spore: profile
id: stainless-410s
spore_version: 0.2
family: stainless-martensitic
name: Stainless steel 410S
abbreviation: 410S (UNS S41008)
role: structural alloy
category: metals
type: steels-and-stainless
summary: |
  Type 410S is the low-carbon modification of Type 410, with 11.5 to 13.5 percent chromium and at most 0.08 percent carbon. Rolled Alloys says the low carbon, with an optional titanium or columbium addition, minimises austenite formation at high temperature, so the alloy stays soft and ductile after rapid cooling and is easier to weld than 410. It is ferromagnetic and completely ferritic when annealed. Typical annealed data are 42 ksi yield and 64.4 ksi tensile (Rolled Alloys), with 33 percent elongation and Rb 75 hardness. Tower packing, distillation trays, automotive exhaust components and quenching racks are the uses the sources list.
best_for: Ferromagnetic, weldable stainless parts for hot or mildly corrosive service, such as distillation trays, tower packing and exhaust components, where the 410 hardening response is not wanted
weakest_at: Chloride and marine service (no 410S test data was found), and room-temperature brittleness in thick sections (Jacquet)
identity:
  formula: Fe balance, 11.5 to 13.5 Cr, max 0.08 C, max 1.0 Mn, max 1.0 Si, max 0.6 Ni, max 0.04 P, max 0.03 S, max 0.20 Ti optional (wt%, as printed by Combined Metals; Rolled Alloys prints max 0.6 Ni and an optional titanium or columbium addition)
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: S41008
      source: rolled-410s
      where: 'Specifications line (UNS: S41008)'
    - system: EN
      code: '1.4000'
      source: rolled-410s
      where: 'Specifications line (W. Nr./EN: 1.4000)'
    - system: JIS
      code: SUS410S
      source: totalmateria-sus410s
      where: Page title (JIS SUS410S)
    - system: AISI
      code: 410S
      source: rolled-410s
      where: Page title (410S Stainless)
    - system: ASTM
      code: A240
      note: sheet, strip and plate
      source: jacquet-410s
      where: Specifications and certificates section (410S material is produced to the requirements of ASTM A240)
  source: rolled-410s
  where: Specifications and chemical composition tables (Rolled Alloys); Combined Metals and Jacquet print the same UNS, EN and ASTM A240 codes
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - structures
    - thermal-control
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    value: 7.73
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 C (At 20 C column)
    method: Material datasheet, At 20 C column, printed as 7.73 g/cm3
    status: ground
    source: combmet-410s
    where: Physical Properties table (Density row, At 20 C column)
  - benchmark: melting_point
    value: 1480
    value_high: 1530
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      basis: melting range as printed, 2700 to 2790 F
    method: Physical properties table, Melting Range row, printed as 1480-1530 °C
    status: ground
    source: jacquet-410s
    where: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES table (Melting Range row, SI column)
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    value: 200
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 C (At 20 C column)
    method: Physical properties table, At 20 C column, printed as 200 GPa
    status: ground
    source: combmet-410s
    where: Physical Properties table (Modulus of Elasticity row, At 20 C column)
  - benchmark: cte
    value: 10.8
    unit: µm/m·K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 0 to 100 C (32 to 212 F)
      basis: mean coefficient, printed as 6.0 x 10-6 in/in/F and 10.8 µm/m·K
    method: Physical properties table, SI column, row for 32 to 212 F (0 to 100 C)
    status: ground
    source: jacquet-410s
    where: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES table (Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion, 32-212 F row)
  - benchmark: cte
    value: 12.2
    unit: µm/m·K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 0 to 538 C (32 to 1000 F)
      basis: mean coefficient, printed as 6.7 x 10-6 in/in/F
    method: Physical properties table, SI column, row for 32 to 1000 F (0 to 538 C)
    status: ground
    source: jacquet-410s
    where: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES table (Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion, 32-1000 F row)
  - benchmark: cte
    value: 13.5
    unit: µm/m·K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 0 to 649 C (32 to 1200 F)
      basis: mean coefficient, printed as 7.5 x 10-6 in/in/F
    method: Physical properties table, SI column, row for 32 to 1200 F (0 to 649 C)
    status: ground
    source: jacquet-410s
    where: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES table (Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion, 32-1200 F row)
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    value: 26.9
    unit: W/m-K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 100 C (212 F)
    method: Physical properties table, printed as 187 Btu·in/hr·ft²·°F (212 F) and 26.9 W/m·K (100 C)
    status: ground
    source: jacquet-410s
    where: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES table (Thermal Conductivity 212 F (100 C) row, SI column)
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    value: 0.46
    unit: kJ/kg·K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 C (68 F)
