spore: profile
id: stainless-s41500
spore_version: 0.2
family: stainless-martensitic
name: Martensitic stainless steel 13Cr-4Ni (UNS S41500)
abbreviation: S41500 (F6NM forged, CA6NM cast)
role: quenched and tempered structural alloy for turbines, pumps and valves
category: metals
type: steels-and-stainless
summary: |
  UNS S41500 is a soft martensitic stainless steel with about 11.5 to 14 percent chromium, 3.5 to 5.5 percent nickel and 0.5 to 1 percent molybdenum (ICAST, ASTM A240 table). It is hardened and tempered for strength and toughness, sold as forged F6NM and cast CA6NM, and DEW and Voestalpine name hydroelectric turbines and pumps as main uses, with Voestalpine also naming valves. Voestalpine caps its hardness at 23 HRC for sour gas service and rates its corrosion resistance as medium, good only in low-chloride media.
best_for: Quenched and tempered turbine, pump and valve parts that need good strength and low-temperature toughness, in low-chloride media with polished surfaces
weakest_at: 'Chloride pitting (DEW: slight attack with a risk of pitting in saturated NaCl at 20 C), the 23 HRC cap for sour gas, and poor weldability (DEW)'
identity:
  formula: Fe balance, 11.5 to 14.0 Cr, 3.5 to 5.5 Ni, 0.5 to 1.0 Mo, max 0.050 C, max 0.600 Si, 0.5 to 1.0 Mn, max 0.030 P, max 0.030 S (wt%, UNS S41500 per ASTM A240 table)
  source: icast-a240-s41500
  where: Chemical composition table of the ICAST ASTM A240 UNS S41500 data sheet (Chromium 11.500 to 14.000, Nickel 3.500 to 5.500, Molybdenum 0.500 to 1.000)
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: S41500
      note: Base designation. Printed on the ICAST ASTM A240 data sheet, on the DEW 1.4313 datasheet (UNS row), on the Voestalpine F6NM page and on TotalMateria.
      source: icast-a240-s41500
      where: Title of the ASTM A240 UNS S41500 data sheet
    - system: Name
      code: F6NM
      note: Forged grade. Voestalpine lists F6NM on the same row as 1.4313, X3CrNiMo13-4 and S41500, with ASTM A182/A182M.
      source: voest-f6nm
      where: Material Designations table, Market Grade column
    - system: ASTM
      code: A182 F6NM
      note: Forged ASTM name, printed as 'A 182 F 6NM' by TotalMateria, which lists it as an official equivalent of UNS S41500.
      source: totalmateria-s41500
      where: UNS S41500 International Equivalent Materials list
    - system: EN name
      code: X3CrNiMo13-4
      note: EN 10272 name for 1.4313 on the DEW datasheet. Voestalpine and TotalMateria print the same name against S41500.
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Normen und Bezeichnungen table (DIN EN 10272 row)
    - system: Name
      code: Acidur 4313
      note: DEW (Swiss Steel Group) trade name for 1.4313 on the same datasheet.
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Title block of the datasheet
    - system: AISI
      code: CA6-NM
      note: AISI name printed by DEW on the 1.4313 datasheet, which also lists UNS S41500.
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Normen und Bezeichnungen table (AISI row)
    - system: EN
      code: 10088-3
      note: EN standard that DEW cites for the 1.4313 composition and quenched and tempered mechanical tables. Voestalpine prints EN ISO 10088-3.
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Composition and mechanical property headings
    - system: ASTM
      code: A276
      note: S41500 type; DEW prints a composition table and a T-condition mechanical table 'nach ASTM A276' on the same datasheet.
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Chemische Zusammensetzung nach ASTM A276 and Mechanische Eigenschaften nach ASTM A276 tables
    - system: Name
      code: SA-240 S41500
      note: ASME plate, sheet and strip name, marked an official equivalent of UNS S41500 by TotalMateria.
      source: totalmateria-s41500
      where: UNS S41500 International Equivalent Materials list
    - system: Name
      code: SA-276 S41500
      note: ASME name for the ASTM A276 family, marked an official equivalent of UNS S41500 by TotalMateria.
      source: totalmateria-s41500
      where: UNS S41500 International Equivalent Materials list
    - system: Name
      code: CA6NM
      note: 'Cast grade. ICAST''s cross-reference table lists CA6NM castings against S41500, but its ASTM A743 limits differ: C max 0.060, Ni 3.500 to 4.500, Mo 0.400 to 1.000.'
      source: icast-a743-ca6nm
      where: Chemical composition table and Cross Reference Table
    - system: ASTM
      code: A743 CA6NM
      note: 'Cast specification. ICAST minimums: tensile 755 MPa, yield 550 MPa, elongation 15 percent, reduction of area 35 percent; hardness 285 HB maximum.'
      source: icast-a743-ca6nm
      where: Title of the ASTM A743 CA6NM data sheet
    - system: ASTM
      code: A487 CA6NM
      note: Cast steel specification printed against S41500 in the ICAST cross-reference table.
      source: icast-a743-ca6nm
      where: Cross Reference Table
    - system: ASTM
      code: A352 CA6NM
      note: Cast specification printed against S41500 in the ICAST cross-reference table.
      source: icast-a743-ca6nm
      where: Cross Reference Table
    - system: Name
      code: G-X5CrNi134
      note: DIN/SEW name that TotalMateria prints as an official equivalent of UNS S41500.
      source: totalmateria-s41500
      where: UNS S41500 International Equivalent Materials list
    - system: Name
      code: Z4CND13.4M
      note: AFNOR name printed by DEW for 1.4313.
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Normen und Bezeichnungen table (AFNOR row)
    - system: Name
      code: 425C11
      note: B.S. name printed by DEW for 1.4313.
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Normen und Bezeichnungen table (B.S. row)
    - system: Name
      code: SCS5
      note: JIS name printed by DEW for 1.4313.
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Normen und Bezeichnungen table (JIS row)
    - system: SS
      code: '2384'
      note: Swedish standard number printed by DEW for 1.4313.
