/Page-Editor-Files/MetalsDepotSDS-Steel-2018.pdf
    year: 2018
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)
  usgs-iron-steel-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel (USGS)'
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: Public domain (USGS)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-25'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 17
  unreachable: 4
  caveats: 5
  note: 'Values read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-25 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. Unreachable: MatWeb (HTTP 403), MakeItFrom (HTTP 403), Machining Doctor (HTTP 403), ASM Alloy Digest (paywalled). Caveats: supplier and database strength values disagree (390 and 495 MPa yield); heat treatment temperatures come from one knife-supplier page; the corrosion statement is for carbon steel in general; the DIN and AFNOR equivalents are as printed on AZoM; the hazard text is from a generic steel SDS.'
story:
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      lead: The solid steel is not classed as hazardous. The hazards come from fume and dust made when it is cut, ground, melted or welded.
      level: 1
      verdict: Fume and dust hazard
      points:
        - label: Solid steel
          line: Metals Depot's steel safety data sheet calls steel an article that is not hazardous in its solid form.
        - label: Cutting and welding
          line: 'The same sheet gives GHS classes for the fume: carcinogenicity Category 1B, respiratory sensitizer Category 1 and skin sensitizer Category 1. It is a generic steel sheet, not a 1070 sheet.'
    - title: If it fails
      lead: These are failure routes found in the sources. None is a measured 1070 test result.
      points:
        - label: Brittle when hardened
          line: Quenched carbon steel is extremely hard but brittle, usually too brittle for practical purposes (Wikipedia). Tempering at 175 to 200 °C is the schedule a knife supplier quotes.
        - label: Rust
          line: Carbon steel is susceptible to rust, especially in moist or salty air. Paint, varnish or another coating shields it.
    - title: Handling and storage
      points:
        - label: Supply condition
          line: The Wikipedia spring steel table says 1070 is normally supplied annealed. The annealed supplier range is 192 to 212 HB.
        - label: Heat treatment
          line: A knife supplier anneals at 741 °C, hardens at 800 °C for 10 minutes, quenches in PQ11 fast oil and tempers at 175 to 200 °C. This is not a mill specification.
  why: AISI/SAE 1070 is a plain high-carbon steel, about 0.7 percent carbon. Its strength comes from its carbon content and heat treatment. Supplier data give a tensile strength of 640 to 700 MPa and a Brinell hardness of 192 to 212 HB. Wikipedia notes that high-carbon steel is used where medium strength and low material cost matter. Its weak points are rust, brittleness once fully hardened, and poor weldability.
  uses:
    - where: Springs and shafts
      line: 'The Wikipedia spring steel table lists 1070 as a common spring grade. The knife-supplier page quotes the application list for SAE 1070: railroad rails, heavy machinery parts, shafts, springs and a wide variety of hand and machine tools.'
    - where: Valve and pump parts
      line: Gravity Cast says the grade is intended for valve, pump, general engineering, automotive and other industries.
    - where: Rails and heavy machinery
      line: The knife-supplier page lists railroad and street railway rails and heavy machinery parts among the uses of SAE 1070.
  can_do:
    - label: Carry load
      value: 640 to 700 MPa tensile
      line: The supplier range is 640 to 700 MPa tensile strength, with yield at least 390 MPa. A materials database gives 495 MPa yield for the same grade with no condition printed.
    - label: Hardness
      value: 192 to 212 HB
      benchmark: hardness_brinell
      line: Brinell hardness is 192 to 212 HB in the supplier range, and 192 HB at 25 °C in the cold drawn, spheroidized annealed condition.
    - label: Stiffness
      value: 190 to 210 GPa
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      line: The elastic modulus of cold drawn AISI 1070 is 190 to 210 GPa, according to the AZoM property table.
    - label: Weight
      value: 7.7 to 8.03 g/cm3
      benchmark: density
      line: Density is 7.7 to 8.03 g/cm3 in the AZoM table, and 7850 kg/m3 in the Matmake table.
    - label: Heat conduction
      value: 50 W/(m·K)
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
      line: Matmake gives a thermal conductivity of 50 W/(m·K), with no temperature stated.
    - label: Expansion
      value: 11.8 10-6/°C
      benchmark: cte
      line: The coefficient of thermal expansion is 11.8 10-6/°C over 0 to 100 °C, according to the AZoM thermal table.
  compare: Among the plain carbon steels, 1070 is the high-carbon grade with a 0.65 to 0.75 percent carbon range, which is what lets it harden for springs. The sources in this profile do not give a side-by-side number from another grade, so the table rows below read the 1070 values only, and any comparison with a different carbon steel needs that grade's own profile.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Elastic modulus
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
    - label: Tensile strength
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
  handling:
    - Specify the heat treatment condition, because the strength and hardness values differ between annealed, cold drawn and hardened material.
    - Coat or oil uncoated steel that will be kept in moist or salty air.
    - Do not breathe the fume or dust made by cutting, grinding or welding, and ventilate the work area.
  good_for:
    - 'Springs and shafts, after heat treatment: the grade is listed for springs and shafts by a knife supplier and a spring steel table.'
    - Low-cost plain steel parts for valves, pumps and general engineering, per the Gravity Cast application line.
    - Tools and rails that need strength and wear resistance, per the knife-supplier application list.
  watch_out:
    - 'Rust: carbon steel rusts in moist or salty air, and no 1070-specific corrosion rate was found.'
    - 'Brittleness: fully hardened steel is brittle, and the tempering range from one supplier is 175 to 200 °C.'
    - 'Welding: high-carbon steel has poor weldability (Wikipedia).'
    - Yield strength differs between sources (390 MPa supplier minimum, 495 MPa database value).
  verdict: AISI/SAE 1070 is a plain high-carbon steel with a tensile strength of 640 to 700 MPa and a hardness of 192 to 212 HB in the supplier range. It works as a spring and shaft steel once heat treated, but it rusts without a coating, is brittle when fully hardened, and welds poorly. No space-environment data or 1070-specific corrosion rate was found in the sources.
  recipe:
    line: Plain carbon steel of iron with 0.65 to 0.75 % carbon and 0.60 to 0.90 % manganese, with maximum phosphorus 0.040 %, sulphur 0.050 % and silicon 0.100 % (Gravity Cast, Alro). It is supplied as bar, wire rod, plate, strip, sheet or tube (Gravity Cast product list). Process steps beyond these product forms were not found in a fetched source.
    parts:
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_note: 'balance of the composition (Gravity Cast: Iron, Fe, balance)'
        role: Matrix of the steel
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        share_percent: 0.65
        share_high: 0.75
        role: Lets the steel harden and strengthen by heat treatment (Wikipedia carbon steel article)
      - name: Manganese
        symbol: Mn
        share_percent: 0.6
        share_high: 0.9
        role: Specified alloying element; no role stated in the fetched sources
      - name: Phosphorus
        symbol: P
        share_high: 0.04
        share_note: maximum
        role: Impurity limit
      - name: Sulphur
        symbol: S
        share_high: 0.05
        share_note: maximum
        role: Impurity limit
      - name: Silicon
        symbol: Si
        share_high: 0.1
        share_note: maximum (Gravity Cast)
        role: Impurity limit