    method: Physical properties table, printed as 0.11 Btu/lb·F and 0.46 kJ/kg·K at 68 F (20 C)
    status: ground
    source: jacquet-410s
    where: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES table (Specific Heat row, SI column)
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    value: 60
    unit: µohm-cm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 C (At 20 C column)
    method: Physical properties table, At 20 C column, printed as 60 µohm-cm
    status: ground
    source: combmet-410s
    where: Physical Properties table (Electrical Resistivity row, At 20 C column)
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    value: 705
    unit: °C
    bound: upper
    scope: material
    conditions:
      basis: continuous service limit, printed as 1300 F (705 C)
    method: Oxidation Resistance page, printed as 'can be used in continuous service up to 1300°F (705°C)'
    status: ground
    source: tubing-410s
    where: Oxidation Resistance page (continuous service sentence)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 30
    unit: ksi
    bound: lower
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not printed
      basis: minimum, plate
    method: Mechanical properties table, Minimum (Plate) column, 0.2 percent yield printed as 30 ksi
    status: ground
    source: rolled-410s
    where: Mechanical Properties table (0.2% Yield Strength row, Minimum (Plate) column)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 42
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not printed
      basis: typical
    method: Mechanical properties table, Typical column, 0.2 percent yield printed as 42 ksi
    status: ground
    source: rolled-410s
    where: Mechanical Properties table (0.2% Yield Strength row, Typical column)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 276
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: annealed
      basis: typical, based on ASTM A240
    method: Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, Annealed row, printed as 40 ksi (276 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: combmet-410s
    where: Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table (Annealed row, 0.2% offset yield)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 60
    unit: ksi
    bound: lower
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not printed
      basis: minimum, plate
    method: Mechanical properties table, Minimum (Plate) column, printed as 60 ksi
    status: ground
    source: rolled-410s
    where: Mechanical Properties table (Ultimate Tensile Strength row, Minimum (Plate) column)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 64.4
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not printed
      basis: typical
    method: Mechanical properties table, Typical column, printed as 64.4 ksi
    status: ground
    source: rolled-410s
    where: Mechanical Properties table (Ultimate Tensile Strength row, Typical column)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 448
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: annealed
      basis: typical, based on ASTM A240
    method: Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, Annealed row, printed as 65 ksi (448 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: combmet-410s
    where: Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table (Annealed row, UTS)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 22
    unit: '%'
    bound: lower
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not printed
      basis: minimum, plate
    method: Mechanical properties table, Minimum (Plate) column, printed as 22 percent
    status: ground
    source: rolled-410s
    where: Mechanical Properties table (Elongation row, Minimum (Plate) column)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 33
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not printed
      basis: typical
    method: Mechanical properties table, Typical column, printed as 33 percent
    status: ground
    source: rolled-410s
    where: Mechanical Properties table (Elongation row, Typical column)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 30
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: annealed
      gauge: 2 in (50.8 mm)
      basis: typical, based on ASTM A240
    method: Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, Annealed row, printed as 30%
    status: ground
    source: combmet-410s
    where: Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table (Annealed row, Elongation in 2 in)
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 89
    unit: HRB
    bound: upper
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not printed
      basis: maximum, plate, printed as Rb 89 (max)
    method: Mechanical properties table, Minimum (Plate) column, Hardness row
    status: ground
    source: rolled-410s
    where: Mechanical Properties table (Hardness row, Minimum (Plate) column)
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 75
    unit: HRB
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: not printed
      basis: typical
    method: Mechanical properties table, Typical column, printed as Rb 75
    status: ground
    source: rolled-410s
    where: Mechanical Properties table (Hardness row, Typical column)
corrosion:
  - environment: Fresh water, atmosphere and mild acids
    headline: Vendor wording says 410S has excellent corrosion resistance in many environments and is a favourable choice for corrosive service.