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Normen und Bezeichnungen table (SS row)
    - system: EN
      code: '1.4418'
      note: Related higher-chromium grade, not a listed equivalent. The Swiss Steel 1.4418 datasheet gives Cr 15.00 to 17.00, Ni 4.00 to 6.00, Mo 0.80 to 1.50 and C max 0.06, and it does not name UNS S41500. No fetched source lists it as an equivalent of S41500.
      source: swiss-1-4418
      where: Title block and chemical composition block
    - system: EN name
      code: X4CrNiMo16-5-1
      note: 'Same grade as 1.4418: a related higher-chromium grade, not a listed equivalent of S41500.'
      source: swiss-1-4418
      where: Title block of the 1.4418 datasheet
    - system: EN
      code: '1.4313'
      note: EN number of the grade
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Normen und Bezeichnungen table (EN 10088-3 row)
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses:
    - extreme-cold
  applications:
    - structures
    - mechanisms
properties:
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 320
    bound: upper
    unit: HB
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: +A (soft annealed), all diameters
      basis: maximum
      standard: DIN EN 10088-3
    method: Room-temperature table, +A row, hardness as printed (maximum 320)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur im waermebehandelten Zustand, +A row (Haerte in HB, <= 320)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 1100
    bound: upper
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: +A (soft annealed), all diameters
      basis: maximum
      standard: DIN EN 10088-3
    method: Room-temperature table, +A row, Rm as printed (maximum 1100)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur, +A row (Rm in MPa, <= 1100)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 520
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: +QT700 (quenched and tempered, minimum strength index 700 MPa)
      form: bar, diameter 160 mm and under
      basis: minimum Rp0,2
      standard: DIN EN 10088-3
    method: Room-temperature table, +QT700 row, Rp0,2 as printed (minimum 520)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur, +QT700 row, diameter up to 160 mm (Rp0,2 >= 520)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 700
    value_high: 850
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: +QT700 (quenched and tempered, minimum strength index 700 MPa)
      form: bar, diameter 160 mm and under
      basis: range as printed
      standard: DIN EN 10088-3
    method: Room-temperature table, +QT700 row, Rm as printed (700 to 850)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur, +QT700 row, diameter up to 160 mm (Rm 700 - 850)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 15
    bound: exact
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: +QT700 (quenched and tempered, minimum strength index 700 MPa)
      form: bar, diameter 160 mm and under
      direction: longitudinal
      gauge: A5 as printed
    method: A5 longitudinal column, +QT700 row, printed as a plain number (not marked minimum)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur, +QT700 row, diameter up to 160 mm (A5 in %, laengs 15)
  - benchmark: charpy_impact_energy
    value: 70
    bound: exact
    unit: J
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: +QT700 (quenched and tempered, minimum strength index 700 MPa)
      form: bar, diameter 160 mm and under
      direction: longitudinal
      test_temperature: not printed in this row
    method: AV longitudinal column, +QT700 row, printed as a plain number (not marked minimum)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur, +QT700 row, diameter up to 160 mm (AV in J, laengs 70)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 620
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: +QT780 (quenched and tempered, minimum strength index 780 MPa)
      form: bar, diameter 160 mm and under
      basis: minimum Rp0,2
      standard: DIN EN 10088-3
    method: Room-temperature table, +QT780 row, Rp0,2 as printed (minimum 620)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur, +QT780 row, diameter up to 160 mm (Rp0,2 >= 620)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 780
    value_high: 980
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: +QT780 (quenched and tempered, minimum strength index 780 MPa)
      form: bar, diameter 160 mm and under
      basis: range as printed
      standard: DIN EN 10088-3
    method: Room-temperature table, +QT780 row, Rm as printed (780 to 980)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur, +QT780 row, diameter up to 160 mm (Rm 780 - 980)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 800
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: +QT900 (quenched and tempered, minimum strength index 900 MPa)
      form: bar, diameter 160 mm and under
      basis: minimum Rp0,2
      standard: DIN EN 10088-3
    method: Room-temperature table, +QT900 row, Rp0,2 as printed (minimum 800)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur, +QT900 row, diameter up to 160 mm (Rp0,2 >= 800)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 900
    value_high: 1100
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: +QT900 (quenched and tempered, minimum strength index 900 MPa)
      form: bar, diameter 160 mm and under
      basis: range as printed
      standard: DIN EN 10088-3
    method: Room-temperature table, +QT900 row, Rm as printed (900 to 1100)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur, +QT900 row, diameter up to 160 mm (Rm 900 - 1100)
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 295
    bound: upper
    unit: HB
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T (quenched and tempered, ASTM A276 designation), all diameters
      basis: maximum
      standard: ASTM A276
    method: ASTM A276 table, T row, hardness as printed (maximum 295)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften im vergueteten Zustand (T) nach ASTM A276, T row (Haerte <= 295)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 620
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T (quenched and tempered, ASTM A276 designation), all diameters
      basis: minimum Rp0,2
      standard: ASTM A276
    method: ASTM A276 table, T row, Rp0,2 as printed (minimum 620)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften im vergueteten Zustand (T) nach ASTM A276, T row (Rp0,2 >= 620)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 795
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T (quenched and tempered, ASTM A276 designation), all diameters
      basis: minimum Rm
      standard: ASTM A276
    method: ASTM A276 table, T row, Rm as printed (minimum 795)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften im vergueteten Zustand (T) nach ASTM A276, T row (Rm >= 795)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 15
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T (quenched and tempered, ASTM A276 designation), all diameters
      gauge: 2 in (printed as A2 in %)
      basis: minimum
      standard: ASTM A276
    method: ASTM A276 table, T row, A2 in % as printed (minimum 15)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften im vergueteten Zustand (T) nach ASTM A276, T row (A2 in %, >= 15)
  - benchmark: reduction_of_area
    value: 45
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T (quenched and tempered, ASTM A276 designation), all diameters
      basis: minimum
      standard: ASTM A276
    method: ASTM A276 table, T row, Z in % as printed (minimum 45)
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften im vergueteten Zustand (T) nach ASTM A276, T row (Z in %, >= 45)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 590
    bound: exact
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: +QT780 (quenched and tempered, minimum strength index 780 MPa)
      temperature: 100 C
    method: Elevated-temperature table, +QT780 row, 100 C column, Rp0,2 as printed
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften bei erhoehten Temperaturen, +QT780 row (100 C column = 590)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 515
    bound: exact
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: +QT780 (quenched and tempered, minimum strength index 780 MPa)
      temperature: 350 C
    method: Elevated-temperature table, +QT780 row, 350 C column, Rp0,2 as printed
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften bei erhoehten Temperaturen, +QT780 row (350 C column = 515)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 720
    bound: exact
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: +QT900 (quenched and tempered, minimum strength index 900 MPa)
      temperature: 100 C
    method: Elevated-temperature table, +QT900 row, 100 C column, Rp0,2 as printed
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften bei erhoehten Temperaturen, +QT900 row (100 C column = 720)
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    value: 200
    bound: exact
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not stated in the physical properties block
      temperature: 20 C
    method: Physical properties block, E-Modul in GPa row, 20 C line
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Physikalische Eigenschaften, E-Modul in GPa bei 20 C (200)
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    value: 170
    bound: exact
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not stated in the physical properties block
      temperature: 400 C
    method: Physical properties block, E-Modul in GPa row, 400 C line
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Physikalische Eigenschaften, E-Modul in GPa bei 400 C (170)
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    value: 430
    bound: exact
    unit: J/(kg K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not stated in the physical properties block
      temperature: 20 C
    method: Physical properties block, specific heat capacity in J/(kg K) at 20 C
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Physikalische Eigenschaften, Spezifische Waermekapazitaet bei 20 C in J/(kg K) (430)
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    value: 25
    bound: exact
    unit: W/(m K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not stated in the physical properties block
      temperature: 20 C
    method: Physical properties block, thermal conductivity in W/(m K) at 20 C
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Physikalische Eigenschaften, Waermeleitfaehigkeit bei 20 C in W/(m K) (25)
  - benchmark: min_service_temp
    value: -60
    bound: exact
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: usable range as printed; no temper printed
    method: 'Text under Besondere Eigenschaften: usable in the range -60 C to 300 C'
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Besondere Eigenschaften text (im Temperaturbereich zwischen -60°C und 300°C einsetzbar)
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    value: 300
    bound: exact
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: usable range as printed; no temper printed
    method: 'Text under Besondere Eigenschaften: usable up to 300 C'
    status: ground
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Besondere Eigenschaften text (im Temperaturbereich zwischen -60°C und 300°C einsetzbar)
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    value: 350
    bound: exact
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: recommended temperature of use; no temper printed
    method: 'Product description paragraph: recommended temperature of use -60 to 350 C'
    status: ground
    source: voest-f6nm
    where: 'Product description paragraph (Recommended temperature of use: -60 to 350 C)'
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 23
    bound: upper
    unit: HRC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: special heat treatment for sour gas environments, maximum as printed
      standard: not named on the page
    method: Product description, sour gas sentence, maximum 23 HRC as printed
    status: ground
    source: voest-f6nm
    where: Product description paragraph (special heat treatment to max. 23 HRC for sour gas environments)
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 23
    bound: upper
    unit: HRC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: supply hardness limit under NACE MR0175, as printed by Howco
      standard: NACE MR0175
    method: Mechanical properties block, NACE note, maximum 23 HRC as printed
    status: ground
    source: howco-f6nm
    where: Mechanical properties block (NACE MR0175 limits the supply hardness to 23 HRC max)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 517
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: hardened and double tempered, NACE-approved grade (Howco)
      basis: minimum 0.2 percent proof stress, 75 KSI as printed
    method: Mechanical properties table, Hardened and Double Tempered, 0.2% Proof Stress row
    status: ground
    source: howco-f6nm
    where: Mechanical properties table, Hardened and Double Tempered (0.2% Proof Stress 75 KSI Min (517 N/mm2))
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 18
    bound: exact
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: hardened and double tempered, NACE-approved grade (Howco)
      gauge: not printed
    method: Mechanical properties table, Hardened and Double Tempered, Elongation row
    status: ground
    source: howco-f6nm
    where: Mechanical properties table, Hardened and Double Tempered (Elongation 18 %)
  - benchmark: reduction_of_area
    value: 35
    bound: exact
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: hardened and double tempered, NACE-approved grade (Howco)
    method: Mechanical properties table, Hardened and Double Tempered, Red of Area row
    status: ground
    source: howco-f6nm
    where: Mechanical properties table, Hardened and Double Tempered (Red of Area 35 %)
  - benchmark: charpy_impact_energy
    value: 40
    bound: exact
    unit: J
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: hardened and double tempered, NACE-approved grade (Howco)
      temperature: '-60 C (-75 F)'
    method: Mechanical properties table, CVN Impacts row at -60 C
    status: ground
    source: howco-f6nm
    where: Mechanical properties table (CVN Impacts @ -60°C (-75°F) 40 Joules)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 795
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: annealing or hardening plus tempering (as printed; no single temper or temperature given)
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240)
      basis: minimum
    method: Mechanical Properties block, Tensile Strength in Mpa, minimum as printed
    status: ground
    source: icast-a240-s41500
    where: Mechanical Properties block, Tensile Strength in Mpa 795 min.
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 620
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: annealing or hardening plus tempering (as printed; no single temper or temperature given)
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240)
      basis: minimum
    method: Mechanical Properties block, Yield Strength in Mpa, minimum as printed
    status: ground
    source: icast-a240-s41500
    where: Mechanical Properties block, Yield Strength in Mpa 620 min.
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 15
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: annealing or hardening plus tempering (as printed; no single temper or temperature given)
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240)
      basis: minimum
    method: Mechanical Properties block, Elongation in %, minimum as printed
    status: ground
    source: icast-a240-s41500
    where: Mechanical Properties block, Elongation in % 15 min.
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 302
    bound: upper
    unit: BHN
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: annealing or hardening plus tempering (as printed; no single temper or temperature given)
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240)
      basis: maximum
    method: Mechanical Properties block, Hardness in BHN, maximum as printed
    status: ground
    source: icast-a240-s41500
    where: Mechanical Properties block, Hardness in BHN 302 max.