    effect: Materialwelding says 410S and 410 both resist corrosion well in many environments, and that the low carbon of 410S improves resistance to intergranular corrosion. No measured corrosion rate was read, so the rating is a judgement from that wording.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      temperature: not printed
      service: general corrosive service, no test data
    source: materialwelding-410s
    where: Article body (410 vs 410S comparison, corrosion paragraph)
  - environment: Scaling and oxidation in hot service
    headline: Tubing supplier says 410S oxidation resistance is good, with continuous service up to 705 C.
    effect: The supplier page says the oxidation resistance of 410S is good, that it can be used in continuous service up to 1300 F (705 C), and that scaling becomes excessive above 1500 F (811 C) in intermittent service.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      temperature: up to 705 C continuous; scaling above 811 C intermittent
    source: tubing-410s
    where: Oxidation Resistance page
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: PubChem notifications for elemental chromium include H317 (20.7%), H319 (19.1%), H320 and H334 (20.3%, signal word Danger). Other notifications add H335, H341, H371, H400 and H410. These are records for the element, not for 410S steel, and no safety data sheet for 410S was read.
      ghs:
        - H317
        - H319
        - H320
        - H334
        - H335
        - H341
        - H371
        - H400
        - H410
      source: pubchem-chromium
      where: GHS Classification, aggregated notifications (CID 23976)
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Brittleness at room temperature in thick sections
      trigger: Thick sections, with the ductile-to-brittle transition depending on thickness, heat treatment, configuration and loading rate
      consequence: Jacquet says ferritic and martensitic stainless steels show a ductile-to-brittle transition as temperature is reduced, and that thick sections may be brittle at room temperature.
      severity: moderate
      source: jacquet-410s
      where: Room Temperature Mechanical Properties section (DBTT paragraph)
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: Rolled Alloys says 410S has increased weldability over 410 because the low carbon limits hardening. The material remains soft and ductile even when it is rapidly cooled from above the critical temperature.
      source: rolled-410s
      where: Description paragraph and Features list
    - text: Combined Metals says the non-hardening characteristic hinders cracking when the steel is welded.
      source: combmet-410s
      where: Description paragraph
    - text: The alloy is ferromagnetic (Rolled Alloys) and magnetic permeability is printed as ferromagnetic (Jacquet).
      source: rolled-410s
      where: Description paragraph
  mitigations:
    - text: Use 410S where welding or exposure to high temperature is expected, because it resists the hardening that makes 410 crack after welding (Rolled Alloys).
      source: rolled-410s
      where: Description paragraph
uses:
  - application: structures
    device: Tower packing and distillation trays
    example: Rolled Alloys, Combined Metals and Jacquet all list tower packing or distillation trays as 410S applications. These are process-plant parts, not spacecraft hardware.
    source: rolled-410s
    where: Applications list (Tower packing; Distillation trays)
  - application: thermal-control
    device: Automotive exhaust components
    example: Rolled Alloys and Jacquet list automotive exhaust components, where the sources cite high-temperature service. These are road-vehicle parts, not spacecraft hardware.
    source: jacquet-410s
    where: Potential applications paragraph
  - application: structures
    device: Quenching racks
    example: Rolled Alloys lists quenching racks among its applications for 410S. No spacecraft part is named.
    source: rolled-410s
    where: Applications list (Quenching racks)
supply:
  - subject: Chromium
    abundance: World mine production was about 51,000 thousand t (chromium content, 2025 estimated). World resources are greater than 12 billion t of shipping-grade chromite, 95 percent in Kazakhstan and southern Africa (USGS 2026).