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 755
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: hardening plus tempering (as printed; temperatures not printed)
      form: casting (ASTM A743 CA6NM)
      basis: minimum
    method: Mechanical Properties block, Tensile Strength in Mpa, minimum as printed
    status: ground
    source: icast-a743-ca6nm
    where: Mechanical Properties block, Tensile Strength in Mpa 755 min.
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 550
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: hardening plus tempering (as printed; temperatures not printed)
      form: casting (ASTM A743 CA6NM)
      basis: minimum
    method: Mechanical Properties block, Yield Strength in Mpa, minimum as printed
    status: ground
    source: icast-a743-ca6nm
    where: Mechanical Properties block, Yield Strength in Mpa 550 min.
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 15
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: hardening plus tempering (as printed; temperatures not printed)
      form: casting (ASTM A743 CA6NM)
      basis: minimum
    method: Mechanical Properties block, Elongation in %, minimum as printed
    status: ground
    source: icast-a743-ca6nm
    where: Mechanical Properties block, Elongation in % 15 min.
  - benchmark: reduction_of_area
    value: 35
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: hardening plus tempering (as printed; temperatures not printed)
      form: casting (ASTM A743 CA6NM)
      basis: minimum
    method: Mechanical Properties block, Reduction of Area in %, minimum as printed
    status: ground
    source: icast-a743-ca6nm
    where: Mechanical Properties block, Reduction of Area in % 35 min.
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 285
    bound: upper
    unit: HB
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: hardening plus tempering (as printed; temperatures not printed)
      form: casting (ASTM A743 CA6NM)
      basis: maximum
    method: Mechanical Properties block, Hardness in HB, maximum as printed
    status: ground
    source: icast-a743-ca6nm
    where: Mechanical Properties block, Hardness in HB 285 max.
  - benchmark: density
    value: 7.61
    value_high: 8.1
    bound: range
    unit: kg/dm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not printed for this physical row
      temperature: 0 - 30 C
    method: Physical properties block, Density row, minimum and maximum as printed
    status: ground
    source: totalmateria-s41500
    where: UNS S41500 Physical Properties block, Density row (0 - 30 C, 7.61 to 8.1 kg/dm3)
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    value: 190
    value_high: 215
    bound: range
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not printed for this physical row
      temperature: 0 - 30 C
    method: Physical properties block, Modulus of Elasticity row, minimum and maximum as printed
    status: ground
    source: totalmateria-s41500
    where: UNS S41500 Physical Properties block, Modulus of Elasticity row (0 - 30 C, 190 to 215 GPa)
  - benchmark: poissons_ratio
    value: 0.27
    value_high: 0.3
    bound: range
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not printed for this physical row
      temperature: 0 - 30 C
    method: Physical properties block, Poisson Coefficient row, minimum and maximum as printed
    status: ground
    source: totalmateria-s41500
    where: UNS S41500 Physical Properties block, Poisson Coefficient row (0 - 30 C, 0.27 to 0.3)
corrosion:
  - environment: General corrosion, low-chloride media
    headline: Medium corrosion resistance; good only in moderately corrosive, chloride-free media (DEW)
    effect: DEW rates corrosion resistance of 1.4313 as medium and says it is good in moderately corrosive media that contain no chlorides. Polished surfaces resist much better than rough ones. DEW prints a PREN of 13,4 to 16,6 with decimal commas as printed. Voestalpine says F6NM has medium corrosion resistance only in media with a low chloride content and that polishing the surfaces is essential for the best resistance.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      basis: laboratory tests with pure agents and ideal specimens; results are only a guide (DEW)
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Korrosionsbeständigkeit text and Allgemeine Eigenschaften table (Korrosionsbeständigkeit mittel)
  - environment: Saturated sodium chloride at 20 C
    headline: Slight attack, with a risk of pitting
    effect: 'DEW table: NaCl saturated at 20 C gives ''geringer Angriff, Gefahr von Lochkorrosion'' (slight attack, risk of pitting corrosion). DEW''s test basis is laboratory tests with pure agents.'
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      concentration: saturated
      temperature: 20 C
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Korrosionsbeständigkeit table, NaCl row
  - environment: Sea water at 20 C
    headline: No rating printed
    effect: DEW prints a dash for sea water at 20 C, so the datasheet gives no result. Voestalpine limits its medium corrosion resistance to media with a low chloride content.
    rating: unknown
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 C
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Korrosionsbeständigkeit table, Meerwasser row (dash)
  - environment: Water vapour at 400 C
    headline: Resistant (DEW)
    effect: 'DEW table: water vapour at 400 C is ''beständig'' (resistant).'
    rating: low
    conditions:
      temperature: 400 C
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Korrosionsbeständigkeit table, Wasserdampf row
  - environment: Nitric acid, 7 percent, at 20 C
    headline: Resistant (DEW)
    effect: 'DEW table: nitric acid at 7 percent and 20 C is ''beständig'' (resistant).'
    rating: low
    conditions:
      concentration: 7 percent
      temperature: 20 C
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Korrosionsbeständigkeit table, Salpetersäure row
  - environment: Sulphuric acid, 1 percent, at 20 C
    headline: Not resistant (DEW)
    effect: 'DEW table: sulphuric acid at 1 percent and 20 C is ''unbeständig'' (not resistant).'
    rating: severe
    conditions:
      concentration: 1 percent
      temperature: 20 C
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Korrosionsbeständigkeit table, Schwefelsäure row
  - environment: Formic acid, 10 percent, at 20 C
    headline: Barely resistant (DEW), mapped to severe
    effect: 'DEW table: formic acid at 10 percent and 20 C is ''kaum beständig'' (barely resistant). The assistant maps this wording to severe.'
    rating: severe
    conditions:
      concentration: 10 percent
      temperature: 20 C
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Korrosionsbeständigkeit table, Ameisensäure row
  - environment: Sour gas service in petroleum engineering
    headline: Hardness capped at 23 HRC by sour-gas heat treatment
    effect: Voestalpine says special heat treatment to max. 23 HRC is required for sour gas environments in petroleum engineering. Howco says NACE MR0175 limits supply hardness to 23 HRC max, imposes heat treatment temperature restrictions, and limits its NACE-approved grade to 75 KSI (517 N/mm2) 0.2 percent proof stress. No sulphide stress cracking test data and no hydrogen cracking limit were read on a fetched page.
    rating: unknown
    conditions:
      limit: 23 HRC maximum
      standard: NACE MR0175 as printed by Howco
    source: voest-f6nm
    where: Product description paragraph (sour gas sentence); Howco mechanical properties NACE note
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: PubChem aggregated GHS notifications for elemental nickel (CID 935) include H317 (may cause an allergic skin reaction), H351 (suspected of causing cancer), H372 (causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure) and H412 (harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects). Signal words differ between notifications (Danger and Warning). These describe the element, not the S41500 alloy.
      ghs:
        - H317
        - H351
        - H372
        - H412
      source: pubchem-nickel
      where: GHS Classification section, aggregated notifications (CID 935)
    - text: PubChem notifications for elemental chromium (CID 23976) include H317, H319 (causes serious eye irritation), H334 (may cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled) and H341 (suspected of causing genetic defects). The notifications are not a supplier classification of the alloy.
      ghs:
        - H317
        - H319
        - H334
        - H341
      source: pubchem-chromium
      where: GHS Classification section, notifications (CID 23976)
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Pitting corrosion in chloride water
      trigger: Saturated sodium chloride or chloride-bearing water at 20 C, with rough surfaces
      consequence: 'DEW: slight attack with a risk of pitting. Polished surfaces resist much better.'
      severity: moderate
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Korrosionsbeständigkeit table (NaCl row) and text
    - mode: Embrittlement from processing near 825 C
      trigger: Manufacture or processing that holds in the 825 C range
      consequence: DEW says to avoid that range during manufacture and processing to keep the embrittlement risk as low as possible. The severity is the assistant's rating, not a source value.
      severity: moderate
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Temperaturen für Warmumformung und Wärmebehandlung text
    - mode: Sour-gas service above the hardness cap
      trigger: Hardness above 23 HRC in sour gas service
      consequence: Voestalpine requires heat treatment to max. 23 HRC for sour gas; Howco says NACE MR0175 limits supply hardness to 23 HRC max. The severity is the assistant's rating.
      severity: high
      source: voest-f6nm
      where: Product description paragraph (sour gas sentence)
    - mode: Poor weldability
      trigger: Welding without preheat, or without tempering afterwards
      consequence: DEW rates weldability as poor (Schweißeignung schlecht) and asks for preheat to about 150 C and tempering after welding.
      severity: moderate
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Allgemeine Eigenschaften table (Schweißeignung schlecht) and Schweißen text
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: 'Forging: heat slowly to about 850 C, then quickly to 1100 to 1150 C, and forge between 1150 and 900 C (DEW).'
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Warmumformung, Schmieden text
    - text: 'Cold forming is not suitable: DEW lists cold forming and cold heading as no.'
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Verarbeitung table (Kaltumformung nein; Kaltstauchen nein)
    - text: 'Heat treatment windows as printed: annealing 600 to 650 C; hardening 950 to 1050 C with air, oil or polymer quench; tempering +QT700 at 650 to 700 C then 600 to 620 C; +QT780 at 550 to 600 C; +QT900 at 520 to 580 C, water or air cooled.'
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Wärmebehandlung table
    - text: 'Machining: automatic machining yes, machinability medium, similar to structural steels of the same hardness (DEW).'
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Verarbeitung table and Spanende Bearbeitung text
    - text: Polish the surfaces that face the corrodent, because polished surfaces resist corrosion much better than rough ones.
      source: voest-f6nm
      where: Product description paragraph (polish the surfaces)
  mitigations:
    - text: Preheat to about 150 C, use the usual arc welding processes, temper after welding (or cool slowly and then temper), and remove scale and temper colours (DEW).
      source: dew-1-4313
      where: Schweißen text
    - text: Choose the quenched and tempered level needed (+QT700, +QT780 or +QT900, DEW) and keep sour-service hardness at or below 23 HRC (Voestalpine; Howco).
      source: voest-f6nm
      where: Product description paragraph and Howco NACE note
    - text: Howco says targeted cast analysis and its heat treatment control allow an 85 KSI yield strength while still meeting NACE hardness limits. This is a reseller claim, not a standard.
      source: howco-f6nm
      where: Mechanical properties note (NACE)
uses:
  - application: structures
    device: Hydroelectric turbine parts
    example: DEW lists turbines for hydroelectric power stations as an application. Voestalpine lists hydroelectric machines and turbines among the uses of F6NM. These are terrestrial uses; no spacecraft part is named.
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Verwendungshinweise and Anwendungsgebiete list (Turbinen für Wasserkraftwerke)
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Pumps and compressor components
    example: DEW lists pump and compressor components. Voestalpine lists pumps, compressors and pumps and high-pressure components, and ICAST lists pumps for its A240 and A743 grades.
    source: dew-1-4313
    where: Anwendungsgebiete list (Pumpen- und Kompressorenbauteile)
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Valves and actuators
    example: Voestalpine lists valves and actuators. ICAST lists valves for its A240 and A743 grades. No space valve is named.
    source: voest-f6nm
    where: Applications tab (Valves & actuators)
  - application: structures
    device: Tubular products, flanges and fittings; wellhead and Christmas tree parts
    example: Voestalpine lists tubular products, flanges and fittings, wellhead, Christmas trees and manifolds among its applications for F6NM, under oil and gas and process components.
    source: voest-f6nm
    where: Applications tab (Other O&G + CPI components; Tubular products, flanges & fittings; Wellhead, x-mas trees & manifolds)
supply:
  - subject: Chromium production by country
    abundance: World mine production about 51,000 thousand t gross weight in 2025 (estimated; 49,600 thousand t in 2024). World resources greater than 12 billion t of shipping-grade chromite, 95 percent in Kazakhstan and southern Africa (USGS MCS 2026).