    producers:
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 45.1
        year: 2025
        basis: 23,000 of 51,000 thousand t (2025e), computed
      - country: Turkey
        share_percent: 17.6
        year: 2025
        basis: 9,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 13.7
        year: 2025
        basis: 7,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: India
        share_percent: 5.9
        year: 2025
        basis: 3,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: Brazil
        share_percent: 3.9
        year: 2025
        basis: 2,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: Zimbabwe
        share_percent: 3.9
        year: 2025
        basis: 2,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: Finland
        share_percent: 3.7
        year: 2025
        basis: 1,900 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Recycled chromium in stainless-steel scrap receipts was 21 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025.
    substitutes:
      - Chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use (USGS 2026).
    source: usgs-chromium-2026
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table (2025e); World Resources; Substitutes; Recycling
  - subject: Chromium import reliance
    abundance: 'US net import reliance was 79 percent of apparent consumption in 2025. Chromite ore imports 2021 to 2024: South Africa 96 percent, Turkey 3 percent, other 1 percent (USGS 2026).'
    producers: []
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Recycled chromium was 21 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025.
    substitutes: []
    source: usgs-chromium-2026
    where: Salient Statistics (Net import reliance row); Import Sources (2021-24)
media: []
documents:
  - title: 'Rolled Alloys: 410S Stainless Data Sheet (UNS S41008, W. Nr./EN 1.4000)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.rolledalloys.ca/wp-content/uploads/410S_stainless-steel-data-sheet.pdf
    year: 2011
  - title: 'Combined Metals: 410S Stainless Steel Material Datasheet (REV 2022 08 05)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/cmc_410s_data_sheet_002-1.pdf
    year: 2022
  - title: 'Jacquet: 410S Stainless Steel: Ferritic technical sheet (UNS S41008)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://usa.myjacquet.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2025/08/Technical_Sheet_410S.pdf
    year: 2025
  - title: 'Total Materia: JIS SUS410S stainless steel page'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1080521
  - title: 'Tubing supplier: Oxidation Resistance, AISI 410S stainless steel tubes'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://tubingchina.com/410S-Oxidation-Resistance.htm
  - title: 'Materialwelding: 410 vs 410S stainless steel'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://materialwelding.com/?p=530511
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON
gaps:
  - 'Yield and tensile values disagree between sources: Rolled Alloys prints typical 42 ksi yield and 64.4 ksi tensile, and Combined Metals prints 40 ksi (276 MPa) and 65 ksi (448 MPa) for the annealed condition. Both are kept with their source.'
  - The heat-treatment condition of the tensile and hardness values is not printed by these sources, so the condition is marked not printed.
  - No chloride, marine or pitting test for 410S was read. The corrosion rating for chloride service is therefore not in this file.
  - Materialwelding says 410 and 410S belong to the martensitic family, while Rolled Alloys and Jacquet say 410S is completely ferritic when annealed. The file follows the datasheet wording (ferritic), and the family conflict is not resolved.
  - The Combined Metals web page (combmet.com/410s) returned a Cloudflare block in this run, so only its PDF datasheet was read.
  - The Tubing supplier and Materialwelding pages are web articles, not manufacturer datasheets. The temperature limit and corrosion wording come from them.
  - EN name X6Cr13 is printed only in the Total Materia equivalence table for SUS410S, which lists it as an equivalent, not as the grade's own name, so it is left out of designations.
  - Nickel, molybdenum and copper supply were not read. Chromium producer shares are computed from printed tonnage, not printed as percentages.
  - The USGS 2026 critical-minerals status for chromium was not read in this run, so critical_lists is empty.
  - No safety data sheet for 410S was read. Hazard data rest on the PubChem record for elemental chromium, which lists notifications, not a supplier classification for 410S.
  - No NASA or ESA source naming 410S in a spacecraft part was found. The uses come from datasheets and supplier pages and are not flight records.
  - No fatigue, fracture-toughness, cryogenic or creep values for 410S were read.
  - Hardness is not in the canonical property list, so the snake_case name hardness is used, as in the 410 profile.
sources:
  rolled-410s:
    title: 'Rolled Alloys: 410S Stainless Data Sheet'
    id: UNS S41008; W. Nr./EN 1.4000; ASTM A 240
    url: https://www.rolledalloys.ca/wp-content/uploads/410S_stainless-steel-data-sheet.pdf
    year: 2011
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  combmet-410s:
    title: 'Combined Metals of Chicago: 410S Stainless Steel Material Datasheet'
    id: UNS S41008; EN DIN 1.4000; REV 2022 08 05
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/cmc_410s_data_sheet_002-1.pdf
    year: 2022
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  jacquet-410s:
    title: 'Jacquet: 410S Stainless Steel: Ferritic technical sheet'
    id: UNS S41008
    url: https://usa.myjacquet.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2025/08/Technical_Sheet_410S.pdf
    year: 2025
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  totalmateria-sus410s:
    title: 'Total Materia: JIS SUS410S stainless steel'
    id: JIS SUS410S
    url: https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1080521
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  tubing-410s:
    title: 'Tubing supplier: Oxidation Resistance, TP410S AISI410S stainless steel tubes'
    id: AISI 410S
    url: https://tubingchina.com/410S-Oxidation-Resistance.htm
    kind: web
    license: cited, not reproduced
  materialwelding-410s:
    title: 'Materialwelding: 410 vs 410S stainless steel'
    id: 410 and 410S comparison article
    url: https://materialwelding.com/?p=530511
    kind: web
    license: cited, not reproduced
  usgs-chromium-2026:
    title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    id: mcs2026-chromium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain
  pubchem-chromium:
    title: 'PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), GHS classification'
    id: CID 23976
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON
    kind: database
    license: PubChem terms (public)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 21
  unreachable: 1
  caveats: 4
  note: 'Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from pages fetched in this run: Rolled Alloys, Combined Metals and Jacquet 410S datasheets; Total Materia JIS SUS410S page; tubing supplier oxidation page; Materialwelding 410 vs 410S article; USGS MCS 2026 chromium; PubChem chromium record. Chromium shares are computed from printed tonnage. The Combined Metals web page was blocked.'
story:
  recipe:
    line: Type 410S is an iron-chromium alloy with a low carbon content, about 11.5 to 13.5 percent chromium and at most 0.08 percent carbon. Rolled Alloys says the low carbon, with an optional titanium or columbium addition, minimises austenite formation at high temperatures, which restricts hardening. Combined Metals prints the same composition with a titanium maximum of 0.20 percent.
    parts:
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_note: balance (the rest)
        role: The matrix of the alloy. The low carbon restricts hardening on quenching, and the alloy is ferritic when annealed (Rolled Alloys).
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        share_percent: 11.5
        share_high: 13.5
        role: Forms the passive oxide film that gives stainless corrosion resistance.
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.08
        limit: maximum
        role: Held at 0.08 percent maximum, the feature that separates 410S from 410 (Rolled Alloys).
      - name: Manganese
        symbol: Mn
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 1
        limit: maximum
        role: Present in small amounts, maximum 1.0 percent.
      - name: Silicon
        symbol: Si
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 1
        limit: maximum
        role: Present in small amounts, maximum 1.0 percent.
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.6
        limit: maximum
        role: Kept low, maximum 0.6 percent.
      - name: Titanium
        symbol: Ti
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.2
        limit: maximum
        role: Optional addition, maximum 0.20 percent in Combined Metals, to restrict austenite formation.
      - name: Phosphorus
        symbol: P
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.04
        limit: maximum
        role: Impurity held low, maximum 0.04 percent.
      - name: Sulfur
        symbol: S
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.03
        limit: maximum
        role: Impurity held low, maximum 0.03 percent.