    producers:
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 45.1
        year: 2025
        basis: 23,000 of 51,000 thousand t gross weight (estimated), computed
      - country: Turkey
        share_percent: 17.6
        year: 2025
        basis: 9,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 13.7
        year: 2025
        basis: 7,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: India
        share_percent: 5.9
        year: 2025
        basis: 3,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: Brazil
        share_percent: 3.9
        year: 2025
        basis: 2,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: Zimbabwe
        share_percent: 3.9
        year: 2025
        basis: 2,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Recycled chromium in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts was 21 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025.
    substitutes:
      - Chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use, or in superalloys (USGS MCS 2026).
    source: usgs-chromium-2026
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves; Substitutes; Recycling
  - subject: Chromium import reliance
    abundance: 'US net import reliance was 79 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated). Chromite imports 2021 to 2024: South Africa 96 percent, Turkey 3 percent, other 1 percent (USGS MCS 2026).'
    producers: []
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Recycled chromium was 21 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025.
    substitutes: []
    source: usgs-chromium-2026
    where: Salient Statistics (net import reliance row); Import Sources (2021-24)
  - subject: Nickel production by country
    abundance: World mine production 3,900,000 t of nickel content in 2025 (estimated; 3,710,000 t in 2024). World reserves more than 140,000,000 t, of which Indonesia 62,000,000 t (USGS MCS 2026).
    producers:
      - country: Indonesia
        share_percent: 66.7
        year: 2025
        basis: 2,600,000 t of 3,900,000 t mine production (estimated), computed
      - country: Philippines
        share_percent: 6.9
        year: 2025
        basis: 270,000 t of 3,900,000 t, computed
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.1
        year: 2025
        basis: 200,000 t of 3,900,000 t, computed
      - country: New Caledonia
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
        basis: 140,000 t of 3,900,000 t, computed
      - country: Canada
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
        basis: 140,000 t of 3,900,000 t, computed
      - country: China
        share_percent: 3.1
        year: 2025
        basis: 120,000 t of 3,900,000 t, computed
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Nickel recovered from scrap was about 60 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025. Most secondary nickel is the nickel content of stainless-steel scrap.
    substitutes:
      - Nickel-free specialty steels are sometimes used in place of stainless steel in the power-generating and petrochemical industries (USGS MCS 2026).
    source: usgs-nickel-2026
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves; Recycling; Substitutes
  - subject: Nickel use and US import reliance
    abundance: Stainless and alloy steel and nickel-containing alloys typically account for more than 85 percent of US domestic consumption. US net import reliance was 41 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated) (USGS MCS 2026).
    producers: []
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Nickel recovered from scrap was about 60 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025.
    substitutes: []
    source: usgs-nickel-2026
    where: Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics (net import reliance row)
  - subject: Critical-mineral policy
    abundance: The USGS nickel page notes Executive Order 14285 (April 2025), which called for seabed mineral development to help secure supplies of critical minerals such as nickel. The page prints no critical-mineral list.
    producers: []
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: ''
    substitutes: []
    source: usgs-nickel-2026
    where: Events, Trends, and Issues
media: []
documents:
  - title: 'Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): Acidur 4313 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X3CrNiMo13-4, 1.4313 (datasheet 2016-0051)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4313_de.pdf
    year: 2016
  - title: 'voestalpine Specialty Metals: F6NM product page'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/en/products/f6nm/
  - title: 'ICAST Alloys: ASTM A240 UNS S41500 data sheet'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20A240%20UNS%20S41500.pdf
  - title: 'ICAST Alloys: ASTM A743 CA6NM data sheet'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20A743%20CA6NM.pdf
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Swiss Steel (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf
  - title: 'Total Materia: UNS S41500 physical properties and international equivalent materials'
    type: database
    url: https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1241614
  - title: 'Howco Group: Grade F6NM (NACE note and mechanical properties)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.howcogroup.com/materials/stainless-duplex-super-duplex/grade-f6nm/
  - title: 'PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), UN GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON
  - title: 'PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), UN GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON
gaps:
  - 'No space use is named in any source read. The uses are terrestrial: hydroelectric turbines, pumps, valves, flanges and wellhead parts (DEW, Voestalpine, ICAST). The applications and stresses tags follow those uses and are not space-sourced.'
  - Density, coefficient of thermal expansion and electrical resistivity from the DEW datasheet are printed with German decimal commas (7,7 kg/dm3; 10,5 to 11,6 x 10-6 K-1; 0,6 Ohm mm2/m). The gate's number match cannot read them, so they are not in the file. Density is taken from the TotalMateria range (7.61 to 8.1 kg/dm3). No English source with CTE or electrical resistivity for S41500 was read.
  - No melting point, fracture toughness, fatigue strength or magnetic data for S41500 was found on a fetched page.
  - hardness, charpy_impact_energy and reduction_of_area are not in spores/property-canon.yaml, so short snake_case names are used. The hardness values mix HB, BHN and HRC as printed.
  - The ICAST ASTM A240 and A743 sheets print heat treatment only as annealing or hardening plus tempering, or hardening plus tempering. No temperatures or temper are printed, so their strength values carry that condition.
  - 'Sour service: the 23 HRC cap is printed by Voestalpine and by Howco, which cites NACE MR0175. The NACE MR0175 and ISO 15156 text was not reachable, and the 2017 Metals paper on 13Cr-4Ni tempering returned Access Denied, so no sulphide stress cracking test data are recorded. No hydrogen cracking limit was found on a fetched page.'
  - Howco gives two conflicting tensile figures for its NACE grade (95 KSI tensile and 95 KSI proof stress for ASTM A182), so only its yield, elongation, reduction of area, CVN at -60 C and NACE hardness statements are used.
  - 'Equivalence: no fetched source calls any name a nearest equivalent. TotalMateria lists 15 of 122 equivalents, all marked Official, and 1.4418 is not among them. The Swiss Steel 1.4418 datasheet names no S41500 equivalent.'
  - Composition windows differ by standard. DEW prints EN 10088-3 for 1.4313 (Cr 12.0 to 14.0, Ni 3.5 to 4.5, Mo 0.3 to 0.7) and ASTM A276 for the S41500 type (Cr 11.5 to 14.0, Ni 3.5 to 5.5, Mo 0.5 to 1.0). The recipe uses the ICAST ASTM A240 table.
  - Hazards are PubChem element records for nickel and chromium, not supplier classifications of the alloy. No safety data sheet for S41500 or F6NM was read.
  - Corrosion ratings map DEW's German words (beständig to low, geringer Angriff to moderate, unbeständig and kaum beständig to severe). DEW prints no sea-water rating (a dash). Failure-risk severities are the assistant's ratings; the sources give none.
  - The USGS chromium and nickel pages print no critical-mineral list, so critical_lists is empty. Producer shares are computed from printed tonnages.
  - No NASA or ESA source naming S41500, F6NM or CA6NM was read. The SFSA CA6NM data sheet and a Torvergata copy of the 2017 Metals paper were behind a Cloudflare challenge, and OSTI 89687 did not respond.
  - identity.designations is not in src/content.config.ts, so the site schema strips it. It is kept in the file as requested.
sources:
  dew-1-4313:
    title: 'Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): Acidur 4313 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X3CrNiMo13-4, 1.4313'
    id: 2016-0051
    url: https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4313_de.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    year: 2016
    license: cited, not reproduced
  voest-f6nm:
    title: 'voestalpine Specialty Metals: F6NM product page'
    id: F6NM
    url: https://www.voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/en/products/f6nm/
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  icast-a240-s41500:
    title: 'ICAST Alloys: ASTM A240 UNS S41500 data sheet'
    id: ASTM A240 UNS S41500
    url: https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20A240%20UNS%20S41500.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  icast-a743-ca6nm:
    title: 'ICAST Alloys: ASTM A743 CA6NM data sheet'
    id: ASTM A743 CA6NM
    url: https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20A743%20CA6NM.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  usgs-chromium-2026:
    title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    id: mcs2026-chromium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    kind: report
    year: 2026
    license: public domain
  usgs-nickel-2026:
    title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    id: mcs2026-nickel
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    kind: report
    year: 2026
    license: public domain
  swiss-1-4418:
    title: 'Swiss Steel (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet'
    id: Revision-No. 4418-1
    url: https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  totalmateria-s41500:
    title: 'Total Materia: UNS S41500 physical properties and international equivalent materials'
    id: '1241614'
    url: https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1241614
    kind: database
    license: Total Materia terms (cited, not reproduced)
  howco-f6nm:
    title: 'Howco Group: Grade F6NM (NACE note and mechanical properties)'
    url: https://www.howcogroup.com/materials/stainless-duplex-super-duplex/grade-f6nm/
    kind: web
    license: cited, not reproduced
  pubchem-nickel:
    title: 'PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), UN GHS classification'
    id: CID 935
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON
    kind: database
    license: PubChem terms (public)
  pubchem-chromium:
    title: 'PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), UN GHS classification'
    id: CID 23976
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON
    kind: database
    license: PubChem terms (public)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-24'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 43
  unreachable: 5
  caveats: 3
  note: 'Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from pages fetched in this run: the DEW 1.4313 and 1.4418 datasheets, the Voestalpine F6NM page, the ICAST ASTM A240 UNS S41500 and A743 CA6NM sheets, the TotalMateria S41500 page, the Howco F6NM page, USGS MCS 2026 chromium and nickel, and PubChem nickel and chromium. Unreachable: MDPI Metals 2017 (Access Denied), the SFSA CA6NM sheet and a Torvergata copy of the Metals paper (Cloudflare challenge), OSTI 89687 (no response), MakeItFrom AISI 415 (blocked). Same-grade statements come from the Voestalpine Material Designations row, the DEW designation table and TotalMateria''s official equivalents; no fetched source uses nearest equivalent. Caveats: Howco''s tensile figures conflict with each other, TotalMateria gives physical ranges only, and the sour-service cap is a supplier and reseller statement, not the standard text.'
story:
  recipe:
    line: UNS S41500 is an iron-based martensitic stainless steel made from chromium, nickel and molybdenum with low carbon (ICAST, ASTM A240 table). F6NM is supplied quenched and tempered (Voestalpine), and CA6NM castings are hardened and tempered (ICAST A743). DEW's datasheet gives a hardening window of 950 to 1050 C and a separate tempering window for each strength level.
    parts:
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_note: balance (the rest)
        role: Matrix of the alloy; it forms martensite on quenching.
        source: icast-a240-s41500
        where: Chemical composition table, Iron row
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        share_percent: 11.5
        share_high: 14
        role: Forms the passive oxide film that gives stainless corrosion resistance (general chemistry; the composition table gives the limits).
        source: icast-a240-s41500
        where: Chemical composition table, Chromium row (11.500 to 14.000)
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        share_percent: 3.5
        share_high: 5.5
        role: Nickel addition to the martensitic grade; DEW describes good toughness in the quenched and tempered state.
        source: icast-a240-s41500
        where: Chemical composition table, Nickel row (3.500 to 5.500)
      - name: Molybdenum
        symbol: Mo
        share_percent: 0.5
        share_high: 1
        role: Molybdenum addition (Voestalpine) that supports corrosion resistance and strength.
        source: icast-a240-s41500
        where: Chemical composition table, Molybdenum row (0.500 to 1.000)
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.05
        limit: maximum
        role: Kept low; the maximum is 0.050 percent in ASTM A240 and 0.060 in the cast ASTM A743 grade.
        source: icast-a240-s41500
        where: Chemical composition table, Carbon row (0.050 max)
      - name: Manganese
        symbol: Mn
        share_percent: 0.5
        share_high: 1
        role: Melt-practice element within the printed range.
        source: icast-a240-s41500
        where: Chemical composition table, Manganese row (0.500 to 1.000)
      - name: Silicon
        symbol: Si
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.6
        limit: maximum
        role: Melt-practice element, held to a maximum.
        source: icast-a240-s41500
        where: Chemical composition table, Silicon row (0.600 max)
      - name: Phosphorus
        symbol: P
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.03
        limit: maximum
        role: Impurity held low.
        source: icast-a240-s41500
        where: Chemical composition table, Phosphorus row (0.030 max)
      - name: Sulphur
        symbol: S
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.03
        limit: maximum
        role: Impurity held low.
        source: icast-a240-s41500
        where: Chemical composition table, Sulphur row (0.030 max)
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 1
      verdict: Element records only; no alloy SDS read
      lead: The PubChem records below are for elemental nickel and chromium. No safety data sheet for S41500 was read.
      points:
        - label: Nickel
          line: PubChem lists H317, H351, H372 and H412 for elemental nickel, with signal words Danger and Warning in its notifications.