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 1
      verdict: Element records flag sensitising and irritant hazards
      lead: No safety data sheet for 410S was read. The PubChem record for elemental chromium is the only hazard source here.
      points:
        - label: Chromium
          line: PubChem notifications for elemental chromium include H317, H319, H320 and H334 (H334 with signal word Danger), plus H335, H341, H371, H400 and H410 in other notifications.
    - title: In the environment
      level: 2
      verdict: Chloride service is not tested for 410S
      lead: The sources give no chloride or marine test for 410S, so this service is a gap rather than a rating.
      points:
        - label: Chloride
          line: No 410S chloride or pitting data was read in this run, so no chloride rating is given.
        - label: Fresh water
          line: Materialwelding says 410S has excellent corrosion resistance in many environments and that its low carbon improves intergranular resistance.
    - title: Welding and heat
      level: 2
      verdict: Weldable without the hardening crack risk of 410
      lead: The low carbon keeps the steel soft after welding, but heat history still matters.
      points:
        - label: Weldability
          line: Rolled Alloys says 410S has increased weldability over 410 and remains soft and ductile even when rapidly cooled from above the critical temperature.
        - label: Thick sections
          line: Jacquet says thick sections may be brittle at room temperature because of the ductile-to-brittle transition.
  why: Type 410S is the low-carbon form of 410 for stainless parts that must be weldable and ferromagnetic without the hardening of 410. Rolled Alloys says the low carbon keeps the alloy soft and ductile after rapid cooling from high temperature, which helps prevent cracking when it is welded or heated. Its annealed typical values are 42 ksi yield and 64.4 ksi tensile (Rolled Alloys). Its weak points are chloride service and room-temperature brittleness in thick sections.
  uses:
    - where: Tower packing and distillation trays
      line: Rolled Alloys, Combined Metals and Jacquet list tower packing and distillation trays as 410S applications.
    - where: Automotive exhaust components
      line: Rolled Alloys and Jacquet list automotive exhaust components, a high-temperature use in road vehicles.
    - where: Quenching racks
      line: Rolled Alloys lists quenching racks among its 410S applications.
  can_do:
    - label: Strength, annealed
      line: Typical annealed values are 42 ksi yield and 64.4 ksi tensile (Rolled Alloys). Combined Metals prints 40 ksi (276 MPa) yield and 65 ksi (448 MPa) tensile for the same annealed condition. ASTM A240 minimums are 30 ksi yield and 60 ksi tensile (Rolled Alloys).
    - label: Heat limit
      line: Tubing supplier says 410S can be used in continuous service up to 1300 F (705 C). Scaling becomes excessive above 1500 F (811 C) in intermittent service.
    - label: Magnetism
      line: The alloy is ferromagnetic (Rolled Alloys and Jacquet).
  compare: Rolled Alloys says 410S is a low-carbon modification of 410 that keeps the alloy soft after rapid cooling, which lowers the weld cracking risk. Materialwelding describes both grades as martensitic, while Rolled Alloys and Jacquet describe 410S as ferritic when annealed; the datasheets are followed here.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Melting range
      benchmark: melting_point
    - label: Elastic modulus
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
  handling:
    - Choose 410S where welding or exposure to high temperature is expected, because the low carbon restricts hardening (Rolled Alloys).
    - The alloy is ferromagnetic (Rolled Alloys).
    - Thick sections may be brittle at room temperature (Jacquet).
  good_for:
    - Weldable, ferromagnetic stainless parts that do not need the hardening of 410 (Rolled Alloys, Combined Metals).
    - Parts used up to 705 C in continuous service, where scaling resistance is needed (tubing supplier).
    - Process-plant parts such as tower packing and distillation trays (Rolled Alloys, Combined Metals, Jacquet).
  watch_out:
    - Chloride and marine service, where no 410S test data was found.
    - Thick sections at room temperature, which may be brittle (Jacquet).
    - Annealed and hardened values differ, so compare only like with like.
  verdict: Type 410S is the weldable, ferromagnetic choice in the 410 family for hot or mildly corrosive service. It trades the hardening of 410 for weldability, and it has no chloride test data in this file.