        - label: Chromium
          line: PubChem lists H317, H319, H334 and H341 for elemental chromium.
    - title: In the environment
      level: 2
      verdict: Chlorides and sour gas are the watch points
      lead: Pitting in chloride water and the sour-gas hardness cap are the main limits in service.
      points:
        - label: Chloride
          line: DEW says slight attack with a risk of pitting in saturated NaCl at 20 C, and that polished surfaces resist much better.
        - label: Sour gas
          line: Voestalpine requires special heat treatment to max. 23 HRC for sour gas. Howco says NACE MR0175 limits supply hardness to 23 HRC max.
    - title: Welding and heat
      level: 2
      verdict: Preheat, temper and avoid 825 C
      lead: DEW rates weldability as poor and says processing near 825 C risks embrittlement.
      points:
        - label: Welding
          line: DEW asks for preheat to about 150 C and tempering after welding.
        - label: 825 C
          line: DEW says to avoid the 825 C range during manufacture and processing to limit embrittlement.
  why: UNS S41500 is a soft martensitic stainless steel with about 13 percent chromium and 4 percent nickel, plus molybdenum. It is hardened and tempered to get strength and toughness, and it is sold as the forged grade F6NM and the cast grade CA6NM. DEW and Voestalpine name hydroelectric turbines and pumps as its main uses, and Voestalpine also names valves. Its limits are chloride pitting, poor weldability and a 23 HRC hardness cap for sour gas.
  uses:
    - where: Hydroelectric turbines
      line: DEW lists turbines for hydroelectric power stations among the applications. Voestalpine lists hydroelectric machines and turbines among the uses of F6NM.
    - where: Pumps and compressors
      line: DEW lists pump and compressor components. Voestalpine lists pumps and high-pressure pump parts, and ICAST lists pumps for its A240 and A743 grades.
    - where: Valves and actuators
      line: Voestalpine lists valves and actuators, and ICAST lists valves for its A240 and A743 grades.
    - where: Oil and gas and piping
      line: Voestalpine lists wellhead and Christmas tree parts, manifolds, tubular products, flanges and fittings. These are terrestrial uses; no space part is named.
  can_do:
    - label: Strength
      benchmark: yield_strength
      line: Quenched and tempered at the +QT780 level, the DEW datasheet gives at least 620 MPa yield and 780 to 980 MPa tensile strength for sections up to 160 mm.
    - label: Toughness
      benchmark: charpy_impact_energy
      line: At +QT700 the DEW datasheet gives 70 J impact energy in the longitudinal direction for sections up to 160 mm. Howco gives 40 J at -60 C for its NACE grade.
    - label: Hot strength
      benchmark: yield_strength
      line: At +QT780 the DEW table gives 590 MPa yield at 100 C and 515 MPa at 350 C.
    - label: Stiffness
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      line: The DEW datasheet gives 200 GPa at 20 C and 170 GPa at 400 C. TotalMateria gives 190 to 215 GPa at 0 to 30 C.
    - label: Service range
      benchmark: min_service_temp
      line: DEW says it can be used from -60 C to 300 C. Voestalpine recommends a use temperature up to 350 C.
  compare: 'Same grade, per the sources: UNS S41500, F6NM (forged, ASTM A182), 1.4313 and X3CrNiMo13-4 are listed together as one grade by Voestalpine and the DEW datasheet, and TotalMateria marks them official equivalents. CA6NM is the cast counterpart: ICAST''s cross-reference table lists CA6NM castings against S41500, but its ASTM A743 limits differ (carbon 0.060 maximum, nickel 3.500 to 4.500, molybdenum 0.400 to 1.000). No fetched source calls any name a nearest equivalent. 1.4418 (X4CrNiMo16-5-1) is a related higher-chromium grade, with chromium 15.00 to 17.00 on its Swiss Steel datasheet, and no fetched source lists it as an equivalent. Against 1.4418, S41500 has less chromium and nickel, and its datasheet rates corrosion resistance as medium where the 1.4418 datasheet rates it good. Within the grade, the cast CA6NM has a lower minimum yield (550 MPa) than the 620 MPa minimum in the ASTM A240 table.'
  compare_rows:
    - label: Yield strength
      benchmark: yield_strength
      scope: material
    - label: Tensile strength
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      scope: material
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
      scope: material
  handling:
    - Forge slowly to about 850 C, heat quickly to 1100 to 1150 C, and forge between 1150 and 900 C (DEW).
    - 'Do not cold form: DEW lists cold forming as not suitable.'
    - Preheat to about 150 C, use the usual arc welding processes, temper after welding, and remove scale and temper colours (DEW).
    - Polish the surfaces that face the corrodent, because polished surfaces resist corrosion much better than rough ones (DEW; Voestalpine).
  good_for:
    - Turbine, pump and valve parts that need quenched and tempered strength and good low-temperature toughness (DEW; Voestalpine).
    - Low-chloride process media and mildly corrosive water where the surface can be polished (DEW; Voestalpine).
  watch_out:
    - 'Chlorides: DEW says slight attack with a risk of pitting in saturated salt water at 20 C, and it gives no sea-water rating.'
    - 'Sour gas: keep hardness at or below 23 HRC (Voestalpine; NACE MR0175 as printed by Howco).'
    - 'Welding: DEW rates weldability as poor and asks for preheat and tempering after welding.'
    - 'Heat near 825 C: DEW says to avoid that range to limit embrittlement.'
    - 'Cast and wrought limits differ: CA6NM castings have a 550 MPa minimum yield, against 620 MPa for the ASTM A240 table.'
  verdict: UNS S41500 (forged F6NM, cast CA6NM) is a quenched and tempered 13Cr-4Ni steel for hydroelectric turbines, pumps and valves. Its strength and low-temperature toughness are well sourced. Its limits are chloride pitting, poor weldability and the 23 HRC cap for sour gas, and no space flight or space-environment data were found.